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id="toc-Crew_on_PT-109's_last_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew_on_PT-109's_last_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Crew on <i>PT-109</i><span>'</span>s last mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew_on_PT-109's_last_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Blackett_Strait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Blackett_Strait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Battle of Blackett Strait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Blackett_Strait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Failure_of_the_PTs'_torpedoes_in_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_the_PTs'_torpedoes_in_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Failure of the PTs' torpedoes in action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_the_PTs'_torpedoes_in_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_PT-109_from_her_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_PT-109_from_her_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Separation of <i>PT-109</i> from her division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_PT-109_from_her_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rammed_by_Amagiri,_2_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rammed_by_Amagiri,_2_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Rammed by <i>Amagiri</i>, 2 August</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rammed_by_Amagiri,_2_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PT-109_explodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PT-109_explodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span><i>PT-109</i> explodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PT-109_explodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival,_swim_to_Plum_Pudding_Island,_2_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival,_swim_to_Plum_Pudding_Island,_2_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Survival, swim to Plum Pudding Island, 2 August</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival,_swim_to_Plum_Pudding_Island,_2_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additional_swims,_2,_4,_and_5_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_swims,_2,_4,_and_5_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Additional swims, 2, 4, and 5 August</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_swims,_2,_4,_and_5_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rescue</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rescue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rescue subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rescue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aerial_search_of_PT-109_sinking_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerial_search_of_PT-109_sinking_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aerial search of <i>PT-109</i> sinking site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerial_search_of_PT-109_sinking_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastwatchers_Gasa_and_Kumana,_5_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastwatchers_Gasa_and_Kumana,_5_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Coastwatchers Gasa and Kumana, 5 August</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastwatchers_Gasa_and_Kumana,_5_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thom's_and_Kennedy's_rescue_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thom's_and_Kennedy's_rescue_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Thom's and Kennedy's rescue messages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thom's_and_Kennedy's_rescue_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastwatchers'_canoe_trip_from_Olsana_to_the_PT_base,_6_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastwatchers'_canoe_trip_from_Olsana_to_the_PT_base,_6_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Coastwatchers' canoe trip from Olsana to the PT base, 6 August</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastwatchers'_canoe_trip_from_Olsana_to_the_PT_base,_6_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Vella_Gulf,_Admiral_Halsey,_6–7_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Vella_Gulf,_Admiral_Halsey,_6–7_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Battle of Vella Gulf, Admiral Halsey, 6–7 August</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Vella_Gulf,_Admiral_Halsey,_6–7_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PT-157_makes_final_rescue,_8_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PT-157_makes_final_rescue,_8_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span><i>PT-157</i> makes final rescue, 8 August</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PT-157_makes_final_rescue,_8_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gasa_and_Kumana_in_later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasa_and_Kumana_in_later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gasa and Kumana in later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasa_and_Kumana_in_later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_for_the_remains_of_PT-109" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_for_the_remains_of_PT-109"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Search for the remains of <i>PT-109</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_for_the_remains_of_PT-109-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PT-109_and_American–Japanese_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PT-109_and_American–Japanese_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>PT-109</i> and American–Japanese relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PT-109_and_American–Japanese_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PT-109_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PT-109_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>PT-109</i> in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PT-109_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Patrol torpedo boat <i>PT-109</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-109" title="PT-109 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="PT-109" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C-%DB%B1%DB%B0%DB%B9" title="اژدر قایق گشتی پی‌تی-۱۰۹ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اژدر قایق گشتی پی‌تی-۱۰۹" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-109" title="PT-109 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="PT-109" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT_109%ED%98%B8" title="PT 109호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="PT 109호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-109" title="PT-109 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="PT-109" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-109" title="PT-109 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="PT-109" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-109_(%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="PT-109 (торпедный катер) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PT-109 (торпедный катер)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-109" title="PT-109 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PT-109" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1963 film, see <a href="/wiki/PT_109_(film)" title="PT 109 (film)">PT 109 (film)</a>. For the 2015 book by William Doyle, see <a href="/wiki/PT_109:_An_American_Epic_of_War,_Survival,_and_the_Destiny_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy">PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_PT-105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/USS_PT-105.jpg/300px-USS_PT-105.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/USS_PT-105.jpg/450px-USS_PT-105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/USS_PT-105.jpg/600px-USS_PT-105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="584" /></a></span><div><i>PT-109</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s sister-boat <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-105" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-105"><i>PT-105</i></a>, circa 1942</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/54px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/107px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span style="padding-left:1em">United States</span></th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td><i>PT-109</i></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Ordered</td><td>1942</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td><a href="/wiki/Electric_Launch_Company" title="Electric Launch Company">Elco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey" title="Bayonne, New Jersey">Bayonne, New Jersey</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Laid down</td><td>4 March 1942</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>20 June 1942</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Completed</td><td>19 July 1942</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Identification</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol#Patrol_combatant_type" title="Hull classification symbol">Hull symbol</a>: PT-109</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Sunk by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Amagiri_(1930)" title="Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)">Japanese destroyer <i>Amagiri</i></a>, 2 August 1943</td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Displacement</td><td>56 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (57 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) (full load)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>80 ft (24 m) overall</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>20 ft 8 in (6.30 m)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draft</td><td>3 ft 6 in (1.07 m) maximum (aft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Installed power</td><td>4,500 horsepower (3,400 kW)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">3 × 