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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Timbuktu" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Timbuktu" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Toponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Timbuktu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Timbuktu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Siege of Timbuktu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Timbuktu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salt_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Salt trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_accounts_in_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_accounts_in_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Early accounts in the West </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_accounts_in_the_West-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early accounts in the West subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_accounts_in_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leo_Africanus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leo_Africanus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Leo Africanus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leo_Africanus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shabeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shabeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Shabeni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shabeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Arts and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_mosques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_mosques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 The mosques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_mosques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Cultural events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 World Heritage Site </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks_by_radical_Islamic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_by_radical_Islamic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Attacks by radical Islamic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_by_radical_Islamic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Centre_of_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centre_of_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Centre of learning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centre_of_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts_and_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts_and_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Manuscripts and libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts_and_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_and_general_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_and_general_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Cited and general sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_and_general_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Timbuktu</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" > 108 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboektoe" title="Timboektoe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Timboektoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تمبكتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمبكتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbukt%C3%BA" title="Timbuktú – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Timbuktú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuct%C3%BA" title="Tombuctú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tombuctú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تیمبوکتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیمبوکتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тамбукту – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамбукту" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тимбукту – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тимбукту" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouktou" title="Tombouktou – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tombouktou" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuctu" title="Timbuctu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Timbuctu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τιμπουκτού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιμπουκτού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuct%C3%BA" title="Tombuctú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tombuctú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktuo" title="Timbuktuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Timbuktuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تیمبوکتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیمبوکتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timb%C3%BBkt%C3%BB" title="Timbûktû – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Timbûktû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbeact%C3%BA" title="Timbeactú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Timbeactú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiombuctu" title="Tiombuctu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tiombuctu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%81" title="ટિમ્બક્ટુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટિમ્બક્ટુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%80%EB%B6%81%ED%88%AC" title="팀북투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팀북투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82" title="टिम्बकटू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टिम्बकटू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timb%C3%BAkt%C3%BA" title="Timbúktú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Timbúktú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuct%C3%B9" title="Timbuctù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Timbuctù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95" title="טימבוקטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טימבוקטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81" title="ಟಿಂಬಕ್ಟು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಿಂಬಕ್ಟು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3" title="ტომბუქტუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომბუქტუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Томбукту – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томбукту" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuktu" title="Tumbuktu – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tumbuktu" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombutum" title="Tombutum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tombutum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuktu" title="Tombuktu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tombuktu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboektoe" title="Timboektoe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Timboektoe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="तिमबुक्तु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तिमबुक्तु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82" title="റ്റിംബക്റ്റൂ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റ്റിംബക്റ്റൂ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82" title="टिंबक्टू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टिंबक्टू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تمبكتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تمبكتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mfantse</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тимбукту – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тимбукту" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboektoe_(stad)" title="Timboektoe (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Timboektoe (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="तिमबुक्तु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तिमबुक्तु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5" title="トンブクトゥ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トンブクトゥ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_(Steed)" title="Timbuktu (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Timbuktu (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboct%C3%B3" title="Timboctó – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Timboctó" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuktu" title="Tombuktu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tombuktu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਤਿੰਬਕਤੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿੰਬਕਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88" title="ٹمبکٹو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹمبکٹو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuctu" title="Tombuctu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tombuctu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Томбукту – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Томбукту" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuct%C3%B9" title="Timbuctù – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Timbuctù" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%85%D8%A8%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%88" title="ٽمبڪٽو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽمبڪٽو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_(mesto)" title="Timbuktu (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Timbuktu (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тимбукту – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тимбукту" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="திம்பக்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திம்பக்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Buktu" title="Tin Buktu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tin Buktu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9" title="ทิมบักตู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทิมบักตู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_na_%C9%94kyer%C9%9Bwee" title="Timbuktu na ɔkyerɛwee – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Timbuktu na ɔkyerɛwee" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тімбукту – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тімбукту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88" title="ٹمبکٹو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹمبکٹو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%83%E5%9C%96" title="通布圖 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="通布圖" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%9B%BE" title="廷巴克图 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="廷巴克图" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95" title="טימבוקטו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טימבוקטו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%80%91%E5%9C%96" title="湯瀑圖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯瀑圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%83%E5%9B%BE" title="通布图 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通布图" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timbuktu&params=16_46_33_N_3_00_34_W_region:ML_type:city(54453)">16°46′33″N 3°00′34″W / 16.77583°N 3.00944°W / 16.77583; -3.00944</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Tombouctou Region, Mali</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Timbuktu (disambiguation)">Timbuktu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Tombouctou Region, Mali</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Timbuktu</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Tumbutu (<a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_Songhay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koyra Chiini Songhay language">Koyra Chiini Songhay</a>) Tin Bukt (<a href="/wiki/Tamashek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamashek language">Tamashek</a>)</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Himba</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Names transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Tamashek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamashek language">Tamashek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866781264">.mw-parser-output .script-tifinagh{font-family:"DejaVu Sans",Ebrima,FreeSans,"Noto Sans Tifinagh"}</style>ⵜⵏⵀⵗⵜ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>تِينْ بُكْتْ‎</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">تُمْبُتُ‎</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div style="border:1;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Donkeys,_Timbuktu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Donkeys%2C_Timbuktu.jpg/187px-Donkeys%2C_Timbuktu.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Donkeys%2C_Timbuktu.jpg/281px-Donkeys%2C_Timbuktu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Donkeys%2C_Timbuktu.jpg/374px-Donkeys%2C_Timbuktu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1044" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Djinguereber_Mosque" title="Djinguereber Mosque">Djinguereber Mosque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div style="border:1;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankore_Madrasah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sankore_Madrasah.jpg/97px-Sankore_Madrasah.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sankore_Madrasah.jpg/146px-Sankore_Madrasah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sankore_Madrasah.jpg/194px-Sankore_Madrasah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="2529" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sankor%C3%A9_Madrasah" title="Sankoré Madrasah">Sankoré Madrasah</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombouctou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tombouctou.jpg/288px-Tombouctou.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tombouctou.jpg/432px-Tombouctou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tombouctou.jpg/576px-Tombouctou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Aerial view of Timbuktu</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="border:1;;height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbuktu_market_women_sellers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Timbuktu_market_women_sellers.jpg/95px-Timbuktu_market_women_sellers.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Timbuktu_market_women_sellers.jpg/143px-Timbuktu_market_women_sellers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Timbuktu_market_women_sellers.jpg/190px-Timbuktu_market_women_sellers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="3616" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">The market of Timbuktu</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div style="border:1;;height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fennek_in_Timboektoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fennek_in_Timboektoe.jpg/189px-Fennek_in_Timboektoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fennek_in_Timboektoe.jpg/284px-Fennek_in_Timboektoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Fennek_in_Timboektoe.jpg/378px-Fennek_in_Timboektoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="834" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Fennek" title="Fennek">Fennek</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Airport" title="Timbuktu Airport">Timbuktu Airport</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing main trans-Saharan caravan routes c. 1400. Also shown are the Ghana Empire (until the 13th century) and 13th – 15th century Mali Empire, with the western route running from Djenné via Timbuktu to Sijilmassa. Present day Niger in yellow."