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Click to choose as filter." class="Tags_tags__UDbwl ArticleCard_tags__u6zr9"><span class="Tag_tag__JS3kY">Incidents</span></div></div><div class="ArticleCard_footer__LyyE1"><address class="blogAuthor"><a href="/en/blog/author/thomas-gerbier/">Thomas Gerbier</a></address><div><time dateTime="2024-11-08">08/11/24</time><span class="blogDot" aria-hidden="true">•</span><span>5 min read</span></div></div></div></article><article class="ArticleCard_articleCard__91jgG"><div class="blogImage ArticleCard_img__SYe4N"><img alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="100vw" srcSet="https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=640/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 640w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=750/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 750w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=828/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 828w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1080/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 1080w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1200/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 1200w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1920/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 1920w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=2048/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 2048w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=3840/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 3840w" src="https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=3840/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp"/></div><div class="ArticleCard_contentContainer__WjTiq"><div class="ArticleCard_content__SQ9Aj"><h2 class="font-heading-title blogArticleTitle ArticleCard_heading__G9xUc"><a class="breakout-link" href="/en/blog/update-scaleway-elements-partial-loss-of-vpc-connectivity-in-fr-par-1/">Update: Scaleway Elements Partial Loss of VPC Connectivity in FR-PAR-1</a></h2><div class="blogCategory ArticleCard_category__lf8S7"><a href="/en/blog/incidents/">Incidents</a></div><div aria-label="Tags list. Click to choose as filter." class="Tags_tags__UDbwl ArticleCard_tags__u6zr9"><span class="Tag_tag__JS3kY">Scale</span></div></div><div class="ArticleCard_footer__LyyE1"><address class="blogAuthor"><a href="/en/blog/author/pavel-lunin/">Pavel Lunin</a></address><div><time dateTime="2024-10-18">18/10/24</time><span class="blogDot" aria-hidden="true">•</span><span>4 min read</span></div></div></div></article><article class="ArticleCard_articleCard__91jgG"><div class="blogImage ArticleCard_img__SYe4N"><img alt="" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="100vw" srcSet="https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=640/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 640w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=750/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 750w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=828/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 828w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1080/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 1080w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1200/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 1200w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=1920/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 1920w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=2048/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 2048w, https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=3840/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp 3840w" src="https://scaleway.com/cdn-cgi/image/width=3840/https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp"/></div><div class="ArticleCard_contentContainer__WjTiq"><div class="ArticleCard_content__SQ9Aj"><h2 class="font-heading-title blogArticleTitle ArticleCard_heading__G9xUc"><a class="breakout-link" href="/en/blog/update-details-of-important-loss-of-connectivity-in-vpc-on-fr-par-region-incident-and-response/">Update: Details of “Important loss of connectivity in VPC on fr-par region” incident & response</a></h2><div class="blogCategory ArticleCard_category__lf8S7"><a href="/en/blog/incidents/">Incidents</a></div><div aria-label="Tags list. 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Click to choose as filter.","timeToRead":"{{min}} min read","recommendedArticles":"Recommended articles","pagination":{"next":"Forward to Next","previous":"Back to Previous","goToPage":"Go to page ","currentPage":"Current page: "},"copyButton":{"copied":"Copied!","defaultValue":"Copy","code":"Copy code"},"home":{"title":"Scaleway Blog - All posts","description":"Scaleway’s blog helps developers and startups to build, deploy and scale applications.","heading":"Scaleway Blog","articleOfMonth":"Must read","latestArticles":"Latest articles","popularArticles":"Most popular articles"},"categoryPage":{"build":{"title":"Build Projects with Scaleway","description":"Learn how to easily build and develop projects using Scaleway products."},"deploy":{"title":"Deploy Applications with Scaleway","description":"Discover how to deploy your applications smoothly with Scaleway."},"scale":{"title":"Scale Your Applications with Scaleway","description":"Find out how to efficiently scale your applications on Scaleway."},"incidents":{"title":"Incident Reports","description":"All the latest updates on Scaleway Cloud ecosystem incidents, and how they were resolved."}},"authorPage":{"title_one":"A {{author}}'s post","title_other":"All {{author}}'s posts","description_one":"Discover a blog post written by {{author}}.","description_other":"Discover all the blog posts written by {{author}}."}}}},"initialLocale":"en","ns":["common","blog"],"userConfig":{"i18n":{"locales":["default","en","fr"],"defaultLocale":"default","localeDetection":false},"default":{"i18n":{"locales":["default","en","fr"],"defaultLocale":"default","localeDetection":false}}}},"posts":[{"title":"Update: Scaleway Object Storage incident across September \u0026 October 2024","path":"update-scaleway-object-storage-incident-across-september-and-october-2024/","description":"## Incident Overview\nBetween September, 24 and October, 23 2024, Scaleway Object Storage encountered a period of increased instability in the FR-PAR region following architectural upgrades aimed at enhancing performance and scalability. During this time, some customers experienced elevated error rates and increased upload latency.\n\nIncident status links:\n- [https://status.scaleway.com/incidents/938lgd7wn1zg](https://status.scaleway.com/incidents/938lgd7wn1zg)\n- [https://status.scaleway.com/incidents/b4dw2zl83837](https://status.scaleway.com/incidents/b4dw2zl83837)\n\n**Regions Impacted**: FR-PAR\n**Duration**: 7 days until mitigation, 1 month to get back to nominal performances\n**Primary Impact**: Instability and increased latency on S3 upload performance, affecting certain users.\n\n## Summary of Events\nIn September 2024, we initiated a series of infrastructure improvements for Scaleway Object Storage, including the migration of PUT methods to our new Object Storage gateway and the deployment of an upgraded load-balancing architecture in the FR-PAR region. These changes were designed to reduce latency and improve scalability, as successfully observed in prior rollouts in other regions (NL-AMS and PL-WAW).\nHowever, after scaling up the deployment in the FR-PAR region on September 23, we observed an unexpected increase in 503 errors, indicating instability. Initial analysis showed that the FR-PAR region's higher load conditions made it particularly susceptible to unforeseen issues, despite thorough monitoring during earlier deployments. The migration could not be reverted due to the architectural complexity of the update, leading to a longer mitigation delay than usual.\n\n## Incident Timeline\n- September 18, 2024: Migration of PUT methods to the new Object Storage Gateway completed in FR-PAR\n- September 23, 2024: New load balancer architecture deployed in FR-PAR to handle increased request volumes\n- September 25, 2024: Initial incident opened following increased 503 errors. A patch was deployed but did not fully resolve the issue\n- September 28, 2024: Second incident opened. Another patch deployed but rolled back due to unintended side effects\n- September 30, 2024: Final mitigation patch deployed, temporarily stabilizing the service but causing a slight increase in latency\n- October 4, 2024: Partial hardware mitigation implemented in FR-PAR, yielding significant performance improvements\n- October 7-8, 2024: Additional upgrades were made to the new load balancers servers (upgrading from 64GB to 512GB of RAM) to resolve memory-related issues\n- October 23, 2024: Full deployment of the long-term fix across all impacted regions, restoring performance to optimal levels.\n\n## Root Cause Analysis\n1. Increased Load on FR-PAR: The unique conditions in the FR-PAR region, particularly higher request loads, revealed an unexpected sensitivity in our infrastructure that was not observed during earlier regional deployments\n2. Memory Limitations: New load balancer servers in FR-PAR were initially provisioned with 64GB of RAM, which proved insufficient under suddenly higher traffic conditions, leading to memory exhaustion and early-termination of processes\n3. Connection Management: Issues with HTTP Keep-Alive timeout settings between our new Gateway and load balancers led to inefficient handling of some client requests, exacerbating latency issues\n4. Patch and Rollback Challenges: Although multiple patches were quickly developed, early solutions had to be rolled back due to unintended side effects. Also, no rollback was possible for the initial architectural upgrades, prolonging the resolution.\n\n## Impact on Customers\nDuring this period, customers in the FR-PAR region may have observed:\n- Elevated 503 errors and occasional request failures, particularly during peak hours\n- Increased latency on object uploads, with temporary performance degradation.\nCustomers were advised to implement retries on failed requests to mitigate the impact, as further optimizations were implemented.\n\n## Resolution and Improvements\nThe resolution involved:\n- Memory Upgrades: New load balancers servers in FR-PAR were upgraded from 64GB to 512GB, significantly improving stability under high loads\n- Enhanced Connection Management: HTTP Keep-Alive settings were fine-tuned between the Object Storage gateway and load balancers, which improved response times and connection stability\n- Improved Fault Tolerance: A new upload mechanism was developed, enhancing the fault tolerance of PUT operations, particularly in handling intermittent errors.\n\nThese improvements culminated in a full resolution of the incident on October 23, 2024. Performance gain was confirmed in FR-PAR compared to before the architectural upgrades that had triggered the incident. Customer feedback quickly confirmed satisfaction with the overall optimization of the service.\n\n## Customer Support and SLAs\nDespite this incident, we maintained overall SLA compliance for September (99.93% uptime against a 99.0% SLA target for single-zone and 99.90% for multi-AZ configurations). October overall SLA was not deteriorated by the incident.\n\n## Next Steps and Continuous Improvement\nThis incident has highlighted areas where we can enhance both our infrastructure and our processes. As part of our commitment to continuous improvement, we are:\n- Strengthening our monitoring and alerting to detect similar issues earlier in the deployment cycle\n- Implementing a more robust change-management process to improve rollback options for complex architectural upgrades\n- Exploring advanced deployment methods, including blue-green deployments\n- Improving external communication before impacting production deployment (maintenance windows). \n\nWe remain dedicated to delivering reliable and performant Object Storage services to all our customers and thank you for your understanding as we continue to make improvements based on the lessons learned from this incident.\n\n\n_Scaleway provides [updates in real time of all of its services’ status, here](https://status.scaleway.com/). Feel free to contact us via the [console](https://console.scaleway.com/) for any questions moving forwards. Thank you!_\n","createdAt":"2024-11-08T15:12:04.391Z","updatedAt":"2024-11-08T15:12:34.635Z","publishedAt":"2024-11-08T15:12:34.619Z","locale":"en","tags":"Incidents","popular":false,"articleOfTheMonth":false,"category":"Incidents","timeToRead":5,"excerpt":"Scaleway Object Storage encountered a period of increased instability in the FR-PAR region late September to late October. Here's how it was resolved.","author":"Thomas Gerbier","h1":"Update: Scaleway Object Storage incident across September \u0026 October 2024","createdOn":"2024-11-08","image":{"data":{"id":3412,"attributes":{"name":"Object Storage for Strapi.webp","alternativeText":null,"caption":null,"width":1200,"height":628,"formats":{"large":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/large_Object_Storage_for_Strapi_925072fb5a.webp","hash":"large_Object_Storage_for_Strapi_925072fb5a","mime":"image/webp","name":"large_Object Storage for Strapi.webp","path":null,"size":"192.38","width":1000,"height":523,"sizeInBytes":36573},"small":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/small_Object_Storage_for_Strapi_925072fb5a.webp","hash":"small_Object_Storage_for_Strapi_925072fb5a","mime":"image/webp","name":"small_Object Storage for Strapi.webp","path":null,"size":"63.79","width":500,"height":262,"sizeInBytes":12796},"medium":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/medium_Object_Storage_for_Strapi_925072fb5a.webp","hash":"medium_Object_Storage_for_Strapi_925072fb5a","mime":"image/webp","name":"medium_Object Storage for Strapi.webp","path":null,"size":"121.79","width":750,"height":393,"sizeInBytes":23748},"thumbnail":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/thumbnail_Object_Storage_for_Strapi_925072fb5a.webp","hash":"thumbnail_Object_Storage_for_Strapi_925072fb5a","mime":"image/webp","name":"thumbnail_Object Storage for Strapi.webp","path":null,"size":"22.13","width":245,"height":128,"sizeInBytes":4379}},"hash":"Object_Storage_for_Strapi_925072fb5a","ext":".webp","mime":"image/webp","size":265.04,"url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Object_Storage_for_Strapi_925072fb5a.webp","previewUrl":null,"provider":"@website/strapi-provider-upload-scaleway-bucket","provider_metadata":null,"createdAt":"2024-04-03T08:49:13.453Z","updatedAt":"2024-04-03T08:49:13.453Z"}}}},{"title":"Update: Scaleway Elements Partial Loss of VPC Connectivity in FR-PAR-1","path":"update-scaleway-elements-partial-loss-of-vpc-connectivity-in-fr-par-1/","description":"On Friday, October 18, 2024, Scaleway Elements cloud ecosystem experienced a network incident that caused a cascade of events in various products in the FR-PAR-1 Availability Zone. The incident started at 6:20 UTC and had two main impact periods:\n\n**From 6:20 to 6:21 UTC**: around a minute of instability for a very limited number of instances hosted in a single rack. Some customers might have experienced heavy packet loss for all types of network connectivity for a subset of their instances.