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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singlish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Singlish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singlish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chinese subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_Mandarin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Mandarin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Standard Mandarin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Mandarin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Chinese_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Chinese_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other Chinese varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Chinese_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Written Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Malay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurasian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurasian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eurasian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurasian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Singapore Sign Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Malayo-Polynesian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other Malayo-Polynesian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Malayo-Polynesian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilingualism_and_multilingualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilingualism_and_multilingualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bilingualism and multilingualism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bilingualism_and_multilingualism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bilingualism and multilingualism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bilingualism_and_multilingualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilingual_education_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilingual_education_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bilingual education policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilingual_education_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_of_bilingual_education_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_of_bilingual_education_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Impacts of bilingual education policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_of_bilingual_education_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_in_the_teaching_of_Mother_Tongue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_in_the_teaching_of_Mother_Tongue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Challenges in the teaching of Mother Tongue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_in_the_teaching_of_Mother_Tongue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_population_in_Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_population_in_Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Foreign population in Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_population_in_Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociolinguistic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociolinguistic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sociolinguistic issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociolinguistic_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sociolinguistic issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sociolinguistic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_Singlish_as_an_identity_marker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_Singlish_as_an_identity_marker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Status of Singlish as an identity marker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_Singlish_as_an_identity_marker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Preservation issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_learning_of_Chinese_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_learning_of_Chinese_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Controversy over learning of Chinese varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_learning_of_Chinese_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_interest_in_learning_other_Chinese_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_interest_in_learning_other_Chinese_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Renewed interest in learning other Chinese varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_interest_in_learning_other_Chinese_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_landscape_of_Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_landscape_of_Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Linguistic landscape of Singapore</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistic_landscape_of_Singapore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Linguistic landscape of Singapore subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_landscape_of_Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourist_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Tourist attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourist_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_offices_and_public_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_offices_and_public_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Government offices and public buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_offices_and_public_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_hospitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_hospitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Public hospitals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_hospitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notices_and_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notices_and_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Notices and campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notices_and_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_in_current_research_methodologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_in_current_research_methodologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Limitations in current research methodologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations_in_current_research_methodologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Media and the arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_and_the_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media and the arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_varieties_in_local_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_varieties_in_local_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Chinese varieties in local films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_varieties_in_local_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_languages_in_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_languages_in_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Indian languages in the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_languages_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language-specific_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language-specific_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Language-specific societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-specific_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Singapore</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γλώσσες της Σιγκαπούρης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσες της Σιγκαπούρης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_%C3%A0_Singapour" title="Langues à Singapour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues à Singapour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82" title="सिंगापुर की भाषाएं – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंगापुर की भाषाएं" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_di_Singapura" title="Bahasa di Singapura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa di Singapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9nguas_de_Singapura" title="Lénguas de Singapura – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lénguas de Singapura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="سنگاپور دیاں بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنگاپور دیاں بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_de_Singapura" title="Línguas de Singapura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas de Singapura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Языки Сингапура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Языки Сингапура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Languages of Singapore" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சிங்கப்பூரில் மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிங்கப்பூரில் மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur%27da_konu%C5%9Fulan_diller" title="Singapur'da konuşulan diller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Singapur'da konuşulan diller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83" title="Мови Сінгапуру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мови Сінгапуру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="سنگاپور کی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنگاپور کی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#efefef;">Languages of Singapore</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg/300px-Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg/450px-Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg/600px-Danger_sign_in_Singapore_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2877" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A construction danger sign in Singapore's four official languages: English, Chinese (Mandarin), Malay and Tamil</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Main_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Main language">Main</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<i>de facto</i>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (<i>de jure</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a> (formal), <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> (informal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">Minority</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Immigrant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Farsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Foreign</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signed</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Sign_Language" title="Singapore Sign Language">Singapore Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">Keyboard layout</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KB_United_States.svg/200px-KB_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KB_United_States.svg/300px-KB_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KB_United_States.svg/400px-KB_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>languages of Singapore</b> are <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> between <a href="/wiki/Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean">Singaporeans</a> being <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> main language. Singaporeans often speak <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> among themselves, an <a href="/wiki/English_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="English creole">English creole</a> arising from centuries of contact between Singapore's internationalised society and its legacy of being a <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">British colony</a>. Linguists formally define it as Singapore Colloquial English.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A multitude of other languages are also used in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. They consist of several varieties of languages under the families of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> languages. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution of Singapore</a> states that the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of Singapore is <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>. This plays a symbolic role, as <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malays</a> are constitutionally recognised as the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples#Southeast_Asia" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> of Singapore, and it is the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">government's</a> duty to protect their language and heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three languages other than English were chosen to correspond with the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">major ethnic groups</a> present in Singapore at the time: Mandarin had gained status since the introduction of Chinese-medium schools; Malay was deemed the "most obvious choice" for the Malay community; and Tamil for the largest Indian ethnic group in Singapore, in addition to being "the language with the longest history of education in Malaysia and Singapore".<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2009)_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2009)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, more than 20 languages were identified as being spoken in Singapore, reflecting a rich <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic diversity">linguistic diversity</a> in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore's historical <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">roots as a trading settlement</a> gave rise to an influx of foreign traders,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_(2013)_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_(2013)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their languages were slowly embedded in Singapore's modern day linguistic repertoire. </p><p>In the early years, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the island was <a href="/wiki/Bazaar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazaar Malay">Bazaar Malay</a> (<i>Melayu Pasar</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and Chinese, the language of trade in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_&_Aye_(2010)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao_&_Aye_(2010)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it continues to be used among many on the island, especially Singaporean Malays, Malay has now been displaced by <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean English">English</a>. English became the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> due to <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony of Singapore">British rule of Singapore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_(2013)_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_(2013)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was made the main language upon <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Singapore">Singaporean independence</a>. Thus, English is the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> in schools, and is also the main language used in formal settings such as in government departments and the courts. According to <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">Singaporean President</a> <a href="/wiki/Halimah_Yacob" title="Halimah Yacob">Halimah Yacob</a> during her 2018 speech, "Through the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">education system</a>, we adopted a common working language in English."