><img alt="Map showing main trans-Saharan caravan routes c. 1400. Also shown are the Ghana Empire (until the 13th century) and 13th – 15th century Mali Empire, with the western route running from Djenné via Timbuktu to Sijilmassa. Present day Niger in yellow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/250px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/375px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/500px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="326" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map showing main <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan caravan routes</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400. Also shown are the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a> (until the 13th century) and 13th – 15th century <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>, with the western route running from <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Djenné</a> via Timbuktu to <a href="/wiki/Sijilmassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sijilmassa">Sijilmassa</a>. Present day <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> in yellow.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timbuktu is located in Mali"><img alt="Timbuktu is located in Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mali_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Mali_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mali_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Mali_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mali_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Mali_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1568" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.216%;left:55.118%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Timbuktu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Timbuktu</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Timbuktu within Mali</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Timbuktu&params=16_46_33_N_3_00_34_W_region:ML_type:city(54453)">16°46′33″N 3°00′34″W / 16.77583°N 3.00944°W / 16.77583; -3.00944</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tombouctou_Region" title="Tombouctou Region">Tombouctou Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cercle</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Cercle" title="Timbuktu Cercle">Timbuktu Cercle</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">5th century BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CGLU-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">21 km2 (8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">261 m (856 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2009)<a href="#cite_note-population-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CGLU-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">54,453</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">BWh</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iv, v</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/119">119</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1988 (12th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1990–2005; 2012–present</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Timbuktu (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌtɪmbʌkˈtuː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/En-us-Timbuktu.oga\/En-us-Timbuktu.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Timbuktu.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/En-us-Timbuktu.oga/En-us-Timbuktu.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Timbuktu.oga" title="File:En-us-Timbuktu.oga">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TIM-buk-TOO</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Tombouctou; <a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini" class="mw-redirect" title="Koyra Chiini">Koyra Chiini</a>: Tumbutu; <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a>: ⵜⵏⵀⵗⵜ, romanized: Tin Bukt) is an ancient city in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, situated 20 kilometres (12 miles) north of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>. It is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Tombouctou_Region" title="Tombouctou Region">Tombouctou Region</a>, one of the eight <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mali" title="Regions of Mali">administrative regions of Mali</a>, having a population of 32,460 in the 2018 census. Archaeological evidence suggests prehistoric settlements in the region, predating the city's <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholarly</a> and trade prominence in the medieval period. Timbuktu began as a seasonal settlement and became permanent early in the 12th century. After a shift in trading routes, particularly after the visit by <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a> around 1325, Timbuktu flourished, due to its strategic location, from the trade in salt, gold, and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>. It gradually expanded as an important <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> city on the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> trade route and attracted many scholars and traders before it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> early in the 14th century. In the first half of the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg people</a> took control for a short period, until the expanding <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> absorbed it in 1468. A <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Moroccan</a> army <a href="/wiki/Saadian_invasion_of_the_Songhai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire">defeated the Songhai in 1591</a> and made Timbuktu their capital. The invaders established a new ruling class, the <a href="/wiki/Arma_people" title="Arma people">Arma</a>, who after 1612 became virtually independent of Morocco. In its golden age, the town's Islamic scholars and extensive trade network supported an important book trade. Together with the campuses of the <a href="/wiki/Sankor%C3%A9_Madrasah" title="Sankoré Madrasah">Sankoré Madrasah</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Islamic university</a>, this established Timbuktu as a scholarly centre in Africa. Notable historic writers, such as Shabeni and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>, wrote about the city. These stories fuelled speculation in Europe, where the city's reputation shifted from being rich to mysterious. The city's golden age as a major learning and cultural centre of the Mali Empire was followed by a long period of decline. Different tribes governed until the <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French took over Mali in 1893</a>, in a regime that lasted until the country became the Republic of Mali in 1960. In recent history, Timbuktu faced threats from extremist groups leading to the destruction of cultural sites; efforts by local and international communities have aimed to preserve its heritage. The city's population has declined as a result of the recent issues. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg/220px-Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg/330px-Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg/440px-Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Timbuktu looking west, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cailli%C3%A9" title="René Caillié">René Caillié</a> (1830)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg/220px-Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg/330px-Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg/440px-Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3263" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>View of Timbuktu, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Barth" title="Heinrich Barth">Heinrich Barth</a> (1858)</figcaption></figure> Over the centuries, the spelling of Timbuktu has varied a great deal: from Tenbuch on the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> (1375), to traveller <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Malfante" title="Antonio Malfante">Antonio Malfante</a>'s Thambet, used in a letter he wrote in 1447 and also adopted by <a href="/wiki/Alvise_Cadamosto" title="Alvise Cadamosto">Alvise Cadamosto</a> in his Voyages of Cadamosto, to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Barth" title="Heinrich Barth">Heinrich Barth</a>'s Timbúktu and Timbu'ktu. French spelling often appears in international reference as 'Tombouctou'. The German spelling 'Timbuktu' and its variant 'Timbucktu' have passed into English and the former has become widely used in recent years. Major English-language works have employed the spelling 'Timbuctoo', and this is considered the correct English form by scholars; 'Timbuctou' and 'Timbuctu' are sometimes used as well. The French continue to use the spelling 'Tombouctou', as they have for over a century; variants include 'Temboctou' (used by explorer René Caillié) and 'Tombouktou', but they are seldom seen. Variant spellings exist for other places as well, such as Jenne (Djenné) and Segu (Ségou).<a href="#cite_note-Stamm-3">[3]</a> As well as its spelling, Timbuktu's <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a> is still open to discussion.<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> At least four possible origins of the name of Timbuktu have been described: <ul><li>Songhay origin: both <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a> and Heinrich Barth believed the name was derived from two <a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay words</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Pelizzo-4">[4]</a> Leo Africanus writes the Kingdom of Tombuto was named after a town of the same name, founded in 1213 or 1214 by <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_of_Mali" title="Sulayman of Mali">Mansa Sulayman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryanddescr02porygoogpagen140mode1up_824_Vol._3]-6">[5]</a> The word itself consisted of two parts: tin (wall) and butu (Wall of Butu). Africanus did not explain the meaning of this Butu.<a href="#cite_note-Pelizzo-4">[4]</a> Heinrich Barth wrote: "The town was probably so called, because it was built originally in a hollow or cavity in the sand-hills. Tùmbutu means hole or womb in the Songhay language: if it were a Temáshight (<a href="/wiki/Tamashek" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamashek">Tamashek</a>) word, it would be written Timbuktu. The name is generally interpreted by Europeans as well of Buktu (also same word in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> is bâkhtàr باختر = where the sun sets, West), but tin has nothing to do with well."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1857[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_Yy1ufHcjtIQCpagen285_284_footnote_Vol._3]-7">[6]</a></li> <li>Berber origin: Malian historian Sekene Cissoko proposes a different <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>: the Tuareg founders of the city gave it a <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber name</a>, a word composed of two parts: tin, the feminine form of in (place of) and bouctou, a small dune. Hence, Timbuktu would mean "place covered by small dunes".<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></li> <li>Abd al-Sadi offers a third explanation in his 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Tarikh_al-Sudan" title="Tarikh al-Sudan">Tarikh al-Sudan</a>: "The Tuareg made it a depot for their belongings and provisions, and it grew into a crossroads for travelers coming and going. Looking after their belongings was a slave woman of theirs called Timbuktu, which in their language means [the one having a] 'lump'. The blessed spot where she encamped was named after her."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329-9">[8]</a></li> <li>The French <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Basset" title="René Basset">René Basset</a> forwarded another theory: the name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Zenaga_language" title="Zenaga language">Zenaga</a> root b-k-t, meaning "to be distant" or "hidden", and the feminine possessive particle tin. The meaning "hidden" could point to the city's location in a slight hollow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329_note_4-10">[9]</a></li></ul> The validity of these theories depends on the identity of the original founders of the city: as recently as 2000, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological research</a> has not found remains dating from the 11th/12th century within the limits of the modern city given the difficulty of excavating through <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">metres of sand</a> that have buried the remains over the past centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll20029-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004-12">[11]</a> Without <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">consensus</a>, the etymology of Timbuktu remains unclear. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> Like other important Medieval West African towns such as <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Djenné</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jenn%C3%A9-Jeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenné-Jeno">Jenné-Jeno</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dia,_Mali" title="Dia, Mali">Dia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> settlements have been discovered near Timbuktu that predate the traditional foundation date of the town. Although the accumulation of thick layers of sand has thwarted archaeological excavations in the town itself,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2002-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004-12">[11]</a> some of the surrounding landscape is deflating and exposing pottery shards on the surface. A survey of the area by Susan and Roderick McIntosh in 1984 identified several Iron Age sites along the el-Ahmar, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> system that passes a few kilometers to the east of the modern town.