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title="Hakham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hakham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacham" title="Chacham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chacham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajam" title="Jajam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jajam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="خاخام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاخام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hakham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9D" title="חכם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חכם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haham" title="Haham – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Haham" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хахам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хахам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хахам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хахам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1058384#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wise man or rabbi in Judaism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Talmid_Chakham" title="Talmid Chakham">Talmid Chakham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stefan_Luchain_Hahamul_din_Moinesti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stefan_Luchain_Hahamul_din_Moinesti.jpg/220px-Stefan_Luchain_Hahamul_din_Moinesti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Stefan_Luchain_Hahamul_din_Moinesti.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><i>The Hakham of <a href="/wiki/Moine%C8%99ti" title="Moinești">Moinești</a></i> (<i>Hahamul din Moineşti</i>), <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Luchian" title="Ștefan Luchian">Ștefan Luchian</a>, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Hakham</b></i> (or <i>Chakam(i), Haham(i), Hacham(i), Hach</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חכם</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥāḵām</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Wise') is a term in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> meaning a wise or skillful man; it often refers to someone who is a great <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> scholar. It can also refer to any cultured and learned person: "He who says a wise thing is called a <i>Hakham</i>, even if he be not a Jew."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, in <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrashic</a> literature, wise <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentiles</a> are commonly called <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hakhmei ummot ha-'olam</i></span></i> ("wise men of the nations of the world"). In <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> usage, <i>hakham</i> is a synonym for "<a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_ancient_times">In ancient times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hakham</i> as an official title is found as early as the first <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>, after the reconstruction of that body, when the Hadrianic religious persecutions had ceased. In addition to the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">nasi</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Gamliel" title="Simeon ben Gamliel">Simeon ben Gamliel</a>, two other scholars stood at the head of the Sanhedrin, namely <a href="/wiki/Nathan_the_Babylonian" title="Nathan the Babylonian">Nathan the Babylonian</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Av_Beit_Din" title="Av Beit Din">Av Beit Din</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a> as <i>hakham</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hakham mentioned by name was Simon, the son of <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a>, who after the death of his father officiated as <i>hakham</i>, with his elder brother the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">nasi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact functions of the <i>hakham</i> are not clear. Rapoport's suggestion that he was the arbiter in matters of ritual prohibition and permission is highly improbable. <a href="/wiki/Zecharias_Frankel" title="Zecharias Frankel">Zecharias Frankel</a> looks upon the <i>hakham</i> as a presiding officer whose duty it was to examine a case in question from all points of view, and, having summed up the results, to present the matter for discussion. It is more probable, however, that the office of <i>hakham</i> was created in order to secure a majority in cases of difference of opinion between the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">nasi</i></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Av_Beit_Din" title="Av Beit Din">Av Beit Din</a> in the affairs of the Sanhedrin; one of the most eminent scholars was always chosen for the post. A <a href="/wiki/Baraita" title="Baraita">baraita</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moed_Kattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Moed Kattan">Moed Kattan</a> 22b leads to the inference that the hakham was always the director of a school (<a href="/wiki/Bet_midrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet midrash">bet midrash</a>), for in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin#Powers" title="Sanhedrin">Great Sanhedrin</a>, which later came to take the place of an academy, there were also private academies under the direction of eminent scholars. The origin of the office of <i>hakham</i> is as doubtful as its duration. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the "wise man" was mostly depicted as a practical figure in varied contexts. In Isaiah 40:20 a "wise craftsman" (haras hakam) builds an idol. Similarly, the <i>leb-hakam</i> or "skilled craftsmen" of Exodus 35 make the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>, it's lamps and oil, the <a href="/wiki/Shemen_(bible)#Ritual_uses" title="Shemen (bible)">anointing oil</a>, the altar of burnt offering and its bronze gate, its utensils (all of them), and the woven vestments of Aaron and his sons.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankel thinks that <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Hananiah" title="Joshua ben Hananiah">Joshua ben Hananiah</a> (early 2nd century) was the first hakham. He does not sufficiently support this assertion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The office seems to have existed in Palestine as long as the academy of the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">nasi</i></span>. An <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">amora</a> of the fourth century recounts the following rule of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_customs_of_etiquette" title="Jewish customs of etiquette">etiquette</a>, still observed in his time: "When the <i>hakham</i> appears in the academy everyone present must rise as soon as he comes within four ells of him, and must remain standing until he has gone four ells beyond". It is hardly possible that the office of <i>hakham</i> existed in <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a>). where the relation of the <a href="/wiki/Exilarch" title="Exilarch">exilarch</a> to the heads of the academy was entirely different from that existing in <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Syria_Palaestina" title="Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina">Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina</a> between the latter and the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">nasi</i></span>. Here, <i>hakham</i> was merely the term for a Jewish scholar who studied chiefly oral traditions. The terms <i><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">sofer</a></i> "scribe" and <i>qārāʾ</i> "reciter, reader" were applied to Bible scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Zutta" title="Seder Olam Zutta">Seder Olam Zutta</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> every exilarch is accompanied by a <i>hakham</i>, who probably had charge of the religious affairs of the exilarchate; but as this work originated in Palestine, the author probably applied Palestinian conditions to Babylon. The Syrian <a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a>, who had met only Babylonian Jews, mentions a man "who is called the 'hakkima' of the Jews",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this too may mean "the wise man" of the Jews. The plural, <i>hakhamim</i>, is generally used in the Talmud, and also by the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a>, to designate the majority of scholars as against a single authority. The Aramean equivalent is "rabbanan." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Among_the_Sephardim">Among the Sephardim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Among the Sephardim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a>, <i>hakham</i> is the official title of the local rabbi, but it is not known how old the title is. <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_ibn_Aderet" title="Shlomo ibn Aderet">Shlomo ibn Aderet</a> addresses some of his responsa to people with <i>lehakham Rabbi...</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others again with "larab Rabbi...",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is possible that <i>lehakham</i> simply means "to the wise." </p><p>The surname <i>Hacham</i> is found among both Sephardic and Ashkenazic Jews, including variations such as <i>Hach</i>, <i>Hachami</i>, <i>Hachamovich</i>, <i>Hachamson</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Muslim_countries">In Muslim countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Muslim countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> was often called a <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥākhām</i></span></i> because <i>al-Rab</i> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">names of God in Islam</a> and may have caused offense due to misunderstanding. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was called the <a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a> (Hahambaşı <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">حاخامباشی</span></span>). Although the word <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥākhām</i></span></i> is derived from the common <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic root</a> <i><span title="Semitic languages romanization"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥ</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">K</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">M</a></i></span></i>, the second consonant is generally spelled with a <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">ḫāʾ</a></i></span></i> ⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خ</span></span>⟩ in Arabic and in languages that use <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> to reflect the Hebrew pronunciation: <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حاخام</span></span>. The term is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> to the Arabic words <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حاكم</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥākim</i></span></i> (ruler/lord) and <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حكيم</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥakīm</i></span></i> (wise man). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karaite_Judaism">Karaite Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Karaite Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sima_Babovich" title="Sima Babovich">Sima Babovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Firkovich" title="Abraham Firkovich">Abraham Firkovich</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>, spiritual leaders are called <i>hakham</i> to distinguish them from their <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic</a> (i.e. non-Karaite) counterparts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since Karaite theology is based on the use of reason by individuals to determine the applications of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>'s laws for themselves, the role of a <i>hakham</i> is more "advisory" than that of a rabbi in mainstream <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, Megillah 16a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, Horayot 13b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, Ketubot 103b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZimmerli" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerli, Walther. <i>Old Testament Theology in Outline</i>. Bloomsbury. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Theology+in+Outline&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.aulast=Zimmerli&rft.aufirst=Walther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHakham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiddushin 49a,b; Sotah 49a; Yerushalmi Sotah 9 23b; Yerushalmi Ta'anit 4 68a, where "ḥakkim" is used ironically for the ḥakam of the academy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"M. J. C." ed. Neubauer, pp. 71 et seq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Homilies", xxiv., ed. Wright, p. 394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Responsa, Nos. 79, 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nos. 219, 346</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSolomon_Schechter_and_Louis_Ginzberg1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Solomon Schechter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a> (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=96&letter=H">"Ḥakam"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4akam&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.au=Solomon+Schechter+and+Louis+Ginzberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D96%26letter%3DH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHakham" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_Frankel" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah Frankel">Zechariah Frankel</a>, in Monatsschrift, i. 345-349</li> <li>idem, <i>Darkhe ha-Mishnah</i>, p. 154, and Supplement, pp. 7, 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Isaac_Halevy_Rabinowitz" title="Yitzhak Isaac Halevy Rabinowitz">Halévy</a>, <i>Dorot ha-Rishonim</i>, ii. 20 (to the passages cited by Halévy add Yer. Mak. ii. 31d)</li> <li>Rapoport, '<i>Erekh Millin</i>, p. 2.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakham&oldid=1271918428">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakham&oldid=1271918428</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rabbis" title="Category:Rabbis">Rabbis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_rabbinic_roles_and_titles" title="Category:Orthodox rabbinic roles and titles">Orthodox rabbinic roles and titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hebrew_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Hebrew words and phrases">Hebrew words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sephardi_Jews_topics" title="Category:Sephardi Jews topics">Sephardi Jews topics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ottoman_Turkish_(1500-1928)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text">Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia_without_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 January 2025, at 09:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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