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a> (Min Nan) briefly emerged as a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> among the Chinese,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_(2013)_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_(2013)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by the late 20th century it had been eclipsed by <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>. The Government promotes Mandarin among <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singaporean Chinese people</a>, since it views the language as a bridge between Singapore's diverse non-Mandarin speaking groups, and as a tool for forging a common <a href="/wiki/Chinese_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese identity">Chinese cultural identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's economic rise in the 21st century has also encouraged a greater use of Mandarin. Other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese varieties</a> such as Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> have been classified by the Government as "<a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>", and language policies and <a href="/wiki/Language_attitudes" title="Language attitudes">language attitudes</a> based on this classification and discouragement of usage in Non-Mandarin Chinese or "Chinese dialects" in official settings and television media have led to a decrease in the number of speakers of these varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Abu_Baker_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Baker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Singapore has its own <a href="/wiki/Lect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lect">lect</a> of Mandarin; <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean Mandarin</a>, itself with two varieties, <i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Singaporean_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin">Colloquial</a></i> or <i>spoken</i>. While Tamil is one of Singapore's official and the most spoken Indian language, other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a> are also frequently used by minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all Singaporeans are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> since <a href="/wiki/Language_planning_and_policy_in_Singapore" title="Language planning and policy in Singapore">Singapore's bilingual language education policy</a> promotes a dual-language learning system. Learning a second language has been compulsory in <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schools</a> since 1960 and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> since 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English is used as the main medium of instruction. On top of this, most children learn one of the three official languages (or, occasionally, another approved language) as a second language, according to their official registered ethnic group. Since 1 January 2011, if a person is of more than one ethnicity and their race is registered in the hyphenated format, the race chosen will be the one that precedes the hyphen in their registered race.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_as_the_de_facto_main_language_of_Singapore">English as the <i>de facto</i> main language of Singapore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: English as the de facto main language of Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sing_signroundabout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A street directional sign in Singapore in English" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sing_signroundabout.jpg/300px-Sing_signroundabout.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sing_signroundabout.jpg/450px-Sing_signroundabout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sing_signroundabout.jpg/600px-Sing_signroundabout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>All <a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Singapore" title="Road signs in Singapore">directional signs</a> in Singapore are written in English.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a> is regarded <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> as the main language in Singapore,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is officially the main language of instruction in all school subjects except for Mother Tongue lessons in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore's education system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon,_L._Quentin_2005_p._625-635_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon,_L._Quentin_2005_p._625-635-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the common language of the administration and is promoted as an important language for <a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">international business</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">Spelling</a> in Singapore largely follows <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British conventions</a>, owing to the country's status as a <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">former Crown Colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English is the country's default <i>lingua franca</i> despite the fact that four languages have official status.<sup id="cite_ref-TanShermanp340-341_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TanShermanp340-341-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the British colonial government, English gained prestige as the language of administration, law and business in Singapore. As government administration increased, infrastructure and commerce developed, and access to education further catalysed the spread of English among Singaporeans. </p><p>When Singapore gained self-government in 1959 and independence in 1965, the local government decided to keep English as the main language to maximise economic benefits. Since English was rising as the <a href="/wiki/Global_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Global language">global language</a> for commerce, technology and science, promotion of its use in Singapore would expedite Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">integration</a> into the global economy.<sup id="cite_ref-digital.georgetown.edu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.georgetown.edu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the switch to English as the only medium of instruction in schools aided in bridging the <a href="/wiki/Social_distance" title="Social distance">social distance</a> between the various groups of ethnic language speakers in the country. Between the early 1960s to the late 1970s, the number of students registering for primarily English-medium schools leapt from 50% to 90%<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as more parents elected to send their children to English-medium schools. Attendance in Mandarin, Malay and Tamil-medium schools consequently dropped and schools began to close down. The Chinese-medium <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_University" title="Nanyang University">Nanyang University</a> also made the switch to English as the medium of instruction despite meeting resistance, especially from the Chinese community.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been a steep increase in the use of the English language over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore is currently one of the most proficient <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking countries">English-speaking countries</a> in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Healy_Consultants_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healy_Consultants-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">Education Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ng_Eng_Hen" title="Ng Eng Hen">Ng Eng Hen</a>, noted a rising number of Singaporeans using English as their <a href="/wiki/Home_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Home language">home language</a> in December 2009. Of children enrolled in primary school in 2009, 60% of the Chinese and Indian pupils and 35% of the Malay pupils spoke predominantly English at home.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Language most frequently spoken at home (%)<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>English </th> <th>Mandarin </th> <th>Chinese<br />Dialects </th> <th>Malay </th> <th>Tamil </th> <th>Others </th></tr> <tr> <th>1990 </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 18%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">18.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23.7%</div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.9%</div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 35%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">35.0%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 35%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">35.6%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 36%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">36.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 34%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">34.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10.7%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 3%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">3.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 48%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">48.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 29%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">29.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8.7%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.2%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 70px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.4%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Singlish">Singlish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Singlish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></div> <p>Singlish is an English-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> with its own consistent rules and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> widely used in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, usage of this language is discouraged by the local government, which favours <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Media_Development_Authority" title="Media Development Authority">Media Development Authority</a> does not support using Singlish in television and radio advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2018 study by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Policy_Studies_(Singapore)" title="Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore)">Institute of Policy Studies</a> (IPS), only 8% of Singaporeans identify with Singlish as their primary language, compared to the one-third that identify with English and another 2% with their official mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both survey waves, in 2013 and 2018, conducted showed that about half of all respondents reported being able to speak Singlish "well" or "very well". Younger respondents (18–25 years old) reported greater proficiency than older respondents (65+ years old).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, the use of Singlish has become more widespread, with a greater number of people adopting the language both out of a sense of identity and cultural importance. Some even view that it identifies them as uniquely Singaporean.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese">Chinese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard Singaporean Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_influence_on_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Hokkien influence on Singaporean Mandarin">Hokkien influence on Singaporean Mandarin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teochew_Building,_Mar_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Teochew_Building%2C_Mar_06.JPG/170px-Teochew_Building%2C_Mar_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Teochew_Building%2C_Mar_06.JPG/255px-Teochew_Building%2C_Mar_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Teochew_Building%2C_Mar_06.JPG/340px-Teochew_Building%2C_Mar_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Teochew Building houses a prominent Teochew clan association in Singapore, the <a href="/wiki/Ngee_Ann_Kongsi" title="Ngee Ann Kongsi">Ngee Ann Kongsi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 2020 population census, Mandarin and other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> are the second most common languages spoken at home. They are used by 38.6% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-census2020_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The table below shows the change in distribution of Mandarin and other Chinese varieties, as well as English, as home languages of the resident Chinese population of Singapore over the decades. From 1990 to 2010, it can be observed that the percentage of the population which speaks English and Mandarin increased, while the percentage of those who speak other Chinese varieties has collapsed and is now limited mainly to the <a href="/wiki/Elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderly">elderly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2010, the number of Mandarin speakers has also declined in favour of English.<sup id="cite_ref-census2020_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English is starting to displace Mandarin among the new generation of Singapore Chinese due to long term effects of the dominant usage of English in most official settings over Mandarin, the dominant usage of English as the medium of instruction in Singapore schools, colleges and universities, and the limited and lower standards of local mother education system over the years in Singapore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Language most frequently spoken at home among Chinese resident population aged 5 and over<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-howardscott.net_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howardscott.net-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census2020_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2">Total </th> <th colspan="2">English </th> <th colspan="2">Mandarin </th> <th colspan="2">Other Chinese varieties </th> <th colspan="2">Others </th></tr> <tr> <th>#</th> <th>% </th> <th>#</th> <th>% </th> <th>#</th> <th>% </th> <th>#</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>1,884,000 </td> <td>363,400</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 19%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">19.3%</div></div> </td> <td>566,200</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 30%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">30.1%</div></div> </td> <td>948,100</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 50%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">50.3%</div></div> </td> <td>6,400</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>2,236,100 </td> <td>533,900</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 23%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">23.9%</div></div> </td> <td>1,008,500</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 45%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">45.1%</div></div> </td> <td>685,800</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 30%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">30.7%</div></div> </td> <td>7,900</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>2,527,562 </td> <td>824,616</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32.6%</div></div> </td> <td>1,206,556</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 47%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">47.7%</div></div> </td> <td>485,765</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 19%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">19.2%</div></div> </td> <td>10,625</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 37%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">37.4%</div></div> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 46%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">46.1%</div></div> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16.1%</div></div> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 47%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">47.6%</div></div> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 40%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">40.2%</div></div> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11.8%</div></div> </td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 50px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standard Mandarin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a>, often simply known as Chinese, is the designated <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> or '<a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">ethnic language</a>' of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese Singaporeans</a>, at the expense of the other Chinese varieties. </p><p>In 1979, the government heavily promoted Mandarin through its "<i>Speak Mandarin</i>" campaign. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> stated that Mandarin was chosen to unify the Chinese community with a single language.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rising prominence of Mandarin in Singapore at that time,<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2009)_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2009)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> politicians such as Lee theorised that it might overtake English,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite strong evidence to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1990s, with the perceived increase in commerce and trade possibilities with <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, the Singaporean government promoted Mandarin as a language with high economic advantage and value.<sup id="cite_ref-TanShermanp341_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TanShermanp341-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> is generally seen as a way to maintain a link to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Chinese_varieties">Other Chinese varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other Chinese varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other Chinese varieties also have a presence in Singapore. Amongst them, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a> used to be an unofficial language of business until the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hokkien was also used as a <i>lingua franca</i> among Chinese Singaporeans, and also among Malays and Indians to communicate with the Chinese majority.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_(2013)_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_(2013)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012, according to demographic figures, the five main <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese linguistic groups</a> in Singapore are <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a> (41.1%), <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> (21.0%), <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (15.4%), <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> (7.9%) and <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a> (6.7%), while Hokchew/Hokchia (<a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a>), Henghua (<a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Puxian Min</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghainese language">Shanghainese</a> have smaller speaker bases. Other than Mandarin, the two most commonly spoken varieties of Chinese are <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a> which is the dominant dialect and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, both of which are mainly spoken among the older generation. <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> is being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, while other Chinese varieties are increasingly less commonly heard nowadays.<sup id="cite_ref-howardscott.net_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howardscott.net-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TanShermanp341_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TanShermanp341-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-singstat.gov.sg_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_Chinese">Written Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Written Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Chinese_characters" title="Singapore Chinese characters">Singapore Chinese characters</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese characters</a> were used in Singapore until 1969, when the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">Ministry of Education</a> promulgated the <i>Table of Simplified Characters</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">简体字表</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">簡體字表</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiǎntǐzìbiǎo</span></i>), which while similar to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Character_Simplification_Scheme" title="Chinese Character Simplification Scheme">Chinese Character Simplification Scheme</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> had 40 differences. In 1974 a new Table was published, and this second table was revised in 1976 to remove all differences between <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese characters</a> in Singapore and China.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although simplified characters are currently used in official documents, the government does not officially discourage or prohibit the use of traditional characters. Hence, traditional characters are still used in signs, advertisements and Chinese calligraphy, while books in both character sets are available in Singapore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malay">Malay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Malay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> is the national language of Singapore and one of its official languages. It is written using a version of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Roman script</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Rumi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_153A_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_153A-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the home language of 13% of the Singaporean population.<sup id="cite_ref-Tan_(2014)_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan_(2014)-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malay is also the ceremonial national language and used in the <a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">national anthem of Singapore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in citations for <a href="/wiki/Singapore_orders_and_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore orders and decorations">Singapore orders and decorations</a> and military foot drill commands, <a href="/wiki/Mottos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mottos">mottos</a> of several organisations, and is the variety taught in <a href="/wiki/Language_education_in_Singapore" title="Language education in Singapore">Singapore's language education system</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Linguistically, the vernacular Malay dialect of Singapore is similar to even derived from that of <a href="/wiki/Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="Johore">Johore</a>, but with a possible <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> substrate "much influenced by its proximity to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as having a flap rhotic consonant (/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar flap">ɾ</a>/).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically Malay was written in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>, based on Arabic. Under the British and Dutch Malay began to be written in Rumi. Efforts to create a standardised spelling for Malaya and Singapore emerged in 1904 by colonial officer Richard Wilkinson. In 1910, the Malay of the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a> was chosen by the Dutchman van Ophuijsen as the dialect for his book "Malay Grammar", intended for Dutch officials, standardising Rumi usage in Dutch territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Phyllis_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phyllis-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, grammarian Zainal Abidin bin Ahmad made further changes to Rumi as used in Malaya and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishman_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishman-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Chinese immigrants who spoke Malay were supporters of British rule, and purposely used Rumi when writing newspapers or translating Chinese literature. Printing presses used by colonial officials and Christian missionaries further spread Rumi, while Jawi was mostly written by hand. The transition to Rumi changed the Malay language due to the influence of English grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-Phyllis_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phyllis-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> reached an agreement to standardise Rumi Malay spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishman_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishman-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singaporean Malays still learn some Jawi as children alongside Rumi,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean Identity Cards.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to independence, Singapore was a centre for Malay literature and Malay culture. However, after independence, this cultural role declined. Singapore is an observer to the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Bahasa_Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia" title="Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia">Language Council for Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia</a> which works to standardise Malay spelling, however it has not applied to be a member. It nonetheless applies standardisations agreed to in this forum, and follows the Malaysian standard when there are disagreements.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standards within the country are set by the Malay Language Council of Singapore. There are some differences between the official standard and colloquial usage. While the historical standard was the Johor-Riau dialect, a new standard known as <i>sebutan baku</i> (or <i>bahasa melayu baku</i>) was adopted in 1956 by the Third Malay language and Literary Congress. This variation was chosen to create consistency between the written word and the spoken pronunciation. However, implementation was slow, with Malaysia only fully adopting it in the educational system in 1988, with Singapore introducing it at the primary school level in 1993. Despite expanding use in formal education, it has not replaced the Johor-Riau pronunciation for most speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artificial creation of the accent means there are no truly native speakers, and the pronunciation is closer to <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> than it is to Johor-Riau. There has also been cultural resistance, with accent differences between older and younger generations leading to questions surrounding Malay cultural identity. This question was further sharpened by Malaysia dropping <i>sebutan baku</i> in 2000, returning to the traditional use of Johor-Riau.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the official Mandarin and Tamil mother tongues often do not reflect the actual language spoken at home for many, Malay is often the language spoken at home in Singaporean Malay households. Due to this, and strong links between the language and cultural identity, the Singaporean Malay community has retained stronger usage of their mother tongue than others in the country. Nonetheless, there has been some shift towards English, with use of Malay as the primary language at home dropping from 92% to 83% between 2000 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflects a broader shift in Singapore, with English replacing Malay as the <i>lingua franca</i> throughout the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other varieties that are still spoken in Singapore include <a href="/wiki/Bazaar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazaar Malay">Bazaar Malay</a> (<i>Melayu Pasar</i>), a Malay-lexified <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>, which was once an interethnic <i>lingua franca</i> when Singapore was under British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_&_Aye_(2010)_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao_&_Aye_(2010)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is <a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Malay-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay-based creole languages">Malay Creole</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> and Bazaar Malay and the mother tongue of the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">Peranakans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bao_&_Aye_(2010)_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao_&_Aye_(2010)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is still spoken today by approximately 10,000 Peranakans in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyanese">Boyanese</a> (which is a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a>, are also spoken in Singapore, but their use has declined. <a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a>, the language of the Orang Seletar, the first people of Singapore and closely related to Malay is also spoken near the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Johor Strait">Johor Strait</a>, between Singapore and the state of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tamil">Tamil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_languages_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian languages in Singapore">Indian languages in Singapore</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> is one of the official languages of Singapore and written Tamil uses the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a>. According to the population census of 2010, 9.2% of the Singaporean population were of Indian origins,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with approximately 36.7% who spoke <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> most frequently as their home language.<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a drop from 2000, where Tamil-speaking homes comprised 42.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the percentage of Indian Singaporeans speaking languages categorised under "others" have increased from 9.7% in 2005 to 13.8% in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the percentage of the total population speaking Tamil at home has remained steady, or has even slightly risen over the years, to just above 4%, due to immigration from India and Sri Lanka. </p><p>There are a few reasons that contribute to Tamil's declining usage. Historically, Tamil immigrants came from different communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Indian Tamils</a> and Sri Lankan Tamils which spoke very different dialects, dividing the potential community of Tamil speakers. The housing policy of Singapore, with ethnic quotas that reflect national demographics, has prevented the formation of large Tamil communities. The Tamil taught in education is a deliberately pure form, that does not reflect and therefore does not reinforce Tamil as it is used in everyday life. Tamil is usually replaced by English, which is seen as providing children with greater opportunities in Singapore and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiffman1995_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiffman1995-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top-down Tamil language purism as dictated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">Ministry of Education</a> Curriculum Planning and Development Division restricts language development, disallowing loanwords. However, the language policy is supported by Tamils, likely due to contrast with that of neighbouring Malaysia where Tamil has no status.