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> An Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> complex located <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>nine kilometres (5+1⁄2 mi) southeast of the Timbuktu near the Wadi el-Ahmar was excavated between 2008 and 2010 by archaeologists from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and the Mission Culturelle de Tombouctou. The results suggest that the site was first occupied during the 5th century BC, thrived throughout the second half of the 1st millennium AD and eventually collapsed sometime during the late 10th or early 11th-century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2010-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2011-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Timbuktu" title="History of Timbuktu">History of Timbuktu</a></div> Timbuktu has acquired a reputation in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> as an exotic, mysterious place, but the city was once a well known trade center and an academic hotspot of the medieval world. Timbuktu reached its golden period under the Mali Empire in the 13th and 14th centuries. Distinguished Malian Mansa Mūsā brought great fame to the city by recruiting scholars from throughout the Islamic world to travel there, establishing it as a center of learning. The scholars focused not only on Islamic studies, but also history, rhetoric, law, science, and, most notably, medicine. Mansa Mūsā also introduced Timbuktu, and the Mali Empire in general, to the rest of the medieval world through his Hajj, as his time in Mecca would soon inspire Arab travelers to visit North Africa. Europeans, however, would not reach the city until much later, due to the difficult and lengthy journey, thus garnering the city an aura of mystery. Timbuktu primarily gained its wealth from local gold and salt mining, in addition to the trans-Saharan slave trade. Gold was a highly valued commodity in the Mediterranean region and salt was most popular south of the city, though arguably the biggest asset Timbuktu had was its location. The city is situated nine miles from the Niger River, making for good agricultural land. Its position near the edge of the Sahara Desert made it a hub for trans-Saharan trade routes. Timbuktu also acts as a midpoint between the regions of North, West, and Central Africa. Because of this, Timbuktu developed into a cultural melting pot. The Mali Empire reached a steady decline in the mid-1400s, giving rise to the Songhai Empire. However, the city of Timbuktu entered a brief period of rule under the Tuaregs before it fell to the Songhai people. Despite major shifts in power, Timbuktu generally flourished until the <a href="/wiki/Saadian_invasion_of_the_Songhai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire">Moroccans invaded the Songhai Empire</a> in 1590 and began to occupy Timbuktu in 1591, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi" title="Battle of Tondibi">Battle of Tondibi</a>. In 1593, many of the city's scholars were executed or exiled for disloyalty to the new rulers. This, along with a decline in trade as a result of increased competition from newly available trans-Atlantic sailing routes, caused the city to lose its prominence. In the 1890s Timbuktu was formally incorporated into the French colony of <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Sudan</a>, remaining under French control until the colony became the independent nation of Mali in 1960. Today, the population of Timbuktu has substantially decreased since its estimated peak of 100,000 people in the medieval period. The city has suffered from great poverty for several years now, relying on government funding as a means of survival. <a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Timbuktu">Siege of Timbuktu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Siege of Timbuktu">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Timbuktu" title="Siege of Timbuktu">Siege of Timbuktu</a></div> On 8 August 2023, Timbuktu was brought under a total blockade by <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> (JNIM),<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> exacerbating poverty, and leading to food shortages. 33,000 fled the city and its surrounding areas and 1,000 have fled to Mauritania since the start of the siege.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The siege began after the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali">MINUSMA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> mission to Mali during the <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_camel_ride_in_the_Sahara_Desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/A_camel_ride_in_the_Sahara_Desert.jpg/220px-A_camel_ride_in_the_Sahara_Desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/A_camel_ride_in_the_Sahara_Desert.jpg/330px-A_camel_ride_in_the_Sahara_Desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/A_camel_ride_in_the_Sahara_Desert.jpg/440px-A_camel_ride_in_the_Sahara_Desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>A camel ride in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert, outside Timbuktu</figcaption></figure> Timbuktu is located on the southern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">15 km (9+1⁄2 mi) north of the main channel of the <a href="/wiki/River_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="River Niger">River Niger</a>. The town is surrounded by sand dunes and the streets are covered in sand. The port of <a href="/wiki/Kabara,_Mali" title="Kabara, Mali">Kabara</a> is 8 km (5 mi) to the south of the town and is connected to an arm of the river by a 3 km (2 mi) canal. The canal had become heavily silted but in 2007 it was dredged as part of a Libyan financed project.<a href="#cite_note-retour-21">[20]</a> The annual flood of the Niger River is a result of the heavy rainfall in the headwaters of the Niger and <a href="/wiki/Bani_River" title="Bani River">Bani</a> rivers in <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>. The rainfall in these areas peaks in August but the floodwater takes time to pass down the river system and through the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Koulikoro" title="Koulikoro">Koulikoro</a>, 60 km (37 mi) downstream from <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, the flood peaks in September,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> while in Timbuktu the flood lasts longer and usually reaches a maximum at the end of December.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The area flooded by the river was once more extensive and in years with high rainfall, floodwater reached the western outskirts of Timbuktu itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacquard1900[httpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k103743pf19image_12]-24">[23]</a> A small navigable creek to the west of the town is shown on the maps published by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Barth" title="Heinrich Barth">Heinrich Barth</a> in 1857<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1857[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_Yy1ufHcjtIQCpagen285_Vol._3,_p._324]-25">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Dubois" title="Félix Dubois">Félix Dubois</a> in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubois1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamtimbuctoomysteri00duborichpage196mode1up_196]-26">[25]</a> Between 1917 and 1921, during the colonial period, the French used slave labour to dig a narrow canal linking Timbuktu with Kabara.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Over the following decades this canal became silted and filled with sand, but in 2007 the canal was re-excavated as part of the dredging project so that now when the River Niger floods, Timbuktu is again connected to Kabara.<a href="#cite_note-retour-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-lancement-28">[27]</a> The Malian government has promised to address problems with the design of the canal as it currently lacks footbridges and the steep, unstable banks make access to the water difficult.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Kabara can function as a port only in December and January when the river is in full flood. When the water levels are lower boats dock at Korioumé, which is linked to Timbuktu by 18 km (11 mi) of paved road. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Timbuktu features a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (BWh) according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen Climate Classification">Köppen Climate Classification</a>. The weather is extremely hot and dry throughout much of the year, with most of the city's rainfall occurring between June and September due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> (ITCZ). The degree of <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal temperature variation</a> is higher in the dry season than the wet season. Average daily maximum temperatures in the hottest months of the year – April, May and June – exceed 40 °C (104 °F). Lowest temperatures occur during the mildest months of the year – December, January and February. Average maximum temperatures do not drop below 30 °C (86 °F). These winter months are characterized by a dry, dusty <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade wind</a> blowing from the Saharan <a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Region" title="Tibesti Region">Tibesti Region</a> southward to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>. Picking up dust particles on their way, these winds limit visibility in what has been dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a> Haze."<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Additionally, when the dust settles in the city, sand builds up and desertification looms.<a href="#cite_note-benjaminsen-31">[30]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Timbuktu (1950–2000, extremes 1897–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 (106.9) </td> <td style="background: #E30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.5 (110.3) </td> <td style="background: #BF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.1 (115.0) </td> <td style="background: #990000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.9 (120.0) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.0 (120.2) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.0 (120.2) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.0 (114.8) </td> <td style="background: #BA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.5 (115.7) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0 (113.0) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.0 (118.4) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5 (108.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.0 (120.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2 (108.0) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 (106.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5 (101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5 (97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3 (100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1 (102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.8 (98.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (0.04) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (0.16) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (0.65) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.5 (2.11) </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.6 (2.90) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (1.16) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (0.15) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">182.8 (7.20) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263.9 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.6 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">254.6 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.9 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">274.0 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">258.7 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,106.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> NOAA (sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-33">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-34">[33]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_trade">Salt trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Salt trade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/220px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/330px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/440px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Azalai salt caravan, mid-December 1985</figcaption></figure> The wealth and very existence of Timbuktu depended on its position as the southern terminus of an important trans-Saharan trade route; nowadays, the only goods that are routinely transported across the desert are slabs of rock salt brought from the <a href="/wiki/Taoudenni" title="Taoudenni">Taoudenni</a> mining centre in the central Sahara 664 km (413 mi) north of Timbuktu. Until the second half of the 20th century most of the slabs were transported by large salt caravans or <a href="/wiki/Azalai" title="Azalai">azalai</a>, one leaving Timbuktu in early November and the other in late March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiner195368_n27-35">[34]</a> The caravans of several thousand camels took three weeks each way, transporting food to the miners and returning with each camel loaded with four or five 30 kg (66 lb) slabs of salt. The salt transport was largely controlled by desert nomads of the Arabic-speaking Berabich (or Barabish) tribe.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Although there are no roads, the slabs of salt are now usually transported from Taoudenni by truck.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> From Timbuktu the salt is transported by boat to other towns in Mali. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, Timbuktu's population grew immensely due to an influx of <a href="/wiki/Bono_people" title="Bono people">Bono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulanis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhais</a> seeking trade, security, or to study. By 1300, the population increased to 10,000 and continued increasing until it reached about 50,000 in the 1500s.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_pounding_grain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Women_pounding_grain.jpg/220px-Women_pounding_grain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Women_pounding_grain.jpg/330px-Women_pounding_grain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Women_pounding_grain.jpg/440px-Women_pounding_grain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Women pounding grain</figcaption></figure> There is insufficient rainfall in the Timbuktu region for purely rain-fed agriculture and crops are therefore irrigated using water from the River Niger. The main agricultural crop is rice. African floating rice (<a href="/wiki/Oryza_glaberrima" title="Oryza glaberrima">Oryza glaberrima</a>) has traditionally been grown in regions near the river that are inundated during the annual flood. Seed is sown at the beginning of the rainy season (June–July) so that when the flood water arrives plants are already 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) in height.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The plants grow up to three metres (10 feet) in height as the water level rises. The rice is harvested by canoe in December. The procedure is very precarious and the yields are low but the method has the advantage that little capital investment is required. A successful crop depends critically on the amount and timing of the rain in the wet season and the height of the flood. To a limited extent the arrival of the flood water can be controlled by the construction of small mud dikes that become submerged as the water rises. Although floating rice is still cultivated in the <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Cercle" title="Timbuktu Cercle">Timbuktu Cercle</a>, most of the rice is now grown in three relatively large irrigated areas that lie to the south of the town: Daye (392 ha), Koriomé (550 ha) and Hamadja (623 ha).<a href="#cite_note-schema-41">[40]</a> Water is pumped from the river using ten large <a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screws</a> which were first installed in the 1990s. The irrigated areas are run as <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a> with approximately 2,100 families cultivating small plots.<a href="#cite_note-USAIDcircle-42">[41]</a> Nearly all the rice produced is consumed by the families themselves. The yields are still relatively low and the farmers are being encouraged to change their agricultural practices.<a href="#cite_note-styger-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> Most tourists visit Timbuktu between November and February when the air temperature is lower. In the 1980s, accommodation for tourists was provided by Hendrina Khan Hotel<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> and two other small hotels: Hotel Bouctou and Hotel Azalaï.<a href="#cite_note-desherence-45">[44]</a> Over the following decades the tourist numbers increased so that by 2006 there were seven small hotels and guest houses.