\n**From 7:50 to 8:01 UTC**: unavailability of VPC network connectivity for a subset of around 25% of hypervisors of FR-PAR-1 AZ and subsequent impact for VPC dependent products. Public internet connectivity was not impacted during this period. Elastic Metal VPC connectivity was not impacted.\n\n\n## Scaleway Elements Infrastructure\n\nThe Scaleway Elements cloud ecosystem is built on top of stacked layers of infrastructure:\n\n1. Data centers: electrical power systems, cooling systems, optical fiber cabling and physical security\n2. Hardware and physical network infrastructure: servers, data center fabric networks, backbone routers, and inter-datacenter links\n3. Virtualized multi-tenant cloud foundation (Virtual machines running on top of hypervisors + Virtualized software defined network, providing multi-tenant VPC networks and VPC edge services, such as DHCP and DNS within VPC)\n4. High-level PaaS products: K8S, Database, Load Balancer, Serverless, Observability and many more, running on top of VM instances and using VPC networks for internal communication.\n\n\nThese layers run on top of each other: the higher layers are dependent on the lower layers of the infrastructure.\n\nIn a high-load massive scale environment, consisting of many thousands of physical machines, potential hardware failures are routine events happening several times per week. The vast majority of them are invisible to the customers as we build our infrastructure in a redundant fashion. All of the layers have their own redundancy and failover mechanisms which make them resilient to the failures in the lower layers. All the critical systems have at least two instances (often more), deployed in an active-active fashion with a 50% load threshold, so if a critical instance fails, the remaining capacity is able to handle 100% of the load.\n\n\n## Timeline\n\n- At 6:20 UTC, one of the Top of Rack (ToR) switches experienced a software crash. Due to the unstable state of its software modules, it took around 50 seconds for the network protocols to failover all traffic of the rack to the second ToR switch\n- During the convergence time, the traffic to and from the hypervisors in the impacted rack experienced a high percentage of packet drops of a non-deterministic nature\n- By 6:21 UTC, all traffic was fully rerouted to the backup device and the instability was resolved\n- At 6:38 UTC, the crashed switch terminated its automatic reboot and restored normal operation of the redundant ToR mode\n- However, this instability caused a cascade effect on one of the infrastructure blocks of the virtualized network infrastructure: a BGP route reflector (RR), used for VPC services. This software was hosted on one of the hypervisors in the impacted rack\n- The RR software stack experienced an instability and got stuck in an abnormal state which could not be resolved by the auto-restart process\n- At this point, customers didn’t experience any impact of the VPC services as the backup RR was operating normally. However the RR redundancy was lost\n- At 7:50 UTC, the second RR experienced a critical condition and also got stuck in a non-operational state\n- At this point customers experienced a disruption of the VPC connectivity for a subset of FR-PAR-1 AZ Scaleway Elements virtual products. Around 25% of the hypervisors lost VPC connectivity with the rest of the region\n- Both RR software stacks have health-check monitoring and auto-restart mechanism which should have addressed this type of failure. The health-check monitoring successfully detected the anomaly however the auto-restart mechanism failed\n- The impact was detected by Scaleway Customer Excellence and SRE teams, and an incident was opened with subsequent notification of the technical top-management\n- Both VPC route reflectors were fixed by a manual action\n- By 8:01 UTC VPC connectivity was fully restored\n- By 8:07 UTC the situation was back to nominal state with redundancy operating normally.\n\n\n## VPC Dependent Products Impact\n\n### Managed Database and Redis\n\nImpacted during both periods:\n- Short period of connectivity loss of the impacted rack (6:20-6:21 UTC). Some Database customers experienced 500 HTTP errors for connections to their databases\n- VPC connectivity loss for 25% of FR-PAR-1 hypervisors (7:50-8:01 UTC). Impacted customers could not use VPC to connect to their managed databases. \n\n### Serverless Functions and Containers\nDuring the VPC connectivity loss period (7:50-8:01 UTC) one of the serverless compute nodes was unavailable. A subset of customers with workloads on this node could experience service disruptions, including potential 500 errors when calling their functions/container while their workloads were being rescheduled.\n\n### Kapsule\nDuring the VPC connectivity loss period (7:50-8:01 UTC), there was a network partition between nodes, preventing applications running on different nodes to communicate.\n\nThe infrastructure hosting control-planes uses VPC, and was impacted too, causing some control-plane unavailability. Unfortunately, some nodes were replaced by the autohealing because they were unable to report their availability, causing workloads to be rescheduled/restarted.\n\nBy 8:04 UTC almost all clusters were recovered.\n\n\n## Lessons Learned and Further Actions\n- We have fixed the autohealing mechanism which failed to fix the route reflectors in a stale state: [https://github.com/FRRouting/frr/pull/17163](https://github.com/FRRouting/frr/pull/17163)\n- We are planning to introduce software version diversity for route reflectors to avoid multiple instances being impacted by a single bug\n- We plan to investigate in-depth the software issue which caused that stale state.\n\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\n_Scaleway provides [updates in real time of all of its services’ status, here](https://status.scaleway.com/). Feel free to contact us via the [console](https://console.scaleway.com/) for any questions moving forwards. Thank you!_\n","createdAt":"2024-10-18T15:17:11.327Z","updatedAt":"2024-11-04T14:20:00.155Z","publishedAt":"2024-10-18T15:19:40.546Z","locale":"en","tags":"Scale","popular":false,"articleOfTheMonth":false,"category":"Incidents","timeToRead":4,"excerpt":"On Friday, October 18, 2024, Scaleway experienced a network incident that caused a cascade of events in various products in the FR-PAR-1 Availability Zone. ","author":"Pavel Lunin","h1":"Update: Scaleway Elements Partial Loss of VPC Connectivity in FR-PAR-1","createdOn":"2024-10-18","image":{"data":{"id":2419,"attributes":{"name":"InstanceVpc-Illustration-1280x720.webp","alternativeText":null,"caption":null,"width":1280,"height":720,"formats":{"large":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/large_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp","hash":"large_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76","mime":"image/webp","name":"large_InstanceVpc-Illustration-1280x720.webp","path":null,"size":"322.13","width":1000,"height":563},"small":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/small_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp","hash":"small_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76","mime":"image/webp","name":"small_InstanceVpc-Illustration-1280x720.webp","path":null,"size":"83.99","width":500,"height":281},"medium":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/medium_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp","hash":"medium_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76","mime":"image/webp","name":"medium_InstanceVpc-Illustration-1280x720.webp","path":null,"size":"181.66","width":750,"height":422},"thumbnail":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/thumbnail_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp","hash":"thumbnail_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76","mime":"image/webp","name":"thumbnail_InstanceVpc-Illustration-1280x720.webp","path":null,"size":"28.97","width":245,"height":138}},"hash":"Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76","ext":".webp","mime":"image/webp","size":93.78,"url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp","previewUrl":null,"provider":"@website/strapi-provider-upload-scaleway-bucket","provider_metadata":null,"createdAt":"2023-09-13T10:00:39.281Z","updatedAt":"2023-12-12T15:45:06.661Z"}}}},{"title":"Update: Details of “Important loss of connectivity in VPC on fr-par region” incident \u0026 response","path":"update-details-of-important-loss-of-connectivity-in-vpc-on-fr-par-region-incident-and-response/","description":"On September 1st, 2024, at 08:27 UTC, Scaleway experienced a major VPC incident affecting the fr-par-1 and fr-par-2 availability zones. The impacts ranged from general networking instability, to DNS and DHCP failures. It was resolved by 12:46 UTC the same day.\n\nThis is a story of snowball effects, and of how BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), a protocol built for reliability, can let you down after all.\n\n\n## A primer on Scaleway's infrastructure\n\nOur infrastructure is built on a set of standard technologies, using off-the-shelf software. However, we don't use any turnkey solutions. This includes our virtual networking stack.\n\nWe already communicated a while back about it: the core of a Scaleway AZ (Availability Zone) is an IP fabric, built using VXLAN and BGP-EVPN. VPC is simply another overlay network atop the same IP Fabric underlay, also leveraging VXLAN and BGP-EVPN. There is, however, one key difference: VPC does BGP to the hypervisor.\n\n\n_Basic VPC architecture. Note that the IP fabric itself has its own set of route-reflectors, and runs BGP between the leaves, the spines and the backbone. It’s BGP all the way down._\n\nBGP is used to propagate layer 2 reachability information from one hypervisor to the other. When you send a packet from an instance to another one, it is thanks to BGP that the hypervisor knows where to send it.\n\nIn the above schematic something already surfaces: VPC's route-reflectors have an order of magnitude more BGP peers than those for the IP fabric. A single leaf pair can hold tens of hypervisors. This obviously leads to scaling and reliability issues on those route-reflectors that would need to handle thousands of BGP sessions in large zones:\n\n1. Having that much responsibility makes the route-reflector highly critical. Too critical. Its blast radius in case of failure is too high.\n\n2. Performance problems can quickly arise, as a single route needs to be propagated to all the other peers. Basically, every byte in can lead to kilobytes out.\n\n\nThe latter was the main technical hurdle that led us to shard our hypervisors in groups, called \"fabrics\", and to dedicate a route-reflector for each fabric, and make those communicate. This way, each one only handles half of the hypervisors, while still sharing routes.\n\n\n\n_Each shard can (and does) scale to several hundred hypervisors. Please note that from this point onwards, we won’t talk anymore about the IP fabric._\n\nAnd then, even two pairs were not enough. We added a third pair. We added a fourth pair, continuing the mesh between the route-reflector clusters. Ultimately, we had to make a CLOS topology with our route-reflectors when fr-par-1 grew its 6th route-reflector cluster, in order to avoid further amplification. We now have \"spine\" and \"leaf\" route-reflectors.\n\n\n\n_fr-par-1 is now pretty large, and we have CLOS at every level now. As before, each shard can host hundreds of hypervisors, the biggest reaching 800 at its peak._\n\nWe'll come back to the hand waived \"rest of the region\" part of the schematic.\n\n\n## A detour on BGP software stacks\n\nFor a while, we’ve used multiple BGP implementations, both open-source and proprietary. We started out VPC using open-source BGP software on the hypervisors; and proprietary BGP virtual appliances for the route reflectors, which is basically a backbone router’s stack in a VM. This choice was driven by the robustness of this BGP implementation, powering large swaths of the internet on their platform; it is well known and battle tested; and it already powers our IP Fabric. Yet, we quickly found out it was not robust enough for our use-case.\n\nEnter fr-par-1. Our oldest, biggest availability zone. A few years ago, when we hit the 500 hypervisors mark there, we had issues. The zone already had a somewhat large amount of VPC routes, but nothing too dramatic. If it were not for the 500 BGP sessions.