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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #47374a; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#47374a"><b>Potentially edible!</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Food_woo" title="Food woo"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Food woo</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f8feff;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><img alt="Icon food.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/100px-Icon_food.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/150px-Icon_food.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/200px-Icon_food.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><font color="white">Fabulous food!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; 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color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodybuilding_woo" title="Category:Bodybuilding woo"><font color="white">Bodacious bods!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotrophin" title="Human chorionic gonadotrophin">Human chorionic gonadotrophin</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foodnav" title="Template:Foodnav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foodnav" title="Template talk:Foodnav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Foodnav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Endocrine_growth_regulation.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Endocrine_growth_regulation.png/300px-Endocrine_growth_regulation.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="367" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Endocrine_growth_regulation.png/450px-Endocrine_growth_regulation.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Endocrine_growth_regulation.png/600px-Endocrine_growth_regulation.png 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="2080" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Endocrine_growth_regulation.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The main pathway of HGH</div></div></div> <p><b>Human Growth Hormone</b> (HGH), or growth hormone in a more general sense, is a protein-based peptide hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, that stimulates growth and regeneration, and also stimulates the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/immune_system" class="extiw" title="wp:immune system" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: immune system">immune system</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Growth hormone levels decline with <a href="/wiki/Ageing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageing">age</a> — leading to HGH joining the burgeoning list of <a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">panaceas</a> that promise longevity, or at least an enhanced quality of life. The American <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) is less than supportive of HGH being touted as a fountain of youth, but does license its use as a prescription drug for the treatment of HGH-deficiency issues. </p><p>HGH production in humans declines with age, and is linked to decreased muscle and bone-mass. In the case of HGH being used to promote longevity, artificially supplementing HGH levels in the body should be assumed to be no more effective than, observing that babies typically have less control over their bowel-movements, <a href="/wiki/Scat" class="mw-redirect" title="Scat">soiling oneself</a> as an adult to become younger. This logical fallacy is often described with the phrase <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_equal_causation" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation does not equal causation">Correlation does not equal causation</a>. </p><p>In the past, HGH was harvested from the pituitary glands of human corpses;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></sup> but in 1985, after an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Prion#Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease" title="Prion">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</a> in recipients, human-derived HGH was pulled off the market.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup> HGH was one of the first biological drugs; it was synthesized in the 1980s in Speke, Liverpool by US company Eli Lilly.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Clinical_applications"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Clinical applications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Side_effects_in_humans"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Side effects in humans</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Use_in_sport"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Use in sport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Who_wants_to_live_forever.3F"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Who wants to live forever?</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Growth_hormone_in_agriculture"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Growth hormone in agriculture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Issues_associated_with_the_agricultural_use_of_growth_hormone"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Issues associated with the agricultural use of growth hormone</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Clinical_applications">Clinical applications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Clinical applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>HGH therapy, typically in the form of <i>recombinant human growth hormone</i> (somatropin) is a prescribed treatment for growth failure, colloquially termed "dwarfism" or "stunted growth", and in these cases may be used to treat both adults and children where a growth hormone deficiency is isolated as the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>HGH may be used in cases where a tumor of the pituitary leads to an associated decline in the production of HGH, or other conditions that reduce the body's ability to use HGH. In cases of muscle deterioration caused by conditions such as <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> (AIDS wasting syndrome), HGH may also be prescribed to mitigate such conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>HGH is also known to stimulate the immune system and can be effective in the treatment of immunodeficiency-related conditions. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Side_effects_in_humans">Side effects in humans</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Side effects in humans">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>HGH carries with it a risk of side-effects. According to a 2007 meta-analysis, studies concluded that <i>"Persons treated with GH were significantly more likely to experience soft tissue edema, arthralgias, carpal tunnel syndrome, and gynecomastia and were somewhat more likely to experience the onset of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose."</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>Excessive levels of HGH in the body can lead to abnormal growth, as seen in conditions such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/acromegaly" class="extiw" title="wp:acromegaly" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: acromegaly">acromegaly</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and has been associated with increased risk of cancer. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_in_sport">Use in sport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use in sport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>HGH has been used in some sports to enhance athletic performance, but its use has been banned by many athletic societies. The ability of HGH to increase muscle and bone mass, as well as its effects in enhancing regenerative abilities, has an obvious application for athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id="Who_wants_to_live_forever?"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Who_wants_to_live_forever.3F">Who wants to live forever?</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Who wants to live forever?">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>HGH has become a fairly popular means of postponing death and countering the degenerative effects of the ageing process. Its ability to stimulate muscle and bone growth, as well as the operation of most internal organs, has been cited as justification for its use. The long-term impact of HGH treatment is unclear, but some studies have shown positive increase in muscle and bone mass. </p><p>It is illegal in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to advertise or sell (without a prescription) the growth hormone somatropin as a kind of fountain of youth. Some companies, though, sell GHR-15, another growth hormone, in this way. Such practices are governed by consumer and advertising law, and have led to action being taken against those that are most politely described as being somewhat optimistic in the effects of their products. In 2005, Health Canada issued a warning against GHR-15 being sold as a method of combating the effects of ageing,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> and has banned its sale in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Sensible Canadians, eh? As well as having little support for the efficacy of GHR-15, Health Canada warned that <i>"GHR-15 can also cause hyperthyroidism, which can lead to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, excessive sweating, hand tremors, nervousness and anxiety, difficulty sleeping, weight loss despite increased appetite, increased activity level despite fatigue and weakness, and frequent bowel movements, occasionally with diarrhea."</i> </p><p>Although Health Canada at the time of issuing their warning had received no reports of users experiencing these side-effects, they reported that the bulk of complaints were based on the rather broad claims made by companies selling GHR-15. The Canadian website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://healthwatcher.net">Health Watcher</a> has a write-up of the controversy surrounding GHR-15, including examples of some of the all-encompassing claims made by BIE Health Products — a company selling GHR-15 products.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup> One would hope that anyone reading such advertisements would exercise <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>, but then again, billions are spent worldwide on such <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a> as <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" title="Colloidal silver">colloidal silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>. </p><p>A study at the Stanford School of Medicine found no evidence of HGH being effective as an anti-ageing treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Growth_hormone_in_agriculture">Growth hormone in agriculture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Growth hormone in agriculture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Growth hormone in varying forms is produced by animals and plants, although its specific structure and effects vary between species. Its use in agriculture is very limited, both by regulation and consumer objection. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) can be used to increase <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>-yields in cows, but this application is limited by regulation and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">public objections</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoterrorism" title="Ecoterrorism">to</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_green" title="Hard green">what they perceive to be</a> <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">farmers monkeying around with nature</a>. A <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> report led to a ban on the use of rBST in agriculture — citing concerns for both human and animal welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> This ban prevents its use in the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> and also forbids or severely limits the importation of meat and dairy products from countries using rBST (currenly only the United States). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Issues_associated_with_the_agricultural_use_of_growth_hormone">Issues associated with the agricultural use of growth hormone</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Issues associated with the agricultural use of growth hormone">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The European Union report of March 1999 noted that cows treated with rBST experienced higher rates of reproductive issues, mastitis, and assorted growth defects. Mastitis is the inflammation of breast tissue and is treatable with antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>Studies cited in the report highlighted the increased levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFS) found in milk from rBST-treated herds. IGF-1 in cows is identical to that naturally produced in the human body and has been cited as a contributing factor in some forms of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> There is no clear consensus on the extent to which the presence of IGFS increases the risk of cancer. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>'s (USDA) position is that milk from rBST treated herds is not significantly different from that sourced from regular herds. Public concerns about the use of rBST have led to some producers and retailers publicly stating their intention to discontinue use of milk products sourced from rBST treated herds.