<a href="#cite_note-schema-41">[40]</a> The town benefited by the revenue from the CFA 5000 tourist tax,<a href="#cite_note-schema-41">[40]</a> the sale of handicrafts and employment of local guides. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attacks">Attacks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Attacks">edit</a>]</div> Starting in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> began kidnapping groups of tourists in the Sahel region.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In January 2009, four tourists were kidnapped near the <a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Mali–Niger border">Mali–Niger border</a> after attending a cultural festival at <a href="/wiki/Anderamboukan%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Anderamboukané">Anderamboukané</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> One of these tourists was subsequently murdered.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> As a result of this and various other incidents a number of states including France,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Britain<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> and the US,<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> began advising their citizens to avoid travelling far from Bamako. The number of tourists visiting Timbuktu dropped precipitously from around 6000 in 2009 to only 492 in the first four months of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-desherence-45">[44]</a> Because of the security concerns, the Malian government moved the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Festival_au_D%C3%A9sert" title="Festival au Désert">Festival in the Desert</a> from <a href="/wiki/Essakane" title="Essakane">Essakane</a> to the outskirts of Timbuktu.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> In November 2011, gunmen attacked tourists staying at a hotel in Timbuktu, killing one of them and <a href="/wiki/2011_Timbuktu_kidnapping" title="2011 Timbuktu kidnapping">kidnapping three others</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> This was the first terrorist incident in Timbuktu itself. On 1 April 2012, one day after the capture of <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>, Timbuktu was captured from the Malian military by the <a href="/wiki/2012_Tuareg_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Tuareg rebellion">Tuareg rebels</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">MNLA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Five days later, the MNLA declared the region independent of Mali as the nation of <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-57">[56]</a> The declared political entity was not recognized by any regional nations or the international community and it collapsed three months later on 12 July.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> On 28 January 2013, French and Malian government troops began retaking Timbuktu from the Islamist rebels.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The force of 1,000 French troops with 200 Malian soldiers retook Timbuktu without a fight. The Islamist groups had already fled north a few days earlier, having set fire to the <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Baba_Institute" title="Ahmed Baba Institute">Ahmed Baba Institute</a>, which housed many important manuscripts. The building housing the Ahmed Baba Institute was funded by South Africa, and held 30,000 manuscripts. BBC World Service radio news reported on 29 January 2013 that approximately 28,000 of the manuscripts in the Institute had been removed to safety from the premises before the attack by the Islamist groups, and that the whereabouts of about 2,000 manuscripts remained unknown.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> It was intended to be a resource for Islamic research.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> On 30 March 2013, jihadist rebels <a href="/wiki/2nd_Battle_of_Timbuktu" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Battle of Timbuktu">infiltrated</a> Timbuktu nine days before a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timbuktu" title="Battle of Timbuktu">suicide bombing</a> on a Malian army checkpoint at the international airport, killing a soldier. Fighting lasted until 1 April, when French warplanes helped Malian ground forces chase the remaining rebels out of the city center. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_accounts_in_the_West">Early accounts in the West</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early accounts in the West">edit</a>]</div> Tales of Timbuktu's fabulous wealth helped prompt European exploration of the west coast of Africa. Among the most famous descriptions of Timbuktu are those of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a> and Shabeni. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leo_Africanus">Leo Africanus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leo Africanus">edit</a>]</div> Perhaps most famous among the accounts written about Timbuktu is that by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>, born El Hasan ben Muhammed el- Wazzan-ez-Zayyati in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> in 1485. His family was among the thousands of Muslims expelled by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel after their <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">reconquest of Spain</a> in 1492. They settled in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, where he studied in <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a> and accompanied his uncle on diplomatic missions throughout North Africa. During these travels, he visited Timbuktu. As a young man he was captured by pirates and presented as an exceptionally learned slave to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>, who freed him, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> him under the name "Johannis Leo de Medici", and commissioned him to write, in Italian, a detailed survey of Africa. His accounts provided most of what Europeans <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">knew about the continent</a> for the next several centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896-62">[61]</a> Describing Timbuktu when the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> was at its height, the English edition of his book includes the description: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The rich king of Tombuto hath many plates and sceptres of gold, some whereof weigh 1300 pounds. ... He hath always 3000 horsemen ... (and) a great store of doctors, judges, priests, and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the king's cost and charges.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Description_of_Africa_(1550_book)" title="Description of Africa (1550 book)">Descrittione dell' Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryanddescr02porygoogpagen140mode1up_824_Vol._3]-6">[5]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to Leo Africanus, there were abundant supplies of locally produced grain, cattle, milk and butter, though there were neither gardens nor orchards surrounding the city.<a href="#cite_note-brians-63">[62]</a> In another passage dedicated to describing the wealth of both the environment and the king, Africanus touches upon the rarity of one of Timbuktu's trade commodities: salt. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The inhabitants are very rich, especially the strangers who have settled in the country [..] But salt is in very short supply because it is carried here from <a href="/wiki/Tegaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegaza">Tegaza</a>, some 500 miles [800 km] from Timbuktu. I happened to be in this city at a time when a load of salt sold for eighty <a href="/wiki/Ducats" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducats">ducats</a>. The king has a rich treasure of coins and <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">gold ingots</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Description_of_Africa_(1550_book)" title="Description of Africa (1550 book)">Descrittione dell' Africa</a> in Paul Brians' Reading About the World, Volume 2<a href="#cite_note-brians-63">[62]</a></cite></div></blockquote> These descriptions and passages alike caught the attention of European explorers. Africanus also described the more mundane aspects of the city, such as the "cottages built of <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, and covered with <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatch</a>" – although these went largely unheeded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shabeni">Shabeni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shabeni">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The natives of the town of Timbuctoo may be computed at 40,000, exclusive of slaves and foreigners ... The natives are all blacks: almost every stranger marries a female of the town, who are so beautiful that travellers often fall in love with them at first sight. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Shabeni in <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Grey_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Grey Jackson (page does not exist)">James Grey Jackson's</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grey_Jackson" class="extiw" title="fr:James Grey Jackson">fr</a>] An Account of Timbuctoo and Hausa, 1820<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1820[httpsarchiveorgdetailsanaccounttimbuc00jackgoogpagen43_10]-64">[63]</a></cite></div> </div> Roughly 250 years after Leo Africanus' visit to Timbuktu, the city had seen many rulers. The end of the 18th century saw the grip of the Moroccan rulers on the city wane, resulting in a period of unstable government by quickly changing tribes. During the rule of one of those tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, a 14-year-old child named Shabeni (or Shabeeny) from <a href="/wiki/Tetuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetuan">Tetuan</a> on the north coast of Morocco accompanied his father on a visit to Timbuktu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1820-65">[64]</a> Shabeni stayed in Timbuktu for three years before moving to a major city called <a href="/wiki/Housa" class="mw-redirect" title="Housa">Housa</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[b]</a> several days' journey to the southeast. Two years later, he returned to Timbuktu to live there for another seven years – one of a population that was, even centuries after its peak and excluding slaves, double the size of the 21st-century town. By the time Shabeni was 27, he was an established merchant in his hometown of Tetuan. He made a two-year pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and thus became a <a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">hajji</a>, Asseed El Hage Abd Salam Shabeeny. Returning from a trading voyage to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamburg" title="History of Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, he was captured by a ship manned by Englishmen but sailing under a Russian flag, whose captain claimed that his Imperial mistress (<a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>) was "at war with all Muselmen" (see <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a>). He and the ship he had been sailing in were brought to <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> in Belgium in December 1789 but the British consul managed to get him and the ship released. He set off again in the same ship, but the captain, who claimed to be afraid of his ship being captured again, set him ashore in <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>. In England his story was recorded. Shabeeni gave an indication of the size of the city in the second half of the 18th century. In an earlier passage, he described an environment that was characterized by forest, as opposed to the modern arid surroundings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arts and culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbuktu-139086.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Timbuktu-139086.jpg/220px-Timbuktu-139086.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Timbuktu-139086.jpg/330px-Timbuktu-139086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Timbuktu-139086.jpg/440px-Timbuktu-139086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the Ben Essayouti Library, Timbuktu</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_mosques">The mosques</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The mosques">edit</a>]</div> Situated on the northern edge of the Niger Delta, Timbuktu is at the crossroads of the Saharan trade routes and the River Niger. Founded in 1100 by the Tuareg, this cultural centre boasts significant architectural landmarks, including three great mosques: Djinguere Ber, Sankore and Sidi Yahya.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The Djinguere Ber Mosque, built in 1328 under the patronage of Mansa Musa, the wealthy ruler of the Mali Empire, served as a testament to the city's prosperity during this golden age. Mansa Musa's legendary pilgrimage to Mecca, during which he distributed vast amounts of gold, contributed to the construction of the mosque and cemented Timbuktu's reputation as a centre of Islamic culture and learning. Over the centuries, the Djinguere Ber mosque has undergone various renovations and extensions, reflecting the changing architectural styles and religious practices of the region. The Sankore Mosque, built between 1325 and 1463, played a central role in Timbuktu's intellectual and educational landscape. As the city flourished as a centre of Islamic learning, the Sankore Mosque became a renowned centre of learning, attracting scholars and students from across the Muslim world. Its libraries housed thousands of manuscripts on subjects ranging from theology to astronomy, contributing to Timbuktu's reputation as a centre of intellectual exchange and cultural diversity. The Sidi Yahya mosque, founded in 1440 by the revered marabout Sheikh al-Mukhtar Hamallah, held both religious and mystical significance for the people of Timbuktu. According to local legend, the mosque awaited the arrival of Sidi Yahya al-Tadlissi, a saint whose presence would sanctify the site. When Sidi Yahya claimed the mosque forty years later, it became a focal point for spiritual devotion and pilgrimage. Over time, the mosque underwent several renovations and refurbishments, reflecting the changing religious and cultural landscape of Timbuktu. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_events">Cultural events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural events">edit</a>]</div> The best-known cultural event is the <a href="/wiki/Festival_au_D%C3%A9sert" title="Festival au Désert">Festival au Désert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reiser-70">[68]</a> When the Tuareg rebellion ended in 1996 under the Konaré administration, 3,000 weapons were burned in a ceremony dubbed the Flame of Peace on 29 March 2007 – to commemorate the ceremony, a monument was built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeppie2008-71">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Festival_au_D%C3%A9sert" title="Festival au Désert">Festival au Désert</a>, to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a>, was held every January in the desert, 75 km from the city until 2010.