\n\nWe started to see flaps (1) left and right.\n\nThe vendor’s BGP stack and TCP stack could not keep up, peers had to wait too long for information to propagate, gave up, and reset the session to start from scratch.\n\nRestart from scratch? Well, yes. Tearing down a session and starting from scratch is BGP's main (if only) error handling mechanism. One of the cases where a BGP speaker will reset the session is when its peer does not respect the BGP protocol. And handling messages fast enough is one part of the protocol: peers send periodic keepalive messages, and expect an answer in a timely manner. Speakers also expect peers to read their incoming message queue often enough, in a timely manner.\n\nIn BGP terms, this is the \"BGP hold timer\", and its main purpose is to detect crashed peers, and to not waste time with them.\n\nIt turns out our route-reflector was overloaded and could not handle messages quickly enough, letting the hold timers expire left and right, leading to session flaps. This was our first, historic, large-scale, incident on VPC.\n\nFrom this day onwards, we knew the appliance could not handle the load, and we sharded it. And gave it massive resources to help it keep up. And when scaling up VPC, we kept looking out for better solutions, and got very interested in [Free Range Routing](https://frrouting.org), or FRR. FRR is an open-source suite of networking daemons we already use a lot at Scaleway for its integration with the Linux kernel.\n\nWe now use FRR for our route-reflectors, and we eventually made the switch early 2024 for our new deployments. However, we are still running the proprietary software everywhere, hoping to do a progressive migration leveraging the natural lifecycle of hypervisors. Only a few small clusters were running FRR, as well as our spine route-reflectors, shown in yellow in the previous schematic.\n## It all begins with a blip\n\nOn Sunday, September the 1st, a few sessions between spine and leaf route-reflectors flapped, at 08:26:02 UTC. While a flap is not a normal event and it should be inspected, it should not have any impact. And at first, they had none, while they were between FRR route-reflectors.\n\nBut it generated a lot of BGP traffic, due to the withdrawals immediately followed by the updates of the whole RIB (3).\n\nA minute later, at 08:27:41 UTC, chaos ensued. The influx of noise reached the biggest appliance-based cluster, with 800 hypervisors. Its sessions with spine route-reflectors went down. In less than 5 seconds, we had lost our three appliance-based clusters, powering 90% of the zone.\n\nFrom this moment onwards, fr-par-1’s private networking became highly unstable. Route-reflectors kept flapping indefinitely, never being able to fully restore a session before being shut down by their peers (remember that the appliances are very slow at de-queuing updates?).\n\n\n\n_State of the various sessions between leaf and spine route-reflectors. In reality, there were far more flaps than indicated here due to scraping resolution._\n\n\n\n_Message rate per session (left) and overall per spine route-reflector (right)._\n\nDuring the incident, we went from our usual rate of a handful of routes/s per peer to several thousands. Spikes are when route-reflectors try to restore sessions and receive the initial state. Route-reflectors across the board had three orders of magnitude their usual load.\n\nClients noticed, Scaleway products relying on VPC started to notice, and the situation snowballed to the whole ecosystem.\n\nIdentification of the source of the incident took a while for a combination of factors. Due to a currently ongoing large-scale rework of our alerting and dashboards (to allow faster response time and better communication in the long run), some confusion in the correct dashboards to use slowed down the analysis of the root cause of the problem. Turns out, it was BGP. It had been BGP all along.\n\nAt 12:37 UTC, we shut down the sessions between leaf route-reflectors and all spine except one, hoping it would reduce the load enough for this single session to come back online, and restore stability without redundancy.\n\nIt was not enough, due to our old friend, the hold timer. Even with a single session to load, the route-reflector could not do it fast enough, and was shut down by the remaining spine. After increasing the timers a lot, the session finally came back up, and stayed that way for more than two minutes.\n\nService was restored at 12:45 UTC.\n\nIn the following half hour, sessions were brought back up one by one, fully restoring redundancy. This can be seen in the above graph (left) with the last distinct spikes.\n\n\n## Snowballing to fr-par-2\n\nNow, it is time to talk about the impact on the rest of the region. The part I had skipped earlier on.\n\nRegional VPC is also built atop BGP. The only detail is, both BGP and customer traffic go through a set of gateway devices at the edge of the zone; mainly to reduce route cardinality between zones. Those gateways peer with the route-reflectors using BGP; and propagate routes between zones through a set of route-servers.\n\n\n\n\n_BGP message rate on the route-servers, per session (left), per route-server (right)._\n\nIn fr-par-2, the route-reflectors also are proprietary appliances, and they also have a lot of peers. You guessed it, those BGP sessions also flapped.\n\n\n\n\n\nDue to those flaps, regional VPC was broken for fr-par-1 and fr-par-2. VPC Managed Services like DHCP, DNS, and others, were also more than spotty due to being hosted on those gateway devices (3). The net effect: hypervisors kept losing and getting back the routes to those services.\n\n\n## What did we do?\n\nIn the days following the incidents, we launched a worldwide campaign to replace all of the appliance route-reflectors with FRR route-reflectors. We know from benchmarking that FRR is much better at handling our kind of loads; and from experience is much better at signaling to their peers that, yes, they are alive, don't cut the session please.\n\nVPC does not have any route-reflector based on proprietary appliances left in production.\n\nBGP timers were relaxed to be more in line with our usage.\n\nWe have a much stricter alerting and monitoring of our BGP to have much quicker detection.\n\nOur dashboards gained some level of indexing to better navigate this deep infrastructure.\n\nAnd finally, we had a wild idea: getting rid of BGP. But first...\n\n\n## Reflections on BGP\n\nWhen do features become anti-features? When do safety mechanisms become harmful? After all, this story is not the only distributed systems horror story, where circuit breakers, protections, and such prevented a system from getting back online. Where the additional noise caused by instabilities overloaded the system and hindered recovery. In hindsight, this story is mundane and boring.\n\nBoth data-plane instability experienced by the customers and control-plane instability experienced by the provider (us) were caused by the same BGP mechanism: when a BGP session is down, all routes received from this session are considered unreachable, and are withdrawn.\n\nOn the hypervisor, this means the route is removed and the destination cannot be routed to.\n\nOn a route-reflector, this state (unreachable) must be propagated to all neighbors.\n\nBGP links the reachability state to the session state. And it makes sense! For what BGP was designed, at least. Which is peer-to-peer signaling, and best path selection, over router interconnects. For what it was designed, this is a brilliant idea, as the session goes over a single piece of wire or fiber, straight between two routers. If for whatever reason the link is down or the peer router is down, well yes, this path is not valid anymore, because it goes through the peer.\n\n\n\n_If the BGP session between routers B and D breaks, it is safe to assume that this path is broken, and we should not go through there anymore. From the point of view of router D, B is as good as dead._\n\nThis definitely makes sense for eBGP. For overlay networks, however, we are using iBGP. The session goes over multiple devices, routers and switches. Heck, the route reflectors themselves run on hypervisors. This is aggravated by the middleman, the route-reflector (which in some cases are middle men), because the peer no longer is on the path of the destination.\n\nSuddenly, one of the core premises of BGP disappears: the session state does not reflect the reachability of the destination.\n\nThis is why all of our route-reflectors are in clusters: if one breaks, we don't lose all routes.\n\nWhen using iBGP, routes being withdrawn on sessions down is an anti-feature that is actually harmful for the system. A session between large peers flapping will flood the BGP instance with basically noise, and may lead to catastrophic failure.\n\nIs it BGP's fault, or are we just holding it wrong?\n\n\n## The future\n\nLet’s not answer that question, because it's neither. Yes, BGP could have yet another extension to better handle the situation. Yes, we could have done things differently.\n\nBut the cold, hard truth is: we outgrew BGP as the control plane for VPC. The stakes are simply too high and it is not the right tool for the job anymore.\n\nWe're launching internal R\u0026D work to evaluate the scenario of replacing BGP, to completely overhaul VPC. And in the pure Scaleway tradition, this will be a home-grown solution, certified Made in France. To get rid of BGP. Not because it's a bad technology, but because it may not be the right one anymore.\n\nIn the meantime, we'll keep improving the BGP infrastructure, and make sure such an incident never happens again.\n\n\n## Conclusion\n\nWe hope this communication was useful and helped you understand what happened. We are continuously working on improving our services and sincerely apologize for any inconvenience you may have experienced.\n\n\n### Footnotes\n\n_(1): A \"flap\" is when a connection, be it physical or logical, goes down and then comes back up quickly. Those may generate \"blips\" in the network, where the service is flaky, but not fully broken (well, usually).\u003cbr\u003e\n(2): By design, those devices have full access to all VPCs and Private Networks, thus are the perfect place to host such services.\u003cbr\u003e\n(3): The RIB is the full routing table known to the BGP instance. It holds all the routes and paths to destinations. It is the contents of the distributed database that BGP is.\u003cbr\u003e_\n\n\nScaleway provides [updates in real time of all of its services’ status, here](https://status.scaleway.com/). Feel free to contact us via the [console](https://console.scaleway.com/) for any questions moving forwards. Thank you!\n\n","createdAt":"2024-09-18T16:28:12.091Z","updatedAt":"2024-11-04T14:16:51.781Z","publishedAt":"2024-09-18T16:30:14.547Z","locale":"en","tags":"Build\nVPC","popular":false,"articleOfTheMonth":false,"category":"Incidents","timeToRead":7,"excerpt":"On September 1st, 2024, at 08:27 UTC, Scaleway experienced a major VPC incident affecting the fr-par-1 and fr-par-2 availability zones. Here's how it was resolved by the next day.","author":"Alexis Bauvin","h1":"Update: Details of “Important loss of connectivity in VPC on fr-par region” incident \u0026 response","createdOn":"2024-09-18","image":{"data":{"id":2419,"attributes":{"name":"InstanceVpc-Illustration-1280x720.webp","alternativeText":null,"caption":null,"width":1280,"height":720,"formats":{"large":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/large_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp","hash":"large_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76","mime":"image/webp","name":"large_InstanceVpc-Illustration-1280x720.webp","path":null,"size":"322.13","width":1000,"height":563},"small":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/small_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp","hash":"small_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76","mime":"image/webp","name":"small_InstanceVpc-Illustration-1280x720.webp","path":null,"size":"83.99","width":500,"height":281},"medium":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/medium_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp","hash":"medium_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76","mime":"image/webp","name":"medium_InstanceVpc-Illustration-1280x720.webp","path":null,"size":"181.66","width":750,"height":422},"thumbnail":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/thumbnail_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp","hash":"thumbnail_Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76","mime":"image/webp","name":"thumbnail_InstanceVpc-Illustration-1280x720.webp","path":null,"size":"28.97","width":245,"height":138}},"hash":"Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76","ext":".webp","mime":"image/webp","size":93.78,"url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Instance_Vpc_Illustration_1280x720_f690c0ee76.webp","previewUrl":null,"provider":"@website/strapi-provider-upload-scaleway-bucket","provider_metadata":null,"createdAt":"2023-09-13T10:00:39.281Z","updatedAt":"2023-12-12T15:45:06.661Z"}}}},{"title":"update-kapsule-kosmos-fr-par","path":"update-kapsule-kosmos-fr-par/","description":"On February 13th at 01:04 Central European Time (CET), Scaleway encountered an incident in the Paris region (FR-PAR) that impacted customers using the Kubernetes managed services, Kapsule and Kosmos, either with mutualized or dedicated environments.\n\nThe incident was resolved by 16:40 the same day. Here’s an overview of what happened.\n\n\n## Timeline of the Incident\n\n### February 13th, 2024\n\n- 01:04 - Kubernetes API underwent RAM and CPU usage spikes resulting in an Out of Memory situation (OOM). Nodes in the FR-PAR region were not able to authenticate in their control plane resulting in some nodes becoming “Not Ready”. This phenomenon was amplified by some nodes being automatically replaced by the auto-healing feature.