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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Trans fat - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z0qSiQ0tVp-0HR0wK0_PRAAAAFM","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Trans_fat","wgTitle":"Trans fat","wgCurRevisionId":2647796,"wgRevisionId":2647796,"wgArticleId":133285,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using DynamicPageList parser function","Food woo","Chemicals","Food","Toxins","Diet woo"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Trans_fat","wgRelevantArticleId":133285,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="Trans fats are fats whose fatty acid molecules contain one or more trans double bonds between neighboring carbon atoms. 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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #47374a; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#47374a"><b>Potentially edible!</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Food_woo" title="Food woo"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Food woo</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f8feff;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><img alt="Icon food.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/100px-Icon_food.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/150px-Icon_food.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/200px-Icon_food.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><font color="white">Fabulous food!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotics" title="Macrobiotics">Macrobiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_fries" title="Freedom fries">Freedom fries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">Ellagic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">Glycemic index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_broth" title="Bone broth">Bone broth</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Diet_woo" title="Category:Diet woo"><font color="white">Delectable diets!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_and_mineral_supplements" title="Vitamin and mineral supplements">Vitamin and mineral supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isagenix" title="Isagenix">Isagenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodybuilding_woo" title="Category:Bodybuilding woo"><font color="white">Bodacious bods!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bold_and_Determined" title="Bold and Determined">Bold and Determined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Joe Rogan</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foodnav" title="Template:Foodnav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foodnav" title="Template talk:Foodnav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Foodnav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trans fats</b> are fats whose fatty acid molecules contain one or more trans double bonds between neighboring <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atoms. They exist in small quantities naturally in some foodstuffs (notably meats and <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">dairy</a> products), but are created in greater quantities through the partial hydrogenation of food oils. Starting in the 1990s, trans fats gained an overly bad reputation for causing all manner of ill health effects, both real and imagined. Nevertheless, Harvard Medical School lists trans fat as a "bad" fat to avoid on their website (the "good" ones include monounsaturated—think olive oil — while <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease">saturated fats</a> — beef fat, lard, and other tasty substances—are in the middle).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Partially_hydrogenated_oils"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Partially hydrogenated oils</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Heat_alone"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Heat alone</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Health_claims"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Health claims</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Naturally-occurring_trans_fats"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Naturally-occurring trans fats</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#.22Good.22_cholesterol_and_.22bad.22_cholesterol"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">"Good" cholesterol and "bad" cholesterol</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Who.27s_for_it.2C_who.27s_against_it.3F"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Who's for it, who's against it?</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_FDA_chimes_in"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">The FDA chimes in</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Partially_hydrogenated_oils">Partially hydrogenated oils</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Partially hydrogenated oils">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:280px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat-Conformation-Sat.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Fat-Conformation-Sat.gif" decoding="async" width="278" height="232" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="232" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat-Conformation-Sat.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A single-bond. Saturated fatty acid chains contain nothing but these.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:280px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat-Conformation-Cis.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Fat-Conformation-Cis.gif" decoding="async" width="278" height="156" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="156" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat-Conformation-Cis.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A sweet, innocent <i>cis</i> double-bond. Since the carbon is double bonded it causes a kink in the molecule making it harder for Non-saturated fats to build up.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:280px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat-Conformation-Trans.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Fat-Conformation-Trans.gif" decoding="async" width="278" height="231" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="231" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat-Conformation-Trans.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The dreaded <i>trans</i> double-bond.