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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Otto Eduard Neugebauer</b> (May 26, 1899 – February 19, 1990) was an Austrian-American <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historian of science</a> who became known for his research on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">history of astronomy</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Exact_sciences" title="Exact sciences">exact sciences</a> as they were practiced in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. By studying <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a>, he discovered that the ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> knew much more about <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> than had been previously realized. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> has called Neugebauer "the most original and productive scholar of the history of the exact sciences, perhaps of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a>, of our age." </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Otto E. Neugebauer</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-05-26</span>)</span>May 26, 1899<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 19, 1990<span style="display:none">(1990-02-19)</span> (aged 90)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Grete Bruck</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Margo Neugebauer, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Neugebauer" title="Gerry Neugebauer">Gerry Neugebauer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">Rudolph Neugebauer</td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Prizes_and_honors"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Prizes and honors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Select_publications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Select publications</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Articles"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_E._Neugebauer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Neugebauer was born in <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. His father Rudolph Neugebauer was a railroad construction engineer and a collector and scholar of Oriental carpets. His parents died when he was quite young. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Neugebauer enlisted in the Austrian Army and served as an artillery lieutenant on the Italian front and then in an Italian prisoner-of-war camp alongside fellow countryman <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>. In 1919, he entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Graz" title="University of Graz">University of Graz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and in 1921 he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>. From 1922 to 1924, he studied mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Courant" title="Richard Courant">Richard Courant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Landau" title="Edmund Landau">Edmund Landau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Emmy Noether</a>. During 1924–1925, he was at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>, where his interests changed to the history of Egyptian mathematics. </p><p>He returned to Göttingen and remained there until 1933. His thesis <i>Die Grundlagen der ägyptischen Bruchrechnung</i> ("The Fundamentals of Egyptian Calculation with Fractions") (Springer, 1926) was a mathematical analysis of the table in the <a href="/wiki/Rhind_Papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhind Papyrus">Rhind Papyrus</a>. In 1927, he received his <a href="/wiki/Venia_legendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Venia legendi">venia legendi</a> for the history of mathematics and served as <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a>. In 1927, his first paper on Babylonian mathematics was an account of the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal" title="Sexagesimal">sexagesimal</a> system. </p><p>In 1929, Neugebauer founded <i>Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik, Astronomie und Physik</i> (QS), a Springer series devoted to the history of the mathematical sciences, in which he published extended papers on Egyptian computational techniques in arithmetic and geometry, including the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Papyrus">Moscow Papyrus</a>, the most important text for geometry. Neugebauer had worked on the Moscow Papyrus in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> in 1928. </p><p>In 1931, he founded the review journal <a href="/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralblatt MATH">Zentralblatt für Mathematik und ihre Grenzgebiete</a> (Zbl), his most important contribution to modern mathematics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title='"Why most important?" (May 2020)'>citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAS_Neugebauer_biographical_memoir_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS_Neugebauer_biographical_memoir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became chancellor in 1933, Neugebauer was asked to sign an oath of loyalty to the new German government, but he refused and was promptly suspended from employment. In 1934, he joined the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> as a full professor of mathematics. In 1936, he published a paper on the method of dating and analyzing texts using <a href="/wiki/Diophantine_equation" title="Diophantine equation">diophantine equations</a>. During 1935–1937, he published a corpus of texts named <i>Mathematische Keilschrift-Texte</i> (MKT). MKT was a colossal work, in size, detail, and depth, and its contents showed that Babylonian mathematics far surpassed anything one could imagine from a knowledge of Egyptian and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek mathematics</a>. He was an Invited Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Mathematicians" title="International Congress of Mathematicians">ICM</a> in 1928 in Bologna and a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, after the <i>Zentralblatt</i> was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>, he moved to the United States, joined the mathematics department at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, and founded <i><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews" title="Mathematical Reviews">Mathematical Reviews</a></i>. He became an American citizen and remained at Brown for most of his career, founding the History of Mathematics Department there in 1947 and becoming University Professor. Jointly with the American Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Sachs" title="Abraham Sachs">Abraham Sachs</a>, he published <i>Mathematical Cuneiform Texts</i> in 1945, which has remained a standard English-language work on Babylonian mathematics. In 1967, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell_Lectureship" title="Henry Norris Russell Lectureship">Henry Norris Russell Lectureship</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society" title="American Astronomical Society">American Astronomical Society</a>. In 1977, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, and in 1979, he received the Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics from the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a>. In 1984, he moved to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, where he had been a member since 1950. </p><p>Neugebauer was also interested in <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a>. He was able to reconstruct the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandrian_Christian_calendar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandrian Christian calendar (page does not exist)">Alexandrian Christian calendar</a> and its origin from the Alexandrian Jewish calendar as of about the 4th century, at least 200 years prior to any other source for either calendar. Thus, the Jewish calendar was derived by combining the 19-year cycle using the Alexandrian year with the seven-day week, and was then slightly modified by the Christians to prevent <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> from ever coinciding with <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>. The ecclesiastical calendar, considered by church historians to be highly scientific and deeply complex, turned out to be quite simple. </p><p>In 1988, by studying a scrap of Greek <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, Neugebauer discovered the most important single piece of evidence to date for the extensive transmission of Babylonian astronomy to the Greeks and for the continuing use of Babylonian methods for 400 years even after <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>. His last paper, "From Assyriology to Renaissance Art", published in 1989, detailed the history of a single astronomical parameter, the mean length of the <a href="/wiki/Synodic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic period">synodic</a> month, from <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets, to the papyrus fragment just mentioned, to the Jewish calendar, to an early 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a>. </p><p>In 1986, Neugebauer was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> "for his fundamental research into the exact sciences in the ancient world, in particular, on ancient Mesopotamian, Egyptian and <a href="/wiki/Greek_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek astronomy">Greek astronomy</a>, which has put our understanding of <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_early_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in early cultures">ancient science</a> on a new footing and illuminated its transmission to the classical and medieval worlds. For his outstanding success in promoting interest and further research in the history of science" (Motivation of the Balzan General Prize Committee). Neugebauer donated the prize money of 250,000 Swiss francs to the Institute for Advanced Study. </p><p>Neugebauer began his career as a mathematician, then turned to <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian mathematics">Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a>, and then took up the history of mathematical astronomy. In a career which spanned sixty-five years, he largely created modern understanding of mathematical <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">astronomy in Babylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egypt</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> antiquity, <a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">to India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">Islamic world</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_in_Medieval_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Medieval Western Europe">Europe of the Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The noted physicist and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Neugebauer" title="Gerry Neugebauer">Gerry Neugebauer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> was his son. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Prizes_and_honors">Prizes and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_E._Neugebauer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prizes and honors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li>John F. Lewis Prize (<a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, 1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heineman_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heineman Prize (page does not exist)">Heineman Prize</a> for the Exact Sciences, 1953</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Learned_Societies" title="American Council of Learned Societies">American Council of Learned Societies</a>' Award (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell_Lectureship" title="Henry Norris Russell Lectureship">Henry Norris Russell Lectureship</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art" title="Austrian Decoration for Science and Art">Austrian Decoration for Science and Art</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer_Award" title="Pfizer Award">Pfizer Award</a> (1975 and 1985; <a href="/wiki/History_of_Science_Society" title="History of Science Society">History of Science Society</a>)</li> <li>Distinguished Service Award, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> (1986) for pioneering studies in the field of exact sciences in antiquity, especially Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek astronomy</li> <li>Franklin Medal (<a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, 1987)</li> <li>Susan Culver Rosenberger Medal of Honor (<a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, 1987)</li> <li>Honorary doctorates from <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> (1938), <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (1957) and <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> (1971)</li> <li>Member of various scientific academies in Vienna, Paris, Copenhagen and Brussels, the British Academy, the Irish Academy, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society</li></ul> <p>In 1936, he gave a <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Congresses_of_Mathematicians_Plenary_and_Invited_Speakers" title="List of International Congresses of Mathematicians Plenary and Invited Speakers">plenary lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians</a> in Oslo. This was about pre-Greek mathematics and its position relative to the Greek. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Select_publications">Select publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_E._Neugebauer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Select publications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_E._Neugebauer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Articles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>'The Chronology of the Hammurabi Age', in <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, vol. lxi (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/542323">"The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods."</a> <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i> 4 (1945): 1–38.</li> <li>"Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy." Isis, Vol. 37, No. 1/2, pp. 37–43. (May, 1947). JSTOR link. Reprinted in Neugebauer (1983), pp. 239–245 (*).</li> <li>"The Early History of the Astrolabe." <i>Isis</i> 40 (1949): 240–56.</li> <li>"The Study of Wretched Subjects." <i>Isis</i> 42 (1951): 111.</li> <li>"On the 'Hippopede' of Eudoxus." <i><a href="/wiki/Scripta_Mathematica" title="Scripta Mathematica">Scripta Mathematica</a></i> 19 (1953): 225–29.</li> <li>"Apollonius' Planetary Theory." <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_on_Pure_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics">Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics</a></i> 8 (1955): 641–48.</li> <li>"The Equivalence of Eccentric and Epicyclic Motion According to Apollonius." <i><a href="/wiki/Scripta_Mathematica" title="Scripta Mathematica">Scripta Mathematica</a></i> 24 (1959): 5–21.</li> <li>"Thabit Ben Qurra 'On the Solar Year' and 'On the Motion of the Eighth Sphere.'" <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i> 106 (1962): 264–98.