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamil names are commonly used in countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Singapore. In these countries, Tamil people preserve their heritage and culture through their names.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from Tamil, some of the other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a> spoken by minorities in Singapore include <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2009)_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2009)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eurasian_languages">Eurasian languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eurasian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang language</a></div> <p>Kristang is a creole spoken by Portuguese Eurasians in Singapore and Malaysia. It developed when Portuguese colonisers incorporated borrowings from Malay, Chinese, Indian and Arab languages. When the British took over Singapore, Kristang declined as the Portuguese Eurasians learned English instead. Today, it is largely spoken by the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-Voices_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voices-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Singapore_Sign_Language">Singapore Sign Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Singapore Sign Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Sign_Language" title="Singapore Sign Language">Singapore Sign Language</a> (SgSL) has not been recognised as a national sign language, the local deaf community recognises it as Singapore's native sign language, developed over six decades since the setting up of the first school for local deaf in 1954. Singapore Sign Language is closely related to <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> and is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Shanghainese Sign Language (SSL)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signing_Exact_English" title="Signing Exact English">Signing Exact English (SEE-II)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Signed_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Signed English">Pidgin Signed English (PSE)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Malayo-Polynesian_languages">Other Malayo-Polynesian languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other Malayo-Polynesian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1824 census of Singapore, 18% of the population were identified as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, speaking the <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese language</a>, counted separately from the Malays. Over the centuries, the Bugis community dwindled and became assimilated into the Malay demographic. In 1990, only 0.4% of Singaporeans were identified as Bugis. Today the term Malay is used in Singapore as an umbrella term for all peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bilingualism_and_multilingualism">Bilingualism and multilingualism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bilingualism and multilingualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRT_emergency_plunger_warning_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MRT_emergency_plunger_warning_sign.jpg/220px-MRT_emergency_plunger_warning_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MRT_emergency_plunger_warning_sign.jpg/330px-MRT_emergency_plunger_warning_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MRT_emergency_plunger_warning_sign.jpg/440px-MRT_emergency_plunger_warning_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="2446" /></a><figcaption>A warning sign in the four official languages of Singapore that is found in all <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">Mass Rapid Transit</a> (MRT) stations</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of Singaporeans are bilingual in English and one of the other three official languages. For instance, most <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese Singaporeans</a> can speak English and Mandarin. Some, especially the older generations, can speak Malay and additional Chinese varieties such as Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, and Hainanese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilingual_education_policy">Bilingual education policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bilingual education policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_education_in_Singapore" title="Language education in Singapore">Language education in Singapore</a></div> <p>Singapore has a bilingual education policy, where all students in government schools are taught English as their first language. Students in Primary and Secondary schools also learn a second language called their "<a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">Mother Tongue</a>" by the Ministry of Education, where they are either taught <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English is the main language of instruction for most subjects,<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2009)_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2009)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Mother Tongue is used in Mother Tongue lessons and moral education classes. This is because Singapore's "bilingualism" policy of teaching and learning English and Mother Tongue in primary and secondary schools is viewed as a "cultural ballast" to safeguard <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian cultural identities and values</a> against Western influence.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vaish_(2008)_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaish_(2008)-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While "Mother Tongue" generally refers to the first language (L1) elsewhere, it is used to denote the "ethnic language" or the second language (L2) in Singapore. Prior to 1 January 2011, the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Singapore defined "Mother Tongue" not as the home language or the first language acquired by the student but by their father's ethnicity. For example, a child born to a Tamil-speaking Indian father and Hokkien-speaking Chinese mother would automatically be assigned to take Tamil as the Mother Tongue language.<sup id="cite_ref-Romaine,_Suzanne_2004_pp._385-406_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romaine,_Suzanne_2004_pp._385-406-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1 January 2011, Mother Tongue is defined solely by a person's official registered race. If a person is of more than one ethnicity and their race is registered in the hyphenated format, the race chosen will be the one that precedes the hyphen in their registered race.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lee Kuan Yew Fund for Bilingualism was set up on 28 November 2011. The Fund aims to promote bilingualism amongst young children in Singapore, is set up to supplement existing English and Mother Tongue language programmes in teaching and language learning. It is managed by a Board chaired by the Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">Minister of Education</a>, Mr <a href="/wiki/Heng_Swee_Keat" title="Heng Swee Keat">Heng Swee Keat</a> and advised by an International Advisory Panel of Experts.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts_of_bilingual_education_policy">Impacts of bilingual education policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impacts of bilingual education policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impact of the bilingual policy differs amongst students from the various ethnic groups. For the Chinese, when the policy was first implemented, many students found themselves struggling with two foreign languages: English and Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_(2013)_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_(2013)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though several different Chinese varieties were widely spoken at home, they were excluded from the classroom as it was felt that they would be an "impediment to learning Chinese".<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon,_L._Quentin_2005_p._625-635_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon,_L._Quentin_2005_p._625-635-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, although Mandarin is widely spoken, proficiency in second languages has declined.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_(2013)_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_(2013)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to these falling standards, several revisions have been made to the education system. These include the introduction of the Mother Tongue "B" syllabus and the now-defunct EM3 stream, in both of which Mother Tongue is taught at a level lower than the mainstream standard. In the case of Mandarin, Chinese students would study Chinese "B". </p><p>The Malay-speaking community also faced similar problems after the implementation of the policy. In Singapore, Malay, not its non-standard dialects, is valued as a means of transmitting familial and religious values. For instance, "<a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">Madrasahs</a>", or religious schools, mosques and religious classes all employ the Malay language.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Malay in turn is facing competition from the increased popularity of English.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2009)_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2009)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the language policy for Mandarin and Malay, Indian students are given a wider variety of Indian languages to choose from. For example, Indian students speaking <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> study Tamil as a Mother Tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2009)_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2009)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, schools with low numbers of Tamil students might not provide Tamil language classes. As a result, students from such schools will attend Tamil language classes at the Umar Pulavar Tamil Language Centre (UPTLC).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Indian students who speak non-Dravidian languages can choose from <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2009)_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2009)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as with Tamil, only certain schools offer these non-Dravidian languages. Thus, students will attend their respective language classes at designated language centres, held by the Board for the Teaching and Testing of South Asian Languages (BTTSAL).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, in a bid to enhance the linguistic experience of students, the Ministry of Education strongly encouraged schools to offer Conversational Malay and Chinese to those who do not take either of these languages as their Mother Tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By providing the schools with the resources needed to implement the programme, the Ministry of Education has succeeded in significantly increasing the number of participating schools. More importantly, the programme was also well received by students.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_in_the_teaching_of_Mother_Tongue">Challenges in the teaching of Mother Tongue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Challenges in the teaching of Mother Tongue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The teaching of Mother Tongue (especially Mandarin) in schools has encountered challenges due to more Singaporeans speaking and using English at home. The declining standards and command of Mandarin amongst younger generations of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese Singaporeans</a> continue to be of concern to the older generations of Chinese Singaporeans, as they perceive it to be an erosion of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> and heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_(2013)_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_(2013)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concern has led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_centre_for_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore centre for Chinese language">Singapore Centre for Chinese Language</a> (SCCL) by the government in November 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SCCL's stated purpose is to enhance the effectiveness of teaching Mandarin as a second language in a bilingual environment as well as to meet the learning needs of students from non-Mandarin speaking homes.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite government efforts to promote <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">Speak Mandarin Campaign</a>, the propagation of Mandarin and Chinese culture amongst Chinese Singaporeans continues to be a challenge because Mandarin faces stiff competition from the strong presence of English.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_(2013)_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_(2013)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this situation is not only limited to Mandarin, but also Malay and Tamil, where rising statistics show that English is progressively taking over as the home language of Singaporeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_(2009)_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_(2009)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_population_in_Singapore">Foreign population in Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign population in Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the influx of foreigners, the population of non-English speaking foreigners in Singapore offers new challenges to the concept of language proficiency in the country. Foreigners in Singapore constitute 36% of the population and they dominate 50% of Singapore's service sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is not uncommon to encounter service staff who are not fluent in English, especially those who do not use English regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this situation, the Straits Times reported that from July 2010, foreigners working in service sectors would have to pass an English test before they can obtain their work permits.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociolinguistic_issues">Sociolinguistic issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistic issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Languages of Singapore">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Language plays an important role in Singapore's politics. Even until today, it is important for politicians in Singapore to be able to speak fluent <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> along with their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Mother Tongue</a> (including different <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>) in order to reach out to the multilingual community in Singapore. This is evident in Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a>'s annual National Day Rally speech, which is communicated through the use of English, Malay and Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 1980s, it was common for politicians to broadcast their speech in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean Mandarin</a> and other Chinese varieties. For instance, during the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> learned and used Hokkien frequently in his political or rally speeches, as it was vital for him to secure votes in elections from the Hokkien-speaking community. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Lim_Chin_Siong" title="Lim Chin Siong">Lim Chin Siong</a>, who was charismatic in the use of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, was able to secure opposition votes. Facing competition and difficulty in securing votes from the Chinese-educated, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> also had to learn Mandarin, in order to win the votes from the Mandarin-speaking community. </p><p>Although the use of other Chinese varieties among the Singaporean population has dwindled,<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they continue to be used in election rallies as of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Singaporean_general_election" title="2011 Singaporean general election">2011 parliamentary election</a>. For instance, both <a href="/wiki/Low_Thia_Khiang" title="Low Thia Khiang">Low Thia Khiang</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chun_Sing" title="Chan Chun Sing">Chan Chun Sing</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were noted for their usage of different Chinese varieties during election rallies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_of_Singlish_as_an_identity_marker">Status of Singlish as an identity marker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Status of Singlish as an identity marker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></div> <p>There has been a continuous debate between the general Singaporean population and the Government with regard to the status of <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> in local domains. While the government fears that the prevalence of Singlish would affect Singapore's overall image as a world class financial and business hub,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most Singaporeans on the other hand have chosen to embrace Singlish as an identity marker and as a language of solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-Harada_(2009)_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harada_(2009)-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to eradicate the usage of Singlish, the government then began the <a href="/wiki/Speak_Good_English_Movement" title="Speak Good English Movement">Speak Good English Movement</a>, encouraging people to use Standard Singaporean English in all contexts instead. Despite the success of the campaign, most Singaporeans surveyed still preferred the use of Singlish to communicate with fellow Singaporeans, and they also believed that they had the ability to <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code switch</a> between Singlish and Standard Singaporean English, depending on the requirements of the particular situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Harada_(2009)_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harada_(2009)-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most recently, Singlish came into the limelight when <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force" title="Republic of Singapore Air Force">Republic of Singapore Air Force</a> pilots supposedly used the language to much effect to prevent their American counterparts from intercepting their communications during the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Flag exercise">Red Flag exercise</a>, resulting in a boost in support for the usefulness of Singlish among Singaporean netizens.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation_issues">Preservation issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Preservation issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">Speak Mandarin Campaign</a></div> <p>Chinese varieties (classified as dialects by the Singapore government), with the exception of Mandarin, have been in steep decline since the independence of Singapore in 1965. This is in part due to the <a href="/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">Speak Mandarin Campaign</a> that was launched in 1979. As part of the campaign, all programmes on TV and radio using non-standard varieties were stopped. Speeches in <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a> by the prime minister were discontinued to prevent giving conflicting signals to the people.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1980s, Mandarin managed to some extent, to replace these varieties as the preferred language for communication in public places, such as restaurants and public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preservation of local varieties in Singapore has been of increasing concern in Singapore since the 2000s, especially among the younger generation of Chinese youths.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sudden revival of other varieties can mainly be attributed to a feeling of disconnection between the younger and the elder generations, as well as a sense of loss of identity from their own linguistic roots for many others.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While more work has to be put in to revive these varieties, the recent 2014 Singapore Teochew Festival<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held in <a href="/wiki/Ngee_Ann_City" title="Ngee Ann City">Ngee Ann City</a> can be regarded as a positive sign that more people are becoming more actively involved in reconnecting with their linguistic roots.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_over_learning_of_Chinese_varieties">Controversy over learning of Chinese varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Controversy over learning of Chinese varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2009, a newspaper article was published in Singapore broadsheet daily <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i> on a Language and Diversity Symposium organised by the Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies at <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a>. Ng Bee Chin, acting Head of the Division, was quoted in the article as saying, "Although Singaporeans are still multilingual, 40 years ago, we were even more multilingual. Young children are not speaking some of these languages at all any more. All it takes is one generation for a language to die."<sup id="cite_ref-Abu_Baker_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Baker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The call to rethink the ban on dialects elicited a swift reply<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Minister Mentor, Lee Kuan Yew. "I thought it was a daft call. My then-principal private secretary Chee Hong Tat issued a reply<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on my behalf: Using one language more frequently means less time for other languages. Hence, the more languages a person learns, the greater the difficulties of retaining them at a high level of fluency… It would be stupid for any Singapore agency or NTU to advocate the learning of dialects, which must be at the expense of English and Mandarin.’ </p><p>A week later, Lee reiterated the point at the 30th anniversary launch of the Speak Mandarin Campaign. In his speech,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he described his personal experience with "language loss". </p><p>"To keep a language alive, you have to speak and read it frequently. The more you use one language, the less you use other languages. So the more languages you learn, the greater the difficulties of retaining them at a high level of fluency. I have learned and used six languages – English, Malay, Latin, Japanese, Mandarin and Hokkien. English is my master language. My Hokkien has gone rusty, my Mandarin has improved. I have lost my Japanese and Latin, and can no longer make fluent speeches in Malay without preparation. This is called "language loss." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_interest_in_learning_other_Chinese_varieties">Renewed interest in learning other Chinese varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Renewed interest in learning other Chinese varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2000, there has been a renewed interest in other Chinese varieties among Singaporean Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, clan associations such as Hainanese Association of Singapore (Kheng Chiu Hwee Kuan) and <a href="/wiki/Teochew_Poit_Ip_Huay_Kuan" title="Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan">Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan</a> started classes to teach other Chinese varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in response to an increased desire among Singaporeans to reconnect with their Chinese heritage and culture through learning other Chinese varieties. In 2007, a group of 140 students from Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' Primary School learnt Hokkien-Taiwanese and Cantonese as an effort to communicate better with the elderly. The elderly themselves taught the students the varieties. The programme was organised in the hope of bridging the generational gap that was formed due to the suppression of these dialects in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, third-year students from Dunman High can now take a module called "Pop Song Culture". This module lets them learn about pop culture in different dialect groups through pop songs from the 70s and 80s performed in different varieties. Besides this, students can also take an elective on different flavours and food cultures from various dialect groups.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Singapore government appears to have relaxed its stance towards Chinese varieties in recent years, the fact is that they still did not actively support the widespread use of other Chinese varieties especially in the Singapore mainstream Television media. Recently, the Singapore Government allowed some local produced mini "chinese dialect" shows to be broadcast in Hokkien-Taiwanese and Cantonese dedicated to the Singapore Chinese elderly who speak Hokkien-Taiwanese or Cantonese but did not understand English or Mandarin Chinese. The aim of the local produced mini "chinese dialect" shows is to transmit important messages about social services and medical services and care to the Singapore Chinese Elderly. However, there are limited number of "Chinese Dialect" shows that could be broadcast on Singapore's Mainstream Television due to the Singapore's Government stringent language policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_landscape_of_Singapore">Linguistic landscape of Singapore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Linguistic landscape of Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The multi-ethnic background of Singapore's society can be seen in its <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_landscape" title="Linguistic landscape">linguistic landscape</a>. While English dominates as the working language of Singapore, the city does not possess a monolingual linguistic landscape. This can be seen from the variety of signs strewn around the city. Signs are colour-coded and categorised by their respective functions: for example, signs pointing to attractions are brown with white words, while road signs and street names are green with white words. Some of the most evident signs of multilingualism in Singapore's linguistic landscape include danger/warning signs at construction sites, as well as road signs for tourist attractions. By observing the variation in languages used in the different contexts, it is possible to obtain information on the ethnolinguistic vitality of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourist_attractions">Tourist attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tourist attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signs_to_the_Burmese_Buddhist_Temple_and_Sun_Yat_Sen_Nanyang_Memorial_Hall,_Singapore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Signs_to_the_Burmese_Buddhist_Temple_and_Sun_Yat_Sen_Nanyang_Memorial_Hall%2C_Singapore.jpg/220px-Signs_to_the_Burmese_Buddhist_Temple_and_Sun_Yat_Sen_Nanyang_Memorial_Hall%2C_Singapore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Signs_to_the_Burmese_Buddhist_Temple_and_Sun_Yat_Sen_Nanyang_Memorial_Hall%2C_Singapore.jpg/330px-Signs_to_the_Burmese_Buddhist_Temple_and_Sun_Yat_Sen_Nanyang_Memorial_Hall%2C_Singapore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Signs_to_the_Burmese_Buddhist_Temple_and_Sun_Yat_Sen_Nanyang_Memorial_Hall%2C_Singapore.jpg/440px-Signs_to_the_Burmese_Buddhist_Temple_and_Sun_Yat_Sen_Nanyang_Memorial_Hall%2C_Singapore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Road signs to the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Buddhist_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Buddhist Temple">Burmese Buddhist Temple</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat_Sen_Nanyang_Memorial_Hall" title="Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall">Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall</a>. The non-English languages used on the signs appear to depend upon the expected visitors to each place (only English and Chinese for the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall sign, but those two plus <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> for the Burmese Buddhist Temple sign).</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of Singapore's tourist attractions provide information through <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Roman script</a>. In many cases, the entrances of the attraction is written in English (usually with no other accompanying languages) while the distinctive brown road signs seen along streets and expressways which direct tourists come in up to four or five languages, with English as the largest and most prominent language on the sign. </p><p>Some examples of the different ways in which <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Singapore" title="List of tourist attractions in Singapore">popular tourist attractions in Singapore</a> display ethnolinguistic diversity can be seen at tourist attractions such as <a href="/wiki/Telok_Ayer_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Telok Ayer Market">Lau Pa Sat</a>, where the words "Lau Pa Sat" on the directory boards consist of the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> word <i>lau</i> for "old" (老;<i>lǎo</i>) and from the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> words <i>pa sat</i> for "market" (巴刹;<i>bā sha</i>), written in roman script. The entrance sign of the attraction also includes a <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">non-literal translation</a> in English below its traditional name (Festival Market). It is also called the Telok Ayer Market, a name which makes reference to the location of the attraction and does not have anything to do with its cultural name. </p><p>The conversion and expression in Roman script of Mandarin and Hokkien into <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin"><i>pīnyīn</i></a> helps non-Mandarin and non-Hokkien speakers with the pronunciation of the name of a place whilst remaining in tandem with the use of English and Roman script in Singapore. The repackaging of the original names of Lau Pa Sat in Roman script, and inclusion of the appearance of an English translation as a secondary title can be seen as a way of heightening the sense of authenticity and heritage of the attraction as it is marketed as a culturally-rich area in Singapore, similar to <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Singapore" title="Chinatown, Singapore">Chinatown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India</a>; both of which were formerly cultural enclaves of the distinctive races. Similarly in places that bear cultural significance, the signs are printed in the language associated with the culture, such as The <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat_Sen_Nanyang_Memorial_Hall" title="Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall">Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall</a> which has an entirely Chinese sign without any translations. </p><p>Some notable exceptions include the brown directional road signs for the <a href="/wiki/Merlion_Park" title="Merlion Park">Merlion Park</a> which are written not only in the four national languages, but also in Japanese. Although many variations exist, this arrangement is widely applied to most places of interest as well as places of worship, such as the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Buddhist_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Buddhist