</div></div></div> <p>Normal food oils like <a href="/wiki/Soy" title="Soy">soybean</a> oil consist primarily of cis-unsaturated fatty acids. These fatty acids contain either a single cis double bond between neighboring carbon atoms (in which case they're called "monounsaturated" fatty acids) or multiple cis double bonds (in which case they're "polyunsaturated" fatty acids). Most of the carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain are single-bonded together, and have two <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> bonded to each of them; but the carbon atoms on either side of a double-bond are missing a hydrogen atom and thus only have one each. </p><p>The hydrogenation process for food was invented in the 1920s. As its name implies, hydrogenation involves adding additional hydrogen atoms to the unsaturated fatty acid molecules. Basically, the oil is heated under pressure and hydrogen gas is forced through it. In <i>full</i> hydrogenation, all double-bonds are converted to single bonds, resulting in each carbon atom ending up with two hydrogen atoms bonded to it -- in other words, all the unsaturated fats are converted to saturated fats. In <i>partial</i> hydrogenation, some double-bonds are converted into single bonds and some aren't. As a side effect of the partial hydrogenation process, some of the cis double-bonds are converted into trans double-bonds, resulting in trans fatty acids. </p><p>The names cis and trans are strict organic chemistry terminology. Since each carbon atom on either side of a double bond has one hydrogen atom bonded to it, the two carbon atoms can be aligned either with the two hydrogen atoms next to one another (cis means "next to"), or with the two hydrogen atoms on opposite sides from one another (<i>trans</i> means "across from"). A cis double bond results in a bend or kink in the carbon chain; a trans double bond does not. </p><p>Under American food labeling laws, either fully hydrogenated oil or partially hydrogenated oil can be listed on a product's ingredients list as simply "hydrogenated oil." There's no way to tell from the ingredients label whether the "hydrogenated oil" is partially hydrogenated or fully hydrogenated, unless the manufacturer is nice enough to put a "fully" or "partially" in front of it. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Heat_alone">Heat alone</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Heat alone">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>If heating, pressurizing, and bubbling hydrogen through an oil creates trans fat, what about heating alone? Are you creating trans fats whenever you fry with plain old soybean or <a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" title="Canola oil">canola oil</a>? </p><p>Yes,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> but only in <i>very</i> tiny quantities. If you heat an oil to 245°C (470°F), and keep it there for 16 hours, about 1% of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in it will be converted into trans fatty acids.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Even used restaurant frying oil, which will have been heated near its smoke point off-and-on for several days before it's thrown out, will not have a significant amount of trans fat in it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> (Assuming the restaurant starts with liquid oil and not partially hydrogenated oil, of course.) </p><p>Unfortunately, a rumor got started some time ago that heating canola oil creates <i>oodles</i> of trans fat, and like most rumors that are embraced by the woo crowd, it has yet to die.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_claims">Health claims</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Health claims">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Partially hydrogenated oils were in use for decades as a cheap substitute for lard (<a href="/wiki/Pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Pig">pig</a> fat) or tallow (beef or mutton fat). Most products marketed as "vegetable shortening", including Crisco®,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 1]</a></sup> consisted of partially hydrogenated soybean and/or cottonseed oil. Until the 1990s, not much attention was paid to the existence of the <i>trans</i> fats in such oils, and the fact that their saturated fat content was actually <i>lower</i> than that of lard or tallow implied they were less detrimental to cardiovascular health. </p><p>In the 1990s, however, some results from the Nurses' Health Study<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> brought trans fats into the public light.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> Subjects who'd consumed trans fats had a much higher incidence of coronary heart disease than subjects who'd consumed an equal amount of cis unsaturated fats. As a result of this, combined with a sense that trans fats were "<a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">unnatural</a>" because partially hydrogenated oils were "processed", a sort of public health scare went up. Trans fats became the food villain <i>du jour.</i> One attention-seeking man even went so far as to attempt to <i>sue</i> Nabisco because he "didn't know that Oreos had trans fat."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>As of 2006, the FDA requires the trans fat content of all foods to be listed on their Nutrition Facts label alongside their Total Fat and Saturated Fat counts; however, as much as 0.49 grams of trans fat per serving can still be rounded down to 0g trans fat on the label.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 2]</a></sup> As a result, many processed foods have been reformulated to eliminate ingredients that contain trans fats, or at least to reduce their trans fat content below 0.5 grams per serving. Modern Oreos, for example, are made with <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> instead of partially hydrogenated soybean oil. </p><p>Current evidence suggests that trans fats — or at least, the elaidic acids produced by partial hydrogenation, which are the trans fatty acids that have been studied the most — significantly increase the risk of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coronary_heart_disease" class="extiw" title="wp:coronary heart disease" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</span></a>,<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></sup> measured at about two-and-a-half times the heart disease risk of saturated fats.<sup id="cite_ref-nhs97_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs97-12">[10]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Naturally-occurring_trans_fats">Naturally-occurring trans fats</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naturally-occurring trans fats">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Trans fat is not just synthetic. It is a naturally occurring substance in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ruminant" class="extiw" title="wp:ruminant" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: ruminant">ruminant</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>, like cows, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, and in the milk produced by these ruminants. One tablespoon of butter, for example, contains 0.4 grams of trans fat. Since it is the synthetically-created trans fats in partially hydrogenated oils that have been the target of study for their health effects, little data exists on the health impact of the naturally-occurring trans fats in meat and dairy products. These naturally-occurring <i>trans</i> fats are chemically distinct from the trans fats produced by partial hydrogenation. There have been studies which seem to indicate that "natural" trans fats provide health benefits,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup> and other studies which found no difference in cholesterol impact between natural and artificial trans fats.