<a href="#cite_note-reiser-70">[68]</a> The week-long festival of Mawloud is held every January, and celebrates the birthday of Muhammed; the city's "most cherished manuscripts" are read publicly, and are a central part of this celebration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer2016133-72">[70]</a> It was originally a Shi'ite festival from Persia and arriving in Timbuktu around 1600. The "most joyful occasion on Timbuktu's calendar", it combines "rituals of Sufi Islam with celebrating Timbuktu's rich literary traditions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer2016228-73">[71]</a> It is a "period of feasting, singing, and dancing ... It culminated with an evening gathering of thousands of people in the large sandy square in front of the Sankor <a href="/wiki/Festival_au_D%C3%A9sert" title="Festival au Désert">é</a> Mosque and a public reading of some of the city's most treasured manuscripts."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer2016228-73">[71]</a> Annually, during the winter, Timbuktu has hosted the Living Together festival since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_Site">World Heritage Site</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: World Heritage Site">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbuktu-107971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Timbuktu-107971.jpg/170px-Timbuktu-107971.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Timbuktu-107971.jpg/255px-Timbuktu-107971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Timbuktu-107971.jpg/340px-Timbuktu-107971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The mausoleums, erected in the 15th and 16th centuries, being restored by local workers</figcaption></figure> During its twelfth session, in December 1988, the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a> (WHC) selected parts of Timbuktu's historic centre for inscription on its <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage list</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whsselection-76">[74]</a> The selection was based on three <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Cultural_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">criteria</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ICOMOS-77">[75]</a> <ul><li>Criterion II: Timbuktu's holy places were vital to early <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> in Africa.</li> <li>Criterion IV: Timbuktu's mosques show a cultural and scholarly <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Songhay_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay Empire">Songhai Empire</a>.</li> <li>Criterion V: The construction of the mosques, still mostly original, shows the use of traditional building techniques.</li></ul> An earlier nomination in 1979 failed the following year as it lacked proper demarcation:<a href="#cite_note-ICOMOS-77">[75]</a> the Malian government included the town of Timbuktu as a whole in the wish for inclusion.<a href="#cite_note-orignom-78">[76]</a> Close to a decade later, three mosques and 16 <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a> or cemeteries were selected from the Old Town for <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage status</a>: with this conclusion came the call for protection of the buildings' conditions, an exclusion of new construction works near the sites and measures against the <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">encroaching sand</a>. Shortly afterwards, the monuments were placed on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Malian government</a>, as by the selection committee at the time of nomination.<a href="#cite_note-whsselection-76">[74]</a> The first period on the Danger List lasted from 1990 until 2005, when a range of measures including restoration work and the compilation of an inventory warranted "its removal from the Danger List".<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In 2008 the WHC placed the protected area under increased scrutiny dubbed "reinforced monitoring", a measure made possible in 2007, as the impact of planned construction work was unclear. Special attention was given to the build of a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural centre">cultural centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> During a session in June 2009, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> decided to cease its increased monitoring program as it felt sufficient progress had been made to address the initial concerns.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Following the takeover of Timbuktu by MNLA and the Islamist group Ansar Dine, it was returned to the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-TimbuktuDamageJune-82">[80]</a> Many of the current conservation efforts are undertaken by "traditional actors" in the community. Some of their efforts include managing and restoring the historic mosques in the city.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attacks_by_radical_Islamic_groups">Attacks by radical Islamic groups</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Attacks by radical Islamic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamist_destruction_of_Timbuktu_heritage_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist destruction of Timbuktu heritage sites">Islamist destruction of Timbuktu heritage sites</a></div> In May 2012, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a> destroyed a shrine in the city<a href="#cite_note-TimbuktuDamageMay-84">[82]</a> and in June 2012, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gao_and_Timbuktu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gao and Timbuktu">Battle of Gao and Timbuktu</a>, other shrines, including the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mahmoud_Ben_Amar" title="Sidi Mahmoud Ben Amar">Sidi Mahmoud</a>, were destroyed when attacked with shovels and pickaxes by members of the same group.<a href="#cite_note-TimbuktuDamageJune-82">[80]</a> An Ansar Dine spokesman said that all shrines in the city, including the 13 remaining World Heritage sites, would be destroyed because they consider them to be examples of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">sin in Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TimbuktuDamageJune-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> These acts have been described as crimes against humanity and war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-TimbuktuEndTimes-86">[84]</a> After the destruction of the tombs, UNESCO created a special fund to safeguard Mali's World Heritage Sites, vowing to carry out reconstruction and rehabilitation projects once the security situation allows.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:20%; border-width: 1px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> If the University of Sankore ... had survived the ravages of foreign invasions, the academic and cultural history of Africa might have been different from what it is today. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghana" title="University of Ghana">University of Ghana</a> inauguration, 1961<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeppie2008-71">[69]</a></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centre_of_learning">Centre of learning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Centre of learning">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/240px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/360px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/480px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Pages of the <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts" title="Timbuktu Manuscripts">Timbuktu Manuscripts</a>, showing both <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and a heritage of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomy in medieval Islam</a></figcaption></figure> Timbuktu was a world centre of Islamic learning from the 13th to the 17th century, especially under the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Askia_Muhammad_I" title="Askia Muhammad I">Askia Mohammad I</a>'s rule. The Malian government and NGOs have been working to catalogue and restore the remnants of this scholarly legacy: <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts" title="Timbuktu Manuscripts">Timbuktu's manuscripts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-88">[86]</a> Timbuktu's rapid economic growth in the 13th and 14th centuries drew many scholars from nearby <a href="/wiki/Walata" class="mw-redirect" title="Walata">Walata</a> (today in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaveland2008-89">[87]</a> leading up to the city's golden age in the 15th and 16th centuries that proved fertile ground for scholarship of religions, arts and sciences. To the people of Timbuktu, literacy and books were symbols of wealth, power, and blessings and the acquisition of books became a primary concern for scholars.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> An active trade in books between Timbuktu and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history">Islamic world</a> and emperor <a href="/wiki/Askia_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia Mohammed">Askia Mohammed</a>'s strong support led to the writing of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedupeWarnerJeppieSanogo2008179-91">[89]</a> Knowledge was gathered in a manner similar to the early, informal <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">European Medieval university</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaveland2008-89">[87]</a> Lecturing was presented through a range of informal institutions called <a href="/wiki/Madrasahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasahs">madrasahs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Scholasticism-92">[90]</a> Nowadays known as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Timbuktu" title="University of Timbuktu">University of Timbuktu</a>, three madrasahs facilitated 25,000 students: <a href="/wiki/Djinguereber_Mosque" title="Djinguereber Mosque">Djinguereber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Yahya_Mosque" title="Sidi Yahya Mosque">Sidi Yahya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sankore_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankore Madrasah">Sankore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> These institutions were explicitly religious, as opposed to the more secular curricula of modern European universities and more similar to the medieval Europe model. However, where universities in the European sense started as associations of students and teachers, West-African education was <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronized</a> by families or lineages, with the Aqit and Bunu al-Qadi al-Hajj families being two of the most prominent in Timbuktu – these families also facilitated students in set-aside rooms in their housings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick2003lvii-94">[92]</a> Although the basis of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and its teaching were brought to Timbuktu from North Africa with the spread of Islam, Western African scholarship developed: <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al_Massufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Baba al Massufi">Ahmad Baba al Massufi</a> is regarded as the city's greatest scholar.<a href="#cite_note-baba_the_greatest-95">[93]</a> Timbuktu served in this process as a distribution centre of scholars and scholarship. Its reliance on trade meant intensive movement of scholars between the city and its extensive network of trade partners. In 1468–1469 though, many scholars left for Walata when <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Ali">Sunni Ali</a>'s Songhay Empire absorbed Timbuktu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaveland2008-89">[87]</a> Then, in the 1591 Moroccan invasion of Timbuktu, scholars had to flee once more, or face imprisonment or murder.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> This system of education survived until the late 19th century, while the 18th century saw the institution of itinerant Quranic school as a form of universal education, where scholars would travel throughout the region with their students, begging for food part of the day.<a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-88">[86]</a> Islamic education came under pressure after the French occupation, droughts in the 1970s and 1980s and by <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_Rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995)">Mali's civil war</a> in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts_and_libraries">Manuscripts and libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and libraries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts" title="Timbuktu Manuscripts">Timbuktu Manuscripts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuntamarabut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kuntamarabut.jpg/180px-Kuntamarabut.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kuntamarabut.jpg/270px-Kuntamarabut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kuntamarabut.jpg/360px-Kuntamarabut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moorish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish">Moorish</a> <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabout</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kunta_family" title="Kunta family">Kuntua tribe</a>, an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kounta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kounta">Kounta</a> clan, from which the Al Kounti manuscript collection derives its name. Dated 1898.</figcaption></figure> Hundreds of thousands of manuscripts were collected in Timbuktu over the course of centuries: some were written in the town itself, others – including exclusive copies of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> for wealthy families – imported through the lively booktrade. Hidden in cellars or buried, hid between the mosque's mud walls and safeguarded by their patrons, many of these manuscripts survived the city's decline. They now form the collection of several libraries in Timbuktu, holding up to 700,000 manuscripts in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-ng-97">[95]</a> They include the <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Baba_Institute" title="Ahmed Baba Institute">Ahmed Baba Institute</a>, Mamma Haidara Library, Fondo Kati, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bagayogo" title="Mohammed Bagayogo">Al-Wangari</a> Library, Mohamed Tahar Library, Maigala Library, Boularaf Collection, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Bakkai_al-Kunti" title="Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti">Al Kounti</a> Collections. These libraries are the largest among up to 60 private or public libraries that are estimated to exist in Timbuktu today, although some comprise little more than a row of books on a shelf or a bookchest.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Under these circumstances, the manuscripts are vulnerable to damage and theft, as well as long term climate damage, despite Timbuktu's arid climate. Two <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbuktu Manuscripts Project">Timbuktu Manuscripts Projects</a> funded by independent universities have aimed to preserve them. In late January 2013 it was reported that rebel forces destroyed many of the manuscripts before leaving the city.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> "On Friday morning, 25 January 2013, fifteen jihadis entered the restoration and conservation rooms on the ground floor of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Baba_Institute" title="Ahmed Baba Institute">Ahmed Baba Institute</a> in Sankoré ... The men swept 4,202 manuscripts off lab tables and shelves, and carried them into the tiled courtyard ... They doused the manuscripts in gasoline ... and tossed in a lit match. The brittle pages and their dry leather covers ... were consumed by the inferno."