Temple">Burmese Buddhist Temple</a> which has signs in Burmese and some mosques in Singapore which also have their names printed in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi script</a> even though the Malay language was standardised with the Roman alphabet in Singapore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_offices_and_public_buildings">Government offices and public buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Government offices and public buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singaporeparliament2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Singaporeparliament2012.JPG/220px-Singaporeparliament2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Singaporeparliament2012.JPG/330px-Singaporeparliament2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Singaporeparliament2012.JPG/440px-Singaporeparliament2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>English signage at the Singapore Parliament</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the fact that Malay is the national language of Singapore, government buildings are often indicated by signs in English and not Malay. Comparing the relative occurrences of English and Malay in building signs, the use of the working language is far more common in Singapore's linguistic landscape than that of the national language, which is limited to ceremonial purposes. This can also be seen on the entrance sign to most Ministries and government buildings, which are expressed only in English, the working language. </p><p>Most of the foreign embassies in Singapore are able to use their own national or working languages as a representation of their respective embassies in Singapore, as long as their language can be expressed in the script of any of Singapore's official languages. For example, embassies representing non-English speaking countries such as the French Embassy are allowed to use their own languages because the language can be expressed in Roman script, thus explaining why the French embassy uses its French name. However, for the case of the Royal Thai Embassy, English was chosen to represent it in Singapore because the Thai script is not recognised as a script in any of Singapore's official languages, even though English is less widely used in Thailand than standard Thai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_hospitals">Public hospitals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Public hospitals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of the eight general hospitals overseen by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Health (Singapore)">Singapore's Ministry of Health</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Singapore_General_Hospital" title="Singapore General Hospital">Singapore General Hospital</a> has signages in the four official languages. Along Hospital Drive (where Singapore General Hospital is located) and various national medical centres, road directories are entirely in English. Within the hospital itself, signs for individual blocks, wards, Accident and Emergency department, Specialist Outpatient Clinics, National Heart Centre and National Cancer Centre have signs written in the four official languages. The English titles are still expressed with the largest font first, followed by Malay, Chinese and Tamil in smaller but equally-sized fonts, which is in accordance with order given by Singapore's constitution. Surprisingly, the Health Promotion Board, National Eye and Dental Centres, which are also in the same region, have English signs only. All of the other seven public hospitals have their "Accident and Emergency" sign in English only, with some highlighted in a red background. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notices_and_campaigns">Notices and campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notices and campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_indicating_a_ban_on_public_consumption_of_alcohol,_Little_India,_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sign_indicating_a_ban_on_public_consumption_of_alcohol%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg/220px-Sign_indicating_a_ban_on_public_consumption_of_alcohol%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sign_indicating_a_ban_on_public_consumption_of_alcohol%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg/330px-Sign_indicating_a_ban_on_public_consumption_of_alcohol%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sign_indicating_a_ban_on_public_consumption_of_alcohol%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg/440px-Sign_indicating_a_ban_on_public_consumption_of_alcohol%2C_Little_India%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>An advisory poster found in <a href="/wiki/Little_India,_Singapore" title="Little India, Singapore">Little India</a> with information regarding the sale of alcohol</figcaption></figure> <p>Messages and campaigns that have a very specific target audience and purpose are usually printed in the language of intended readers. For example, the "No Alcohol" signs put up along Little India after the <a href="/wiki/2013_Little_India_riot" title="2013 Little India riot">Little India Riots</a> are notably printed in only Tamil and English as a reflection of the racial demographics in the region. </p><p>During the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a> epidemic, the government relied heavily on the media to emphasise the importance of personal hygiene, and also to educate the general public on the symptoms of SARS, in which a <a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a> rap video featuring <a href="/wiki/Gurmit_Singh" title="Gurmit Singh">Gurmit Singh</a> as <a href="/wiki/Phua_Chu_Kang_Pte_Ltd" title="Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd">Phua Chu Kang</a> was used as the main medium. Similarly in 2014, the Pioneer Generation Package<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for senior citizens above 65 years of age in 2014 who obtained Singapore citizenship on or before 31 December 1986) made use of Chinese varieties commonly spoken in Singapore such as Hokkien, Cantonese and Teochew, and also Singlish in order to make the policies more relatable,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the same time raise awareness about the benefits that this new scheme provides for them. These allowances of different language varieties is an exception to the four official languages. This exception is seen for campaigns that are deemed as highly important, and include the elderly, or those who are not as proficient in the English language as the target audience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations_in_current_research_methodologies">Limitations in current research methodologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Limitations in current research methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signs_to_visitor_attractions_in_the_Civic_District,_Singapore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Signs_to_visitor_attractions_in_the_Civic_District%2C_Singapore.jpg/220px-Signs_to_visitor_attractions_in_the_Civic_District%2C_Singapore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Signs_to_visitor_attractions_in_the_Civic_District%2C_Singapore.jpg/330px-Signs_to_visitor_attractions_in_the_Civic_District%2C_Singapore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Signs_to_visitor_attractions_in_the_Civic_District%2C_Singapore.jpg/440px-Signs_to_visitor_attractions_in_the_Civic_District%2C_Singapore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Different non-English languages appearing on directional road signs in Singapore</figcaption></figure> <p>While the above examples show how the different languages are used on signs within Singapore, there is scant data on the motivations behind these variations seen, as exemplified by the advisory for "No Alcohol" sales in Little India, which showcased a rare variation from the usage of the four main languages that are commonly seen on most advisory signs. Similarly, the Ministry of Health, in a response to a feedback requesting all hospitals to have four languages on its entrances, has claimed that usage of pictorial signages was better in conveying messages, as opposed to using all four languages.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to problems in the research methodology<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lack of governmental statutes that explain these variations, the study on the linguistics landscape in Singapore remain as a controversial field. These problems include non-linearity, where the large numbers of variations seen in Singapore prevents the application of any trends to understand the landscape; and also the lack of any standard legislation that determines any fixed rules on usage of languages on signs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signs_to_Lau_Pa_Sat_and_Merlion_Park,_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Signs_to_Lau_Pa_Sat_and_Merlion_Park%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg/220px-Signs_to_Lau_Pa_Sat_and_Merlion_Park%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Signs_to_Lau_Pa_Sat_and_Merlion_Park%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg/330px-Signs_to_Lau_Pa_Sat_and_Merlion_Park%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Signs_to_Lau_Pa_Sat_and_Merlion_Park%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg/440px-Signs_to_Lau_Pa_Sat_and_Merlion_Park%2C_Singapore_-_20141019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Lau Pa Sat sign with incorrect translations</figcaption></figure> <p>In a 2012 pilot program, SMRT trains began announcements of station names in both English and Mandarin Chinese so as to help Mandarin Chinese-speaking senior citizens cope better with the sudden increase in new stations.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this received mixed reactions from the public. Some people pointed out that there were senior citizens who did not speak Mandarin, while others complained of feeling alienated. In reaction to this, SMRT claimed that the announcements were only recorded in English and Mandarin because the Malay and Tamil names of stations sounded very similar to the English names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2013, a group of Tamil speakers petitioned the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore to include Tamil instead of Japanese on all the signs in the Singapore Changi Airport. Even though only 5% of Singapore's population speaks Tamil, they argued that since Tamil is one of the four official languages of Singapore, it should be used to reflect Singapore's multi-racial background.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2014, there were reports of erroneous translations on road signs of popular tourist attractions such as <a href="/wiki/Lau_Pa_Sat" title="Lau Pa Sat">Lau Pa Sat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay" title="Gardens by the Bay">Gardens by the Bay</a> made by the Singapore Tourism Board.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_the_arts">Media and the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Media and the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The free-to-air channels in Singapore are run by <a href="/wiki/Mediacorp" title="Mediacorp">Mediacorp</a> and each channel is aired in one of the four official languages of Singapore. For example, <a href="/wiki/Channel_U_(Singaporean_TV_channel)" title="Channel U (Singaporean TV channel)">Channel U</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_8_(Singaporean_TV_channel)" title="Channel 8 (Singaporean TV channel)">Channel 8</a> are Mandarin-medium channels, <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(Singaporean_TV_channel)" title="Channel 5 (Singaporean TV channel)">Channel 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNA_(TV_network)" title="CNA (TV network)">CNA</a> are English-medium channels, <a href="/wiki/Suria_(TV_channel)" title="Suria (TV channel)">Suria</a> is a Malay-medium channel, and <a href="/wiki/Vasantham_(TV_channel)" title="Vasantham (TV channel)">Vasantham</a> is a predominantly Tamil-medium channel. However, these channels might also feature programmes in other languages. For example, apart from programmes in Mandarin, Channel U also broadcasts Korean television programmes at specific allotted times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_varieties_in_local_films">Chinese varieties in local films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Chinese varieties in local films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of Chinese varieties other than Mandarin in Singapore media is restricted by the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA). The rationale given for the resistance towards nonstandard Chinese varieties was that their presence would hinder language learning of English and Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ng_(2014)_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ng_(2014)-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in order to cater to older Singaporeans who speak only non-standard Chinese varieties, videos, VCDs, DVDs, paid subscription radio services and paid TV channels are exempted from MICA's restrictions. Two free-to-air channels, <a href="/wiki/Okto" title="Okto">Okto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_8_(Singaporean_TV_channel)" title="Channel 8 (Singaporean TV channel)">Channel 8</a>, are also allowed to show operas and arthouse movies with some non-standard variety content, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of Chinese varieties is not controlled tightly in traditional arts, such as Chinese opera. As such, they have managed to survive, and even flourish in these areas. In Singapore, various types of Chinese opera include Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese and Cantonese. In the past, this diversity encouraged the translation between varieties for scripts of popular stories. After the implementation of the bilingual policy and Speak Mandarin Campaign, Mandarin subtitles were introduced to help the audience understand the performances. Today, as usage of English rises, some opera troupes not only provide English subtitles but also English translations of their works. For these English-Chinese operas, subtitles may be provided in either Mandarin, other Chinese varieties, or both. In this way, Chinese opera will be able to reach out to a wider audience despite being variety-specific.<sup id="cite_ref-Local_filmakers_include_more_Chinese_dialects_in_recent_works_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_filmakers_include_more_Chinese_dialects_in_recent_works-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to Chinese opera, there are no language restrictions on entries for film festivals. In recent years, more local film makers have incorporated non-standard Chinese varieties into their films.<sup id="cite_ref-Local_filmakers_include_more_Chinese_dialects_in_recent_works_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_filmakers_include_more_Chinese_dialects_in_recent_works-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the local movie <i><a href="/wiki/881_(film)" title="881 (film)">881</a></i> revived the popularity of getai after it was released. <a href="/wiki/Getai" title="Getai">Getai</a>, which is mainly conducted in Hokkien and Teochew, became more popular with the younger generations since the release of the movie. On the effect triggered by the release of the movie <i><a href="/wiki/881_(film)" title="881 (film)">881</a></i>, Professor <a href="/wiki/Chua_Beng_Huat" title="Chua Beng Huat">Chua Beng Huat</a>, Head of the Department of Sociology of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>, commented in the <i>Straits Times</i> that "putting Hokkien on the silver screen gives Hokkien a kind of rebellious effect. It's like the return of the repressed."