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></sup> </p><p>Of particular note is the fact that conjugated linoleic acid, one of the essential fatty acids, is itself a naturally-occurring <i>trans</i> fatty acid. Conjugated fatty acids in food are, by law, not included in the "<i>Trans</i> Fat" value on the Nutrition Facts label in the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a>. </p> <h3><span id=""Good"_cholesterol_and_"bad"_cholesterol"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".22Good.22_cholesterol_and_.22bad.22_cholesterol">"Good" cholesterol and "bad" cholesterol</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Good" cholesterol and "bad" cholesterol">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Consuming saturated fat tends to raise both one's level of LDL ("bad") cholesterol and one's level of HDL ("good") cholesterol. By contrast, current studies seem to indicate that consuming <i>trans</i> fat tends to raise one's level of LDL cholesterol but <i>lower</i> one's level of HDL cholesterol. </p><p>This number-free fact has been touted as damning proof that <i>trans</i> fat is worse for you than saturated fat. However, it must be taken into proper perspective. The <i>amount</i> by which one's HDL or LDL cholesterol levels are altered is just as important as the <i>direction</i> in which they were altered. </p><p>Let's say, for example -- using fictitious numbers -- that 1 gram of saturated fat increases your LDL cholesterol by 15 mg/dL and increases your HDL cholesterol by 1 mg/dL. And let's say that 1 gram of <i>trans</i> fat increases your LDL cholesterol by 1 mg/dL and decreases your HDL cholesterol by 1 mg/dL. In the saturated fat case, the <i>spread</i> between your LDL and HDL cholesterol has shot up by 14 mg/dL, while in the <i>trans</i> fat case, the spread between your LDL and HDL cholesterol has only increased by 2 mg/dL. (In the <i>trans</i> fat case, as well, your <i>total</i> cholesterol is 16 mg/dL lower than in the saturated fat case.) It is the <i>difference</i> between your LDL and HDL cholesterol levels which is significant, and if these numbers were true (which they're not, but if they were), <i>trans</i> fat would be less detrimental to your overall cholesterol picture than an equal amount of saturated fat. </p><p>Unfortunately, when real numbers are available, the situation darkens for trans fats considerably. The net increase in LDL-to-HDL ratio with trans fat is approximately double that due to saturated fat.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></sup> This seems to be related to its effects on cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8018112_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8018112-18">[16]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Who's_for_it,_who's_against_it?"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Who.27s_for_it.2C_who.27s_against_it.3F">Who's for it, who's against it?</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Who's for it, who's against it?">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>There isn't a public issue woo meisters don't have an opinion on one way or the other. However, in the case of trans fat, there is disagreement over what the public policy should be <i>even between</i> different science-based organizations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Center for Science in the Public Interest">Center for Science in the Public Interest</a> wants to ban all synthetically-created <i>trans</i> fats from restaurant foods and pre-packaged processed foods.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_FDA_chimes_in">The FDA chimes in</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The FDA chimes in">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>On 7-November-2013, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> issued a Federal Register notice<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></sup> with a preliminary determination that partially hydrogenated oils are no longer Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup> ("Gras" is also <a href="/wiki/French" class="mw-redirect" title="French">French</a> for "fat". Insert rimshot sound effect here.) </p><p>In response to this announcement, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> commented: </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Yes, those who eat trans fats are making an informed choice. Just ask the average Joe filling his cart with frozen cinnamon buns. He'll tell you he had a hankerin' for the process of adding a hydrogen atom to a fatty acid, thus reducing the number of double bonds to create a malleable mixture of fats that stay solid at room temperature and cannot be metabolized, causing it to accrete in the tissues. At least, that's what I think he was saying; his mouth was full of unthawed bun.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<i>The Colbert Report</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cc.com/video-clips/ojh0t8/the-colbert-report-thought-for-food---ban-on-trans-fats---mcdonald-s-mcrib-mystery">3-Dec-2013</a></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(The notion that trans fats aren't metabolized appears to be a <a href="/wiki/Nature_woo" title="Nature woo">nature woo</a> scare story. There's no evidence for it, and there's evidence that at least some trans fats are metabolized in a manner similar to saturated fats.)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup> </p><p>On 16-June-2015, the FDA's decision became final. Artificial trans fats are no longer be allowed in any food sold in the U.S., unless the food manufacturer gets a case-by-case waiver where they can <a href="/wiki/Negative_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative proof">prove</a> that their use isn't harmful. They had until 18-June-2018 to comply.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>At least one professor at the Harvard School of Public Health liked the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> Professor Walter Willett, chair of the Department of Nutrition, says the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a> estimated trans fats are responsible for 7,000 premature deaths annually. (They actually said 3,000-7,000).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2686/whats-the-truth-on-trans-fat">What's the truth on trans fat?