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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rocksteady</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokstedio" title="Rokstedio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rokstedio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9D%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%94%94" title="록스테디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="록스테디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Ռոքսթեդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոքսթեդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%93%D7%99" title="רוקסטדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוקסטדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="როკსტედი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როკსტედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ロックステディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロックステディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Рокстеди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рокстеди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rocksteady" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Рокстеді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рокстеді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%8B%8D%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A" title="慢拍摇滚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="慢拍摇滚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q573484#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Music genre that originated in Jamaica around 1966</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the music genre. For the video game developer, see <a href="/wiki/Rocksteady_Studios" title="Rocksteady Studios">Rocksteady Studios</a>. 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Rocksteady</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Mid-1960s, Jamaica</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Reggae_fusion" title="Reggae fusion">Reggae fusion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rocksteady</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> that originated in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> around 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A successor of <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> and a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, rocksteady was the dominant style of music in Jamaica for nearly two years, performed by many of the artists who helped establish reggae, including harmony groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_Techniques" title="The Techniques">the Techniques</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Paragons" title="The Paragons">the Paragons</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Heptones" title="The Heptones">the Heptones</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Gaylads" title="The Gaylads">the Gaylads</a>; soulful singers such as <a href="/wiki/Alton_Ellis" title="Alton Ellis">Alton Ellis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-zonareggae_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zonareggae-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Delroy_Wilson" title="Delroy Wilson">Delroy Wilson</a>, Bob Andy, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Boothe" title="Ken Boothe">Ken Boothe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Dillon" title="Phyllis Dillon">Phyllis Dillon</a>; musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mittoo" title="Jackie Mittoo">Jackie Mittoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Taitt" title="Lynn Taitt">Lynn Taitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_McCook" title="Tommy McCook">Tommy McCook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>rocksteady</i> comes from a popular (slower) dance style mentioned in the Alton Ellis song "Rocksteady", that matched the new sound. Some rocksteady songs became hits outside Jamaica, as with ska, helping to secure the international base reggae music has today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocksteady&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png/350px-Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png/525px-Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png/700px-Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Ska/rocksteady rhythm<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/76\/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.mid\/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ska-Rock Steady on D and Em64.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.mid/Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ska-Rock_Steady_on_D_and_Em64.mid" title="File:Ska-Rock Steady on D and Em64.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Jamaican musicians and producers who developed rocksteady had grown up learning and playing jazz and had played through ska. In a similar way to what happened at Motown, the musicians responsible for playing this new sound would go to a jazz club after work. </p><p>Other influences were: most notably, American <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> - Fats Domino, Louis Jordan and many others - <a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">mento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso music</a> and African Drumming feature, too. By the time rocksteady came around American Soul music was strong and that had an influence as well. </p><p>The tempo became slower with the development of rocksteady than it had been in ska.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guitar and piano players began to experiment with occasional accents around the basic offbeat pattern. </p><p>The slowing that occurred with rocksteady allowed bass players to explore more fat, dark, loose, slow tones than ska bass.