\n- 01:46 - Resources allocated to the Kubernetes API were increased. The situation seemed to improve, but OOM was reached again.\n- 02:20 - Resources allocated to the Kubernetes API were increased again. An improvement was observed.\n- 02:30 - We applied some API traffic restrictions to reduce congestion by smoothing the incoming traffic profile.\n- 03:20 - Applied API traffic restrictions were removed progressively again in 50-100 batches to avoid congestion. Nodes in the FR-PAR region were then able to authenticate in their control plane, and so they became “Ready”.\n- 03:40 - A script was launched to replace the failing nodes that were created during the Kubernetes API congestion.\n- 05:30 - Service delivery was stabilized and monitored closely.\n- 15:40 - We confirmed that the incident root-cause was an insufficient resource allocation on the Kubernetes API server. The Kubernetes API’s unavailability resulted in continuous node authentication failures and retries. Therefore, nodes got into “Not Ready” state.\n\nThe authentication mechanism’s fail \u0026 retry behavior resulted in a congestion situation like the one observed during the Kubernetes incident on January 24th, 2024.\n\nThe short term risk mitigation actions implemented since January 24th were not sufficient to prevent incident recurrence. We decided to rollback to the former authentication mechanism.\n\n- 15:45 - Rollback operation was executed progressively over a subset of the Kubernetes clusters to avoid the simultaneous authentication of nodes that were re-configured.\n- 16:00 - The Kubernetes API congestion situation occurred again. Nodes in the FR-PAR region were not able to authenticate in their control plane resulting in some nodes becoming “Not Ready”.\n\nAs done before, API traffic restrictions were applied, and progressively removed again to avoid traffic congestion.\n\n- 16:40 - All nodes were “Ready”. Service was stabilized and monitored closely.\n\nTo prevent incident recurrence, we decided:\n- to monitor closely that the clusters where the authentication mechanism rollback was applied were stable.\n- to disable any features that could lead to simultaneous node authentication: cluster upgrade and configuration update features.\n\n\n### February 16th, 2024\n\n- 14:00: The subset of Kubernetes clusters where the rollback was applied were stable. We decided to rollback progressively to the former authentication mechanisms over all Kubernetes clusters.\n\n\n### February 19th, 2024\n\n- 19:41 - The rollback was completed over all the Kubernetes clusters. Service was stable and monitored closely.\n\n\n### February 20th, 2024\n\n- 10:30 - Cluster upgrade and update features were re-enabled.\n- 17:56 - Incident was closed.\n\n\n## Impact\n\n- Increase in the Kubernetes API response times resulting in some unavailability (reaching timeouts).\n- Kubernetes nodes are unable to authenticate and thus temporarily enter the “Not Ready” state, leading to potential service disruption.\n\n\n## Root Cause\n\nOn February 12th, a new Kubernetes release was made available to all Kubernetes users. During the night from February 12th to 13th, many of the clusters triggered their auto-upgrade simultaneously, resulting in Kapsule API slowness and congestion. Due to that congestion, the new node authentication mechanism deployed on January 24th continuously failed and retried authenticating, worsening the congestion situation. Therefore, Kubernetes nodes got into “Not Ready” status.\n\n\n## Corrective actions\n\nThe implementation of the corrective actions identified after the Kubernetes January 24th 2024 incident was not sufficient to avoid the incident recurrence. Therefore, we decided to rollback to the former authentication mechanism to stabilize service delivery and work on the medium/long term solutions with the highest priority.\n\n\n**Actions taken**\n\n- Kubernetes API resource allocation increase\n- Rollback to former authentication mechanism\n\n\n**Ongoing actions**\n\n- Implementation of a local authentication cache (nodes)\n- Rework our resource allocation strategy to achieve better behavior on load spikes\n- New request queuing mechanisms for Kubernetes\n- Separation of the different components to reduce side effects on high loads or failure\n- Close monitoring of some metrics to identify anomalous patterns earlier\n\n\n## Conclusion\n\nAs the number of Kubernetes clusters and nodes deployed by our customers increases dramatically, this incident underscores the importance of enhancing existing traffic control mechanisms to prevent congestion situations.\n\nWe are committed to learning from this incident and we are already implementing some of the improvements listed above. Moreover, we are working on refunding customers that deployed nodes during this period, but that could not use them nominally.\n\nWe apologize for any inconvenience caused and are grateful for your understanding and support as we continue to enhance our systems to serve you better.\n\n\n\n_Scaleway provides [updates in real time of all of its services’ status, here](https://status.scaleway.com/). Feel free to contact us via the [console](https://console.scaleway.com/) for any questions moving forwards. Thank you!_\n","createdAt":"2024-02-22T16:18:12.563Z","updatedAt":"2024-11-04T14:19:35.616Z","publishedAt":"2024-02-22T16:21:41.435Z","locale":"en","tags":"Deploy","popular":false,"articleOfTheMonth":false,"category":"Incidents","timeToRead":3,"excerpt":"On February 13th, Scaleway encountered an incident in the FR-PAR region that impacted customers using the Kubernetes managed services. It was resolved the same day. Here's how!\n","author":"Jon Regueiro","h1":"Update: Kapsule \u0026 Kosmos incident in FR-PAR region \u0026 response","createdOn":"2024-02-22","image":{"data":{"id":2949,"attributes":{"name":"Kubernetes-Kapsule-Card.webp","alternativeText":null,"caption":null,"width":1216,"height":752,"formats":{"large":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/large_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed.webp","hash":"large_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed","mime":"image/webp","name":"large_Kubernetes-Kapsule-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"572.24","width":1000,"height":618},"small":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/small_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed.webp","hash":"small_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed","mime":"image/webp","name":"small_Kubernetes-Kapsule-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"130.22","width":500,"height":309},"medium":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/medium_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed.webp","hash":"medium_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed","mime":"image/webp","name":"medium_Kubernetes-Kapsule-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"313.38","width":750,"height":464},"thumbnail":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/thumbnail_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed.webp","hash":"thumbnail_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed","mime":"image/webp","name":"thumbnail_Kubernetes-Kapsule-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"31.16","width":245,"height":152}},"hash":"Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed","ext":".webp","mime":"image/webp","size":310.04,"url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed.webp","previewUrl":null,"provider":"@website/strapi-provider-upload-scaleway-bucket","provider_metadata":null,"createdAt":"2023-11-15T06:04:13.288Z","updatedAt":"2023-11-15T08:55:34.375Z"}}}},{"title":"update-fr-par-kapsule-api","path":"update-fr-par-kapsule-api/","description":"On January 24 at 23:48 Central European Time (CET), Scaleway encountered an incident in the FR-PAR region that impacted customers using the Kubernetes managed services Kapsule, Kosmos, either with mutualized or dedicated environments, and some products such as Cockpit. \n\nIt was resolved by 01:03 the same night. Here’s an overview of what happened.\n\n\n## Timeline of the Incident\n\n- 23:48: Scaleway Kubernetes API experienced an Out of Memory (OOM) situation. The incident began, affecting the Kubernetes FR-PAR region API, leading to nodes being unable to authenticate with their control-plane, resulting in some nodes becoming NotReady\n- 23:48: Increased load detected on the API Gateway, with requests spiking significantly\n- 00:00:10: Incident escalated internally and handled by Scaleway engineers on call\n- 00:00 - 00:30: Diagnostic ongoing: OOM situation identified as the root cause of the outage\n- 00:35 - 00:40: Measures to increase the API Kubernetes's RAM and launch additional replicas were taken\n- 00:43: Remediation worked, API Gateway requests decreasing fast\n- 00:54: Kubernetes nodes were coming back up, heavy queue of actions on instances being monitored\n- 01:03: All FR-PAR clusters began to stabilize with the implementation of further measures like purging the registry cache and monitoring for any further issues\n- 01:13: Metrics on Cockpit began to reappear, indicating full recovery.\n\nPost-incident: Continuous monitoring and adjustments were made to ensure stability, including adjustments to service configurations.\n\n\n## Impact\n\n- Increase in the API gateway response times resulting in some unavailability (reaching timeouts)\n- Kubernetes nodes unable to authenticate and thus temporarily entered the 'NotReady' state, leading to service disruption\n- When relevant, activation of the cluster auto-healing process, generating automatic node replacement.\n\n\n## Root Cause and Resolution of the Issue\n\n### On Kubernetes Side\n\nThe incident originated from an Out of Memory (OOM) scenario within the Scaleway Kubernetes API, triggered by simultaneous deployments in FR-PAR. The situation was further complicated because this API was currently handling authentication, preventing Kubelet to update their leases, leading nodes to becoming NotReady and retrying indefinitely.\n\n\n**Resolution:**\nThe following corrective actions were taken for remediation:\n1. Technical Adjustments: Immediate increase in the memory limit and garbage collection thresholds for the Kubernetes managed services.\n2. Scaling: Deployment of additional replicas for key services to handle increased load.\n\n**Long-term Solutions:**\nWe are planning to implement the following safeguards:\n1. Implementation of a local authentication cache\n2. Further developments on node authentication.\n\n\n### On API Gateway Side\n\nThe API Gateway experienced a significant increase in load, primarily due to the overwhelming number of requests originating from the malfunctioning components on the Kubernetes side.\n\nDespite the increased load, the API Gateway managed to operate without a complete outage. Adjustments already implemented due to [a past incident](https://www.scaleway.com/en/blog/update-fr-par-api-dhcp-incident/) allowed us to better manage sudden spikes in requests.\n\n\n## Conclusion\n\nThis incident underscores the importance of robust monitoring and rapid response mechanisms in managing unexpected system behaviors. We are committed to learning from this incident and have already implemented several improvements to prevent such occurrences in the future.\n\nThese measures include enhancing our monitoring capabilities, adjusting our rate limiting strategies, and improving our incident response protocols. We apologize for any inconvenience caused and are grateful for your understanding and support as we continue to enhance our systems to serve you better.\n\n\n\u003cbr\u003e\n_Scaleway provides [updates in real time of all of its services’ status, here](https://status.scaleway.com/). Feel free to contact us via the [console](https://console.scaleway.com/) for any questions moving forwards. Thank you!_","createdAt":"2024-01-23T16:02:01.522Z","updatedAt":"2024-11-04T14:18:05.572Z","publishedAt":"2024-01-24T09:54:13.313Z","locale":"en","tags":"Security\nDeploy","popular":false,"articleOfTheMonth":false,"category":"Incidents","timeToRead":2,"excerpt":"Scaleway recently encountered an incident in the FR-PAR region that impacted Kapsule and Kosmos customers. It was resolved in just over an hour. Here’s a recap.","author":"Thibault Genaitay","h1":"Update: FR-PAR Kapsule API incident \u0026 response","createdOn":"2024-02-01","image":{"data":{"id":2951,"attributes":{"name":"Kubernetes-Kosmos-Card.webp","alternativeText":null,"caption":null,"width":1216,"height":752,"formats":{"large":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/large_Kubernetes_Kosmos_Card_0b59750ccc.webp","hash":"large_Kubernetes_Kosmos_Card_0b59750ccc","mime":"image/webp","name":"large_Kubernetes-Kosmos-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"572.11","width":1000,"height":618},"small":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/small_Kubernetes_Kosmos_Card_0b59750ccc.webp","hash":"small_Kubernetes_Kosmos_Card_0b59750ccc","mime":"image/webp","name":"small_Kubernetes-Kosmos-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"132.19","width":500,"height":309},"medium":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/medium_Kubernetes_Kosmos_Card_0b59750ccc.webp","hash":"medium_Kubernetes_Kosmos_Card_0b59750ccc","mime":"image/webp","name":"medium_Kubernetes-Kosmos-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"315.45","width":750,"height":464},"thumbnail":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/thumbnail_Kubernetes_Kosmos_Card_0b59750ccc.webp","hash":"thumbnail_Kubernetes_Kosmos_Card_0b59750ccc","mime":"image/webp","name":"thumbnail_Kubernetes-Kosmos-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"32.25","width":245,"height":152}},"hash":"Kubernetes_Kosmos_Card_0b59750ccc","ext":".webp","mime":"image/webp","size":335.63,"url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Kubernetes_Kosmos_Card_0b59750ccc.webp","previewUrl":null,"provider":"@website/strapi-provider-upload-scaleway-bucket","provider_metadata":null,"createdAt":"2023-11-15T06:04:15.955Z","updatedAt":"2023-11-15T06:04:15.955Z"}}}},{"title":"update-fr-par-api-dhcp-incident","path":"update-fr-par-api-dhcp-incident/","description":"On January 17 at 15:23 UTC, Scaleway encountered an incident in the FR-PAR region that impacted customers using the Scaleway API and some products in VPC that use DHCP including Load Balancers and Kapsule nodes. It was resolved by 16:20 UTC the same day. Here’s an overview of what happened.