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer2016235–236-101">[99]</a> However, there was no malicious destruction of any library or collection as most of the manuscripts were safely hidden away.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> 90% of these manuscripts were saved by the librarian Adbel Kader Haidara&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammer2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> and the population organized around the NGO "Sauvegarde et valorisation des manuscrits pour la défense de la culture islamique" (SAVAMA-DCI).<a href="#cite_note-Harding-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[107]</a> Some 350,000 manuscripts were transported to safety, and 300,000 of them were still in <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:1-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-111">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbuktu-139085.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Timbuktu-139085.jpg/220px-Timbuktu-139085.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Timbuktu-139085.jpg/330px-Timbuktu-139085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Timbuktu-139085.jpg/440px-Timbuktu-139085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Manuscripts of the Ahmed Baba Centre</figcaption></figure> During the occupation by Islamic extremists, the city's citizens embarked on a drive to save the "best written accounts of African History". Interviewed by Time magazine, the local residents claimed to have safeguarded the three hundred thousand manuscripts for generations. Many of these documents are still in the safe-keeping of the local residents, who are reluctant to give them over to the government-run Ahmed Baba Institute housed in a modern digitalization building built by the South African government in 2009. The institute houses only 10% of the manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> It was later confirmed by Jean-Michel Djian to The New Yorker that "the great majority of the manuscripts, about fifty thousand, are actually housed in the thirty-two family libraries of the 'City of 333 Saints'". He added, "Those are to this day protected." He also added that due to the massive efforts of one individual, two hundred thousand other manuscripts were successfully transported to safety.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> This effort was organized by Abdel Kader Haidara, then director of Mamma Haidara Library, using his own funds. Haidara purchased metal footlockers in which up to 300 manuscripts could be securely stored. Nearly 2,500 of these lockers were distributed to safe houses across the city. Many were later moved to Dreazen.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_04_-_61_-_Le_Touareg_Mohamed_-_Tombouctou,_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_04_-_61_-_Le_Touareg_Mohamed_-_Tombouctou%2C_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg/220px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_04_-_61_-_Le_Touareg_Mohamed_-_Tombouctou%2C_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_04_-_61_-_Le_Touareg_Mohamed_-_Tombouctou%2C_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg/330px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_04_-_61_-_Le_Touareg_Mohamed_-_Tombouctou%2C_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_04_-_61_-_Le_Touareg_Mohamed_-_Tombouctou%2C_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg/440px-ASC_Leiden_-_van_Achterberg_Collection_-_04_-_61_-_Le_Touareg_Mohamed_-_Tombouctou%2C_Mali_-_Novembre-d%C3%A9cembre_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6756" data-file-height="4450" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> man, wearing traditional attire, in Timbuktu</figcaption></figure> Although <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of Mali, today the large majority of Timbuktu's inhabitants speaks <a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Songhay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay language">Songhay language</a> that also functions as the lingua franca. Before the 1990–1994 <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_Rebellion_(1990-1995)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg Rebellion (1990-1995)">Tuareg rebellion</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassaniya">Hassaniya</a> Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tamashek</a> were represented by 10% each to an 80% dominance of the Koyra Chiini language. With Tamashek spoken by both <a href="/wiki/Ikelan" title="Ikelan">Ikelan</a> and ethnic Tuaregs, its use declined with the expulsion of many Tuaregs following the rebellion, increasing the dominance of Koyra Chiini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath19994–5-115">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, introduced together with Islam during the 11th century, has mainly been the language of scholars and religion, comparable to <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timeslibraries-116">[114]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a> is spoken by the most numerous ethnic group in Mali, the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara people</a>, it is mainly confined to the south of the country. With an improving infrastructure granting Timbuktu access to larger cities in Mali's South, use of Bambara was increasing in the city at least until Azawad independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath19994–5-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airport_in_Timbuktu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Airport_in_Timbuktu.jpg/220px-Airport_in_Timbuktu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Airport_in_Timbuktu.jpg/330px-Airport_in_Timbuktu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Airport_in_Timbuktu.jpg/440px-Airport_in_Timbuktu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Timbuktu Airport</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bactombou.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bactombou.png/220px-Bactombou.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bactombou.png/330px-Bactombou.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bactombou.png/440px-Bactombou.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Ferry on the Niger River in Timbuktu</figcaption></figure> With no railroads in Mali except for the <a href="/wiki/Dakar-Niger_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakar-Niger Railway">Dakar-Niger Railway</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Koulikoro" title="Koulikoro">Koulikoro</a>, access to Timbuktu is by road, boat or, since 1961, aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> With high water levels in the Niger from August to December, Compagnie Malienne de Navigation (COMANAV) passenger ferries operate a leg between Koulikoro and downstream <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> on a roughly weekly basis. Also requiring high water are pinasses (large motorized <a href="/wiki/Pirogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirogues">pirogues</a>), either <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">chartered</a> or public, that travel up and down the river.<a href="#cite_note-lpafrica-118">[116]</a> Both ferries and pinasses arrive at Korioumé, Timbuktu's port, which is linked to the city centre by an 18 km (11 mi) paved road running through Kabara. In 2007, access to Timbuktu's traditional port, Kabara, was restored by a <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> funded project that dredged the 3 km (2 mi) silted canal connecting Kabara to an arm of the Niger River. COMANAV ferries and pinasses are now able to reach the port when the river is in full flood.<a href="#cite_note-retour-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-119">[117]</a> Timbuktu is poorly connected to the Malian road network with only dirt roads to the neighbouring towns. Although the Niger River can be crossed by ferry at Korioumé, the roads south of the river are no better. However, a new paved road is under construction between <a href="/wiki/Niono" title="Niono">Niono</a> and Timbuktu running to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Niger_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland Niger Delta">Inland Niger Delta</a>. The 565 km (351 mi) road will pass through <a href="/wiki/Nampala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nampala">Nampala</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9r%C3%A9,_Tombouctou_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Léré, Tombouctou Region">Léré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niafunk%C3%A9" title="Niafunké">Niafunké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonka,_Tombouctou_Region" title="Tonka, Tombouctou Region">Tonka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dir%C3%A9" title="Diré">Diré</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goundam" title="Goundam">Goundam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-essor2010-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-essor2012-121">[119]</a> The completed 81 km (50 mi) section between Niono and the small village of Goma Coura was financed by the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_Corporation" title="Millennium Challenge Corporation">Millennium Challenge Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> This new section will service the Alatona irrigation system development of the <a href="/wiki/Office_du_Niger" title="Office du Niger">Office du Niger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The 484 km (301 mi) section between Goma Coura and Timbuktu is being financed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Development_Fund" title="European Development Fund">European Development Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-essor2010-120">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Airport" title="Timbuktu Airport">Timbuktu Airport</a> was served by <a href="/wiki/Air_Mali_(2005)" title="Air Mali (2005)">Air Mali</a>, hosting flights to and from Bamako, Gao and <a href="/wiki/Mopti" title="Mopti">Mopti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpafrica-118">[116]</a> until the airline suspended operations in 2014. Its 6,923 ft (2,110 m) runway in a 07/25 <a href="/wiki/Runway#Orientation_and_dimensions" title="Runway">runway orientation</a> is both lighted and paved.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Currently (July 2023), Timbuktu Airport is served by <a href="/wiki/Sky_Mali" title="Sky Mali">Sky Mali</a> to and from Bamako, using Boeing 737 aircraft. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Farka_Toure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Farka Toure">Ali Farka Toure</a> (1939–2006), a musician, known for popularizing the desert blues genre.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti" title="Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti">Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti</a> (1556–1627), a Sanhaja Berber writer, scholar and political provocateur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ibrahima_Sori" title="Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori">Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori</a> (1762–1829), a prince and Amir (commander) who was captured and sold to slave traders and transported to the United States in 1788.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamane_Alassane_Haidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamane Alassane Haidara">Mahamane Alassane Haidara</a> (1910–1981), a politician who was elected to the French Senate in 1948.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souheil_Ben-Barka" title="Souheil Ben-Barka">Souheil Ben-Barka</a> (born 1942), a Moroccan film director, screenwriter and film producer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciss%C3%A9_Mariam_Ka%C3%AFdama_Sidib%C3%A9" title="Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé">Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé</a> (1948–2021), a Malian politician, the first female prime minister of Mali.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphadi" title="Alphadi">Alphadi</a> (born 1957), a notable <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Niger" title="Demographics of Niger">Nigerien</a> fashion designer, known as the "Magician of the Desert".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Because much of the gold imported to Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries came from Timbuktu, the city has long been considered a mysterious, hidden place.<a href="#cite_note-benjaminsen-31">[30]</a> This association remains with modern Europeans and North Americans: a 2006 survey of 150 young Britons found that 34% did not believe the town existed, while the other 66% considered it "a mythical place".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_twin-125">[123]</a> This perception has been acknowledged in literature describing African history and African-European relations. In popular Western culture, Timbuktu is also often considered an idiomatic stand-in for any faraway place.<a href="#cite_note-Pelizzo-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad1983-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-127">[125]</a> The origin of this mystification lies in the excitement brought to Europe by the legendary tales, especially those by Leo Africanus in his Description of Africa. Arabic sources focused mainly on more affluent cities in the Timbuktu region, such as Gao and <a href="/wiki/Walata" class="mw-redirect" title="Walata">Walata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004-12">[11]</a> In West Africa, the city holds an image that has been compared to Europe's view on <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad1983-126">[124]</a> As such, the picture of the city as the epitome of distance and mystery is a European one.<a href="#cite_note-Pelizzo-4">[4]</a> Stories of great riches served as a catalyst for travellers to visit the inaccessible city, with prominent French explorer <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cailli%C3%A9" title="René Caillié">René Caillié</a> characterising Timbuktu as "a mass of ill-looking <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">houses built of earth</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaillié1830[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu7xjAAAAMAAJpgPA49_49_Vol._2]-128">[126]</a> This development shifted the city's reputation, from being fabled because of its gold to fabled because of its location and mystery. Being used in this sense since at least 1863, English dictionaries now cite Timbuktu as a metaphor for any faraway place.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Timbuktu plays a vital role in <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dunnett" title="Dorothy Dunnett">Dorothy Dunnett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Niccol%C3%B2" title="The House of Niccolò">House of Niccolo</a> series of historical novels, as a physical setting in Scales of Gold,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> and as a spiritual and intellectual influence throughout, through the character of Umar, a man from that city enslaved in Europe under the name Loppe, and his friendship with Nicholas, the central character of the series. The musical <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu!" title="Timbuktu!">Timbuktu!