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of <i>881</i> is also reflected by album sales of <i>881</i> movie soundtrack, which became the first local film soundtrack to hit platinum in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other instances, the movie <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singapore_Ga_Ga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singapore Ga Ga (page does not exist)">Singapore Ga Ga</a></i>, a tissue seller sings a Hokkien song while <i><a href="/wiki/Perth_(film)" title="Perth (film)">Perth</a></i> features a Singaporean taxi driver using Hokkien and Cantonese. Local directors have commented that non-standard Chinese varieties are vital as there are some expressions which just cannot be put across in Mandarin Chinese, and that the different Chinese varieties are an important part of Singapore that adds a sense of authenticity that locals will enjoy.<sup id="cite_ref-Local_filmakers_include_more_Chinese_dialects_in_recent_works_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Local_filmakers_include_more_Chinese_dialects_in_recent_works-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_languages_in_the_media">Indian languages in the media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Indian languages in the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indian languages besides Tamil are managed slightly differently from the Chinese varieties. Even though only Tamil has official language status, there have been no attempts to discourage the use of other Indian languages such as Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, Telugu, and Urdu. For one, movies in these languages are shown in some local cinemas, such as Rex and Screens of Bombay Talkies.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the local Indian TV channel <a href="/wiki/Vasantham_(TV_channel)" title="Vasantham (TV channel)">Vasantham</a> has also allocated specific programme timeslots to cater to the variety of Indian language speakers in Singapore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language-specific_societies">Language-specific societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Language-specific societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese clan associations play a role in maintaining the non-standard Chinese varieties. In the past, they provided support to migrant Chinese, based on the province they originated. Today, they provide a place for people who speak the same variety to gather and interact. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Hokkien_Huay_Kuan" title="Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan">Hokkien Huay Kuan</a> holds classes for performing arts, calligraphy, and <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> Chinese. They also organise the biennial Hokkien Festival, which aims to promote Hokkien customs and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With such efforts, perhaps non-standard Chinese varieties in Singapore will be better equipped to resist erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the efforts to maintain local Chinese varieties, the Eurasian Association holds <a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a> classes for people who are interested in learning Kristang. In this way, it hopes to preserve what it perceives to be a unique part of the Eurasian heritage in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Voices_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voices-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The national language shall be the Malay language and shall be in the Roman script …" (Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, PART XIII).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1745_2010-12-29.html">"Singapore Infopedia"</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speak+Mandarin+Campaign&rft.atitle=English+version+of+Speech+in+Mandarin+by+the+Prime+Minister%2C+Mr+Goh+Chok+Tong&rft.date=2014-10-11&rft.aulast=Goh&rft.aufirst=Chok+Tong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsktests.com%2Fsingapores-speak-manadarin-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu_Baker-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Baker_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Baker_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Baker2009" class="citation news cs1">Abu Baker, Jalelah (8 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090306-126699.html">"One generation – that's all it takes 'for a language to die'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112123720/http://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20090306-126699.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=One+generation+%E2%80%93+that%27s+all+it+takes+%27for+a+language+to+die%27&rft.date=2009-03-08&rft.aulast=Abu+Baker&rft.aufirst=Jalelah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaone.com%2FNews%2FEducation%2FStory%2FA1Story20090306-126699.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singapore_Census_2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2010_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">Census of Population 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113154937/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf">Archived</a> 13 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (table 4), Singapore Department of Statistics. Retrieved 17 October 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Language_education_in_Singapore" title="Language education in Singapore">Language education in Singapore</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126071447/http://www.ica.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=12443">"Greater Flexibility with Implementation of Double-Barrelled Race Option from 1 January 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ica.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=12443">the original</a> on 26 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greater+Flexibility+with+Implementation+of+Double-Barrelled+Race+Option+from+1+January+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.gov.sg%2Fnews_details.aspx%3Fnid%3D12443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, A.F. Fischer, K. 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T., Rolstad, K., and MacSwan, J (Eds.), <i>ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism</i>. p. 625-635, Cascadilla Press, Somerville, MA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306034004/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2000/sp31032000a.htm">"31 March 2000"</a>. Moe.gov.sg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2000/sp31032000a.htm">the original</a> on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The four recognised official languages are English, Mandarin, Tamil, and Malay, but in practice, English is Singapore's default lingua franca."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digital.georgetown.edu-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-digital.georgetown.edu_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakir,_Anne1999" class="citation web cs1">Pakir, Anne (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016091756/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/551456/gurt-1999.pdf">"Bilingual education with English as an official language: Sociocultural implications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>. 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Singapore English. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030730205541/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861728232"><i>Singapore English definition – Dictionary – MSN Encarta</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Refine+bilingual+policy&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2FBreakingNews%2FSingapore%2FStory%2FSTIStory_471530.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2010_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303155259/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/C2010sr1/cop2010sr1.pdf"><i>Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Use+of+Language+Article+21.+a.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mda.gov.sg%2FRegulationsAndLicensing%2FContentStandardsAndClassification%2FDocuments%2FTV%2520and%2520Radio%2FPoliciesandContentGuidelines_TV_TVAdCode.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sg101.gov.sg//social-national-identity/case-studies/singlish">"Singlish and our National Identity"</a>. <i>www.sg101.gov.sg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Singapore+%E2%80%93+Language&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsingapore%2F20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singstat.gov.sg_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326052305/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/chap2.pdf">"Chapter 2 Education and Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>General Household Survey 2005, Statistical Release 1: Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics</i>. Singapore Department of Statistics. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/chap2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Household+Survey+2005%2C+Statistical+Release+1%3A+Socio-Demographic+and+Economic+Characteristics&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+Education+and+Language&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpopn%2Fghsr1%2Fchap2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagao_Zhou1986" class="citation book cs1">Fagao Zhou (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEzEo5Y8B3oC"><i>Papers in Chinese Linguistics and Epigraphy</i></a>. Chinese University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789622013179" title="Special:BookSources/9789622013179"><bdi>9789622013179</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720182420/https://books.google.com/books?id=NEzEo5Y8B3oC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+in+Chinese+Linguistics+and+Epigraphy&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9789622013179&rft.au=Fagao+Zhou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNEzEo5Y8B3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_153A-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_153A_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Article 153A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tan_(2014)-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tan_(2014)_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tan, P.K.W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Issues+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+balancing+act%2C+from+the+perspective+of+the+linguistic+landscape&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=438-466&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2Fsj29-2g&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143547411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=P.K.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F549872%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/SAFNAA1959">Cap. 296, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1922" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, A. W. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41561397">"Penang Malay"</a>. <i>Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>85</b> (1–2): 67–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00105970">10.1017/S0035869X00105970</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41561397">41561397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Straits+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Penang+Malay&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=67-96&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00105970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41561397%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41561397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2021" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Geoffrey (2021). "Singapore's 'other' Austronesian languages: What do we know?". In Jain, Ritu (ed.). <i>Multilingual Singapore: language policies and linguistic realities</i>. London, New York: Routledge. pp. 116–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429280146" title="Special:BookSources/9780429280146"><bdi>9780429280146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singapore%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%98other%E2%80%99+Austronesian+languages%3A+What+do+we+know%3F&rft.btitle=Multilingual+Singapore%3A+language+policies+and+linguistic+realities&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=116-7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780429280146&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phyllis-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phyllis_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phyllis_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhyllis_Ghim-Lian_Chew2012" class="citation book cs1">Phyllis Ghim-Lian Chew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DBiezxw4IGQC"><i>A Sociolinguistic History of Early Identities in Singapore: From Colonialism to Nationalism</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 78–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137012333" title="Special:BookSources/9781137012333"><bdi>9781137012333</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sociolinguistic+History+of+Early+Identities+in+Singapore%3A+From+Colonialism+to+Nationalism&rft.pages=78-84&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781137012333&rft.au=Phyllis+Ghim-Lian+Chew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDBiezxw4IGQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fishman_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fishman_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman1993" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Joshua A (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAlVIY79lSIC"><i>The Earliest Stage of Language Planning: "The First Congress" Phenomeno</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110848984" title="Special:BookSources/9783110848984"><bdi>9783110848984</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Stage+of+Language+Planning%3A+%22The+First+Congress%22+Phenomeno&rft.pages=184-185&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783110848984&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAlVIY79lSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookBassetti2005" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Vivian; Bassetti, Benedetta (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDLVaYJkyHUC"><i>Second Language Writing Systems</i></a>. Multilingual Matters. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853597930" title="Special:BookSources/9781853597930"><bdi>9781853597930</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719133417/https://books.google.com/books?id=yDLVaYJkyHUC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+Language+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781853597930&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft.au=Bassetti%2C+Benedetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyDLVaYJkyHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202101218/https://www.ica.gov.sg/page.aspx?pageid=140">"Update Change of Name in IC"</a>. Immigration and Checkpoints Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.gov.sg/page.aspx?pageid=140">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+Change+of+Name+in+IC&rft.pub=Immigration+and+Checkpoints+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.gov.sg%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpageid%3D140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne1992" class="citation book cs1">Clyne, Michael G (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC"><i>Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 410–411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110128550" title="Special:BookSources/9783110128550"><bdi>9783110128550</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122123204/https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.pages=410-411&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783110128550&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwawGFWNuHiwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohd_Aidil_Subhan_bin_Mohd_Sulor2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mohd Aidil Subhan bin Mohd Sulor (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlc.alc.nie.edu.sg/docs/Vol_4_Aidil.pdf">"Standardization or Uniformity: in Pursuit of a Guide for Spoken Singapore Malay"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>E-Utama</i>. <b>4</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Utama&rft.atitle=Standardization+or+Uniformity%3A+in+Pursuit+of+a+Guide+for+Spoken+Singapore+Malay&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Mohd+Aidil+Subhan+bin+Mohd+Sulor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlc.alc.nie.edu.sg%2Fdocs%2FVol_4_Aidil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikhlis_Abu_BakarLionel_Wee2021" class="citation book cs1">Mikhlis Abu Bakar; Lionel Wee (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFgmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT144">"Pronouncing the Malay identity"</a>. 