\n\n## Timeline of the incident\n\n- At 15:23 UTC, an unusual type of request began to hit the fr-par internal DHCP service. Approximately 100,000 API calls over a few seconds were made to the API gateway.\n- At 15:24 UTC, all the nodes handling the api.scaleway.com endpoint hit OOM (out of memory) conditions, causing them to restart. This made the API Gateway unavailable for 17 seconds, and triggered our first alerts.\n- At 15:28 UTC, another internal alert was triggered, indicating that one DHCP server was down in the fr-par-2 Availability Zone (AZ).\nAround 15:45 UTC, we issued a public communication. It was at this time that some customers began to report impacts on their side. \n- At 15:48 UTC, the API Gateway team determined that the unusual load originated from the VPC infrastructure.\n- At 16:07 UTC, the VPC team identified the cause of the unusual load, and began to take corrective action.\n- At 16:21 UTC, the source of the unusual load was isolated from the rest of the network, and all services were back to normal.\n\n\n## Root cause and resolution of the issue\n\n### On VPC side\nThe analysis showed that an Elastic Metal machine of one customer was directing an unusually large volume of requests to the PAR-2 DHCP servers. This was ultimately due to an unintentional misconfiguration on the customer’s side.\n\nEach DHCP request led to an IPAM request. These requests transited through the API Gateway, which struggled to keep up with the volume.\n\nThe misbehaving Elastic Metal machine was quickly identified and isolated, which stopped the flood of DHCP requests. The impacted services were then restarted and the situation resolved progressively.\n\nTo prevent future internal DHCP request floods, we are taking the following remediation actions:\n- Adding more restrictive rate limits on the DHCP service. \n- Implementing a better strategy for IPAM requests in order to limit this type of traffic behavior in the future.\n\n\n### On API gateway side\nScaleway’s API gateway relies on the open source Envoy proxy, which handles an average of 2000 requests per second. This could be handled with one node, but we use two nodes for reliability reasons.\n\nThe VPC incident added 4000 requests per second to the API Gateway. The total of 6000 requests per second is something our API Gateway would normally handle easily; however, a combination of three things led Envoy to use an abnormal amount of RAM and never release it, resulting in an out of memory (OOM) crash:\n- The HTTP2 initial flow-control window size was not properly configured.\n- The slow response time on the IPAM service increased the number of pending requests in Envoy. This, combined with the high window size, caused RAM usage to spike.\n- Further exacerbating the issue, by default Envoy didn’t release RAM used by flow-control mechanisms (in case another burst arrives).\n\n\nWe had identified the first issue with CVE-2023-35945 and had a fix ready, but unfortunately it was not deployed on our production environment yet.\n\n- At 15:23:41 UTC the first node crashed. Traffic was automatically switched to the other node, and the first node restarted.\n- At 15:24:03 UTC the second node crashed for the same reasons, but the first node hadn’t yet fully restarted. As noted previously, this resulted in a 17 second outage.\n- At 15:24:20 UTC the first node completed its restart and resumed handling the traffic. A few seconds later, the second node came back as well.\n- At 15:29:07 UTC the first node crashed again, causing all traffic to shift to the second node.\n\nThe following remedial actions were taken:\n- We deployed the flow-control change to limit the amount of RAM a single HTTP2 connection can consume.\n- We configured the Envoy heap shrink mechanism to run more often. This way, Envoy will release RAM faster after connections are themselves released.\n\n\n## Conclusion\n\nWe hope this communication was useful and helped you understand what happened. We are continuously working on improving our services and sincerely apologize for any inconvenience you may have experienced.\n\n\n_Scaleway provides [updates in real time of all of its services’ status, here](https://status.scaleway.com/). Feel free to contact us via the [console](https://console.scaleway.com/) for any questions moving forwards. Thank you!_\n","createdAt":"2024-02-21T09:19:18.215Z","updatedAt":"2024-11-04T14:17:34.612Z","publishedAt":"2024-02-21T09:22:20.758Z","locale":"en","tags":"Deploy","popular":false,"articleOfTheMonth":false,"category":"Incidents","timeToRead":3,"excerpt":"On January 17, Scaleway encountered an incident in the FR-PAR region that impacted customers using the Scaleway API and some products in VPC that use DHCP. Here’s an overview of what happened.","author":"Pierre Scacchi","h1":"Update: Details of “Instabilities on DHCP fr-par and api.scaleway.com” incident \u0026 response","createdOn":"2024-01-17","image":{"data":{"id":3251,"attributes":{"name":"Load Balancer.webp","alternativeText":null,"caption":null,"width":1216,"height":752,"formats":{"large":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/large_Load_Balancer_fce6c0ffbf.webp","hash":"large_Load_Balancer_fce6c0ffbf","mime":"image/webp","name":"large_Load Balancer.png","path":null,"size":239.85,"width":1000,"height":618},"small":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/small_Load_Balancer_fce6c0ffbf.webp","hash":"small_Load_Balancer_fce6c0ffbf","mime":"image/webp","name":"small_Load Balancer.png","path":null,"size":71.11,"width":500,"height":309},"medium":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/medium_Load_Balancer_fce6c0ffbf.webp","hash":"medium_Load_Balancer_fce6c0ffbf","mime":"image/webp","name":"medium_Load Balancer.png","path":null,"size":144.66,"width":750,"height":464},"thumbnail":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/thumbnail_Load_Balancer_fce6c0ffbf.webp","hash":"thumbnail_Load_Balancer_fce6c0ffbf","mime":"image/webp","name":"thumbnail_Load Balancer.webp","path":null,"size":"15.06","width":245,"height":152}},"hash":"Load_Balancer_fce6c0ffbf","ext":".webp","mime":"image/webp","size":41.99,"url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Load_Balancer_fce6c0ffbf.webp","previewUrl":null,"provider":"@website/strapi-provider-upload-scaleway-bucket","provider_metadata":null,"createdAt":"2024-02-21T09:21:49.134Z","updatedAt":"2024-02-21T09:21:49.134Z"}}}},{"title":"update-block-storage-incident-ams1","path":"update-block-storage-incident-ams1/","description":"On December 8th at 09:45 AM, Scaleway encountered an incident in the NL-AMS-1 Availability Zone that impacted customers using products in this AZ. It was resolved by 02:10 PM the same day. Here’s an important update on what happened.\n\nBlock Storage product faced an issue and, as a result, other products based on it (i.e. Instances, Kapsule, Load Balancer, Managed Databases, …) faced either high latency or unavailability.\n\nGlobal unavailability: 2h40\nImpacts on the platform (latency,unavailability,etc.): 5h20\n\n\n## Context\n\nOur Block Storage product is based on the software defined storage Ceph, mixed with our own APIs to manage all products requests.\n\nThese APIs have two main roles: managing our own infrastructure and adding more security to it.\n\nWe were performing a critical security update on our NL-AMS-1 block storage cluster to strengthen it before our “freeze” period.\n\nThese updates were already done on several of our Ceph clusters (preproduction and production as well) without any impact, which led us to perform this update in NL-AMS-1 cluster. This update turned out to be at the root of the problem.\n\n\n## Timeline of the incident\n\nWe planned an intervention on our Block Storage platform in NL-AMS-1 on Thursday 7th of December at 3PM. This intervention was meant to update our Ceph version with more recent security updates. \n\nWe started with updating a first server that we monitored for 2 hours and found no error. Then we started updating all other servers, which took us the whole night. We kept monitoring it in the early morning, without any issue.\n\nOn Friday 8th of December at 9.40AM, we started seeing a load increase in the cluster load with minor impacts on response times from our point of view. The situation was stable and impacts were getting lower from our point of view.\n\nAt 11AM we were alerted of high latencies on our Block Storage and immediately created a major incident. Public Status was created at 11.36AM due to some delay in internal communications.\n\nFrom then on, we faced several crashes on our servers. All of them were going Out Of Memory although the global load on the platform was the same as the last few days.\n\nOur experts identified the issue at 11.45AM. Tuning settings were set up on our cluster that were not our default ones.\n\nApplying fixes took time and required to be applied on all servers progressively.\n\nAt 1.40PM, Block Storage was back up and stable. There was some minor impacts on performances due to load balancing because of the application of the updated settings.\n\nAll our teams (Instance, DB, K8S, etc.) worked on getting their service back after that.\n\nThey also kept monitoring our infrastructure until the end of the day, performing actions to ensure it functioned properly.\n\nWe kept a close eye on our Block Storage infrastructure during the whole weekend to ensure there were no further issues.\n\n\n## Root cause and resolution of the issue\n\nDuring our investigation, we quickly concluded that the issue was not related to the update. The procedure had already been applied on our staging cluster and other productions AZ with no side effects. \n\nWe found out that there was a misconfiguration on our Ceph cluster that was not applied on any other AZ.\n\nThe teams responsible for this operation were also not aware of these changes (that should be done through our automatic configuration tool). This topic is still under investigation and will lead to many improvements of our management processes.\n\nAlso, some HW related issues appeared during issues on this generation of Block Storage that hindered the resolution time.\n\nOur new ‘Low Latency’ offers, based on a new generation of hardware, were not impacted during this incident and showed no downtime.\n\n\n## Conclusion\n\nBlock Storage is a key product of our ecosystem and must be resilient. We are all working to improve its resiliency and will keep on doing it (automatization processes to manage our platforms, keeping our infrastructures up to date) but also our communication processes in case of an incident. This incident will help us enhance that.\n\nPlease also note that we have new offers (Low Latency) that are designed with new hardware and an even better resiliency. They are currently in Public Beta.\n\nThese Low Latency offers provide 2 levels of performance (IOPS 5K and 15K) and improved response time.\n\nThey are available through our brand new API / user journey / devtools and are already compatible with Instance, Kapsule (on new clusters only, with a specific CSI version — [more information on our Slack Community](https://scaleway-community.slack.com/archives/CMXSMFVH6/p1701946122694469?thread_ts=1701176515.605129\u0026cid=CMXSMFVH6)), and DBaaS (cost optimized offers). The AZ available are limited right now but more will come in the coming months : FR-PAR-1, FR-PAR-2, NL-AMS-1, NL-AMS-3, PL-WAW-3.\n\nYou can already try them and enjoy the 50% discount during the public beta (already applied, until the 1st of February).\n","createdAt":"2023-12-20T09:24:58.250Z","updatedAt":"2024-11-04T14:16:27.648Z","publishedAt":"2023-12-20T09:25:35.375Z","locale":"en","tags":"Block Storage\nDeploy","popular":false,"articleOfTheMonth":false,"category":"Incidents","timeToRead":4,"excerpt":"On December 8th at 09:45 AM, Scaleway encountered an incident in the NL-AMS-1 Availability Zone. Here’s an important update on what happened.\n","author":"Guillaume Biolley","h1":"Update: Block Storage incident on AMS-1","createdOn":"2023-12-20","image":{"data":{"id":2930,"attributes":{"name":"Block-Storage-Card.webp","alternativeText":null,"caption":null,"width":1216,"height":752,"formats":{"large":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/large_Block_Storage_Card_db26f3d444.webp","hash":"large_Block_Storage_Card_db26f3d444","mime":"image/webp","name":"large_Block-Storage-Card.png","path":null,"size":908.7,"width":1000,"height":618},"small":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/small_Block_Storage_Card_db26f3d444.webp","hash":"small_Block_Storage_Card_db26f3d444","mime":"image/webp","name":"small_Block-Storage-Card.png","path":null,"size":224.48,"width":500,"height":309},"medium":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/medium_Block_Storage_Card_db26f3d444.webp","hash":"medium_Block_Storage_Card_db26f3d444","mime":"image/webp","name":"medium_Block-Storage-Card.png","path":null,"size":515.59,"width":750,"height":464},"thumbnail":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/thumbnail_Block_Storage_Card_db26f3d444.webp","hash":"thumbnail_Block_Storage_Card_db26f3d444","mime":"image/webp","name":"thumbnail_Block-Storage-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"33.47","width":245,"height":152}},"hash":"Block_Storage_Card_db26f3d444","ext":".webp","mime":"image/webp","size":329.82,"url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Block_Storage_Card_db26f3d444.webp","previewUrl":null,"provider":"@website/strapi-provider-upload-scaleway-bucket","provider_metadata":null,"createdAt":"2023-11-15T06:03:31.520Z","updatedAt":"2023-12-20T09:23:49.003Z"}}}},{"title":"deprecation-public-only-kapsule-clusters","path":"deprecation-public-only-kapsule-clusters/","description":"On April 1, 2024, the public-only network interface for Kapsule worker nodes will be at end of service.