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slower tempo and smaller band-sizes in turn led to a much larger focus on the bass line in general, which eventually became one of the recognizable characteristics of Jamaican music. In rocksteady, the lead guitar often doubles the bass line, in the muted picking style created by <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Taitt" title="Lynn Taitt">Lynn Taitt</a> (as on "Run for Cover" by <a href="/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry" title="Lee "Scratch" Perry">Lee "Scratch" Perry</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lyrics">Lyrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocksteady&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due in part to the heavy borrowing from US soul songs, many rocksteady songs are love songs; e.g. "Sharing You" by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Buster" title="Prince Buster">Prince Buster</a>, which is a cover of a soul singer <a href="/wiki/Mitty_Collier" title="Mitty Collier">Mitty Collier</a>'s original, and "Queen Majesty" by <a href="/wiki/The_Techniques" title="The Techniques">the Techniques</a>, which is a cover of "Minstrel and Queen" by <a href="/wiki/The_Impressions" title="The Impressions">the Impressions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are rocksteady songs about religion and the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a>, though not to the same extent as in reggae. Rocksteady coincided with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">rude boys</a> and some rocksteady songs reflect this (usually negatively) such as "Rude Boy Gone A Jail" by <a href="/wiki/The_Clarendonians" title="The Clarendonians">the Clarendonians</a> and, most famously, "Judge Dread" by Prince Buster.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alton Ellis was anti-rudie,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Apparently "rudie" here is short for "rude boy", which seems to be both a cultural movement and a subgenre of music. The text should specify what exactly Ellis opposed. Also many readers won't understand "rudie" and it should be briefly explained (and also wikilinked, but not *only* wikilinked). (April 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Alton Ellis and the Flames' "Cry Tough", released before the term rocksteady was in vogue,<sup id="cite_ref-LarkinGE_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarkinGE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> urged Jamaicans in the ghettos to stay tough through the hard times.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocksteady&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a popular musical style, rocksteady was short-lived - the genre's heyday only lasted about two years, from around summer 1966 until spring 1968. However, its influence can still be heard in rhythms used today. </p><p>Also, in the middle to later part of the decade, as ska began to fade in popularity and the optimism that accompanied Independence in 1962 dwindled, young people from the Jamaican countryside were flooding into the urban <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>—in neighborhoods such as Riverton City, Greenwich Town and <a href="/wiki/Trenchtown" title="Trenchtown">Trenchtown</a>. Many of them became delinquents who exuded a certain coolness and style. These unruly youths became known as <a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">rude boys</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alton_Ellis" title="Alton Ellis">Alton Ellis</a> is sometimes said to be the father of rocksteady for his hit "Rocksteady";<sup id="cite_ref-zonareggae_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zonareggae-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, other candidates for the first rocksteady single include "Take It Easy" by <a href="/wiki/Hopeton_Lewis" title="Hopeton Lewis">Hopeton Lewis</a>, "Tougher Than Tough" by <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Morgan" title="Derrick Morgan">Derrick Morgan</a> and "Hold Them" by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Shirley" title="Roy Shirley">Roy Shirley</a>. </p><p>One account of rocksteady's inception comes from the film "Studio One Drummie and the history of rocksteady music": rock steady music started at Studio One in 1966 because when Joe Isaacs at age 15 replaced Skatalites drummer Lloyd Knibbs, Isaacs could not play drums fast enough to keep up with the pace of ska - music director Jackie Mittoo (The Mozart of Jamaica), slowed down the tempo. </p><p>Another account comes from a Jamaican radio interview, pianist <a href="/wiki/Gladstone_Anderson" title="Gladstone Anderson">Gladstone Anderson</a> said that bandleader <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Taitt" title="Lynn Taitt">Lynn Taitt</a> made a suggestion to slow the music down whilst recording "Take It Easy".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taitt backed this up in a 2002 interview, stating: "I told 'Gladdy to slow the tempo and that's how Take It Easy and rocksteady came about. Rocksteady is really slow ska."<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rocksteady's dominance meant that all record labels of the time released music in the genre; Studio One, Treasure Isle, Bunny Lee and Prince Buster were predominant. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producer</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_Reid" title="Duke Reid">Duke Reid</a> released Alton Ellis' "Girl I've Got a Date" on his Treasure Isle label, as well as recordings by <a href="/wiki/The_Techniques" title="The Techniques">the Techniques</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Silvertones" title="The Silvertones">the Silvertones</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jamaicans" title="The Jamaicans">the Jamaicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Paragons" title="The Paragons">the Paragons</a>. Reid's work with these groups helped establish the vocal sound of rocksteady.