</a> premiered on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> on March 1, 1978. With lyrics by <a href="/wiki/George_Forrest_(author)" title="George Forrest (author)">George Forrest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Wright (writer)">Robert Wright</a>, set to music by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a>, Forrest and Wright and a book by <a href="/wiki/Luther_Davis" title="Luther Davis">Luther Davis</a>, it is a retelling of Forrest and Wright's musical <a href="/wiki/Kismet_(musical)" title="Kismet (musical)">Kismet</a>, changing the setting to mid-14th century Timbuktu. It starred <a href="/wiki/Eartha_Kitt" title="Eartha Kitt">Eartha Kitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Marshall_(actor)" title="William Marshall (actor)">William Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Price" title="Gilbert Price">Gilbert Price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melba_Moore" title="Melba Moore">Melba Moore</a> and George Bell. Geoffrey Holder was director, choreographer and costume designer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> Timbuktu is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hay-on-Wye" title="Hay-on-Wye">Hay-on-Wye</a>, Wales (United Kingdom)<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, Tunisia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saintes,_Charente-Maritime" title="Saintes, Charente-Maritime">Saintes</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a>, United States</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mali" title="Portal:Mali">Mali portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mali" title="List of cities in Mali">List of cities in Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Timbuktu" title="History of Timbuktu">History of Timbuktu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> "Timbuktu" – regardless of spelling, has long been used as a metaphor for "out in the middle of nowhere". E.g. "From here to Timbuktu and back."<a href="#cite_note-Pelizzo-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> A paper from 1995 says this was "apparently one of the <a href="/wiki/Maraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraka">Maraka</a> towns".<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> A book of letters to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> mentions in connexion to a letter of 1798 that explorer <a href="/wiki/Mungo_Park_(explorer)" title="Mungo Park (explorer)">Mungo Park</a> had tried unsuccessfully to find Housa and Timbuktu (1795–7). In a later expedition he went near Timbuktu while descending the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>. After being attacked many times by Africans he drowned in the river.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CGLU-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CGLU_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGLU_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agenda21culture.net/sites/default/files/files/documents/minidocuments/tombouctou_fra.pdf">"2016 TOMBOUCTOU PRIX INTERNATIONAL CGLU-VILLE DE MEXICO-CULTURE 21 CATÉGORIE VILLE/GOUVERNEMENT LOCAL GAGNANT 2016"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Cities_and_Local_Governments" title="United Cities and Local Governments">United Cities and Local Governments</a>. Retrieved 17 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+TOMBOUCTOU+PRIX+INTERNATIONAL+CGLU-VILLE+DE+MEXICO-CULTURE+21+CAT%C3%89GORIE+VILLE%2FGOUVERNEMENT+LOCAL+GAGNANT+2016&rft.pub=United+Cities+and+Local+Governments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agenda21culture.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fminidocuments%2Ftombouctou_fra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-2"><a href="#cite_ref-population_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/guide-timbuktu">"A Guide to Timbuktu"</a>. education.nationalgeographic.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.nationalgeographic.org&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Timbuktu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fguide-timbuktu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stamm-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Stamm_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStammBastianMyers1998" class="citation book cs1">Stamm, Andrea L.; Bastian, Dawn E.; Myers, Robert A. (1998). Mali, The World Bibliographical Series. Vol. 207. ABC-CLIO. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali%2C+The+World+Bibliographical+Series&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Stamm&rft.aufirst=Andrea+L.&rft.au=Bastian%2C+Dawn+E.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelizzo-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pelizzo_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelizzo_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelizzo_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelizzo_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelizzo_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelizzo2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pelizzo, Riccardo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2001.166">"Timbuktu: A Lesson in Underdevelopment"</a>. Journal of World-Systems Research. 7 (2): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2001.166">10.5195/JWSR.2001.166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=Timbuktu%3A+A+Lesson+in+Underdevelopment&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FJWSR.2001.166&rft.aulast=Pelizzo&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5195%252FJWSR.2001.166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryanddescr02porygoogpagen140mode1up_824_Vol._3]-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryanddescr02porygoogpagen140mode1up_824_Vol._3]_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryanddescr02porygoogpagen140mode1up_824_Vol._3]_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeo_Africanus1896">Leo Africanus 1896</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr02porygoog#page/n140/mode/1up">824 Vol. 3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1857[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_Yy1ufHcjtIQCpagen285_284_footnote_Vol._3]-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarth1857[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_Yy1ufHcjtIQCpagen285_284_footnote_Vol._3]_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarth1857">Barth 1857</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Yy1ufHcjtIQC/page/n285">284 footnote Vol. 3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCissoko1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cissoko, S.M (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CFXJZboYT30C">l'Empire Songhai</a> (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-4384-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-4384-7"><bdi>978-2-7384-4384-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=l%27Empire+Songhai&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-4384-7&rft.aulast=Cissoko&rft.aufirst=S.M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCFXJZboYT30C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunwick2003">Hunwick 2003</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329_note_4-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329_note_4_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunwick2003">Hunwick 2003</a>, p. 29 note 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll20029-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll20029_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInsoll2002">Insoll 2002</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004_12-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFInsoll2004">Insoll 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2002-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2002_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInsoll2002">Insoll 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntoshMcIntosh1986" class="citation journal cs1">McIntosh, Susan Keech; McIntosh, Roderick J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7328675">"Archaeological reconnaissance in the region of Timbuktu"</a>. 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World History Encyclopedia. Mark Cartwright. 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Also available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103743p">Gallica</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heath_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Heath (linguist)">Heath, Jeffrey</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93ar5YZt6SEC">A Grammar of Koyra Chiini: the Songhay of Timbuktu</a>, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110162851" title="Special:BookSources/9783110162851"><bdi>9783110162851</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Koyra+Chiini%3A+the+Songhay+of+Timbuktu&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9783110162851&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93ar5YZt6SEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunwick2003" class="citation cs2">Hunwick, John O. 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Reissued by Anchor Books, New York in 1965.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2010" class="citation cs2">Park, Douglas (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1269476/Prehistoric_Timbuktu_and_its_hinterland">"Timbuktu and its prehistoric hinterland"</a>, Antiquity, 84 (326): 1076–1088, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00067090">10.1017/S0003598X00067090</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161730981">161730981</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Timbuktu+and+its+prehistoric+hinterland&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=326&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1076-%3C%2Fspan%3E1088&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00067090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161730981%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyale.academia.edu%2FDouglasPark%2FPapers%2F1269476%2FPrehistoric_Timbuktu_and_its_hinterland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Park, Douglas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1269839/Climate_Change_Human_Response_and_the_Origins_of_Urbanism_at_Timbuktu_Archaeological_Investigations_into_the_Prehistoric_Urbanism_of_the_Timbuktu_Region_on_the_Niger_Bend_Mali_West_Africa">Climate Change, Human Response and the Origins of Urbanism at Prehistoric Timbuktu</a> (PhD). New Haven: Yale University, Department of Anthropology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Climate+Change%2C+Human+Response+and+the+Origins+of+Urbanism+at+Prehistoric+Timbuktu&rft.inst=Yale+University%2C+Department+of+Anthropology&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyale.academia.edu%2FDouglasPark%2FPapers%2F1269839%2FClimate_Change_Human_Response_and_the_Origins_of_Urbanism_at_Timbuktu_Archaeological_Investigations_into_the_Prehistoric_Urbanism_of_the_Timbuktu_Region_on_the_Niger_Bend_Mali_West_Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaad1983" class="citation cs2">Saad, Elias N. (1983), Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24603-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24603-3"><bdi>978-0-521-24603-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+History+of+Timbuktu%3A+The+Role+of+Muslim+Scholars+and+Notables+1400%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24603-3&rft.aulast=Saad&rft.aufirst=Elias+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Timbuktu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Timbuktu#Q9427" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Timbuktu" class="extiw" title="q:Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Timbuktu/">Timbuktu – World History Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Timbuktu">"Timbuktu" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 981–983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Timbuktu&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E981-%3C%2Fspan%3E983&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jeppie, Ahamil <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130626183128/http://ias.umn.edu/outcomes/symposia/mediterranean-conference-2013/program/">"A Timbuktu book collector between the Mediterranean and Sahel"</a>, Video of a presentation given at the conference The southern shores of the Mediterranean and beyond: 1800 – to the present held at the University of Minnesota in April 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9LkpJdll9A"> Ancient West Africa's Megacities</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – contains video footage of Timbuktu's Iron Age occupation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://international.loc.gov/intldl/malihtml/">Islamic Manuscripts from Mali, Library of Congress</a> – fuller presentation of the same manuscripts from the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2022" class="citation web cs1">Green, Jonathan (24 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/return-ticket/timbuktu-mali-a-true-story/14106236">"S2 07 - Timbuktu - a true story"</a> (audio (30 mins)). <a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_National" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio National">ABC Radio National</a>. Return Ticket.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Radio+National&rft.atitle=S2+07+-+Timbuktu+-+a+true+story&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Freturn-ticket%2Ftimbuktu-mali-a-true-story%2F14106236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> Features interviews with <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Schneider" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynthia Schneider">Cynthia Schneider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manny_Ansar" class="mw-redirect" title="Manny Ansar">Manny Ansar</a>, co-directors of the Timbuktu Renaissance, and Lazare Eloundou Assomo, director of UNESCO World Heritage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220114548/http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.COMPILATION.HERITAGE-SITE.Timbucktu">Timbuktu materials in the Aluka digital library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001894/189454e.pdf">Timbuktu manuscripts: Africa's written history unveiled</a>, The UNESCO Courier, 2007–5, pp. 7–9</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000666/066613eo.pdf#66052">Ancient chroniclers of West Africa's past; journeys of discovery through the 'country of the black people'</a>, The UNESCO Courier, October 1959</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114174219/http://www.ghn.globalheritagefund.org/explore.php?id=1126">Timbuktu on Global Heritage Network</a> – early warning and threat monitoring system for endangered cultural heritage sites</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slidespost.com/slides/3661/Timbuktu">Presentation showing images of Timbuktu</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchNet.org" class="citation web cs1">ArchNet.