12-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Packard_1A-2500" title="Packard 1A-2500">Packard W-14 M2500</a> gasoline engines</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">3 × shafts</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Speed</td><td>41 knots (76 km/h; 47 mph) maximum (trials)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Endurance</td><td>12 hours, 6 hours at top speed</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Complement</td><td>3 officers, 14 enlisted men (design)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">4 × 21-inch (533 mm) <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a> (four <a href="/wiki/Mark_8_torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark 8 torpedo">Mark 8</a> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">1 × <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon" title="Oerlikon 20 mm cannon">20-millimeter (0.79 in) cannon</a> aft</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2 × twin <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 Browning machine gun">.50-inch (12.7 mm) Browning M2 machine guns</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">2 × <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a></li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">1 × <a href="/wiki/37_mm_Gun_M3" class="mw-redirect" title="37 mm Gun M3">37-millimeter (1.5 in) cannon</a> mounted forward (a field modification)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armor</td><td>Deck house protected against rifle-caliber projectiles and <a href="/wiki/Splinter" title="Splinter">splinters</a>, some crews fitted armor plate to refrigerators</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><i><b>PT-109</b></i> was an 80-foot (24 m) <a href="/wiki/Electric_Launch_Company" title="Electric Launch Company">Elco</a> <a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boat</a> (patrol torpedo boat) last commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">Lieutenant (junior grade)</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, future <a href="/wiki/United_States_president" class="mw-redirect" title="United States president">United States president</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific theater</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Kennedy's actions in saving his surviving crew after <i>PT-109</i> was rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer earned him several commendations and made him a war hero. Back problems stemming from the incident required months of hospitalization at <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Naval_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea Naval Hospital">Chelsea Naval Hospital</a> and plagued him the rest of his life. Kennedy's postwar campaigns for elected office referred often to his service on <i>PT-109</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hubert Scott-Paine of the British Power Boat Company had developed Air Sea Rescue fast motor boats in the UK. He took his PT boat to Elco in 1939 as there was a shortage of suitable engines in the UK at the outbreak of war. British Powerboat Company continued production of his designs in Britain throughout the hostilities. The seakeeping qualities of boats and ease of construction matched to the available Packard engines made a perfect combination. </p><p><i>PT-109</i> was an 80 ft (24 m), 40-ton <a href="/wiki/Electric_Launch_Company" title="Electric Launch Company">Elco</a> <a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">motor torpedo boat</a> (MTB), one of hundreds built by the firm between 1942 and 1945 in <a href="/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey" title="Bayonne, New Jersey">Bayonne, New Jersey</a>. </p><p>The seventh MTB of the <i>PT-103</i> class, her keel was laid <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 1942, she was launched on <span class="nowrap">20 June</span>, and delivered to the Navy on <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 1942 to be fitted out in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Naval_Shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Naval Shipyard">New York Naval Shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>. Fully loaded, she displaced <span class="nowrap">56 tons</span>, and could accommodate a crew of three officers and 14 enlisted men, with the typical crew size between 12 and 14. </p><p>The 80 ft (24 m) Elco MTBs were the largest PT boats operated by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> during World War II. They had strong wooden hulls, constructed of two layers of 1-inch (2.5 cm) mahogany planking, excellent for speed and reasonably adequate for seakeeping, but providing limited protection in combat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engines">Engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tankroom2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Tankroom2.jpeg/220px-Tankroom2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Tankroom2.jpeg/330px-Tankroom2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Tankroom2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>PT tankroom below deck, looking forward, shows partially exposed fuel tank through open door in bulkhead on left.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>PT-109</i> was powered by three 12-cylinder 1,500 horsepower (1,100 kW) <a href="/wiki/Packard_1A-2500#Variants" title="Packard 1A-2500">Packard 4M-2500</a> marinized aero gasoline engines (one per propeller shaft), with a designed top speed of 41 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (76 km/h; 47 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To accommodate three engines in the boat's narrow beam (and improve weight distribution) they were staggered fore-and-aft, with the two outboard motors mounted with their output shafts facing forward and power transmitted through <a href="/wiki/V-drive" title="V-drive">V-drive</a> gearboxes to their respective propeller shafts. The center engine was mounted forward of the outboard pair in a conventional orientation, with power transmitted directly from its output end to an extended propeller shaft.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The engines were fitted with mufflers on the <a href="/wiki/Transom_(nautical)" title="Transom (nautical)">transom</a> both to mask the engines' noise from the enemy and to improve the crew's chance of hearing enemy aircraft. These directed the exhaust underwater at idle and extremely low speeds and were bypassed for anything faster.<sup id="cite_ref-DANFS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DANFS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armament">Armament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Armament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PT-109_Design1943.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/PT-109_Design1943.jpeg/310px-PT-109_Design1943.jpeg" decoding="async" width="310" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/PT-109_Design1943.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption><i>PT-109</i> armament in August 1943; a forward 37 mm antitank gun, aft 20 mm autocannon, two twin .50 caliber machine gun turrets and four torpedo tubes</figcaption></figure> <p>The PT boat's principal offensive weapon was her torpedoes. She was fitted with four 21-inch (53 cm) <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_tube" title="Torpedo tube">torpedo tubes</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Mark_8_torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark 8 torpedo"><span class="nowrap">Mark 8</span></a> torpedoes. They weighed 3,150 pounds (1,430 kg) each, with 386-pound (175 kg) warheads and gave the tiny boat a punch believed at the time to be effective even against armored ships. The Mark 8, however, was both inaccurate and ineffective until its detonator was recalibrated by the Navy at the end of the war. A major issue was that even in the unlikely instance they hit their target, they rarely detonated, even when they hit at a 90-degree angle, perpendicular to their target. Also noteworthy, was that the torpedoes were slow, travelling at only 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph), thoroughly unable to catch faster-moving Japanese vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogevall2020335_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogevall2020335-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the Japanese Type 93 destroyer torpedo, later called the "Long Lance", was faster at 45 knots (83 km/h; 52 mph), had an accurate range of 20,000 yards (18,000 m), was far more powerful with 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of high explosives, and unlike the Mark 8, its detonator usually worked when it hit a target.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201556–57_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201556–57-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One naval officer explained that 90% of the time, when the button was pushed on the torpedo tube to launch a torpedo, nothing happened or occasionally the motor spun the propeller until the torpedo motor exploded in the tube, showering the deck with metal fragments. For safety, a <a href="/wiki/Torpedoman%27s_mate" title="Torpedoman's mate">torpedoman's mate</a> was frequently required to hit the torpedo's firing pin with a hammer to get one to launch. Kennedy and contemporary writers noted that torpedo mates and other PT crew were inadequately trained in aiming and firing the Mark 8 torpedoes, and were never informed of the torpedoes' ineffectiveness and low rate of detonation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201532–172,_50–57_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201532–172,_50–57-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>PT-109</i> had a single <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon" title="Oerlikon 20 mm cannon"><span class="nowrap">20 mm</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_Contraves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oerlikon Contraves">Oerlikon</a> anti-aircraft mount at the rear with "109" painted on the mounting base, two open circular rotating turrets mounting twin <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 Browning machine gun">M2 .50 caliber</a> <span class="nowrap">(12.7 mm)</span> anti-aircraft machine guns at opposite corners of the open cockpit, and a smoke generator on the transom, operated as needed when engaging the enemy at close range. The boat's guns were used both offensively and defensively. </p><p>Seeking to augment the boat's firepower (given the inaccuracy and unreliability of its torpedoes), the day before her final mission, Kennedy had the <i>PT-109</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew lash a U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/37_mm_Gun_M3" class="mw-redirect" title="37 mm Gun M3">37 mm antitank gun</a> he had bartered for to the <a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">foredeck</a>, replacing a small, two-man life raft. Timbers used to secure the weapon to the deck later helped save their lives when used as a float while swimming over three miles to safety on an uninhabited island.