<sup id="cite_ref-LarkinGE_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarkinGE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some would consider the rocksteady years to be Treasure Isle's best. </p><p>Notable solo artists include <a href="/wiki/Delroy_Wilson" title="Delroy Wilson">Delroy Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Boothe" title="Ken Boothe">Ken Boothe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Dillon" title="Phyllis Dillon">Phyllis Dillon</a> (known as the "Queen of Rocksteady"). Other musicians who were crucial in creating rocksteady included keyboard player <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mittoo" title="Jackie Mittoo">Jackie Mittoo</a>, drummers Joe Isaacs and Winston Grennan, bassist Jackie Jackson and saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Tommy_McCook" title="Tommy McCook">Tommy McCook</a>. When ska band <a href="/wiki/The_Skatalites" title="The Skatalites">the Skatalites</a> disbanded (64/65—accounts vary) McCook went to work at the Treasure Isle label and Jackie Mittoo went to the Studio One label—these two artists/arrangers became instrumental in the way these two labels became dominant and helped to form the sound of Rocksteady. </p><p>Despite its short lifespan, rocksteady's influence is great. Many reggae artists began in rocksteady (and/or ska)—most commonly reggae singers grew out of rocksteady groups, e.g., Junior Byles came from the Versatiles, John Holt was in the Paragons, both Pat Kelly and Slim Smith sang with the Techniques (Pat Kelly sings lead on "You Don't Care") and Ronnie Davis was in the Tennors while <a href="/wiki/Winston_Jarrett" title="Winston Jarrett">Winston Jarrett</a> was in the Righteous Flames. The Wailing Wailers were similarly a vocal harmony trio (modelled on the Impressions) who came from ska, through rocksteady and became a reggae band with just the one main vocalist. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Harriott" title="Derrick Harriott">Derrick Harriott</a> noted, "Ask any Jamaican musician and they'll tell you the rocksteady days were the best days of Jamaican music."<sup id="cite_ref-Music_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Music-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transformation_into_reggae">Transformation into reggae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocksteady&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transformation into reggae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several factors contributed to the evolution of rocksteady into reggae in the late 1960s. The emigration to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> of key musical <a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">arrangers</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mittoo" title="Jackie Mittoo">Jackie Mittoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Taitt" title="Lynn Taitt">Lynn Taitt</a>—and the upgrading of Jamaican studio technology—had a marked effect on the sound and style of the recordings. Bass patterns became more complex and increasingly dominated the arrangements, and the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> gave way to the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">electric organ</a>. Other developments included horns fading farther into the background; the introduction of a scratchier, more percussive rhythm guitar; the addition of African-style hand drumming, and a more precise, intricate and aggressive drumming style. </p><p>Also around this time (1969–70) the use of a vocal-free or lead instrument-free dub or B-side "version" became popular in Jamaica; at the beginning this involved the use of rocksteady tracks, most notably with U-Roy <a href="/wiki/Deejay_(Jamaican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deejay (Jamaican)">deejaying</a> over Treasure Isle rhythms (made by a young Osbourne Ruddock, later known as <a href="/wiki/King_Tubby" title="King Tubby">King Tubby</a>, beginning with "Wake the Town"). Indeed, this collaboration provided rocksteady with an afterlife as U-Roy rocksteady-based songs rode high in the charts (1970–71), even as reggae began to establish itself as the new sound. </p><p>By the late 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a> became more popular in Jamaica and rocksteady became less popular.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many reggae songs became focused less on romance and more on black consciousness, politics and protest. The release of the 1972 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harder_They_Come" title="The Harder They Come">The Harder They Come</a></i> and the rise of Jamaican superstar Bob Marley brought reggae to an international level that rocksteady never reached. </p><p>Although rocksteady was a short-lived phase of Jamaican popular music, its influence on what came after: reggae, <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a> is significant. Many bass lines originally created for rocksteady songs continue to be used in contemporary Jamaican music. Such as the rhythm from "Never Let Go" by <a href="/wiki/Slim_Smith" title="Slim Smith">Slim Smith</a> (sometimes known as the 'answer rhythm') and "Real Rock" both from the Studio One label; "My Conversation" also sung by Slim Smith, produced by Bunny Lee; "Queen Majesty" sung by the Techniques and "Lonely Street" by the Conquerors, both for Treasure Isle label. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocksteady&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocksteady_musicians" title="List of rocksteady musicians">List of rocksteady musicians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocksteady&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BBC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00ym9n4/Rocksteady_The_Roots_of_Reggae/">"Rocksteady: The Roots of Reggae"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocksteady%3A+The+Roots+of+Reggae&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fiplayer%2Fepisode%2Fb00ym9n4%2FRocksteady_The_Roots_of_Reggae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocksteady" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zonareggae-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zonareggae_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zonareggae_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zonareggae.wordpress.com/2007/04/13/zonareggae-reviews-many-moods-ofalton-ellis/">"ZonaReGGae reviews "Many Moods of…Alton Ellis"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Zonareggae.wordpress.com</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zonareggae.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=ZonaReGGae+reviews+%22Many+Moods+of%E2%80%A6Alton+Ellis%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzonareggae.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F04%2F13%2Fzonareggae-reviews-many-moods-ofalton-ellis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocksteady" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeyo" class="citation web cs1">Keyo, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tallawah.com/articles-reviews/from-the-aces-to-the-zodiacs-a-primer-in-jamaican-rock-steady/">"From The Aces To The Zodiacs, A Primer in Jamaican Rock Steady"</a>. <i>Tallawah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tallawah.com&rft.atitle=From+The+Aces+To+The+Zodiacs%2C+A+Primer+in+Jamaican+Rock+Steady&rft.aulast=Keyo&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftallawah.com%2Farticles-reviews%2Ffrom-the-aces-to-the-zodiacs-a-primer-in-jamaican-rock-steady%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocksteady" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, Richard (2004). <i>How to Play Rhythm Guitar</i>, p. 72. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-811-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-811-7">0-87930-811-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomer" class="citation web cs1">Romer, Megan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liveabout.com/difference-between-ska-and-reggae-3552831">"Learn the Difference Between Ska and Reggae Music"</a>. <i>Liveabout.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liveabout.com&rft.atitle=Learn+the+Difference+Between+Ska+and+Reggae+Music&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveabout.com%2Fdifference-between-ska-and-reggae-3552831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocksteady" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smartbassguitar.com/reggae-bass-ultimate-guide/">"Reggae Bass and Reggae Music: Everything You Need to Know"</a>. <i>Smartbassguitar.com</i>. 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Omnibus Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-034-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-034-2"><bdi>978-0-85712-034-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lynntaitt.com">the original</a> on 17 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lynntaitt.com&rft.atitle=Lynn+Taitt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lynntaitt.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocksteady" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Howard (2012), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/Gladstone-Anderson--Key-player-in-rocksteady-s-genesis_11568423">Gladstone Anderson: Key player in rocksteady’s genesis</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Observer" title="Jamaica Observer">Jamaica Observer</a></i>, 1 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Music-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Music_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDu_Noyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Du Noyer, Paul (2003). <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music</i> (1st ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904041-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-904041-96-5"><bdi>1-904041-96-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Music&rft.place=Fulham%2C+London&rft.pages=352&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Flame+Tree+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-904041-96-5&rft.aulast=Du+Noyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocksteady" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2005" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Klive (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dubwisereasoning00walker"><i>Dubwise: Reasoning from the Reggae Underground</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Insomniac_Press" title="Insomniac Press">Insomniac Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894663-96-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894663-96-0"><bdi>978-1-894663-96-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dubwise%3A+Reasoning+from+the+Reggae+Underground&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Insomniac+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-894663-96-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Klive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdubwisereasoning00walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocksteady" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocksteady&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rocksteadyrootsofreggae.com/">Rocksteady: The Roots of Reggae (2009 documentary film)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211011024/http://reggaetrain.com/innahistory.asp">The History of Jamaican Music: Rock Steady</a>, ReggaeTrain.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niceup.com/history/ja_music_59-73.html">The History of Jamaican Music 1959-1973</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_record_producers" title="List of Jamaican record producers">Jamaican record producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(record_label)" title="Studio One (record label)">Studio One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Records" title="Trojan Records">Trojan Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Beat_Records" title="Blue Beat Records">Blue Beat Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Tone_Records" title="2 Tone Records">2 Tone Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Ska_Records" title="Moon Ska Records">Moon Ska Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Man_Records" title="Asian Man Records">Asian Man Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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Hall (Jamaican)">Dance hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">List of Caribbean music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ska_musicians" title="List of ska musicians">List of ska musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Business_Suit_Levitating_emoji" title="Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji">Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skank_(dance)" title="Skank (dance)">Skank (dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_stroke" title="Ska stroke">Ska stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound system (Jamaican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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</div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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