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href="#Structure_of_the_Ahdname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure of the Ahdname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_the_Ahdname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Venetian_Ahdnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Venetian_Ahdnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of Venetian Ahdnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Venetian_Ahdnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_Ottoman_Ahdnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_Ottoman_Ahdnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples of Ottoman Ahdnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_Ottoman_Ahdnames-sublist" 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href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahdnama" title="Ahdnama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ahdnama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidn%C3%A2me" title="Ahidnâme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ahidnâme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athn%C3%A1me" title="Athnáme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Athnáme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidname" title="Ahidname – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ahidname" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ахднама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ахднама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidn%C3%A2me" title="Ahidnâme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahidnâme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/File:Mehmed_II_ferman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mehmed_II_ferman.jpg/220px-Mehmed_II_ferman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="491" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Mehmed_II_ferman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a>'s ahidnâme to the Catholic monks of the recently conquered Bosnia, issued in 1463, granting them full <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> and protection</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>Ahdname</b>, <b>achtiname</b>, <b>ahidnâme</b> or <b>athname</b> (meaning the "Bill of Oath") is a type of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> commonly referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(treaty)" title="Capitulation (treaty)">capitulation</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, the Ottoman Empire called it an Ahidname-i-Humayun or an imperial pledge and the Ahdname functioned as an <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">official</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">agreement</a> between the Empire and various European states.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahidn%C3%A2me&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ahdname still requires much detailed study regarding its historical background and about what type of <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">document</a> it was. What is known however is that the Ahdname was an important part of Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> in that it set forth a <a href="/wiki/Contractual_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractual agreement">contractual agreement</a> between two states, usually between the Ottoman Empire and European nations, like <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was influential in the way it helped to structure society and maintained the agreements made between nation states.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Venice, Adhnames were also used to maintain <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> links with the Ottoman Empire. This agreement between Venice and the Ottoman Empire ensured that Italian <a href="/wiki/Merchants" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchants">merchants</a> were protected during their commerce trips into the Empire. These Ahdnames also provided a certain level of physical protection as they helped provide Italian merchants with <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After all, Venice was very aware that in order to protect the strength of their commerce, it was imperative to remain to in good standing with the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 16th Century, Venice aimed its policy towards the preservation of peaceful relations with the Ottomans. After the 1453 Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the Ottoman Empire had become <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s most powerful force. As a result, Venice had to tread carefully in order not to instigate any conflicts. Ahdnames became a useful tool in communication between the two competing forces.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the Ahdnames that the Ottoman Empire and Venice drafted always occurred after a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> between the two, such as the two wars they were embroiled in during 1503 and 1540. The remaining treaties were simply edited for better quality and protection willingly by both the Empire and Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_of_the_Ahdname">Structure of the Ahdname</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahidn%C3%A2me&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure of the Ahdname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman Ahdname was typically broken down into several sections. Every Ahdname usually had several parts called the erkan (sing. rukn), which were deemed to be the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/internal" class="extiw" title="wikt:internal">internal</a> structuring of the document.<sup id="cite_ref-Theunissen,_Hans_1998._Page_188_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theunissen,_Hans_1998._Page_188-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not every Ahdname had similar erkan however. Instead the text was found between two <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(diplomacy)" title="Protocol (diplomacy)">protocols</a> calls the introductory protocol and the final protocol or <a href="/wiki/Eschatocol" title="Eschatocol">eschatocol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Theunissen,_Hans_1998._Page_188_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theunissen,_Hans_1998._Page_188-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introductory protocol, main text, and eschatocol consisted of the several erkan: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">invocation</a>, where the name of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a> appeared</li> <li>The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">intitulatio</i></span></i>, where the name and rank of the person to whom the document was meant for appeared. His official <a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">title</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_nobility_and_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks of nobility and peerage">rank</a> also appeared.</li> <li>The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">inscriptio</i></span></i>, where addresses of the person to whom the document was issued for appeared.</li> <li>The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">salutatio</i></span></i>, where the formal greeting appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Theunissen,_Hans_1998._Page_188_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theunissen,_Hans_1998._Page_188-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Then, the Ahdname would continue on with the main text of the document and would include the following erkan: </p> <ul><li>The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">expositio-narratio</i></span></i>, where an explanation for the document is issued and any other events are described in detail.</li> <li>The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dispositio</i></span></i>, where a decision that has been made is detailed.</li> <li>The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sanctio</i></span></i>, which is both a confirming of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dispositio</i></span> as well as a warning. At times it also functioned as an oath.</li> <li>The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">corroboratio</i></span></i>, which was an authentication of the document in question. It was an examination of the validity of the Ahdname.</li> <li>The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">datatio</i></span></i>, which was the date of which the document was issued to its receiver.