\n\nTightening security everywhere has been and always will be our top priority, and that’s why Kapsule clusters can’t have public IP addresses only. These are great, often very handy, and we’ll keep public IPs as a default. But the best way forward is to leverage [Scaleway’s free Private Networks](https://www.scaleway.com/en/vpc/) in order to secure your infrastructure. They allow all your cloud resources - nodes, databases, bare metal - to communicate in an isolated and secure network, without using the public internet. \n\nThat’s why we have introduced a new default as “controlled isolation”, with nodes having both public IPs and private IPs.\n\n\n## Timeline for removal\n- As of October 18, 2023, public-only clusters are deprecated ([changelog](https://www.scaleway.com/en/docs/changelog/?a=kubernetes-a70a9e7f-41cd\u0026tags=status_deprecated)). New Kapsule clusters are required to have a (free) Private Network attached\n- On December 4, 2023, we’ll show a deprecation notice on all clusters without private endpoints and warnings to migrate\n- On April 1, 2024, the legacy public-only network will be at end of service ([notice](https://status.scaleway.com/incidents/lw9b58zzlxrm)). \n- Between April 1, 2024 and May 10, 2024, Kapsule clusters still with public-only endpoints will be automatically migrated by Scaleway to Private Networks. \n\nThe migrations will happen region by region, in this order: \n1. PL-WAW: Apr 1, 2024 - Apr 5, 2024\n2. NL-AMS: Apr 15, 2024 - Apr 19, 2024\n3. FR-PAR: Apr 29, 2024 - May 10, 2024\n\n\n## How do I know if my cluster is only using public networks?\nPrior to May 2023, and before VPC became Generally Available at Scaleway, full public used to be the default network mode. \n\nIf you have created your Kapsule cluster prior to that time, it’s very likely your cluster was not set up with a Private Network attached.\n\nHowever, if you’re not sure whether your cluster uses this feature, you can check in a few places:\n- In your [list of Kubernetes clusters](https://console.scaleway.com/kubernetes/clusters) look for the Network column; a warning (!) “Public” will show\n- For any cluster yet to migrate, a permanent yellow warning banner will show at the top of its overview.\n\n\n## What do I get out of this?\nBy migrating to Private Network in early 2024, you are future-proofing your infrastructure.\n- **Safer Kubernetes**: Private Networks allow your cloud resources to communicate in an isolated and secure network without using the public Internet.\n- **More resilient cluster**: Private Networks enable you to setup multi AZ clusters\n- **Super flexible isolation options**: you can either keep public IPs on your nodes (protected behind security groups) or have only private IPs on nodes with a single egress IP. Or both!\n- **Ready for more features**: Control Planes will soon after be brought in isolation with your workers nodes, all communicating in the same Private Network. You will even be able to restrict/allow a range of IPs or ports to control who can access to the API server.\n\n\n## What’s the fee?\nVPC and Private Networks are totally free of charge.\n\n## Will there be a downtime during the migration?\nYes, attaching a Private Network to a Kapsule cluster results in an **unavoidable network loss of 1 to 10 minutes**.\n\n\nWhat will happen once the migration is started:\n1. Your control plane will restart for a first time: the Kubernetes API of your cluster will temporarily be unavailable.\n2. Your pools will be upgraded to migrate the nodes into the Private Network. All of your nodes will be rebooted according to the specified Upgrade Policy of your pools.\n3. Once all your nodes have rebooted, your control plane will be configured to use the Private Network and restarted once more. Then, your Load Balancers will be reconfigured and migrated to the Private Network as well.\n4. Finally, the Container Network Interface (CNI) of your cluster will be reconfigured and restarted to use the Private Network.\n\nImportant: During step #4, the Pod network of your cluster will be temporarily unavailable for 1 to 10 minutes as all Pods of the CNI are restarted. This estimated duration depends on the size of your cluster and the CNI you are using. Your Pods will be unable to communicate with each other during this step.\n\n\n## How can I migrate my Kapsule clusters?\n- Either using the Scaleway console: in your cluster information, go to the Private Network tab to start the migration\n- Or via Terraform: simply set a [private_network_id](https://registry.terraform.io/providers/scaleway/scaleway/latest/docs/resources/k8s_cluster#private_network_id) with the scaleway_k8s_cluster resource to trigger the migration\n1. No PNID =\u003e PNID: migrates the cluster to private\n2. PNID a =\u003e PNID b: warning, then forcing new cluster\n\nPlease pick your Private Network carefully.\n\n- Once a cluster is attached to a Private Network, you cannot roll back this migration\n- The cluster can't be moved to another Private Network after migration.\n- A Private Network can't be detached.\n\n\nWe provide you with an overview of the new isolation options, the migration strategies and much finer details in this dedicated documentation: [Securing a cluster with a Private Network](https://www.scaleway.com/en/docs/containers/kubernetes/reference-content/secure-cluster-with-private-network/#how-can-i-migrate-my-existing-clusters-to-private-networks)\n\n\n_Any questions? Just ask your Scaleway representative, or reach out on our [Community Slack](https://scaleway-community.slack.com/)!_","createdAt":"2023-12-04T14:36:14.052Z","updatedAt":"2024-11-04T14:15:49.510Z","publishedAt":"2023-12-04T15:21:51.545Z","locale":"en","tags":"Kubernetes\nDeploy","popular":false,"articleOfTheMonth":false,"category":"Incidents","timeToRead":3,"excerpt":"On March 18, 2024, the public-only network interface for Kapsule worker nodes will be at end of service. Here's what to do next...","author":"Thibault Genaitay","h1":"Update: Deprecation of public-only Kapsule clusters","createdOn":"2023-12-04","image":{"data":{"id":2949,"attributes":{"name":"Kubernetes-Kapsule-Card.webp","alternativeText":null,"caption":null,"width":1216,"height":752,"formats":{"large":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/large_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed.webp","hash":"large_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed","mime":"image/webp","name":"large_Kubernetes-Kapsule-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"572.24","width":1000,"height":618},"small":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/small_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed.webp","hash":"small_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed","mime":"image/webp","name":"small_Kubernetes-Kapsule-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"130.22","width":500,"height":309},"medium":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/medium_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed.webp","hash":"medium_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed","mime":"image/webp","name":"medium_Kubernetes-Kapsule-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"313.38","width":750,"height":464},"thumbnail":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/thumbnail_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed.webp","hash":"thumbnail_Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed","mime":"image/webp","name":"thumbnail_Kubernetes-Kapsule-Card.webp","path":null,"size":"31.16","width":245,"height":152}},"hash":"Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed","ext":".webp","mime":"image/webp","size":310.04,"url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Kubernetes_Kapsule_Card_2b36a361ed.webp","previewUrl":null,"provider":"@website/strapi-provider-upload-scaleway-bucket","provider_metadata":null,"createdAt":"2023-11-15T06:04:13.288Z","updatedAt":"2023-11-15T08:55:34.375Z"}}}}],"popularPosts":[{"title":"What Is a Document Database? A Comprehensive Guide","path":"what-is-a-document-database-a-comprehensive-guide/","description":"The ever-changing landscape of data management has given rise to a new era of database technology. Document databases in particular were designed to better handle the vast amounts of semi-structured and unstructured data generated by modern products and applications and to keep pace with the growing volume and variety of data that demands flexible, scalable, and fast processing.\n\nIn this article, we’ll dive into what document databases are, how they work, and why they’ve become a preferred solution for managing complex data, offering flexibility that traditional databases struggle to provide.\n\n# A brief history of databases: from relational to document databases\n\nRelational databases, the backbone of data storage since the 1970s, were designed for structured data. Built on a fixed schema, they efficiently organize data into rows and columns, enabling easy querying and analysis. However, as the types of data businesses generate have evolved—think images, videos, and IoT data—so too have the demands placed on databases. \n\nThe rise of NoSQL databases in the early 2000s offered a solution to these new demands by providing flexible, schema-less architectures capable of storing vast amounts of unstructured data. Among these NoSQL options, document databases have emerged as a versatile tool that can adapt to the complexity and scale of modern data workloads.\n\n# Back to basics: what is a document database?\n\nA document database is a type of NoSQL database that stores data in document-like structures, most commonly using JSON or BSON formats. Each document represents a record, and within these documents, data is organized as key-value pairs, with the ability to nest arrays and objects. \n\nThe beauty of document databases lies in their flexibility. Unlike relational databases, which require data to fit into predefined schemas, document databases allow data to be stored in its original, often messy form. This makes them ideal for managing unstructured or semi-structured data **without requiring significant reformatting or processing**.\n\n# Structured vs. unstructured data\n\nData generally falls into two categories: structured and unstructured.\n\n- **Structured data** fits neatly into predefined formats, such as spreadsheets or relational databases\n- **Unstructured data**, on the other hand, doesn’t conform to a specific model. Examples include images, audio files, videos, and social media posts—types of data that relational databases struggle to handle efficiently.\n\nDocument databases bridge this gap by offering a flexible schema. This means you can store various types of data—whether structured, semi-structured, or unstructured—in their natural form, without having to alter or standardize them.\n\n# How document databases work\n\nIn a document database, each document is self-contained, meaning the structure of one document can differ significantly from the next. These databases are highly adaptable because they allow changes to be made on the fly, without the need for complex schema migrations.\n\n- **Flexible schema**: new fields can be added to documents at any time, providing agility in development and reducing the operational burden.\n- **Variety of formats**: multiple data formats can be stored **within the same collection**, enabling you to manage diverse data types together.\n\nThis architecture makes document databases** highly scalable** and** easy to maintain**, especially in applications where data is continuously changing or evolving.\n\n# Benefits of document databases\n\n**Reduced operational overhead**\nTraditional relational databases often require extensive data transformation to fit structured schemas, which can be labor-intensive and time-consuming. Document databases eliminate much of this overhead by allowing data to be stored in its original format, cutting down on reformatting efforts and freeing up resources to focus on more valuable tasks.\n\n**Improved agility**\nDocument databases’ flexible schema design enables rapid iterations and updates without the need for complex schema alterations. This allows teams to ship new features faster and adjust data models as business needs evolve, fostering greater agility in product development.\n\n**Performance**\nWhen it comes to performance, document databases have a distinct advantage in handling hierarchical data. By storing all relevant information within a single document, these databases are able to retrieve and manipulate data with greater efficiency. In contrast, relational databases often require the use of joins to gather related data, resulting in increased read and write latency. This fundamental difference in architecture enables document databases to deliver faster and more responsive performance, making them an attractive choice for applications that rely on complex, hierarchical data structures.\n\n# Use cases: when to choose a document database\n\nDocument databases are best suited in scenarios where data is **unpredictable, unstructured**, or **subject to rapid change**. Here are some common use cases where document databases are the better option:\n\n**Internet of Things (IoT)**\nIoT devices produce a continuous stream of data, often in different formats. Document databases can store this data as-is, enabling real-time processing and analysis without the need for data standardization.