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>Mind you, the USDA also allows the non-therapeutic use of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> as a growth-promoter, and appears to rather optimistically trust that meat producers will <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistant_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistant bacteria">sensibly manage their use of antibiotics</a>…<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> without bothering to force the issue via regulation. The USDA is yet to issue their position on porcine aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 2]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_supplement" title="Nutritional supplement">Nutritional supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_woo" title="Bodybuilding woo">Bodybuilding woo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wait, that sounds an awful lot like <a href="/wiki/Adrenochrome" title="Adrenochrome">a certain conspiracy theory</a>…</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki's</a> position is that pigs can't fly… Yet.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gardner DG, Shoback D (2007). Greenspan's Basic and Clinical Endocrinology (8<sup>th</sup> ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 193–201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2012012/Human-Growth-Hormone-We-reveal-toxic-truth-elixir-youth.html#ixzz35PLC9svm">http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2012012/Human-Growth-Hormone-We-reveal-toxic-truth-elixir-youth.html#ixzz35PLC9svm</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/apr/27/biological-drugs-big-pharma-healthy">http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/apr/27/biological-drugs-big-pharma-healthy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm237839.htm">FDA information on artificially synthesized human growth hormone (somatropin)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_204.html">FDA: Detention Without Physical Examination of Human Growth Hormone (HGH), Also Known As Somatropin</a> provides a list of conditions for which HGH is licensed by the FDA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17227934">PubMed: Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/3101343.stm">BBC Sport: Human growth hormone explained</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/_2005/2005_55-eng.php">Health Canada warns consumers not to use human growth hormone drug called GHR-15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://healthwatcher.net/Quackerywatch/GHR/index.html">Canadian Quackery Watch: GHR-15 and the case of BIE Health Products</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news88140162.html">No proof that growth hormone therapy makes you live longer, study finds</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scv/out19_en.html">European Union: Report on Public Health Aspects of the Use of Bovine Somatotrophin — 15-16 March 1999</a> This report is based on a meta-study</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.ansci.illinois.edu/ansc438/Mastitis/control.html">Mastitis Treatment and Control</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/73/2/401">Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs), IGF Receptors, and IGF-Binding Proteins in Primary Cultures of Prostate Epithelial Cells</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/business/300596_safeway22.html">Safeway and Starbucks positions on milk products from cows treated with growth hormone</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/KhanTestimony07142010.pdf">Dr. Ali Khan, MD, MPH: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Health Committee on Energy & Commerce U.S. House of Representatives (PDF)</a> Lax standards in the regulation of antibiotics in agriculture leads to increased resistance in bacteria.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="food_woo-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#47374a; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foodbox" title="Template:Foodbox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foodbox" title="Template talk:Foodbox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Foodbox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a 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Wallach">Joel D. Wallach</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_DiNicolantonio" title="James DiNicolantonio">James DiNicolantonio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Lundell" title="Dwight Lundell">Dwight Lundell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kresser" title="Chris Kresser">Chris Kresser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lipman" title="Frank Lipman">Frank Lipman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Dean" title="Carolyn Dean">Carolyn Dean</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Davis" title="William Davis">William Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anthony_William" title="Anthony William">Anthony William</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_Axe" title="Josh Axe">Josh Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nasha_Winters" title="Nasha Winters">Nasha Winters</a> • <a href="/wiki/H._L._Newbold" title="H. L. Newbold">H. L. Newbold</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Noakes" title="Tim Noakes">Tim Noakes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Harcombe" title="Zoë Harcombe">Zoë Harcombe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Annee_de_Mamiel" title="Annee de Mamiel">Annee de Mamiel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weston_A._Price_Foundation" title="Weston A. Price Foundation">Weston A. Price Foundation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage" title="Michael Savage">Michael Savage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Null" title="Gary Null">Gary Null</a> • <a href="/wiki/H2Om" title="H2Om">H2Om</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Appleton" title="Nancy Appleton">Nancy Appleton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Tortorich" title="Vinnie Tortorich">Vinnie Tortorich</a> • <a href="/wiki/MeMe_Roth" title="MeMe Roth">MeMe Roth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Working_Group" title="Environmental Working Group">Environmental Working Group</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Berg" title="Eric Berg">Eric Berg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Baker" title="Shawn Baker">Shawn Baker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Avallone" title="Hunter Avallone">Hunter Avallone</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Perlmutter" title="David Perlmutter">David Perlmutter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jake_Angeli" title="Jake Angeli">Jake Angeli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Trudeau" title="Kevin Trudeau">Kevin Trudeau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Saxon" title="Kurt Saxon">Kurt Saxon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Pavlina" title="Steve Pavlina">Steve Pavlina</a> • <a