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Singapore. 26 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105063326/http://www.reach.gov.sg/TalkAbuzz/YourFeedbackOurResponse/tabid/108/mode/3/Default.aspx?ssFormAction%3D%5B%5BssBlogThread_VIEW%5D%5D%26tid%3D%5B%5B122%5D%5D#91;%5BssBlogThread_VIEW%5D%5D&tid=%5B122%5D">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=REACH+Singapore&rft.atitle=Provision+of+More+Dialect+Programmes&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reach.gov.sg%2FTalkAbuzz%2FYourFeedbackOurResponse%2Ftabid%2F108%2Fmode%2F3%2FDefault.aspx%3FssFormAction%3D%255B%255BssBlogThread_VIEW%255D%255D%26tid%3D%255B%255B122%255D%255D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Local_filmakers_include_more_Chinese_dialects_in_recent_works-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Local_filmakers_include_more_Chinese_dialects_in_recent_works_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Local_filmakers_include_more_Chinese_dialects_in_recent_works_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Local_filmakers_include_more_Chinese_dialects_in_recent_works_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoo2008" class="citation news cs1">Foo, Lynlee (6 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punggol.sg/forum/local_news_rss_feed_from_channel_newsasia/local_filmmakers_include_more_chinese_dialects_in_recent_works-t15604.0.html">"Local filmmakers include more Chinese dialects in recent works"</a> (reprint). Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203120640/http://www.punggol.sg/forum/local_news_rss_feed_from_channel_newsasia/local_filmmakers_include_more_chinese_dialects_in_recent_works-t15604.0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Local+filmmakers+include+more+Chinese+dialects+in+recent+works.&rft.date=2008-07-06&rft.aulast=Foo&rft.aufirst=Lynlee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punggol.sg%2Fforum%2Flocal_news_rss_feed_from_channel_newsasia%2Flocal_filmmakers_include_more_chinese_dialects_in_recent_works-t15604.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-getai-idUSSP27516220070901">"Singapore film on music for dead brings Hokkien to life"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 1 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Singapore+film+on+music+for+dead+brings+Hokkien+to+life&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-singapore-getai-idUSSP27516220070901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinema.sg/2007/10/20/interviews-eric-ng-on-881-soundtrack-2/">"Eric Ng on 881 Soundtrack 2"</a>. Sinema.Sg. 20 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110508140841/http://www.sinema.sg/2007/10/20/interviews-eric-ng-on-881-soundtrack-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eric+Ng+on+881+Soundtrack+2&rft.date=2007-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinema.sg%2F2007%2F10%2F20%2Finterviews-eric-ng-on-881-soundtrack-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/List_of_cinemas_in_Singapore" title="List of cinemas in Singapore">List of cinemas in Singapore</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaone.com/News/the%2BStraits%2BTimes/Story/A1Story20081015-93730.html">"All things Hokkien in Fest"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 15 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009235302/http://www.asiaone.com/News/the+Straits+Times/Story/A1Story20081015-93730.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=All+things+Hokkien+in+Fest&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaone.com%2FNews%2Fthe%252BStraits%252BTimes%2FStory%2FA1Story20081015-93730.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua2007" class="citation news cs1">Chua, Soon Pong (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912003800/http://www.chineseoperainstitute.com.sg/pic/Translation%20in%20Chinese%20Opera.doc">"Translation and Chinese Opera: The Singapore Experience"</a>. Singapore: Chinese Opera Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chineseoperainstitute.com.sg/pic/Translation%20in%20Chinese%20Opera.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(doc)</span> on 12 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Translation+and+Chinese+Opera%3A+The+Singapore+Experience&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chua&rft.aufirst=Soon+Pong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chineseoperainstitute.com.sg%2Fpic%2FTranslation%2520in%2520Chinese%2520Opera.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Languages of Singapore</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Languages+of+Singapore">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Languages+of+Singapore&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/48px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/64px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokhorst-HengSantos_Caleona2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bokhorst-Heng, Wendy D.; Santos Caleona, Imelda (2009). "The language attitudes of bilingual youth in multilingual Singapore". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Multilingual_and_Multicultural_Development" title="Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development">Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development</a></i>. <b>30</b> (3): 235–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01434630802510121">10.1080/01434630802510121</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145000429">145000429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Multilingual+and+Multicultural+Development&rft.atitle=The+language+attitudes+of+bilingual+youth+in+multilingual+Singapore&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-251&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01434630802510121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145000429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bokhorst-Heng&rft.aufirst=Wendy+D.&rft.au=Santos+Caleona%2C+Imelda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tan, Sherman (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftaja.12004">"Language ideology in discourses of resistance to dominant hierarchies of linguistic worth: Mandarin Chinese and Chinese 'dialects' in Singapore"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian_Journal_of_Anthropology" title="The Australian Journal of Anthropology">The Australian Journal of Anthropology</a></i>. <b>23</b> (3): 340–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftaja.12004">10.1111/taja.12004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Language+ideology+in+discourses+of+resistance+to+dominant+hierarchies+of+linguistic+worth%3A+Mandarin+Chinese+and+Chinese+%27dialects%27+in+Singapore&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=340-356&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ftaja.12004&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Ftaja.12004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhb.gov.sg/what-we-do/our-work/community-engagement/public-programmes/national-language-campaigns">National Language Campaigns</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages of Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Johor-Riau Malay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Singapore_Bazaar_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Bazaar Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Creole Malay">Chitty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Henghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_languages_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian languages in Singapore">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_language" title="Angkola language">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singaporean Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singapore_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singapore_topics" title="Template:Singapore topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singapore_topics" title="Template talk:Singapore topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singapore_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singapore topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singapore_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Singapore">Archaeology in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Early history (pre–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_modern_Singapore_and_its_early_colonial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding of modern Singapore and its early colonial period">Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements (1826–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation (1942–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration (1945–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Post-war Singapore (1946–1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">Republic of Singapore (1965–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beaches of Singapore">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Singapore" title="Environmental issues in Singapore">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Singapore" title="Geology of Singapore">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Singapore" title="List of islands of Singapore">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Singapore" title="List of parks in Singapore">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Singapore" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Singapore">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Singapore" title="List of rivers of Singapore">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal_in_Singapore" title="Urban renewal in Singapore">Urban renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterways_in_Singapore" title="List of waterways in Singapore">Waterways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Singapore" title="Wildlife of Singapore">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Singapore" title="Administrative divisions of Singapore">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Town_Council_(Singapore)" title="Town Council (Singapore)">Town Councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Conscription</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force" title="Singapore Police Force">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Singapore" title="List of political parties in Singapore">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore" title="Economic statistics of Singapore">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Singapore" title="Agriculture in Singapore">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Singapore" title="Aviation in Singapore">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_Suzhou_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park">China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement_of_Singapore" title="Labour movement of Singapore">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_developments_in_Singapore" title="Future developments in Singapore">Proposed developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Exchange" title="Singapore Exchange">Singapore Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_(SS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Standard (SS)">Singapore Standard (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Singapore" title="Tourism in Singapore">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Singapore" title="Category:Society of Singapore">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_communitarianism" title="Singaporean communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Singapore" title="Crime in Singapore">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_Singapore" title="Driving in Singapore">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Singapore" title="Disability in Singapore">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat_Frozen_Pork" title="Eat Frozen Pork">Eat Frozen Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Cs_of_Singapore" title="Five Cs of Singapore">Five Cs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hair_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Long hair in Singapore">Long hair in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Courtesy_Campaign_(Singapore)" title="National Courtesy Campaign (Singapore)">National Courtesy Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Marathon" title="Singapore Marathon">Singapore Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Day_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Day Parade">National Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_U-turn_syndrome" title="No U-turn syndrome">No U-turn syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_marker" title="OB marker">OB marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Singapore" title="Prostitution in Singapore">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Singapore" title="Public housing in Singapore">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Singapore">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Sex trafficking in Singapore">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Singapore" title="Smoking in Singapore">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund" title="Central Provident Fund">Social fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore" title="Water supply and sanitation in Singapore">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Singapore" title="Architecture of Singapore">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Singapore" title="Gambling in Singapore">Gambling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Singapore">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Singapore">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Singapore">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Singapore">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Singapore" title="Mass media in Singapore">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Singapore" title="Sport in Singapore">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Singapore" title="National symbols of Singapore">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore" title="Coat of arms of Singapore">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore" title="Flag of Singapore">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_head_symbol_of_Singapore" title="Lion head symbol of Singapore">Lion head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Pledge">Pledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Singapore" title="Outline of Singapore">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Singapore" title="Bibliography of Singapore">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singapore" title="Category:Singapore">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Languages of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Languages of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Syria" title="Languages of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tajikistan" title="Languages of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uzbekistan" title="Languages of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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