<sup id="cite_ref-Scale_Craft_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scale_Craft-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201556–57_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201556–57-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahead of the torpedoes on <i>PT-109</i> were two <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a>, omitted on most PTs, one on each side, about the same diameter and directly in front of the launchers. Though designed to be used against submarines, they were sometimes used to confuse and discourage pursuing destroyers. With Kennedy's squadron commander, Lt. Alvin Cluster, at the wheel in storm conditions, <i>PT-109</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> port <span class="nowrap">Mark 6</span> depth charge was knocked through the foredeck unexpectedly by an inadvertent launch of the port forward torpedo. Cluster had asked Kennedy for a turn at <i>PT 109</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s wheel, as he had only had experience with the older, Elco 77-foot (23 m) PTs. The torpedo stayed in the tube, half in and half out on a <i>hot run</i>, its propellers spinning, until Kennedy's executive officer Ensign Leonard Thom deactivated it. <i>PT-109</i> returned to Tulagi for repairs to the foredeck and the replacement of the depth charge. </p><p>PT-<i>109</i> was not equipped with radar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201532–172,_50–57_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201532–172,_50–57-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_operations">Early operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_PT-109_on_board_SS_Joseph_Stanton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/USS_PT-109_on_board_SS_Joseph_Stanton.jpg/220px-USS_PT-109_on_board_SS_Joseph_Stanton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/USS_PT-109_on_board_SS_Joseph_Stanton.jpg/330px-USS_PT-109_on_board_SS_Joseph_Stanton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/USS_PT-109_on_board_SS_Joseph_Stanton.jpg/440px-USS_PT-109_on_board_SS_Joseph_Stanton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6148" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption><i>PT-109</i> on board <a href="/wiki/SS_Joseph_Stanton" title="SS Joseph Stanton">SS <i>Joseph Stanton</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>PT-109</i> was transported from the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Navy_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Navy Yard">Norfolk Navy Yard</a> to the South Pacific in August 1942 on board the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_Joseph_Stanton" title="SS Joseph Stanton">SS <i>Joseph Stanton</i></a>. Originally Navy grey, it is believed the ship was painted a flat, dark green at <a href="/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a,_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouméa, New Caledonia">Nouméa, New Caledonia</a> after being off-loaded. She arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> in late 1942 and was assigned to Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron 2 based on <a href="/wiki/Tulagi" title="Tulagi">Tulagi</a> island. She participated in combat operations around <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> from <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 1942 to <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 1943, when the Japanese withdrew from the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kennedy's_training_in_motor_torpedo_boats"><span id="Kennedy.27s_training_in_motor_torpedo_boats"></span>Kennedy's training in motor torpedo boats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kennedy's training in motor torpedo boats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite having a chronically bad back and a history of other illnesses including abdominal pain and scarlet fever as an infant, John F. Kennedy used his father <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. Kennedy">Joseph P. Kennedy</a>'s influence to get into the war. In 1940, the U.S. Army's Officer Candidate School had rejected him as 4-F, for his bad back, ulcers and asthma. Kennedy's father persuaded his old friend Captain Allan Goodrich Kirk, USN, head of the Office of Naval Intelligence, to let a private Boston physician certify his son's good health.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy started out in October 1941 prior to Pearl Harbor as an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> with a desk job for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a>. He was reassigned to South Carolina in January 1942 because of his affair with Danish journalist <a href="/wiki/Inga_Arvad" title="Inga Arvad">Inga Arvad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200383–84_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200383–84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 July 1942, Kennedy entered the Naval Reserve Officers Training School in Chicago. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieutenant_J._D._Bulkeley_k13927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lieutenant_J._D._Bulkeley_k13927.jpg/170px-Lieutenant_J._D._Bulkeley_k13927.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lieutenant_J._D._Bulkeley_k13927.jpg/255px-Lieutenant_J._D._Bulkeley_k13927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lieutenant_J._D._Bulkeley_k13927.jpg/340px-Lieutenant_J._D._Bulkeley_k13927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_D._Bulkeley" title="John D. Bulkeley">Lieutenant John D. Bulkeley</a>, 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>After completing his Naval Reserve Officer's Training on <span class="nowrap">27 September</span>, Kennedy voluntarily entered the <a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_Squadrons_Training_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons Training Center">Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons Training Center</a> in Melville, Rhode Island, where he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">lieutenant (junior grade)</a> (LTJG). In September 1942, Joseph Kennedy had secured PT Lieutenant Commander John Bulkeley's help in placing his son in the PT boat's service and enrolling him in their training school, after meeting with Bulkeley in a New York Plaza suite near his office at Rockefeller Plaza.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Bulkeley would not have recommended John Kennedy for PT boat training if he did not believe he was qualified to be a PT captain. In an interview with Kennedy, Bulkeley was impressed with his appearance, communication skills, grades at Harvard, and awards received in small boat competitions, particularly while a member of Harvard's sailing team. Exaggerated claims by Bulkeley about the effectiveness of the PTs in combat against larger craft allowed him to recruit top talent, raise war bonds, and cause overconfidence among squadron commanders who continued to pit PTs against larger craft. But many in the Navy knew the truth; his claims that PTs had sunk a Japanese cruiser, a troopship, and a plane tender in the Philippines were false.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy completed his PT training in Rhode Island on <span class="nowrap">2 December</span>, with very high marks and was asked to stay for a brief period as an instructor. He was then ordered to the training squadron, Motor Torpedo <span class="nowrap">Squadron 4</span>, to take over the command of motor torpedo boat <i>PT-101</i>, a 78-foot (24 m) <a href="/wiki/PT_boat#Huckins_Yacht_Corporation" title="PT boat">Huckins PT boat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kennedy's_transfer_to_the_Pacific"><span id="Kennedy.27s_transfer_to_the_Pacific"></span>Kennedy's transfer to the Pacific</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kennedy's transfer to the Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1943, <i>PT-101</i> and four other boats were ordered to Motor Torpedo Boat <span class="nowrap">Squadron 14</span> (RON 14), which was assigned to patrol the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naval_History_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naval_History-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy detached from <span class="nowrap">RON 14</span> in February 1943, while the squadron was in Jacksonville, Florida, preparing for transfer to the Panama Canal Zone. Still desperately seeking a combat assignment, and on his own volition, Lieutenant Kennedy then contacted family friend and crony, Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">David I. Walsh</a>, Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Naval Affairs Committee</a>, who diverted his assignment to Panama, and had him sent to PT combat in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, granting Kennedy's previous "change-of-assignment" request to be sent to a squadron in the South Pacific. His actions were against the wishes of his father who had wanted a safer