</a> on The Straight Dope (from 2006)</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crisco® has changed its formulation; it now consists of liquid soybean oil and fully hydrogenated palm oil, blended with a smaller amount of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. This puts it under the magical 0.5-grams-of-Trans-fat-per-serving mark, thereby allowing them to claim "trans fat free!".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Part of the impetus for that half-a-gram-minimum reporting requirement came from the meat and dairy industries -- an 8 U.S. fluid ounce glass of whole milk contains a quarter of a gram of naturally-occurring <i>trans</i> fat, and could thus be labelled as "trans-fat free".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-truth-about-fats-bad-and-good">The truth about fats: the good, the bad, and the in-between</a>, Harvard Health Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.longwood.edu/incite/2012/01/30/heat-induced-cistrans-isomerization-in-vegetable-oils-and-oleic-acid/">Heat-Induced Cis/Trans Isomerization in Vegetable Oils and Oleic Acid</a>, <i>Incite</i>, 30-Jan-2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolff, R. L. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02552718">Heat-induced geometric isomerization of alpha-linolenic acid: effect of temperature and heating time on the appearance of individual isomers</a>, <i>Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society</i>, vol. 70 no. 4, pp. 425-430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Przybylsk et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22668846">Formation of trans fats during food preparation</a>, <i>Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research</i>, 2012 Summer, vol. 73 no. 2, pp. 98-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. this <a href="/wiki/Paleo_diet" title="Paleo diet">paleo diet</a> webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primaldocs.com/opinion/canola-oil-the-blob-that-ate-butter-olive-oil-coconut-oil-and-peanut-oil-threatens-american-cuisine/">Canola Oil: The blob that ate butter, olive oil, coconut oil and peanut oil threatens American cuisine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurses%27_Health_Study" class="extiw" title="wp:Nurses' Health Study" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Nurses%27_Health_Study">Nurses' Health Study</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willett et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8094827">Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women</a>, <i>The Lancet</i>, 1993 Mar 6;341(8845), pp. 581-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/05/14/oreo.suit/">Lawsuit dropped as Oreo looks to drop the fat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra054035">Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease</a>, Dariush Mozaffarian, M.D., M.P.H., Martijn B. Katan, Ph.D., Alberto Ascherio, M.D., Dr.P.H., Meir J. Stampfer, M.D., Dr.P.H., and Walter C. Willett, M.D., Dr.P.H.; N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1601-1613, April 13, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhs97-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nhs97_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hu, FB; Stampfer, MJ, Manson, JE, Rimm, E, Colditz, GA, Rosner, BA, Hennekens, CH, Willett, WC (1997). "Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women". <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i> <b>337</b> (21): 1491–1499. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9366580">9366580</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dietary+fat+intake+and+the+risk+of+coronary+heart+disease+in+women&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=FB&rft.au=Hu%2C%26%2332%3BFB&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=337&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=1491%E2%80%931499&rft_id=info:pmid/9366580&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Trans_fat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gebauer et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://advances.nutrition.org/content/2/4/332.full.pdf+html">Effects of Ruminant <i>trans</i> Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Mechanistic Studies</a>, <i>Advances in Nutrition</i>, July 2011, vol. 2 pp. 332-354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bassett et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/content/140/1/18">Dietary Vaccenic Acid Has Antiatherogenic Effects in LDLr<sup>−/−</sup> Mice</a>, <i>The Journal of Nutrition</i>, vol. 140 no. 1 (January 2010), pp. 18-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Brouwer, I. A.; Wanders, A. J.; Katan, M. B. (2010). Reitsma, Pieter H. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2830458">"Effect of Animal and Industrial Trans Fatty Acids on HDL and LDL Cholesterol Levels in Humans – A Quantitative Review"</a>. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>5</b> (3): e9434. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830458/?tool=pmcentrez">2830458</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20209147">20209147</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Animal+and+Industrial+Trans+Fatty+Acids+on+HDL+and+LDL+Cholesterol+Levels+in+Humans+%E2%80%93+A+Quantitative+Review&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.aulast=Brouwer&rft.aufirst=I.+A.&rft.au=Brouwer%2C%26%2332%3BI.+A.&rft.au=Wanders%2C%26%2332%3BA.+J.&rft.au=Katan%2C%26%2332%3BM.+B.&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e9434&rft_id=info:pmc/2830458&rft_id=info:pmid/20209147&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpmcentrez%26artid%3D2830458&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Trans_fat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mensink RPM, Katan MB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199008163230703">Effect of dietary <i>trans</i> fatty acids on high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects.</a>] <i>N Engl J Med</i> 1990; 323:439-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mensink et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12716665">Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials.</a>, <i>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>, vol. 77 no. 5 (May 2003), pp. 1146-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8018112-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8018112_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Abbey M, Nestel PJ (1994). "Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity is increased when trans-elaidic acid is substituted for cis-oleic acid in the diet". <i>Atherosclerosis</i> <b>106</b> (1): 99–107. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8018112">8018112</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plasma+cholesteryl+ester+transfer+protein+activity+is+increased+when+trans-elaidic+acid+is+substituted+for+cis-oleic+acid+in+the+diet&rft.jtitle=Atherosclerosis&rft.aulast=Abbey+M%2C+Nestel+PJ&rft.au=Abbey+M%2C+Nestel+PJ&rft.date=1994&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99%E2%80%93107&rft_id=info:pmid/8018112&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Trans_fat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cspinet.org/transfat/about.html">http://www.cspinet.org/transfat/about.