href="/wiki/TruthWiki" title="TruthWiki">TruthWiki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> • <a href="/wiki/NaturalNews" title="NaturalNews">NaturalNews</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Kloss" title="Jethro Kloss">Jethro Kloss</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Fung" title="Jason Fung">Jason Fung</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Artbook" title="Vegan Artbook">Vegan Artbook</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Saladino" title="Paul Saladino">Paul Saladino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Peat" title="Ray Peat">Ray Peat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truthstream_Media" title="Truthstream Media">Truthstream Media</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Moore" title="Jimmy Moore">Jimmy Moore</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Lugavere" title="Max Lugavere">Max Lugavere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vegan_Gains" title="Vegan Gains">Vegan Gains</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Naughton" title="Tom Naughton">Tom Naughton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Diet_woo" title="Category:Diet woo"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Diet woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Blood_type_diet" title="Blood type diet">Blood type diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Breatharianism" title="Breatharianism">Breatharianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesus_diet" title="Jesus diet">Jesus diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lemonade_diet" title="Lemonade diet">Lemonade diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Inedia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Macrobiotics" title="Macrobiotics">Macrobiotics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">Organic food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raw_foodism" title="Raw foodism">Raw foodism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Doughism" title="Fun:Doughism">Doughism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Self_help" title="Self help">Self help</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paleo_diet" title="Paleo diet">Paleo diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_supplement" title="Nutritional supplement">Nutritional supplement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gerson_Therapy" title="Gerson Therapy">Gerson Therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbalife" title="Herbalife">Herbalife</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raw_milk_movement" title="Raw milk movement">Raw milk movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free" title="Gluten-free">Gluten-free</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anti-oxidants" title="Anti-oxidants">Anti-oxidants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Squirrel_diet" title="Fun:Squirrel diet">Squirrel diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_and_mineral_supplements" title="Vitamin and mineral supplements">Vitamin and mineral supplements</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soy" title="Soy">Soy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Errol_Denton" title="Errol Denton">Errol Denton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_index" title="Glycemic index">Glycemic index</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isagenix" title="Isagenix">Isagenix</a> • <a href="/wiki/Subway_diet" title="Subway diet">Subway diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Agave_nectar" title="Agave nectar">Agave nectar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sweeteners" title="Sweeteners">Sweeteners</a> • <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neti_pot" title="Neti pot">Neti pot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_diet" title="Bulletproof diet">Bulletproof diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pro-ana" title="Pro-ana">Pro-ana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geophagia" title="Geophagia">Geophagia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Barrett" title="Holland & Barrett">Holland & Barrett</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weigh_down_diet" title="Weigh down diet">Weigh down diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Clean_living_movement" title="Clean living movement">Clean living movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Howell" title="Edward Howell">Edward Howell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bone_broth" title="Bone broth">Bone broth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">Carrot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diet_soda" title="Diet soda">Diet soda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_dye" title="Food dye">Food dye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Low-carb_diet" title="Low-carb diet">Low-carb diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carnivore_diet" title="Carnivore diet">Carnivore diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Pavlina" title="Steve Pavlina">Steve Pavlina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Winterson" title="Jeanette Winterson">Jeanette Winterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Onion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Helminthic_therapy" title="Helminthic therapy">Helminthic therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_supplement_woo" title="Category:Food supplement woo"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Supplement woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">Ellagic acid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" title="Canola oil">Canola oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chlorella" title="Chlorella">Chlorella</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a> • <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rooibos_tea" title="Rooibos tea">Rooibos tea</a> • <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_berry" title="Açaí berry">Açaí berry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> • <a href="/wiki/Salt_woo" title="Salt woo">Salt woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cahill" title="Matt Cahill">Matt Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_and_mineral_supplements" title="Vitamin and mineral supplements">Vitamin and mineral supplements</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Soylent_Green" title="Fun:Soylent Green">Soylent Green</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Rick Scott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplements" title="Dietary supplements">Dietary supplements</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbal_supplement" title="Herbal supplement">Herbal supplement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Health_Digest" title="Consumer Health Digest">Consumer Health Digest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" title="Activated