assignment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_(restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg/170px-Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg/255px-Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg/340px-Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3969" data-file-height="5557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">LTJG</a> John F. Kennedy aboard <span class="nowrap"><i>PT-109</i>,</span> 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The Allies had been in a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island hopping</a> since securing Guadalcanal in a bloody battle in early 1943. Kennedy transferred on <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 1943, as a replacement officer to Motor Torpedo Boat <span class="nowrap">Squadron 2</span>, which was based at <a href="/wiki/Tulagi" title="Tulagi">Tulagi</a> Island, immediately north of <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> in the Solomon Islands. Traveling to the Pacific on the large troop carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Rochambeau" title="USS Rochambeau"><i>Rochambeau</i></a>, Kennedy witnessed a fierce air strike that killed the ship's captain, and found Kennedy helping to hand shells to supply a large gun on board, giving him his first taste of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200390–91_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200390–91-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived at Tulagi on <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> and took command of <i>PT-109</i> on <span class="nowrap">23 April</span>. Although <i>PT-109</i> was less than a year old, it had seen heavy combat service since its arrival in the Pacific, and considerable repairs were required on the boat; leading by example, Kennedy pitched in to help the crew get his vessel seaworthy. On <span class="nowrap">30 May</span>, several PT boats of MTBRON 2, including <i>PT-109</i>, were ordered to the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Islands" title="Russell Islands">Russell Islands</a> in preparation for the invasion of <a href="/wiki/New_Georgia" title="New Georgia">New Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naval_History_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naval_History-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the capture of <a href="/wiki/Rendova_Island" title="Rendova Island">Rendova Island</a>, the PT boat operations were moved north to a crude "bush" berth there on <span class="nowrap">16 June</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-DANFS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DANFS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rendova base held the potential for its residents to contract a host of unpleasant diseases like <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dengue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengue">dengue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elephantiasis" title="Elephantiasis">elephantiasis</a>. The Navy men stationed there also contended with cockroaches, rats, foot diseases, ear fungus, and mild malnutrition from the monotonous and mostly canned food. On his first desk assignment with the Navy after his return to the States, Kennedy suffered from the aftereffects of malaria, <a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">colitis</a>, and chronic back pain, all caused or aggravated by his experiences in combat or during his stay at the Rendova base.<sup id="cite_ref-Keresey_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keresey-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From their crude base on the northern tip of Rendova Island, on a small spit of land known as Lumbari, PT boats conducted daring and dangerous nightly operations, both to disturb the heavy Japanese barge traffic that was resupplying the Japanese garrisons in New Georgia, and to patrol the Ferguson and <a href="/wiki/Blackett_Strait" title="Blackett Strait">Blackett Straits</a> in order to sight and to give warning when the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Express" title="Tokyo Express">Tokyo Express</a> warships came into the straits to supply Japanese forces in the New Georgia–Rendova area.<sup id="cite_ref-Naval_History_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naval_History-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <span class="nowrap">1 August</span>, an attack by 18 Japanese bombers struck the base, wrecking <i>PT-117</i> and sinking <i>PT-164</i>. Two torpedoes were blown off <i>PT-164</i> and ran erratically around the bay until they ran ashore on the beach without exploding.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crew_on_PT-109's_last_mission"><span id="Crew_on_PT-109.27s_last_mission"></span>Crew on <i>PT-109</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s last mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crew on PT-109's last mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following men were aboard on PT-109's last mission: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PT-109_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PT-109_crew.jpg/350px-PT-109_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PT-109_crew.jpg/525px-PT-109_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PT-109_crew.jpg/700px-PT-109_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Top L to R: Ensign Al Webb, Leon Drawdy, Edger Mauer, Edmund Drewitch, John Maguire, John F. Kennedy. Bottom L to R: Charles Harris, Maurice Kowal, Andrew Kirksey, Ensign Lenny Thom. (Webb, Drewitch, Drawdy, and Kowal not aboard during collision. Barney Ross, Raymond Albert, William Johnston, Harold Marney, Patrick McMahon, Ray Starkey, and Gerard Zinser not in photograph.) (1943)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>John F. Kennedy</b>, Lieutenant, Junior Grade (LTJG), commanding officer (Boston, Massachusetts).</li> <li><b>Leonard J. Thom</b>, Ensign (ENS), Ohio State football athlete, and excellent swimmer, executive officer (Sandusky, Ohio).</li> <li><b>George H. R. "Barney" Ross</b>, Ensign (ENS), on board as an observer after losing his own boat. Attempted to operate the <a href="/wiki/37_mm_Gun_M3" class="mw-redirect" title="37 mm Gun M3">37 mm gun</a> but suffered from <a href="/wiki/Night_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Night blindness">night blindness</a>. (Highland Park, Illinois).</li> <li><b>Raymond Albert</b>, Seaman 2/c, gunner. Killed in action by Japanese POW during a rescue mission <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 1943 (Akron, Ohio).<sup id="cite_ref-MaritimeQuest,_Raymond_Albert_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaritimeQuest,_Raymond_Albert-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Charles A. "Bucky" Harris</b>, Gunner's Mate 3/c (GM3) (Watertown, Massachusetts).</li> <li><b>William Johnston</b>, Motor Machinist's Mate 2/c (MM2) (Dorchester, Massachusetts).</li> <li><b>Andrew Jackson Kirksey</b>, Torpedoman's Mate 2/c (TM2) Killed in collision. (Reynolds, Georgia).</li> <li><b>John E. Maguire</b>, Radioman 2/c (RM2) (Dobbs Ferry, New York).</li> <li><b>Harold William Marney</b>, Motor Machinist's Mate 2/c (MM2). Killed in collision, manning turret closest to impact point. (Springfield, Massachusetts)</li> <li><b>Edman Edgar Mauer</b>, Quartermaster, cook, 3/c (QM3) (St. Louis, Missouri).</li> <li><b>Patrick H. "Pappy" McMahon</b>, Motor Machinist's Mate 1/c (MM1) (Wyanet, Illinois). Only man in engine room during collision, was badly burned, but recovered from his wounds. Only member of the crew besides Kennedy mentioned by name in <a href="/wiki/PT-109_(song)" title="PT-109 (song)">the song</a>.</li> <li><b>Ray L. Starkey</b>, Torpedoman's Mate 2/c (TM2) (Garden Grove, California).</li> <li><b>Gerard E. Zinser</b>, Motor Machinist's Mate 1/c (MM1) (Belleville, Illinois). Erroneously called "Gerald" in many publications, Zinser remained in the Navy for a career following the end of World War II, eventually retiring as a <a href="/wiki/Chief_petty_officer" title="Chief petty officer">chief petty officer</a>. The last living survivor of <i>PT-109</i>, he died in Florida in 2001.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Blackett_Strait">Battle of Blackett Strait</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of Blackett Strait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the earlier battle at the same location, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blackett_Strait" title="Battle of Blackett Strait">Battle of Blackett Strait</a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt._John_F._Kennedy_skipper_aboard_the_PT-109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lt._John_F._Kennedy_skipper_aboard_the_PT-109.jpg/220px-Lt._John_F._Kennedy_skipper_aboard_the_PT-109.