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/11/08/2013-26854/tentative-determination-regarding-partially-hydrogenated-oils-request-for-comments-and-for">https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/11/08/2013-26854/tentative-determination-regarding-partially-hydrogenated-oils-request-for-comments-and-for</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm372915.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm372915.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinsella et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/34/10/2307.abstract">Metabolism of trans fatty acids with emphasis on the effects of trans, trans-octadecadienoate on lipid composition, essential fatty acid, and prostaglandins: an overview.</a>, <i>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>, vol. 34 no. 10 (Oct 1981), pp. 2307-2318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-16/u-s-bans-trans-fat-in-a-boost-for-palm-oil-and-a-blow-for-pie">U.S. Bans Trans Fat - Bloomberg Business</a>, 16-June-2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/ct-trans-fat-food-transition-0628-biz-20150626-story.html">Phasing out trans fats is a long, costly process</a>, <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, 26-June-2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/11/an-end-to-trans-fats/">An end to trans fats?</a>, <i>Harvard Gazette</i>, 7-Nov-2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/downloads/trans_fat_final.pdf">http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/downloads/trans_fat_final.pdf</a> CDC's source was <i>JAMA</i>: Dietz WH, Scanlon, KS. 2012. "Eliminating the Use of Partially Hydrogenated Oil in Food Production and Preparation." <i>JAMA</i>. 2012;308(2):143-144.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="food_woo-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#47374a; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foodbox" title="Template:Foodbox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foodbox" title="Template talk:Foodbox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Foodbox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Food_woo" title="Food woo"><span id="food_woo-navbox" style="color:white">food woo</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#47374a; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Food woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">Nutritionist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kymatika_test" title="Kymatika test">Kymatika test</a> • <a href="/wiki/Superfoods" title="Superfoods">Superfoods</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Haggis" title="Fun:Haggis">Haggis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">Green tea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bovine_growth_hormone" title="Bovine growth hormone">Bovine growth hormone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cat_food" title="Cat food">Cat food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_ketone" title="Raspberry ketone">Raspberry ketone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Juicing" title="Juicing">Juicing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Orthorexia" title="Orthorexia">Orthorexia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fortune_cookie" title="Fortune cookie">Fortune cookie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne pepper</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soylent" title="Soylent">Soylent</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">Kopi luwak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pete_Evans" title="Pete Evans">Pete Evans</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raw_honey" title="Raw honey">Raw honey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omega-3" title="Omega-3">Omega-3</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burusho" title="Burusho">Burusho</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chris_Beat_Cancer" title="Chris Beat Cancer">Chris Beat Cancer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a> • <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Tripe" title="Fun:Tripe">Tripe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> • <a href="/wiki/Water_woo" title="Water woo">Water woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Chocolate" title="Fun:Chocolate">Chocolate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_water_treatment" title="Magnetic water treatment">Magnetic water treatment</a> • <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_meat" title="In vitro meat">In vitro meat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Agaricus" title="Agaricus">Agaricus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Locavore" title="Locavore">Locavore</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cyclamate" title="Cyclamate">Cyclamate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Freedom_fries" title="Freedom fries">Freedom fries</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:RationalWiki_diet" title="Fun:RationalWiki diet">RationalWiki diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spot_reduction" title="Spot reduction">Spot reduction</a> • <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">Bottled water</a> • <a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pseudovitamin" title="Pseudovitamin">Pseudovitamin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dietary_cholesterol" title="Dietary cholesterol">Dietary cholesterol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Humans_are_herbivores" title="Humans are herbivores">Humans are herbivores</a> • <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_water" title="Hydrogen water">Hydrogen water</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Eden_School_of_Natural_Health" title="New Eden School of Natural Health">New Eden School of Natural Health</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irina_Ermakova" title="Irina Ermakova">Irina Ermakova</a> • <a href="/wiki/Airborne" title="Airborne">Airborne</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Li" title="William Li">William Li</a> • <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Center for Science in the Public Interest">Center for Science in the Public Interest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Baby_eating" title="Fun:Baby eating">Baby eating</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">Cannibalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Super_Size_Me" title="Super Size Me">Super Size Me</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Sandwich" title="Fun:Sandwich">Sandwich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_miracle_of_honey_as_an_alternative_medicine" title="The