</li> <li>(with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Anthony_Parker" title="Richard Anthony Parker">Richard A. Parker</a>) "Egyptian Astronomical Texts: III. Decans, Planets, Constellations, and Zodiacs." (Brown University Press, 1969)</li> <li>"On the Allegedly Heliocentric Theory of Venus by Heraclides Ponticus." <i>American Journal of Philology</i> 93 (1973): 600–601.</li> <li>"Notes on Autolycus." <i>Centaurus</i> 18 (1973): 66–69.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_E._Neugebauer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>(with Abraham Sachs, eds.). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-juAAAAMAAJ&dq">Mathematical Cuneiform Texts</a></i>. American Oriental Series, vol. 29. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1945.</li> <li><i>The Exact Sciences in Antiquity</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952; 2nd edition, Brown University Press, 1957; reprint, New York: Dover publications, 1969. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22332-2">978-0-486-22332-2</a></li> <li><i>Astronomical Cuneiform Texts</i>. 3 volumes. London:1956; 2nd edition, New York: Springer, 1983. (Commonly abbreviated as <i>ACT</i>)</li> <li><i>The Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi</i>. Historiskfilosofiske Skrifter udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Bind 4, nr. 2. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1962.</li> <li><i>Ethiopic Astronomy and Computus</i>. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1979.</li> <li><i>A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy</i>, 3 vols. Berlin: Springer, 1975. (Commonly abbreviated as <i>HAMA</i>.)</li> <li><i>Astronomy and History: Selected Essays</i>. New York: Springer, 1983.</li> <li>(with <a href="/wiki/Noel_Swerdlow" title="Noel Swerdlow">Noel Swerdlow</a>) <i>Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus' De Revolutionibus</i>. New York: Springer, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8262-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8262-1">978-1-4613-8262-1</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_E._Neugebauer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NAS_Neugebauer_biographical_memoir-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAS_Neugebauer_biographical_memoir_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/52155.html">"Otto E. Neugebauer"</a>. <i>National Academy of Sciences</i>. 23 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Otto+E.+Neugebauer&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F52155.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+E.+Neugebauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer,_O.1937" class="citation book cs1">Neugebauer, O. (1937). "Über griechische Mathematik und ihr Verhältnis zur Vorgriechischen". <i><span></span></i>In:<i> Comptes rendus du Congrès international des mathématiciens: Oslo, 1936</i>. Vol. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+griechische+Mathematik+und+ihr+Verh%C3%A4ltnis+zur+Vorgriechischen&rft.btitle=In%3A+Comptes+rendus+du+Congr%C3%A8s+international+des+math%C3%A9maticiens%3A+Oslo%2C+1936&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=1937&rft.au=Neugebauer%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+E.+Neugebauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_E._Neugebauer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/8967-neugebauer-otto-eduard">Otto E. Neugebauer</a> at the Database of Classical Scholars</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwerdlow1998" class="citation cs2">Swerdlow, N. M. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/oneugebauer.pdf"><i>Otto E. Neugebauer 1899–1990</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otto+E.+Neugebauer+1899%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=United+States+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Swerdlow&rft.aufirst=N.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fhtml%2Fbiomems%2Foneugebauer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+E.+Neugebauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/neugebauer-otto.pdf">Otto E. Neugebauer</a> — <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences">Biographical Memoirs</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/27/arts/design/27tablets.html">Masters of Math, From Old Babylon (November 26, 2010 New York Times article on exhibition honoring Neugebauer)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329235445/http://library.ias.edu/finding-aids/neugebauer">Otto Neugebauer – Institute for Advanced Study</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyu.edu/isaw/exhibitions/before-pythagoras/">Before Pythagoras: The Culture of Old Babylonian Mathematics – Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Neugebauer.html">"Otto E. Neugebauer"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Otto+E.+Neugebauer&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FNeugebauer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtto+E.+Neugebauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=13669">Otto E. 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data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" title="Otto Neugebauer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Otto Neugebauer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" title="Otto Neugebauer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Otto Neugebauer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="اتو نویگباوئر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتو نویگباوئر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Eduard_Neugebauer" title="Otto Eduard Neugebauer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Otto Eduard Neugebauer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Eduard_Neugebauer" title="Otto Eduard Neugebauer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Otto Eduard Neugebauer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8" title="אוטו נויגבאואר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטו נויגבאואר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" title="Otto Neugebauer – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Otto Neugebauer" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Отто Нейгебауэр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Отто Нейгебауэр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%89_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="اوتو اى نيوجباور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوتو اى نيوجباور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" title="Otto Neugebauer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Otto Neugebauer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B2%E3%83%90%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC" title="オットー・ノイゲバウアー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オットー・ノイゲバウアー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" title="Otto Neugebauer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Otto Neugebauer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" title="Otto Neugebauer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Otto Neugebauer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer" title="Otto Neugebauer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Otto Neugebauer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80,_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Нейгебауэр, Отто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нейгебауэр, Отто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Eduard_Neugebauer" title="Otto Eduard Neugebauer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otto Eduard Neugebauer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_E._Neugebauer" title="Otto E. 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