</li> <li>The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">locatio</i></span></i>, which was the place in which the document was issued.</li> <li>The <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">legitimatio</i></span></i>, which was again another form of <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> of the document.</li></ul> <p>Often, the authenticator was the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> or simply a seal. This is the final part of the Ahdname to be written, so it is part of the eschatocol.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important to note, that while this was the general makeup of the Ahdnames, it was not always stringently followed as such. </p><p>Historian, Daniel Goffman, writes that those that composed Ahdnames seemed to have, <i>"drawn upon Islamic, sultanic, and even local legal codes as the situations warranted."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Venetian_Ahdnames">List of Venetian Ahdnames</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahidn%C3%A2me&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of Venetian Ahdnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(1403), Suleyman Celebi</li> <li>(1403), Suleyman Celebi</li> <li>(1411), Musa Celebi</li> <li>(1419), <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a></li> <li>(1430), <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li> <li>(1446), <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a></li> <li>(1451), Mehmed II</li> <li>(1454), Mehmed II</li> <li>(1479), Mehmed II</li> <li>(1482), <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></li> <li>(1503), Bayezid II</li> <li>(1513), <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a></li> <li>(1517), Selim I</li> <li>(1521), <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a></li> <li>(1540), Suleyman I</li> <li>(1567), <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></li> <li>(1573), Selim II</li> <li>(1575), <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a></li> <li>(1576), Murad III</li> <li>(1595), <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a></li> <li>(1604), <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a></li> <li>(1619), <a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a></li> <li>(1625), <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a></li> <li>(1641), <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim I</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_Ottoman_Ahdnames">Examples of Ottoman Ahdnames</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahidn%C3%A2me&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of Ottoman Ahdnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1454, Mehmed II gave the new <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> a new charter for the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> and the Greek Orthodox <i><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a></i>.</li> <li>In 1458, the Ottoman Empire imposed an Ahdname on the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> that closely resembled the one they have given to Venice earlier. The city of Ragusa was required to give up their <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> to the Ottoman Empire because they had become a tributary state of the Empire.</li> <li>In 1470, Mehmed II also gave rulers from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> a document that guaranteed freedom if they performed a <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> for the Ottomans.</li> <li>In the 1620s, the Ottoman government presented an Ahdname to Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> monks to visit the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in order to collect revenue from other Catholic followers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahidn%C3%A2me&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goffman, Daniel. “Negotiating with the Renaissance State: the Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy.” In <i>the Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire</i>. Eds. Virginia Aksan and Daniel Goffman. Cambridge: Cambridge</li> <li>Goffman, Daniel. <i>The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Theunissen, Hans. <i>Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: The Ahd-names</i>. 1998.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahidn%C3%A2me&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(treaty)" title="Capitulation (treaty)">Capitulation (treaty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Economic history of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire">Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conclave_capitulation" title="Conclave capitulation">Conclave capitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achtiname_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Achtiname of Muhammad">Achtiname of Muhammad</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahidn%C3%A2me&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottomansouvenir.com/General/the_ahdname_of_sultan_mehmetthe_conqueror.htm">Ottoman Souvenir</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605120552/http://www.international.ucla.edu/cms/files/Kuran--Capitulations-5-04-2005.pdf">Logic of the Ottoman Capitulations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/affairs/olayc5.html">The Capitulations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahidn%C3%A2me&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffman, Daniel. “Negotiating with the Renaissance State: the Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy.” in The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Eds. Virginia Aksan and Daniel Goffman. Cambridge: Cambridge (Page 63). .(Page 64).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffman, Daniel. The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002 (Page 187).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffman, Daniel. The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.(Page 187).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffman, Daniel. The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.(Page 193).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffman, Daniel. “Negotiating with the Renaissance State: the Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy.” in The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Eds. Virginia Aksan and Daniel Goffman. Cambridge: Cambridge (Page 63).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theunissen, Hans. Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: The Ahd-names. 1998. (Page 1-3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theunissen, Hans. Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: The Ahd-names. 1998. (Page 249).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theunissen,_Hans_1998._Page_188-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theunissen,_Hans_1998._Page_188_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theunissen,_Hans_1998._Page_188_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theunissen,_Hans_1998._Page_188_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theunissen, Hans. Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: The Ahd-names. 1998. (Page 188).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theunissen, Hans. Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: The Ahd-names. 1998. (Page 188-189).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffman, Daniel. “Negotiating with the Renaissance State: the Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy.” in The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Eds. Virginia Aksan and Daniel Goffman. Cambridge: Cambridge (Page 64).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theunissen, Hans. Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: The Ahd-names. 1998. (Page 191).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffman, Daniel. “Negotiating with the Renaissance State: the Ottoman Empire and the New Diplomacy.” in The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Eds. Virginia Aksan and Daniel Goffman. Cambridge: Cambridge (Page 64-65).</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahidnâme&oldid=1241641839">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahidnâme&oldid=1241641839</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_charters" title="Category:Political charters">Political charters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Politics of the Ottoman Empire">Politics of the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire">Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 August 2024, at 10:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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