miracle of honey as an alternative medicine">The miracle of honey as an alternative medicine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy boy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Heart_Attack_Grill" title="Heart Attack Grill">Heart Attack Grill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Probiotics" title="Probiotics">Probiotics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Udo_Pollmer" title="Udo Pollmer">Udo Pollmer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_woo" title="Food woo">Food woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insect</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jilly_Juice" title="Jilly Juice">Jilly Juice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spam" title="Spam">Spam</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo_promoters" title="Category:Food woo promoters"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Promoters:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Nutritional_Consultants" title="American Association of Nutritional Consultants">American Association of Nutritional Consultants</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Fagan" title="John Fagan">John Fagan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_Babe" title="Food Babe">Food Babe</a> • <a href="/wiki/GreenMedInfo" title="GreenMedInfo">GreenMedInfo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Organic_Consumers_Association" title="Organic Consumers Association">Organic Consumers Association</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gym" title="Anti-Gym">Anti-Gym</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_diet" title="Bulletproof diet">Bulletproof diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_H2O" title="Harmonized H2O">Harmonized H2O</a> • <a href="/wiki/Errol_Denton" title="Errol Denton">Errol Denton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerson_Therapy" title="Gerson Therapy">Gerson Therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/MonaVie" title="MonaVie">MonaVie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Purity_Products" title="Purity Products">Purity Products</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Young" title="Robert Young">Robert Young</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cahill" title="Matt Cahill">Matt Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Life_Extension_Foundation" title="Life Extension Foundation">Life Extension Foundation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Rick Scott</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wolfe" title="David Wolfe">David Wolfe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods Market</a> • <a href="/wiki/PETA" title="PETA">PETA</a> • <a href="/wiki/THINCS" title="THINCS">THINCS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abd_ul-Rahman_Lomax" title="Abd ul-Rahman Lomax">Abd ul-Rahman Lomax</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Smith" title="Jeffrey Smith">Jeffrey Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bakker" title="Jim Bakker">Jim Bakker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Essene_Gospel_of_Peace" title="Essene Gospel of Peace">Essene Gospel of Peace</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Heinerman" title="John Heinerman">John Heinerman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Natural_Healing" title="Institute for Natural Healing">Institute for Natural Healing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aseem_Malhotra" title="Aseem Malhotra">Aseem Malhotra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Monastyrsky" title="Konstantin Monastyrsky">Konstantin Monastyrsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marika_Sboros" title="Marika Sboros">Marika Sboros</a> • <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Kendrick" title="Malcolm Kendrick">Malcolm Kendrick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Taubes" title="Gary Taubes">Gary Taubes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Health_Digest" title="Consumer Health Digest">Consumer Health Digest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joel_D._Wallach" title="Joel D. Wallach">Joel D. Wallach</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_DiNicolantonio" title="James DiNicolantonio">James DiNicolantonio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Lundell" title="Dwight Lundell">Dwight Lundell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kresser" title="Chris Kresser">Chris Kresser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lipman" title="Frank Lipman">Frank Lipman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Dean" title="Carolyn Dean">Carolyn Dean</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Davis" title="William Davis">William Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anthony_William" title="Anthony William">Anthony William</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_Axe" title="Josh Axe">Josh Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nasha_Winters" title="Nasha Winters">Nasha Winters</a> • <a href="/wiki/H._L._Newbold" title="H. L. Newbold">H. L. Newbold</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Noakes" title="Tim Noakes">Tim Noakes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Harcombe" title="Zoë Harcombe">Zoë Harcombe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Annee_de_Mamiel" title="Annee de Mamiel">Annee de Mamiel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weston_A._Price_Foundation" title="Weston A. Price Foundation">Weston A. Price Foundation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage" title="Michael Savage">Michael Savage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Null" title="Gary Null">Gary Null</a> • <a href="/wiki/H2Om" title="H2Om">H2Om</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Appleton" title="Nancy Appleton">Nancy Appleton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Tortorich" title="Vinnie Tortorich">Vinnie Tortorich</a> • <a href="/wiki/MeMe_Roth" title="MeMe Roth">MeMe Roth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Working_Group" title="Environmental Working Group">Environmental Working Group</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Berg" title="Eric Berg">Eric Berg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Baker" title="Shawn Baker">Shawn Baker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Avallone" title="Hunter Avallone">Hunter Avallone</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Perlmutter" title="David Perlmutter">David Perlmutter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jake_Angeli" title="Jake Angeli">Jake Angeli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Trudeau" title="Kevin Trudeau">Kevin Trudeau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Saxon" title="Kurt Saxon">Kurt Saxon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Pavlina" title="Steve Pavlina">Steve Pavlina</a> • <a