charcoal">Activated charcoal</a> • <a href="/wiki/CEASE_therapy" title="CEASE therapy">CEASE therapy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Toxins" title="Category:Toxins"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Toxin woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" title="Canola oil">Canola oil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Broccoli" title="Fun:Broccoli">Broccoli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cleanse" title="Cleanse">Cleanse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chemophobia" title="Chemophobia">Chemophobia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Candida" title="Candida">Candida</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nitrites" title="Nitrites">Nitrites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mercury" title="Mercury">Mercury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a> • <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> • <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> • <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_silver" title="Colloidal silver">Colloidal silver</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aristolochia" title="Aristolochia">Aristolochia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">Alcohol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">Median lethal dose</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a> • <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" title="Activated charcoal">Activated charcoal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Botox" title="Botox">Botox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Real_Water" title="Real Water">Real Water</a> • <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxin</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodybuilding_woo" title="Category:Bodybuilding woo"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Bodybuilding woo:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/ECA_stack" title="ECA stack">ECA stack</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_caveman_movement" title="Urban caveman movement">Urban caveman movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gym" title="Anti-Gym">Anti-Gym</a> • <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotrophin" title="Human chorionic gonadotrophin">Human chorionic gonadotrophin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_woo" title="Bodybuilding woo">Bodybuilding woo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Broscience" title="Broscience">Broscience</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bold_and_Determined" title="Bold and Determined">Bold and Determined</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_One" title="The Golden One">The Golden One</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Joe Rogan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Baker" title="Shawn Baker">Shawn Baker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carnivore_diet" title="Carnivore diet">Carnivore diet</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#47374a; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:GMO" title="Category:GMO"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">GMO:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/March_Against_Monsanto" title="March Against Monsanto">March Against Monsanto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> • <a href="/wiki/GMO_A_Go_Go" title="GMO A Go Go">GMO A Go Go</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seeds_of_Death" title="Seeds of Death">Seeds of Death</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lynas" title="Mark Lynas">Mark Lynas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pollan" title="Michael Pollan">Michael Pollan</a> • <a href="/wiki/GreenMedInfo" title="GreenMedInfo">GreenMedInfo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judy_Carman" title="Judy Carman">Judy Carman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Beacon" title="Liberty Beacon">Liberty Beacon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food,_Inc" title="Food, Inc">Food, Inc</a> • <a href="/wiki/Food_Babe" title="Food Babe">Food Babe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gilles-Eric_S%C3%A9ralini" title="Gilles-Eric Séralini">Gilles-Eric Séralini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">Glyphosate</a> • <a href="/wiki/AlterNet" title="AlterNet">AlterNet</a> • <a href="/wiki/FAQ_on_genetically_modified_food" title="FAQ on genetically modified food">FAQ on genetically modified food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Folta" title="Kevin Folta">Kevin Folta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Beppe_Grillo" title="Beppe Grillo">Beppe Grillo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> • <a href="/wiki/TruthWiki" title="TruthWiki">TruthWiki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rice" title="Golden Rice">Golden Rice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Kulinski" title="Kyle Kulinski">Kyle Kulinski</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Non-GMO_Project" title="The Non-GMO Project">The Non-GMO Project</a> • <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Working_Group" title="Environmental Working Group">Environmental Working Group</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lipman" title="Frank Lipman">Frank Lipman</a> • <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Environmental_Medicine" title="American Academy of Environmental Medicine">American Academy of Environmental Medicine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a> • <a href="/wiki/M.S._Swaminathan" title="M.S. Swaminathan">M.S. Swaminathan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a> • <a href="/wiki/Percy_Schmeiser" title="Percy Schmeiser">Percy Schmeiser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dore" title="Jimmy Dore">Jimmy Dore</a> • <a href="/wiki/Immortal_Technique" title="Immortal Technique">Immortal Technique</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Dees" title="David Dees">David Dees</a> • <a href="/wiki/NaturalNews" title="NaturalNews">NaturalNews</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truthstream_Media" title="Truthstream Media">Truthstream Media</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zachary_K._Hubbard" title="Zachary K. Hubbard">Zachary K. Hubbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh" title="Matt Walsh">Matt Walsh</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&oldid=2665402">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Human_growth_hormone&oldid=2665402</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles">Bronze-level articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo">Food woo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biochemistry" title="Category:Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li><li><a 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