\n\n\n**Content Management Systems**\nData is often semi-structured and constantly evolving. By storing content, metadata, and related information in a single document, CMS platforms can efficiently manage and retrieve complex data sets, such as articles, blogs, and user profiles. This flexible data model enables developers to adapt to changing content requirements, while also providing fast and scalable performance, making it an ideal choice for large-scale content management applications.\n\n**E-commerce product catalogs**\nDocument databases allow for efficient storage and retrieval of complex product information, including descriptions, pricing, inventory, and customer reviews. By storing all product data in a single document, e-commerce platforms can quickly retrieve and update product information, reducing latency and improving the overall shopping experience. Additionally, document databases can handle large volumes of product data, making them an ideal choice for large-scale e-commerce applications with extensive product catalogs.\n\n**Mobile and web applications**\nThey often require flexible data models to accommodate changing user behavior, new features, and evolving business requirements. Document databases are well-suited for these applications, allowing developers to store and manage complex, semi-structured data in a flexible and adaptable way. By using a document database, developers can quickly iterate and refine their data models, adding new fields, documents, or collections as needed, without the need for costly and time-consuming schema changes, making it an ideal choice for agile development teams and fast-paced application development environments.\n\n# Relational vs. non-relational: how to choose the right database for your needs\n\nWhen evaluating database options, the primary consideration is often the specific needs of the application or use case. For applications where data consistency and integrity are paramount, and complex querying and reporting are essential, relational databases are the preferred choice. Their robust support for transactions, constraints, and joins ensures that data remains accurate and reliable, making them well-suited for applications that require strict data governance and compliance.\n\nOn the other hand, document databases are the ideal choice for applications that require flexibility, speed, and the ability to handle unstructured or semi-structured data. Their flexible schema and high-performance data retrieval capabilities make them perfect for building lightning-fast applications that require rapid data ingestion and processing. Additionally, document databases can efficiently handle large volumes of unstructured data, such as text, images, and videos, making them a popular choice for big data and real-time analytics applications.\n\n**Document databases for the modern data landscape**\n\nDocument databases offer a powerful, flexible solution for managing today’s data complexities. By allowing you to store unstructured and semi-structured data in its natural form, they eliminate the need for time-consuming data reformatting, reduce operational overhead, and increase agility in development.\n\nIf your organization is grappling with the challenges of handling growing data volumes, adopting a document database could be the key to unlocking more efficient data management and faster innovation. \n\nLearn more about our [Managed MongoDB®](https://www.scaleway.com/en/managed-mongodb/) database to discover how it can help streamline your data processes, cut costs, and accelerate your business growth.","createdAt":"2025-02-12T09:23:43.712Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-14T13:51:08.708Z","publishedAt":"2025-02-12T09:32:11.606Z","locale":"en","tags":"Managed MongoDB\nDocument\nDatabase","popular":true,"articleOfTheMonth":false,"category":"Build","timeToRead":3,"excerpt":"Discover the power of document databases, their benefits and use cases, in managing complex, semi-structured, and unstructured data. ","author":"Névine Ismael et Walter Timmermans","h1":"What Is a Document Database? A Comprehensive Guide","createdOn":"2025-02-12","image":{"data":{"id":1517,"attributes":{"name":"Documentation-DevAPI-Illustration-Blog.webp","alternativeText":null,"caption":null,"width":1216,"height":752,"formats":{"large":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/large_Documentation_Dev_API_Illustration_Blog_9121e48399.webp","hash":"large_Documentation_Dev_API_Illustration_Blog_9121e48399","mime":"image/webp","name":"large_Documentation-DevAPI-Illustration-Blog.webp","path":null,"size":"314.98","width":1000,"height":618},"small":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/small_Documentation_Dev_API_Illustration_Blog_9121e48399.webp","hash":"small_Documentation_Dev_API_Illustration_Blog_9121e48399","mime":"image/webp","name":"small_Documentation-DevAPI-Illustration-Blog.webp","path":null,"size":"111.41","width":500,"height":309},"medium":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/medium_Documentation_Dev_API_Illustration_Blog_9121e48399.webp","hash":"medium_Documentation_Dev_API_Illustration_Blog_9121e48399","mime":"image/webp","name":"medium_Documentation-DevAPI-Illustration-Blog.webp","path":null,"size":"208.66","width":750,"height":464},"thumbnail":{"ext":".webp","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/thumbnail_Documentation_Dev_API_Illustration_Blog_9121e48399.webp","hash":"thumbnail_Documentation_Dev_API_Illustration_Blog_9121e48399","mime":"image/webp","name":"thumbnail_Documentation-DevAPI-Illustration-Blog.webp","path":null,"size":"37.40","width":245,"height":152}},"hash":"Documentation_Dev_API_Illustration_Blog_9121e48399","ext":".webp","mime":"image/webp","size":424.2,"url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Documentation_Dev_API_Illustration_Blog_9121e48399.webp","previewUrl":null,"provider":"@website/strapi-provider-upload-scaleway-bucket","provider_metadata":null,"createdAt":"2023-01-17T12:35:20.509Z","updatedAt":"2023-01-17T12:35:20.509Z"}}}},{"title":"Overcoming the challenges of Cloud environmental impact measurement","path":"overcoming-the-challenges-of-cloud-environmental-impact-measurement/","description":"At Scaleway, sustainability is a core concern. This why we decided to create a unique [environmental footprint calculator](https://www.scaleway.com/en/environmental-footprint-calculator/), designed to provide our users with a clear and comprehensive view of the environmental impact of our products. Unlike other cloud calculators, which only measure carbon for now, this tool measures not only carbon emissions (scopes 1, 2 and 3) - including hardware-specific energy consumption - but also water consumption. \n\nBased on as a robust a methodology as the PCR of French national ecological agency [ADEME](https://www.ademe.fr/en/frontpage/), the calculator provides transparent, reliable estimates, both at the time of purchase and in detailed and in detailed monthly reports. The aim is simple: to enable Scaleway clients to make informed decisions and optimize their infrastructures, in order to reduce their environmental impact.\n\nA detailed and comprehensive methodology is essential to guarantee the reliability of environmental impact data and to make it usable in infrastructure choices. By providing an accurate, multi-criteria view, we enable companies to understand the full ecological footprint of their operations.\n\nThis data, transparent and aligned with recognized standards, serves as a solid basis for comparing different options, identifying levers for improvement, and making informed decisions. In this way, a rigorous methodology does more than simply measure impact: it becomes a genuine strategic tool for effectively reducing one's footprint while supporting a more responsible digital transition.\n\nYet this journey has not been without its pitfalls. Accurately measuring environmental footprint, particularly scope 3 (which encompasses the indirect emissions of suppliers and purchased products), is a complex challenge.\n\n\n## Scope 3 data collection: a major challenge\n\nScope 3 represents the CO2 emissions of the suppliers and equipment we use. This category is often the most difficult to assess, as it depends on the quality and availability of data supplied by equipment manufacturers and other partners. Nonetheless, it is indispensable. \n\nAs a cloud provider, scope 3 represents over [80% of the carbon footprint of our services](https://www.itu.int/pub/D-STR-DIGITAL.04-2024). To ignore this category would be to miss out on a substantial part of our overall footprint, which makes our commitment to its measurement all the more crucial for comprehensive and relevant environmental impact monitoring.\n\nAt Scaleway, we have a wide variety of hardware equipment from multiple suppliers, some of which has **a lifespan in excess of 10 years**. We also practice intensive recycling, reusing components to integrate them into other servers, which extends the lifespan of our hardware. \n\nHowever, this approach adds a further layer of complexity to the precise calculation of the environmental impact of our servers, due to the traceability and (lack of) heterogeneity of the equipment used. **Collecting accurate impact data for these machines, particularly the older ones, proved a major challenge**. Indeed, some of our equipment suppliers did not have sufficiently detailed impact data, or such data was not always available for older equipment.\n\nAfter encountering a number of obstacles on this front, we decided to capitalize on the excellent work carried out by French association [Boavizta](https://boavizta.org/en), which has developed impact models based on emission factors and the average life cycle analysis (LCA) of hundreds of types of hardware, including servers. This enabled us to guarantee more robust estimates, although some uncertainty remains.\n\nIt is important to point out that our methodology is still evolving, and we are ready to integrate data from our suppliers as soon as they become available, in order to refine our calculations and guarantee even greater accuracy.\n\nAnother major challenge concerned our infrastructure servers used for in-house tools. The lack of comprehensive, automatable data on these servers, such as their specifications (CPU, RAM, etc.), made it difficult to assess their environmental impact linked to manufacturing. This time, the difficulty was linked to our internal organization. To overcome this problem, we implemented a progressive data collection method, automating as far as possible the retrieval of hardware specifications. At the same time, we applied generic impact coefficients based on standard specifications for servers for which data was not available.\n\n\n## Data center construction: the uncertainty of emission factors\n\nThe **environmental impact of data center construction is a particularly sensitive issue**. In the absence of specific data on the construction of each data center, we had to rely on estimates based on generic emission factors provided by ADEME. However, the level of uncertainty surrounding these estimates remains relatively high.\n\nWe have chosen to precisely document this uncertainty in our methodology, while incorporating the best available estimates. The use of emission factors per m² provided by ADEME enables us to calculate a carbon footprint in relation to the size of our infrastructures, although we continue to work on improving the accuracy of the data as new information becomes available.\n\n\n## Non-IT impact: complex methodological issues\n\n**Non-IT impacts** (offices, travel, etc.) represent a more indirect part of our environmental footprint, but are nonetheless crucial to measure. We had to define how and how often to update these data: should we base ourselves on annual averages, monthly data or choose another approach?\n\nWe opted for an annual update of non-IT data, based on personnel stats in our [Impact Report](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Impact_Report2024_A4_EN_e63efcae20.pdf), in order to offer our users a consistent and comparable overview. This decision enabled us to erase seasonality concerns, and to maintain a good balance between accuracy and practicality in the ongoing monitoring of our global footprint.\n\n\n## A constantly evolving process\n\nMeasuring environmental impact accurately and comprehensively is a complex challenge, particularly when it comes to scope 3 emissions. However, thanks to our commitment to transparency and the continuous improvement of our methods, we are able to provide our users with reliable information to help them reduce their carbon footprint. Our collaboration with experts and our participation in working groups such as ADEME's PCR group reinforce our ability to innovate in this crucial area.\n\nWe are pursuing our optimization mission, and will continue to listen to feedback from our users as we refine our tools and calculation methods.