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130414071957/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2181&collection_id=23">"Timbuctu"</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2181&collection_id=23">the original</a> on 14 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timbuctu&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+School+of+Architecture+and+Planning&rft.au=ArchNet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Flibrary%2Fplaces%2Fone-place.jsp%3Fplace_id%3D2181%26collection_id%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Niger_river_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niger River"><img alt="Niger River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Niger_river_map.svg/90px-Niger_river_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Niger_river_map.svg/135px-Niger_river_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Niger_river_map.svg/180px-Niger_river_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="566" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tembakounda" title="Tembakounda">Source of the Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Niger" title="Middle Niger">Middle Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Niger (page does not exist)">Lower Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tributaries (<a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Niger" title="List of tributaries of the Niger">list</a>) and distributaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinkisso_River" title="Tinkisso River">Tinkisso River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarani_River" title="Sankarani River">Sankarani River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_River" title="Milo River">Milo River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_River" title="Bani River">Bani River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekrou_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekrou River">Mekrou River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibori_River" title="Alibori River">Alibori River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_River" title="Sokoto River">Sokoto River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sota_River" title="Sota River">Sota River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduna_River" title="Kaduna River">Kaduna River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benue_River" title="Benue River">Benue River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anambra_River" title="Anambra River">Anambra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcados_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Forcados River">Forcados River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_River" title="Nun River">Nun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_River" title="Brass River">Brass River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siguiri" title="Siguiri">Siguiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou" title="Ségou">Segou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopti" title="Mopti">Mopti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokoja" title="Lokoja">Lokoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kainji_Lake" title="Kainji Lake">Kainji Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_D%C3%A9bo" title="Lake Débo">Lac Debo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dams and bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Bridge_(Bamako)" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fahd Bridge (Bamako)">King Fahd Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Bridge_(Bamako)" title="Martyrs Bridge (Bamako)">Martyrs Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markala" title="Markala">Markala Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Bridge (page does not exist)">Gao Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Bridge_(Niamey)" title="Kennedy Bridge (Niamey)">Kennedy Bridge </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainji_Dam" title="Kainji Dam">Kainji Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebba_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Jebba Hydroelectric Power Station">Jebba Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Niger_Bridge_(Onitsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Niger Bridge (Onitsha)">River Niger Bridge (Onitsha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protected areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Basin_Authority" title="Niger Basin Authority">Niger Basin Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_of_Upper_Niger" title="National Park of Upper Niger">National Park of Upper Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_National_Park" title="W National Park">W National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainji_National_Park" title="Kainji National Park">Kainji National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_boat_disaster" title="Kebbi boat disaster">Kebbi boat disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara_boat_disaster" title="Kwara boat disaster">Kwara boat disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbaru_boat_disaster" title="Ogbaru boat disaster">Ogbaru boat disaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mali&#124;link=Mali_Communes_and_towns_of_Tombouctou_Region276" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communes_of_the_Tombouctou_Region" title="Template:Communes of the Tombouctou Region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communes_of_the_Tombouctou_Region" title="Template talk:Communes of the Tombouctou Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communes_of_the_Tombouctou_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communes of the Tombouctou Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mali&#124;link=Mali_Communes_and_towns_of_Tombouctou_Region276" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Mali" title="Communes of Mali">Communes and towns of Tombouctou Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timbuktu</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dir%C3%A9_Cercle" title="Diré Cercle">Diré Cercle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dir%C3%A9" title="Diré">Diré</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dir%C3%A9" title="Diré">Diré</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binga,_Mali" title="Binga, Mali">Binga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sarakoira" title="Sarakoira">Sarakoira</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arham" title="Arham">Arham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arham" title="Arham">Arham</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourem_Sidi_Amar" title="Bourem Sidi Amar">Bourem Sidi Amar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bourem_Sidi_Amar" title="Bourem Sidi Amar">Bourem Sidi Amar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangha" title="Dangha">Dangha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dangha" title="Dangha">Dangha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbako%C3%AFra" title="Garbakoïra">Garbakoïra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garbako%C3%AFra" title="Garbakoïra">Garbakoïra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibongo" title="Haibongo">Haibongo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haibongo" title="Haibongo">Haibongo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchamba" title="Kirchamba">Kirchamba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kirchamba" title="Kirchamba">Kirchamba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondi" title="Kondi">Kondi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kondi" title="Kondi">Kondi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sareyamou" title="Sareyamou">Sareyamou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sareyamou" title="Sareyamou">Sareyamou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tienkour" title="Tienkour">Tienkour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tienkour" title="Tienkour">Tienkour</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindirma" title="Tindirma">Tindirma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tindirma" title="Tindirma">Tindirma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinguereguif" title="Tinguereguif">Tinguereguif</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gari,_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Gari, Mali">Gari</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_Tombouctou.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mali_Tombouctou.png/180px-Mali_Tombouctou.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mali_Tombouctou.png/270px-Mali_Tombouctou.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mali_Tombouctou.png/360px-Mali_Tombouctou.png 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goundam_Cercle" title="Goundam Cercle">Goundam Cercle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goundam" title="Goundam">Goundam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goundam" title="Goundam">Goundam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzounoub" title="Alzounoub">Alzounoub</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sonima" title="Sonima">Sonima</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintagoungou" title="Bintagoungou">Bintagoungou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bintagoungou" title="Bintagoungou">Bintagoungou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douekire" class="mw-redirect" title="Douekire">Douekire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Douekire" class="mw-redirect" title="Douekire">Douekire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarmalane" title="Adarmalane">Adarmalane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adarmalane" title="Adarmalane">Adarmalane</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargando" title="Gargando">Gargando</a> (Gargando)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Bery" title="Issa Bery">Issa Bery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toucabangou" title="Toucabangou">Toucabangou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaneye" title="Kaneye">Kaneye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaneye" title="Kaneye">Kaneye</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukouria" title="Doukouria">Doukouria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doukouria" title="Doukouria">Doukouria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27Bouna" title="M'Bouna">M'Bouna</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%27Bouna" title="M'Bouna">M'Bouna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilemsi,_Tombouctou" title="Tilemsi, Tombouctou">Tilemsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kel_Malha" title="Kel Malha">Kel Malha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tele,_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tele, Mali">Tele</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hangab%C3%A9ra" title="Hangabéra">Hangabéra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essakane" title="Essakane">Essakane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essakane" title="Essakane">Essakane</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raz_El_Ma" title="Raz El Ma">Raz El Ma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Raz_El_Ma" title="Raz El Ma">Raz El Ma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_Aicha" title="Tin Aicha">Tin Aicha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin_Aicha" title="Tin Aicha">Tin Aicha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonka,_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonka, Mali">Tonka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tonka,_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonka, Mali">Tonka</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gourma-Rharous_Cercle" title="Gourma-Rharous Cercle">Gourma-Rharous Cercle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gourma-Rharous" title="Gourma-Rharous">Gourma-Rharous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gourma-Rharous" title="Gourma-Rharous">Gourma-Rharous</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_Maoud%C3%A9" title="Bambara Maoudé">Bambara Maoudé</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bambara_Maoud%C3%A9" title="Bambara Maoudé">Bambara Maoudé</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banikane,_Gourma-Rharous" title="Banikane, Gourma-Rharous">Banikane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banikane,_Gourma-Rharous" title="Banikane, Gourma-Rharous">Banikane</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossi" title="Gossi">Gossi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gossi" title="Gossi">Gossi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribomo" title="Haribomo">Haribomo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daka_Fifo" title="Daka Fifo">Daka Fifo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inadiatafane" title="Inadiatafane">Inadiatafane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inadiatafane" title="Inadiatafane">Inadiatafane</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouinerden" title="Ouinerden">Ouinerden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adiora" title="Adiora">Adiora</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanzakoma" title="Hanzakoma">Hanzakoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minkiri" title="Minkiri">Minkiri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9r%C3%A9r%C3%A9,_Mali" title="Séréré, Mali">Séréré</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madiakoye" title="Madiakoye">Madiakoye</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niafunk%C3%A9_Cercle" title="Niafunké Cercle">Niafunké Cercle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soboundou" title="Soboundou">Soboundou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niafunk%C3%A9" title="Niafunké">Niafunké</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banikane_Narhawa" title="Banikane Narhawa">Banikane Narhawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banikane,_Gourma-Rharous" title="Banikane, Gourma-Rharous">Banikane</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koumaira" title="Koumaira">Koumaira</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koumaira" title="Koumaira">Koumaira</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9r%C3%A9,_Mali" title="Léré, Mali">Léré</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9r%C3%A9,_Mali" title="Léré, Mali">Léré</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianke" title="Dianke">Dianke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dianke" title="Dianke">Dianke</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Gorkou" title="N'Gorkou">N'Gorkou</a> (<a href="/wiki/N%27Gorkou" title="N'Gorkou">N'Gorkou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fittouga" title="Fittouga">Fittouga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saraf%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Saraféré">Saraféré</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumpi" title="Soumpi">Soumpi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soumpi" title="Soumpi">Soumpi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Cercle" title="Timbuktu Cercle">Timbuktu Cercle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombouctou_Region" title="Tombouctou Region">Tombouctou</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tombouctou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafia,_Mali" title="Lafia, Mali">Lafia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aglal" title="Aglal">Aglal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alafia" title="Alafia">Alafia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toya,_Tombouctou" title="Toya, Tombouctou">Toya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ber,_Mali" title="Ber, Mali">Ber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ber,_Mali" title="Ber, Mali">Ber</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourem-Inaly" title="Bourem-Inaly">Bourem-Inaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bourem-Inaly" title="Bourem-Inaly">Bourem-Inaly</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabara,_Mali" title="Kabara, Mali">Kabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salam,_Mali" title="Salam, Mali">Salam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agouni" title="Agouni">Agouni</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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