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lt._John_F._Kennedy_skipper_aboard_the_PT-109.jpg/330px-Lt._John_F._Kennedy_skipper_aboard_the_PT-109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lt._John_F._Kennedy_skipper_aboard_the_PT-109.jpg/440px-Lt._John_F._Kennedy_skipper_aboard_the_PT-109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Lt. JG Kennedy at the helm of <i>PT-109</i></figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of July 1943, intelligence reports were received and decoded by Naval authorities at Kennedy's PT base on Rendova Island indicating that five enemy destroyers were scheduled to run the night of 1–2 August. The destroyers would cruise from the Solomon's <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a> through Blackett Strait to supply provisions and bring troops to the Japanese garrison on Vila Plantation, on <a href="/wiki/Kolombangara" title="Kolombangara">Kolombangara</a> Island's southern tip. America's sophisticated deciphering of the Japanese naval codes had contributed to the victory at the Battle of Midway, ten months earlier, and the same technology had been used to break their code and provide the report of the Japanese destroyers expected 1–2 August. Despite the recent loss of two boats and two crewmen from a Japanese air attack on <span class="nowrap">1 August</span>, the skippers of <i>PT-109</i> and 14 other boats met with Commander Thomas G. Warfield to discuss the details of a mission to head north through a cut in the reefs known as Ferguson Passage, to Blackett Strait between <a href="/wiki/Gizo,_Solomon_Islands" title="Gizo, Solomon Islands">Gizo</a> and Kolombongara Islands to block or attack the anticipated enemy destroyers. The resulting skirmish, sometimes referred to as the "Battle of Blackett Strait," should not be confused with an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blackett_Strait" title="Battle of Blackett Strait">earlier battle of that name</a> fought there on 6 March 1943. <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Arleigh_Burke" title="Arleigh Burke">Arleigh Burke</a> had been ordered to sit on the northern approach to Kolombangara with seven American destroyers to ensure the Japanese were prevented from reinforcing their garrison, though he was not on station till 12:30 a.m. All four Japanese destroyers would evade his grasp, as they arrived one hour early, before Burke had reached his post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1992557_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1992557-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200395_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200395-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting battle would become the largest use of PT boats in the war, and the results would not be promising for the future use of PTs against Japanese destroyers.<sup id="cite_ref-DANFS_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DANFS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201573_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201573-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failure_of_the_PTs'_torpedoes_in_action"><span id="Failure_of_the_PTs.27_torpedoes_in_action"></span>Failure of the PTs' torpedoes in action</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Failure of the PTs' torpedoes in action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 August, fifteen PT boats, <i>PT-109</i> among them, motored from the PT base on Rendova around 6:30 p.m. on strict but cursory orders from Rendova's top brass, Commander Thomas Warfield. The combined PT task force was divided into four divisions of roughly four PTs each. <i>PT-109</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s "B" division also included PTs <i>162</i>, <i>159</i>, and <i>157</i>, and were stationed the farthest north of the PT divisions, nearly midway up Kolombongara Island's western coast and around 6 miles (9.7 km) to the west. The "B" Division left Rendova first, leading the pack, as their station was the farthest from the Rendova base.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the divisions reached their station by 8:30 p.m. The fifteen PTs carried four torpedo tubes each, for a total of <span class="nowrap">60 Mark 8 torpedoes</span>, and roughly half of these were fired at the four advancing Japanese destroyers protected by Japanese float planes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonovan200195,_99_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan200195,_99-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navy's official report of the incident listed 5–6 torpedo explosions reaching the destroyer targets, but none, in fact, were actual torpedo hits. Of the twenty-four torpedoes fired by PT boats from eight PTs, not a single hit was scored against the advancing destroyers. Though each division of PTs was assigned a location likely to intercept the destroyers, several of those without radar cruised about aimlessly in the fog and darkness, unable to locate the enemy ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonovan200198_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan200198-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Separation_of_PT-109_from_her_division">Separation of <i>PT-109</i> from her division</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Separation of PT-109 from her division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1942_JFK_uniform_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1942_JFK_uniform_portrait.jpg/170px-1942_JFK_uniform_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1942_JFK_uniform_portrait.jpg/255px-1942_JFK_uniform_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1942_JFK_uniform_portrait.jpg/340px-1942_JFK_uniform_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant JG Kennedy, official naval photo, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Lieutenant Brantingham on <i>PT-159</i>, leader of Kennedy's division, and originally stationed near Kennedy, first saw radar blips indicating the southbound destroyers just arriving on the scene, and fired his torpedoes from about 1 mile (1.6 km) away. As he advanced, he did not radio <i>PT-109</i> to follow, leaving Kennedy and his crew behind in the darkness. All of Brantingham's torpedoes missed the destroyers, and his torpedo tubes caused a small fire, requiring Lieutenant Liebenow's PT, also in Kennedy's division, to swing in front of Brantingham's PT to block the light emitting from his burning torpedo tubes as they could have given away their location to the destroyers. Liebenow's <i>157</i> fired two more torpedoes that failed to hit their target as well, then both boats laid smoke from their smoke generator and zigzagged away to avoid detection. No signal of the destroyer's presence was ever radioed or received by <i>PT-109</i>, or the other boat in the division, and skippers Brantingham and Liebenow headed blindly west to Gizo Island and away from the destroyers and <i>PT-109</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1992558_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1992558-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the torpedoes that were fired exploded prematurely or ran at the wrong depth. The odds that a Mark 8 torpedo that made it to a destroyer would explode were less than 50%, due to faulty calibration of the detonators, a problem that was not known nor corrected by the Navy until later in the war. A few other PTs, including the leader of Division A to the south of Kennedy, intercepted the destroyers on their southbound route close to Kolombangara, but were unable to hit any with torpedoes. The boats were radioed by Warfield to return when their torpedoes were expended, but the four boats with radar fired their torpedoes first and were ordered to return to base. Commander Warfield's concept of sending orders to the PTs in darkness by radio from 40 miles (64 km) away and without a view of the battle, was inefficient at best. The radar sets the four boats carried were relatively primitive, and sometimes malfunctioned. When the four boats with radar left the scene of the battle, the remaining boats, including <i>PT-109</i>, were deprived of the ability to determine the location or approach of the oncoming destroyers, and were not notified that other boats had already engaged the enemy. </p><p>Late in the night, <i>PT-109</i> and two accompanying PTs became the last to sight the Japanese destroyers returning on their northern route to <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, after they had completed dropping their supplies and troops at 1:45 a.m. on the southern tip of Kolombangara.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official Navy account of the incident listed radio communications as good, but PT commanders were also told to maintain radio silence until informed of enemy sightings, causing many commanders to turn off their radios or not closely monitor their radio traffic, including Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonovan200196–99_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan200196–99-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201532–172,_72–176_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201532–172,_72–176-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PT-109_Loss_Report_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT-109_Loss_Report-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rammed_by_Amagiri,_2_August"><span id="Rammed_by_Amagiri.2C_2_August"></span>Rammed by <i>Amagiri</i>, 2 August</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rammed by Amagiri, 2 August"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amagiri_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Amagiri_1930.jpg/220px-Amagiri_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Amagiri_1930.jpg/330px-Amagiri_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Amagiri_1930.jpg/440px-Amagiri_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>Japanese destroyer <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Amagiri_(1930)" title="Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)"><i>Amagiri</i></a> in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>By 2 a.m. on <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 1943, as the battle neared its end, <i>PT-109</i>, <i>PT-162</i>, and <i>PT-169</i> were ordered to continue patrolling the area on orders previously radioed from Commander Warfield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonovan200199,_100_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan200199,_100-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The night was cloudy and moonless, and fog had set amidst the remaining PTs. Kennedy's boat was idling on one engine to avoid her phosphorescent wake being seen by Japanese aircraft when the crew realized they were in the path of the Japanese destroyer <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Amagiri_(1930)" title="Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)"><i>Amagiri</i></a>, which was heading north to Rabaul from Vila Plantation, <a href="/wiki/Kolombangara" title="Kolombangara">Kolombangara</a>, after offloading supplies and <span class="nowrap">902 soldiers</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonovan200160,_61,_73,_100_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan200160,_61,_73,_100-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most contemporary accounts of the incident, particularly the work of Mark Doyle, do not find Kennedy at fault