href="/wiki/TruthWiki" title="TruthWiki">TruthWiki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> • <a href="/wiki/NaturalNews" title="NaturalNews">NaturalNews</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Kloss" title="Jethro Kloss">Jethro Kloss</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Fung" title="Jason Fung">Jason Fung</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Artbook" title="Vegan Artbook">Vegan Artbook</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Saladino" title="Paul Saladino">Paul Saladino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Peat" title="Ray Peat">Ray Peat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truthstream_Media" title="Truthstream Media">Truthstream Media</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Passwater" title="Richard A. Passwater">Richard A. Passwater</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Moore" title="Jimmy Moore">Jimmy Moore</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Lugavere" title="Max Lugavere">Max Lugavere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Gains" title="Vegan Gains">Vegan Gains</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Naughton" title="Tom Naughton">Tom Naughton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Diet_woo" title="Category:Diet woo"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Diet woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Blood_type_diet" title="Blood type diet">Blood type diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Breatharianism" title="Breatharianism">Breatharianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesus_diet" title="Jesus diet">Jesus diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lemonade_diet" title="Lemonade diet">Lemonade diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Inedia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Macrobiotics" title="Macrobiotics">Macrobiotics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">Organic food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Doughism" title="Fun:Doughism">Doughism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Self_help" title="Self help">Self help</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paleo_diet" title="Paleo diet">Paleo diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_supplement" title="Nutritional supplement">Nutritional supplement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerson_Therapy" title="Gerson Therapy">Gerson Therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbalife" title="Herbalife">Herbalife</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raw_milk_movement" title="Raw milk movement">Raw milk movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free" title="Gluten-free">Gluten-free</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anti-oxidants" title="Anti-oxidants">Anti-oxidants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Squirrel_diet" title="Fun:Squirrel diet">Squirrel diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_and_mineral_supplements" title="Vitamin and mineral supplements">Vitamin and mineral supplements</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soy" title="Soy">Soy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Errol_Denton" title="Errol Denton">Errol Denton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">Glycemic index</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isagenix" title="Isagenix">Isagenix</a> • <a href="/wiki/Subway_diet" title="Subway diet">Subway diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Agave_nectar" title="Agave nectar">Agave nectar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sweeteners" title="Sweeteners">Sweeteners</a> • <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neti_pot" title="Neti pot">Neti pot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_diet" title="Bulletproof diet">Bulletproof diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pro-ana" title="Pro-ana">Pro-ana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geophagia" title="Geophagia">Geophagia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Barrett" title="Holland & Barrett">Holland & Barrett</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weigh_down_diet" title="Weigh down diet">Weigh down diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Clean_living_movement" title="Clean living movement">Clean living movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Howell" title="Edward Howell">Edward Howell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bone_broth" title="Bone broth">Bone broth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">Carrot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diet_soda" title="Diet soda">Diet soda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_dye" title="Food dye">Food dye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Low-carb_diet" title="Low-carb diet">Low-carb diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carnivore_diet" title="Carnivore diet">Carnivore diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Pavlina" title="Steve Pavlina">Steve Pavlina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Winterson" title="Jeanette Winterson">Jeanette Winterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Onion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Helminthic_therapy" title="Helminthic therapy">Helminthic therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_supplement_woo" title="Category:Food supplement woo"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Supplement woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">Ellagic acid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" title="Canola oil">Canola oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chlorella" title="Chlorella">Chlorella</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a> • <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rooibos_tea" title="Rooibos tea">Rooibos tea</a> • <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_berry" title="Açaí berry">Açaí berry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> • <a href="/wiki/Salt_woo" title="Salt woo">Salt woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cahill" title="Matt Cahill">Matt Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_and_mineral_supplements" title="Vitamin and mineral supplements">Vitamin and mineral supplements</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Soylent_Green" title="Fun:Soylent Green">Soylent Green</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Rick Scott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplements" title="Dietary supplements">Dietary supplements</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbal_supplement" title="Herbal supplement">Herbal supplement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Health_Digest" title="Consumer Health Digest">Consumer Health Digest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" title="Activated charcoal">Activated charcoal</a> • <a