\n\nFind out more about the [environmental footprint calculator here](https://www.scaleway.com/en/environmental-footprint-calculator/); and check out our latest presentation on this topic, from Green IO Paris, [here](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x45gJGdzx6epPqZTC8ZM1YAFGikWAd2k/view?usp=sharing)!","createdAt":"2024-12-23T15:39:16.546Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-06T15:02:41.307Z","publishedAt":"2024-12-23T16:44:16.522Z","locale":"en","tags":"Sustainability \nGreen IT\nEnvironmental Footprint Calculator ","popular":true,"articleOfTheMonth":true,"category":"Build","timeToRead":4,"excerpt":"Scaleway's Environmental Footprint Calculator measures carbon emissions and water usage, empowering users to optimize infrastructures and embrace responsible digital practices.","author":"Elise Auvray","h1":"Overcoming the challenges of Cloud environmental impact measurement","createdOn":"2024-12-23","image":{"data":{"id":4324,"attributes":{"name":"Content_Environmental-Footprint-Calculator-Illustration-Content.png","alternativeText":null,"caption":null,"width":950,"height":550,"formats":{"small":{"ext":".png","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/small_Content_Environmental_Footprint_Calculator_Illustration_Content_9a4b81c696.png","hash":"small_Content_Environmental_Footprint_Calculator_Illustration_Content_9a4b81c696","mime":"image/png","name":"small_Content_Environmental-Footprint-Calculator-Illustration-Content.png","path":null,"size":157.36,"width":500,"height":289,"sizeInBytes":157359},"medium":{"ext":".png","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/medium_Content_Environmental_Footprint_Calculator_Illustration_Content_9a4b81c696.png","hash":"medium_Content_Environmental_Footprint_Calculator_Illustration_Content_9a4b81c696","mime":"image/png","name":"medium_Content_Environmental-Footprint-Calculator-Illustration-Content.png","path":null,"size":341.85,"width":750,"height":434,"sizeInBytes":341853},"thumbnail":{"ext":".png","url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/thumbnail_Content_Environmental_Footprint_Calculator_Illustration_Content_9a4b81c696.png","hash":"thumbnail_Content_Environmental_Footprint_Calculator_Illustration_Content_9a4b81c696","mime":"image/png","name":"thumbnail_Content_Environmental-Footprint-Calculator-Illustration-Content.png","path":null,"size":43.06,"width":245,"height":142,"sizeInBytes":43059}},"hash":"Content_Environmental_Footprint_Calculator_Illustration_Content_9a4b81c696","ext":".png","mime":"image/png","size":103.1,"url":"https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Content_Environmental_Footprint_Calculator_Illustration_Content_9a4b81c696.png","previewUrl":null,"provider":"aws-s3","provider_metadata":null,"createdAt":"2025-02-06T15:02:29.273Z","updatedAt":"2025-02-17T09:39:12.928Z"}}}},{"title":"best-quotes-ai-pulse-2024-keynotes","path":"best-quotes-ai-pulse-2024-keynotes/","description":"_The second edition of ai-PULSE, held at Paris's iconic Station F on November 7, kicked off with a powerful morning session that highlighted some of the most important voices in AI today. The morning’s keynote speakers shared their insights into the latest advancements, the growing power of open-source AI, and the urgent need for Europe to position itself as a hub for sovereign, open, and efficient AI solutions._\n\n\n## A future shaped by open, efficient, and sovereign AI\n\nEurope is not only catching up with AI powerhouses in the US and China, but is emerging as a formidable force in its own right. **Xavier Niel, Founder of Iliad Group,** began his address with a bold statement: \"18 months ago, when we said we wanted to create a tech AI conference in Paris, people told us, 'Guys, you're completely crazy, Europe has no AI ecosystem!' Today, we are proving them wrong.\" He added, \"thanks to our talent, we’re building amazing startups like **Mistral, Poolside,** and **Argil.** And to keep that talent, we’ve created **Kyutai**, where we’re assembling the **‘Avengers of AI’,** bringing together the best minds to develop open source AI models in Europe, built according to our values and regulations.\"\n\n\n\nOne of the most exciting innovations to emerge from **Kyutai** is [Moshi](https://moshi.chat/), an open source conversational AI model. \"Moshi is the first truly **open-source AI model** created in Europe, and it’s completely free to use. It’s a game-changer for the industry,\" **Niel** declared. \n\n**Damien Lucas, CEO of Scaleway** and **Aude Durand, Deputy CEO of iliad Group,** took to the stage next, declaring that **Moshi** is now available as a one-click deployment service through Scaleway's platform.\n\n**Durand** then emphasized the theme of this year’s event: \"Big, Efficient, Open.\" \"In AI, we know that top-tier models require immense computational power,\" she said. **Lucas** added: ”Scaleway is proud to support **cutting-edge AI models** by offering access to **3000 NVIDIA H100 GPUs today** - triple our total this time last year - and in the coming weeks, **we will surpass 5000 GPUs.** This will allow developers across Europe to leverage the power of AI, while minimizing **environmental impact.**\"\n\n\n\nAs part of its commitment to sustainable AI, **Scaleway** has also launched its new [Environmental Footprint Calculator](https://www.scaleway.com/en/environmental-footprint-calculator/). \"Transparency matters,\" said **Lucas.** \"We want to give developers the tools to understand the environmental impact of their AI workloads, covering everything from emissions to water consumption. It’s the most comprehensive calculator available today, and it’s already in beta.\" Lucas also unveiled [Generative APIs](https://www.scaleway.com/en/generative-apis/), a new Scaleway service which allows developers to move from Open AI to alternative open source models in just one line of code. More about Scaleway's ai-PULSE announcements [here](https://www.scaleway.com/en/news/scaleway-affirms-ais-big-efficient-and-open-future-at-ai-pulse-2024/).\n\n**Michael Dell, Chairman and CEO of Dell Technologies,** then shared his thoughts on the accelerating pace of AI innovation, drawing comparisons with the rise of the internet. \"If you remember **the internet in the mid-90s**, people were wondering what it really meant,” he said. “It took about a decade before the full impact was understood. We're in that same phase with AI today.\" **Dell** then asserted his belief in the transformative power of AI, both in the cloud and on-device: “AI will be used **both on the cloud and on devices.** It will be used at the edge, on the point of activity closest where the action is. It will run on cloud platforms, on your phone, in cars, factories, and retail stores,” he said. \n\n**Dell** also spoke passionately about open-source AI, emphasizing that it is a critical driver of innovation. \"**Open-source AI has already revolutionized the field**, and it’s just getting started,\" he enthused. \"**Last year would’ve been more about closed models; the world has shifted now. Two thirds of activity is now happening in open models**; derivative, small models that don’t necessarily need to run on massive clusters.\"\n\n \n\n\nAs AI continues to evolve, **Dell** predicted \"we’re transitioning **from calculating to thinking.** The future of AI will require new architectures that bring together data, computing, and cognition in a way that helps humans become more successful,\" he explained.\n\n\n## The road to power-efficient AI\n\n**Renee J. James, Chairman and CEO of Ampere Computing,** took the stage next to talk about the future of AI hardware. She reflected on the importance of power efficiency in AI infrastructure. “We set out to build something twice as powerful, but with half the energy consumption, and we ended up getting **3 to 4 times the performance,**” said **James.**\n\n\n\nIn a speech echoing her CPO **Jeff Wittich’s** [assertion last year](https://www.scaleway.com/en/blog/why-cpus-also-make-sense-for-ai-inference/) that Ampere CPUs could handle many inference workloads whilst using 3-5 times less energy than comparable GPUs, she stressed that **AI hardware, particularly processors, need to evolve to meet the increasing demands of AI models.** “Today, we are all about training models, we have people building unlimited clusters to train,” she explained. “But as [AI] starts to moderate and become mainstream, **we have to make it affordable and environmentally efficient,** because we don’t have more power. That's the journey we are going to begin.”\n\n**James** also pointed out that **Europe has an untapped wealth of intellectual talent,** especially in computer architecture, and she believes the continent must focus on increasing investment levels to continue pushing the boundaries of AI hardware. “Access to capital is one of the most important things that needs to continue to improve and the ability for investors to take more risks,” she concluded.\n\n\n\n**Renen Hallak, Founder and CEO of VAST Data,** agreed with James on the growing importance of efficient data management in **AI scaling.** “AI is changing from allowing us to analyze numbers and rows and columns to pictures and videos, natural language and sound. Older systems were not built for that. So we need to break that paradigm, and that requires a **new software architecture,**” said **Hallak.** He then discussed the shift from CPUs to GPUs for data analysis, emphasizing the need for new software architectures “when you build exabyte-scale clusters that need to manage themselves.” **Hallak** also addressed the growing role of AI agents in problem-solving. “**AI agents will soon be communicating with each other, generating ideas, and solving problems that humans cannot solve on their own,”** he said.\n\n**Bryan Catanzaro, VP of Applied Deep Learning Research Research at NVIDIA,** and **Jean-Baptiste Kempf, Scaleway’s Chief Technical Officer,** shared insights on the future of AI infrastructures. Catanzaro discussed the challenges of scaling AI models, particularly when it comes to GPU clusters. “**We’re going to find that instead of putting a million GPUs in a single data center, we're going to run training and inference in a more distributed way, so we can have better access to electricity, and scale in a more efficient way**,” he said, highlighting the importance of optimizing AI for **both performance and sustainability.**\n\n\n\n**Kempf echoed** this sentiment, explaining that new AI models will need to be designed with compute efficiency top of mind. “We talked about thousands or hundreds of thousands of GPUs for training, but **90% of the compute power will actually be dedicated to inference.** So, I don't believe we’ve reached the maximum capacity for inference yet,” he said.\n\n**Catanzaro** added, “we change everything at NVIDIA. My job is to figure out how to change our models and make them much more efficient, both for training and deployment. **NVIDIA is not just a chip company; we focus on accelerating computing through full-stack optimization.** The level of specialization that goes into our GPUs for AI is something we decide on every day, focusing most importantly on machine learning and intelligence.”\n\n\n## Multimodal foundation mode and groundbreaking voices in AI\n\n**Patrick Perez, CEO of Kyutai,** then spoke about the groundbreaking work behind **Moshi**. “Since launching in mid-September, **Moshi has already been experienced by over half a million people**,”said Perez. He explained that Moshi is more than just a conversational AI; it is a **multimodal foundation model** capable of performing various tasks, from speech synthesis to question answering. “What we’ve created with Moshi is not just a voice model, but a platform for developers to innovate on top of,” he added. **The open-source nature of Moshi is a key part of Kyutai’s mission to democratize AI and ensure that European models can compete on the global stage.**\n\n\n\n**Charles Kantor, CEO of H** then addressed the potential of action models in AI, highlighting the importance of **combining LLMs (Large Language Models) and VLMs (Vision Models) for specialized tasks.** \"Action models are incredibly powerful today. By orchestrating LLMs that generate plans and workflows and VLMs that understand interfaces like desktop or Android, you can create systems that can take action effectively,\" said Kantor. He also emphasized the need for **sector-specific focus**: \"the goal is to focus on one industry and master it, building a holistic system with well-orchestrated layers.\"\n\n\n\n## Building an inclusive AI ecosystem\n\n**Clara Chappaz, France’s Secretary of State for AI and Digital Affairs,** concluded the morning's sessions by discussing the importance of building a distinctive AI ecosystem in Europe. \"We are at the very beginning of this technology. **It’s crucial to ensure AI is inclusive, frugal, and ethical**,\" said Chappaz. She praised **France’s strong educational system for producing top AI talent,** and emphasized the role of infrastructure and private companies, like **Scaleway,** in providing the necessary tools for that talent to thrive and launch companies in France. \n\n\n\nWith AI’s growing energy demands, she mentioned the need for green energy in powering infrastructures. “**We [in France] have some of the greenest (lowest carbon) energy in the world.** You all know how much these machines consume when it comes to power and we need to think about how we feed these models with energy that is green, how do we continue fostering these technologies without damaging the planet.” \n\n\n\nFor Chappaz, what's required is a **'third way' for AI;** a new, collaborative, and inclusive approach to AI development, distinct from the competition-driven dynamics seen in the US and China. “The way we want to build this ecosystem and want to use AI is a way that can resonate with a lot of people. We like to call it the third way; one that brings people together,\" she concluded. \n\n\n- _This is an extract from Saleway's forthcoming **ai-PULSE 2024 white paper**, which will wrap up all of the event's key AI insights. Watch this space!_\n- _Meanwhile, you can check out replays of all of the above sessions, plus many more besides, on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-Le3MdpQ79hWz8_t2_pGEw). Enjoy!_\n","createdAt":"2024-11-18T16:17:38.424Z","updatedAt":"2024-11-19T10:50:36.463Z","publishedAt":"2024-11-19T10:50:36.443Z","locale":"en","tags":"AI\nai-PULSE","popular":true,"articleOfTheMonth":true,"category":"Build","timeToRead":6,"excerpt":"The second edition of ai-PULSE, held at Paris's iconic Station F on November 7, kicked off with a powerful morning session that highlighted some of the most compelling voices in AI today","author":"Salomé Gonzalez","h1":"The Best quotes from ai-PULSE 2024's 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