for the collision. The lack of speed and maneuverability of <i>PT-109</i> while the engines were idling put the vessel at risk from passing destroyers, but Kennedy had not been warned by radio of destroyers in the area. Kennedy believed the firing he had heard was from shore batteries on Kolombangara, not destroyers, and was focused on avoiding detection by enemy seaplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonovan200196–99_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan200196–99-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy said he attempted to turn <i>PT-109</i> to fire a torpedo and have Ensign George "Barney" Ross fire their newly installed 37 mm anti-tank gun from the bow at the oncoming northbound destroyer <i>Amagiri</i>, but Ross did not have time to load a shell into the closed breech of the weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonovan2001101,_102,_106,_107_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan2001101,_102,_106,_107-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Amagiri</i> was traveling at a relatively high speed of between 23 and 40 knots (43 and 74 km/h; 26 and 46 mph) in order to reach harbor by dawn, when Allied air patrols were likely to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy and his crew would have had less than ten seconds to get the engines up to speed to evade the oncoming destroyer, which was advancing without running lights. <i>PT-109</i> was struck on her starboard side at a 20-degree angle shearing off a piece of the boat, between Kolombangara and <a href="/wiki/Ghizo_Island" title="Ghizo Island">Ghizo Island</a>, near <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&params=8_3_S_156_56_E_type:event&title=ramming+of+PT-109"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°3′S</span> <span class="longitude">156°56′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.050°S 156.933°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.050; 156.933</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">ramming of PT-109</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-RefNatGeoMap_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RefNatGeoMap-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogevall2020340_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogevall2020340-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are conflicting accounts as to whether the destroyer captain had rammed PT-109 intentionally. <i>Amagiri</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s captain, Lieutenant Commander Kohei Hanami, later claimed that he intentionally turned hard to starboard and deliberately <a href="/wiki/Ramming#Naval_warfare" title="Ramming">rammed</a> <i>PT-109</i>, which was traveling at a steady pace towards them. However, Hanami's superior officer, Commander of the 11th Destroyer Flotilla Captain Katsumori Yamashiro, and other crewmembers, recalled Yamashiro ordering Hanami to turn hard to port to try to avoid hitting the torpedo boat, for fear of setting off its torpedoes and damaging the ship, but being unable to avoid hitting it despite the evasive maneuver.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201596–97,_72–176_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201596–97,_72–176-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PT-109_explodes"><i>PT-109</i> explodes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: PT-109 explodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <i>PT-109</i> was cut in two around 2:27 a.m.,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fireball of exploding aviation fuel 100 feet (30 m) high caused the sea surrounding the ship to flame. Seamen Andrew Jackson Kirksey and Harold William Marney were killed instantly, and two other members of the crew were badly injured and burned when they were thrown into the flaming sea surrounding the boat. For such a catastrophic collision, explosion, and fire, there were few men lost compared to the losses on other PT boats hit by shell fire. <i>PT-109</i> was gravely damaged, with watertight compartments keeping only the forward hull afloat in a sea of flames.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>PT-169</i>, closest to Kennedy's craft, launched two torpedoes, but they missed the attacking destroyer; <i>PT-162</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s torpedoes failed to launch. Both boats then turned away from the scene of the action and returned to base without checking for survivors of <i>PT-109</i>. No procedure had been specified by Commander Warfield for searching for survivors, or what the PT flotilla should do when a boat was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of Captain Robert Bulkley, naval historian, "This was perhaps the most confused and least effectively executed action the PTs had been in. Eight PTs fired 30 torpedoes. The only confirmed results were the loss of <i>PT-109</i> and damage to the Japanese destroyer <i>Amagiri</i>" [from striking <i>PT-109</i>].<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival,_swim_to_Plum_Pudding_Island,_2_August"><span id="Survival.2C_swim_to_Plum_Pudding_Island.2C_2_August"></span>Survival, swim to Plum Pudding Island, 2 August</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Survival, swim to Plum Pudding Island, 2 August"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PT-109_Collision_Solomon_Islands_1943_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PT-109_Collision_Solomon_Islands_1943_EN.svg/220px-PT-109_Collision_Solomon_Islands_1943_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PT-109_Collision_Solomon_Islands_1943_EN.svg/330px-PT-109_Collision_Solomon_Islands_1943_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PT-109_Collision_Solomon_Islands_1943_EN.svg/440px-PT-109_Collision_Solomon_Islands_1943_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Map of the events of <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 1943, click map to view Plum Pudding, Olasana, and Naru Islands<sup id="cite_ref-RefNatGeoMap_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RefNatGeoMap-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kennedy was able to rescue MM1 Patrick McMahon, the crew member with the most severe wounds, which included burns that covered 70 percent of his body, and brought him to the floating bow. Kennedy also rescued Starkey and Harris, bringing them both to the bow.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On instructions from Kennedy, the eleven survivors thrown from <i>PT-109</i> regrouped and, hoping for rescue, clung to <i>PT-109</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> bow section for 12 hours as it drifted slowly south. By about 1 p.m.,<sup id="cite_ref-DANFS_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DANFS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 2 August, it was apparent that the hull was taking on water and would soon sink, so the men decided to swim for land, starting around 1:30 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As there were Japanese camps on all the nearby large islands including Kolombangara, the closest, they chose the tiny deserted <a href="/wiki/Plum_Pudding_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum Pudding Island">Plum Pudding Island</a> southwest of where the bow section had drifted. They placed their lantern, shoes, and non-swimmers on one of the timbers that had been used as a gun mount and began kicking together to propel it. Kennedy, who had been on the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> swim team, used a life jacket strap clenched between his teeth to tow McMahon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonovan20017,_123–124_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan20017,_123–124-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took four hours to swim to the island, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) away, which they reached without encountering sharks or crocodiles.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_swims,_2,_4,_and_5_August"><span id="Additional_swims.2C_2.2C_4.2C_and_5_August"></span>Additional swims, 2, 4, and 5 August</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Additional swims, 2, 4, and 5 August"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plum Pudding Island was only 100 yards (91 m) in diameter, with no food or water. The exhausted crew dragged themselves behind the tree line to hide from passing Japanese barges. The night of 2 August, Kennedy swam 2 miles (3.2 km) to Ferguson Passage to attempt to hail a passing American PT boat. On 4 August, he and Lenny Thom assisted his injured and hungry crew on a demanding swim 3.75 miles (6.04 km) south to Olasana Island which was visible to all from Plum Pudding Island. They swam against a strong current, and once again, Kennedy towed McMahon by his life vest. They were pleased to discover Olasana had ripe coconuts, though there was still no fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the following day, 5 August, Kennedy and George Ross swam for one hour to Naru Island, visible at an additional distance of about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) southeast, in search of help and food and because it was closer to Ferguson Passage where Kennedy might see or swim to a passing PT boat on patrol. Kennedy and Ross found a small canoe, packages of crackers and candy, and a fifty-gallon drum of drinkable water left by the Japanese, which Kennedy paddled back to Olasana in the acquired canoe to provide his crew. It was then that Kennedy first spoke to native <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Coastwatchers" title="Coastwatchers">coastwatchers</a> <a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a> on Olasana Island. Months earlier, Kennedy had learned a smattering of the pidgin English used by the coastwatchers by speaking with a native boy. The two coastwatchers had finally been convinced by Ensign Thom that the crew were from the lost <i>PT-109</i>, when Thom asked Gasa if he knew John Kari, and Gasa replied that he worked with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015143–148_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015143–148-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realizing they were with Americans, the coastwatchers brought a few yams, vegetables, and cigarettes from their dugout canoe and vowed to help the starving crew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it would take two more days for a full rescue.