href="/wiki/CEASE_therapy" title="CEASE therapy">CEASE therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Toxins" title="Category:Toxins"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Toxin woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" title="Canola oil">Canola oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Broccoli" title="Fun:Broccoli">Broccoli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cleanse" title="Cleanse">Cleanse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chemophobia" title="Chemophobia">Chemophobia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Candida" title="Candida">Candida</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nitrites" title="Nitrites">Nitrites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mercury" title="Mercury">Mercury</a> • <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> • <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> • <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aristolochia" title="Aristolochia">Aristolochia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">Alcohol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">Median lethal dose</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a> • <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" title="Activated charcoal">Activated charcoal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Botox" title="Botox">Botox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Real_Water" title="Real Water">Real Water</a> • <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxin</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodybuilding_woo" title="Category:Bodybuilding woo"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Bodybuilding woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/ECA_stack" title="ECA stack">ECA stack</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_caveman_movement" title="Urban caveman movement">Urban caveman movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gym" title="Anti-Gym">Anti-Gym</a> • <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotrophin" title="Human chorionic gonadotrophin">Human chorionic gonadotrophin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_woo" title="Bodybuilding woo">Bodybuilding woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Broscience" title="Broscience">Broscience</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bold_and_Determined" title="Bold and Determined">Bold and Determined</a> • <a href="/wiki/Human_growth_hormone" title="Human growth hormone">Human growth hormone</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_One" title="The Golden One">The Golden One</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Joe Rogan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Baker" title="Shawn Baker">Shawn Baker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carnivore_diet" title="Carnivore diet">Carnivore diet</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:GMO" title="Category:GMO"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">GMO:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/March_Against_Monsanto" title="March Against Monsanto">March Against Monsanto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> • <a href="/wiki/GMO_A_Go_Go" title="GMO A Go Go">GMO A Go Go</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seeds_of_Death" title="Seeds of Death">Seeds of Death</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lynas" title="Mark Lynas">Mark Lynas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pollan" title="Michael Pollan">Michael Pollan</a> • <a href="/wiki/GreenMedInfo" title="GreenMedInfo">GreenMedInfo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judy_Carman" title="Judy Carman">Judy Carman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Beacon" title="Liberty Beacon">Liberty Beacon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food,_Inc" title="Food, Inc">Food, Inc</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_Babe" title="Food Babe">Food Babe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gilles-Eric_S%C3%A9ralini" title="Gilles-Eric Séralini">Gilles-Eric Séralini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">Glyphosate</a> • <a href="/wiki/AlterNet" title="AlterNet">AlterNet</a> • <a href="/wiki/FAQ_on_genetically_modified_food" title="FAQ on genetically modified food">FAQ on genetically modified food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Folta" title="Kevin Folta">Kevin Folta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Beppe_Grillo" title="Beppe Grillo">Beppe Grillo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> • <a href="/wiki/TruthWiki" title="TruthWiki">TruthWiki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rice" title="Golden Rice">Golden Rice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Kulinski" title="Kyle Kulinski">Kyle Kulinski</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Non-GMO_Project" title="The Non-GMO Project">The Non-GMO Project</a> • <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Working_Group" title="Environmental Working Group">Environmental Working Group</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lipman" title="Frank Lipman">Frank Lipman</a> • <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Environmental_Medicine" title="American Academy of Environmental Medicine">American Academy of Environmental Medicine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a> • <a href="/wiki/M.S._Swaminathan" title="M.S. Swaminathan">M.S. Swaminathan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a> • <a href="/wiki/Percy_Schmeiser" title="Percy Schmeiser">Percy Schmeiser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dore" title="Jimmy Dore">Jimmy Dore</a> • <a href="/wiki/Immortal_Technique" title="Immortal Technique">Immortal Technique</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Dees" title="David Dees">David Dees</a> • <a href="/wiki/NaturalNews" title="NaturalNews">NaturalNews</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truthstream_Media" title="Truthstream Media">Truthstream Media</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zachary_K._Hubbard" title="Zachary K. Hubbard">Zachary K. Hubbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh" title="Matt Walsh">Matt Walsh</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&oldid=2647796">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Trans_fat&oldid=2647796</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo">Food woo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemicals" title="Category:Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food" title="Category:Food">Food</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Toxins" title="Category:Toxins">Toxins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diet_woo" title="Category:Diet woo">Diet woo</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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