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rescue">Rescue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rescue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rescue of <i>PT-109</i> was a long process, largely achieved by the work of native Solomon Island scouts who first located Kennedy and his crew. The scouts were sent by Sub-lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Reg Evans</a>, an Australian <a href="/wiki/Coastwatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastwatcher">coastwatcher</a>, who had seen the <i>109</i> explode from his secret observation site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerial_search_of_PT-109_sinking_site">Aerial search of <i>PT-109</i> sinking site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aerial search of PT-109 sinking site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The explosion and resulting fireball on the early morning of <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> was spotted by Evans, who manned a secret observation post at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Veve" title="Mount Veve">Mount Veve</a> volcano on Kolombangara; more than 10,000 Japanese troops were garrisoned below on the southeast portion. The Navy and its squadron of PT boats held a memorial service for the crew of <i>PT-109</i> after reports were made of the large explosion, but Commander Warfield, to his credit, ordered an aerial search by <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/P-40" class="mw-redirect" title="P-40">P-40</a> fighters that spotted a few remains of the wreck, but not the crew, who had already swum to safety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coastwatchers_Gasa_and_Kumana,_5_August"><span id="Coastwatchers_Gasa_and_Kumana.2C_5_August"></span>Coastwatchers Gasa and Kumana, 5 August</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coastwatchers Gasa and Kumana, 5 August"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evans had been the first to dispatch islander scouts, Gasa and Kumana, in a <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">dugout canoe</a> late on 5 August, to look for possible survivors after decoding radio broadcasts that the explosion he had witnessed was <i>PT-109</i>. Gasa and Kumana had been trained by the British and Australians in search and detection and were willing to sacrifice their lives as part of their duty to the British and American troops. Native coastwatchers were used because they could avoid detection by Japanese ships and aircraft and, if spotted, would probably be taken for native fishermen. </p><p>Before they were rescued by the scouts on 8 August, Kennedy and his men survived for six days on Plum Pudding and then Olasana Island. They had eaten only a few ripe coconuts, rainwater caught on leaves, and small amounts of fresh water and Japanese cookies Kennedy had taken from Naru Island. By chance, Gasa and Kumana stopped by Naru to investigate a Japanese wreck, from which they salvaged fuel and food. They first fled by canoe from Kennedy, who with his sunburn, beard, and disheveled clothing appeared to them to be a Japanese soldier. When they later arrived on Olasana, they pointed their <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Tommy guns</a> at the rest of the crew, since the only light-skinned people they expected to find were Japanese with whom they could not communicate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thom's_and_Kennedy's_rescue_messages"><span id="Thom.27s_and_Kennedy.27s_rescue_messages"></span>Thom's and Kennedy's rescue messages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Thom's and Kennedy's rescue messages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kennedy's message scratched on a coconut while he was on Naru, where he had spent some time from 4–7 August, was not the only communication given to the coastwatchers. A more detailed message was written by the executive officer of <i>PT-109</i>, Ensign Leonard Jay Thom on 6 August. Thom's message was a "penciled note" written on paper, which read:<sup id="cite_ref-PT-109_Loss_Report_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT-109_Loss_Report-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beacon_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beacon-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>To: Commanding Officer--Oak O<br /> From:Crew P.T. 109 (Oak 14)<br /> Subject: Rescue of 11 (eleven) men lost since Sunday, <span class="nowrap">August 1</span> in enemy action. Native knows our position & will bring P.T. Boat back to small islands of Ferguson Passage off NURU IS. A small boat (outboard or oars) is needed to take men off as some are seriously burned.<br /> Signal at night three dashes (- - -) Password--Roger---Answer---Wilco If attempted at day time--advise air coverage or a <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">PBY</a> could set down. Please work out a suitable plan & act immediately. Help is urgent & in sore need. Rely on native boys to any extent<br /> Thom<br /> Ens. U.S.N.R<br /> Exec. 109.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beacon_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beacon-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_PT-109_Coconut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/JFK_PT-109_Coconut.jpg/220px-JFK_PT-109_Coconut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/JFK_PT-109_Coconut.jpg/330px-JFK_PT-109_Coconut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/JFK_PT-109_Coconut.jpg/440px-JFK_PT-109_Coconut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>The coconut with the carved message, cast in a paperweight</figcaption></figure> <p>Though the 1963 movie depicted Kennedy offering a coconut inscribed with a message as his idea and the sole form of communication, it was Gasa who suggested it and Kumana who climbed a coconut tree to pick one. On the instructions of Gasa, Kennedy painstakingly scratched the following message on the coconut husk with a knife:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201572–176-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>NAURO ISL<br /> COMMANDER... NATIVE KNOWS POS'IT...<br /> HE CAN PILOT... 11 ALIVE<br /> NEED SMALL BOAT... KENNEDY<sup id="cite_ref-CoastalLiving.Rescued_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoastalLiving.Rescued-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coastwatchers'_canoe_trip_from_Olsana_to_the_PT_base,_6_August"><span id="Coastwatchers.27_canoe_trip_from_Olsana_to_the_PT_base.2C_6_August"></span>Coastwatchers' canoe trip from Olsana to the PT base, 6 August</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Coastwatchers' canoe trip from Olsana to the PT base, 6 August"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 August, Gasa and Kumana left Olasana and headed east, carrying the penciled note and Kennedy's coconut message ten nautical miles (12 mi; 19 km) to Wana Wana Island, south of Kolombangara and a quarter of the way to Kennedy's PT Naval base on Rendova Island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1992591_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1992591-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There they took little time to rest but linked up with Senior Scout Benjamin Kevu who they told they had found the crew of <i>PT-109</i>. Kevu sent another scout to inform Evans, north on Kolombangara Island, of the discovery. Gasa and Kumana departed Wana Wana with scout John Kari in a better canoe given them by Kevu, carrying both Thom's and Kennedy's messages to a military outpost on Roviana Island, close to the PT Rendova base in a total of fifteen hours by paddling their canoe all night through 38 mi (61 km) of rough seas and hostile waters patrolled by the Japanese. From the content of the messages, it is clear both Thom and Kennedy trusted the coastwatchers with their lives, as neither message contained the exact coordinates of their location, nor the name of Olasana Island. Traveling in an arranged boat, Gasa and Kumana were at last sent south to the PT base at Rendova from Roviana Island, a distance of only 3 miles (4.8 km), with Gasa still clutching the coconut. Around 6 August, after speaking to Kevu about the eleven found on Olasana, Evans sent a canoe with fresh fish, yams, potatoes, corned beef hash, and rice to Kennedy and his crew with a message to return to him on Kolumbangara's Gomu Island in the canoe immediately. Kennedy followed this request and was the only one of his crew to go, since there were many Japanese planes flying above and the coast watchers' station was on the Japanese-occupied island of Wana Wana. Kennedy was instructed to lie underneath palm fronds in the canoe so he would not be spotted by Japanese planes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the morning of 7 August that Evans was able to radio Rendova to confirm the news that Kennedy and his crew had been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015153,_173,_156,_134–176_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015153,_173,_156,_134–176-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Vella_Gulf,_Admiral_Halsey,_6–7_August"><span id="Battle_of_Vella_Gulf.2C_Admiral_Halsey.2C_6.E2.80.937_August"></span>Battle of Vella Gulf, Admiral Halsey, 6–7 August</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Battle of Vella Gulf, Admiral Halsey, 6–7 August"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vella_Gulf" title="Battle of Vella Gulf">Battle of Vella Gulf</a></div> <p>On the night of 6–7 August, while Kennedy still awaited rescue, Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Halsey">William Halsey</a>, now convinced that PTs were unsuitable against Japanese destroyers, sent six U.S. Navy destroyers equipped with more advanced radar to intercept the "Tokyo Express", again on their frequent run to Kolombangara Island. This time, the U.S. forces succeeded and sank four Japanese destroyers, two of which, the <i>Arashi</i> and <i>Hagikaze</i>, had eluded Kennedy and the 14 PT crews on the night of 1–2 August. This action became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vella_Gulf" title="Battle of Vella Gulf">Battle of Vella Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015155_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015155-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PT-157_makes_final_rescue,_8_August"><span id="PT-157_makes_final_rescue.2C_8_August"></span><i>PT-157</i> makes final rescue, 8 August</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: PT-157 makes final rescue, 8 August"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 August, when the coastwatcher scouts carrying the coconut and paper message arrived at Rendova, PT Commander Warfield was at first skeptical of the messages and the trustworthiness of the native scouts Gasa and Kumana. After finally receiving Evans' radioed message of the discovery of the <i>109</i> crew, and facing overwhelming evidence that Kennedy had returned from the dead, he cautiously consented to risk two PTs to rescue them. Warfield selected <i>PT-157</i>, commanded by Kennedy's friend and former tentmate Lieutenant William Liebenow, for the rescue, as he and his crew were experienced and familiar with the area. Liebenow later said that his crew were chosen because they were "the best boat crew in the South Pacific."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>PT-171</i> would travel ahead and radio Liebenow of any sightings of the enemy. Departing just after sunset from Rendova at 7:00 p.m. on 8 August, Liebenow motored <i>PT-157</i> to Evans' base at Gomu Island, off Kolombangara. To avoid making a wake, Liebenow traveled at 10–15 knots (19–28 km/h; 12–17 mph), muffled his engines, and zigzagged to prevent being tracked by planes or shore batteries. The arranged signal when Liebenow picked up Kennedy on Gomu was four shots, but since Kennedy only had three bullets in his pistol, Evans gave him a Japanese rifle for the fourth signal shot. With Kennedy aboard, <i>PT-157</i> rescued the weak and hungry <i>PT-109</i> crew members on Olasana Island in the early morning of 8 August, after dispatching rowboats to pick them up. The <i>157</i> then motored the full crew and the coastwatcher scouts forty miles (64 km) back to the Rendova PT base where they could begin to receive medical attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176,_164–5_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176,_164–5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JF_Kennedy_awarded_medal.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JF_Kennedy_awarded_medal.jpeg/170px-JF_Kennedy_awarded_medal.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JF_Kennedy_awarded_medal.jpeg/255px-JF_Kennedy_awarded_medal.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JF_Kennedy_awarded_medal.jpeg/340px-JF_Kennedy_awarded_medal.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy receiving the <a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Medal" title="Navy and Marine Corps Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Medal</a></figcaption></figure><p>There were reporters aboard <i>PT-157</i>, when they rescued Kennedy and his crew from Olasana Island. After the rescue, <i>The New York Times</i> announced, "KENNEDY'S SON IS HERO IN PACIFIC AS DESTROYER SPLITS HIS BOAT". Other papers wrote "KENNEDY'S SON SAVES 10 IN PACIFIC", and "SHOT FROM RUSTY JAP GUN GUIDES KENNEDY RESCUERS". All the published accounts of the PT-109 incident made Kennedy the key player in rescuing all 11 crew members and made him a war hero.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Joseph Kennedy Sr., made sure that these articles were widely distributed, and that it was known that his son was a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articles focused on Kennedy's role in the incident, omitting most of the contributions of Thom, the crew, and the coastwatchers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200398_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200398-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thom, Ross, and Kennedy were each awarded the <a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Medal" title="Navy and Marine Corps Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Medal</a>, though senior officer Lt. Commander Alvin Cluster had recommended Kennedy for the Silver Star.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> for injuries he sustained in the collision.<sup id="cite_ref-vinofaw_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinofaw-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following their rescue, Thom was assigned as commander of <i>PT-587</i> and Kennedy was assigned as commander of <i><a href="/wiki/PT-59" class="mw-redirect" title="PT-59">PT-59</a></i> (a.k.a. <i>PTGB-1</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vinofaw_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinofaw-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy and Thom remained friends, and when Thom died in a 1946 car crash, Kennedy was one of his pallbearers.<sup id="cite_ref-vinofaw_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinofaw-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>PT-109</i> incident aggravated Kennedy's ongoing health issues. It contributed to his back problems, until his symptoms eventually progressed to a point where they were incapacitating.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident also contributed to his gastrointestinal problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoastalLiving.Rescued_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoastalLiving.Rescued-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015134–176-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coconut shell came into the possession of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Gibson_Jr." title="Ernest W. Gibson Jr.">Ernest W. Gibson Jr.</a>, who was serving in the South Pacific with the <a href="/wiki/43rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="43rd Infantry Division (United States)">43rd Infantry Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibson later returned it to Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy preserved it in a glass paperweight on his <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> desk during his presidency. It is now on display at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Library">John F. Kennedy Library</a> in Boston, Massachusetts. </p><p>A 2003 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Naval_History" title="Naval History">Naval History</a></i> raised the possibility that Kennedy and McMahon conspired to mask the cause of <i>109</i>’s failure to evade <i>Amigiri</i>. It examined Kennedy's supposed statement to another PT officer that <i>109</i> had stalled because its muffler flaps had not first been opened when its engines had been throttled up. If, as radioman Maguire reported decades later, Kennedy signaled McMahon to speed up, it would have been McMahon's duty—and Kennedy's responsibility—first to open the flaps, which, in the other officer's account, were closed for quiet running. "[A]t no time did [Kennedy] ever officially or publicly acknowledge having sent a signal to the engine room to increase speed. ... [McMahon] consistently played ignorant of any signal from Kennedy."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gasa_and_Kumana_in_later_life">Gasa and Kumana in later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gasa and Kumana in later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></div> <p>Both Solomon Islanders Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana were alive when visited by <i>National Geographic</i> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were each presented with a bust and a letter from the Kennedy family. </p><p>Kennedy invited both Gasa and Kumana to his inauguration, but the island authorities gave their trip to local officials instead. Kumana and Gasa made it to the airport in Honiara, but were turned back by Solomon Island officials on the grounds that their appearance and pidgin English would be an embarrassment.<sup id="cite_ref-John_F._Kennedy_Library_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_F._Kennedy_Library-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gasa and Kumana gained recognition, especially after being mentioned and praised by <i>National Geographic</i>, and the publication of William Doyle's book on <i>PT-109</i>. Gasa died in late August 2005, his death noted only in a single blog post by a relative.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the commanding officer of <a href="/wiki/USS_Peleliu_(LHA-5)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Peleliu (LHA-5)">USS <i>Peleliu</i></a>, Captain Ed Rhoades, presented Kumana with gifts, including an American flag, for his actions more than 60 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Mark Roche visited Kumana and discussed the <i>PT-109</i> incident. Kumana had been a scout for the Coastwatchers throughout the war, and besides rescuing the crew of <i>PT-109</i>, he had rescued two downed American pilots who parachuted into the sea. Kumana noted that Kennedy visited him several times while still stationed at Rendova and always brought trinkets to swap. Kumana lived atop a cliff on his native island with his extended family. His most prized possession was a bust of President Kennedy later given him by the Kennedy family. Kumana gave Roche a valuable family heirloom, a large piece of <a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Kustom Money</a>, to place on the President's grave. (Among other uses, Kustom Money was used to pay tribute to a chief, especially by placing it on the chief's grave.) In November 2008, Roche placed the tribute on the President's grave in a private ceremony. The artifact was then taken to the Kennedy Library and placed on display beside the coconut with the rescue message.<sup id="cite_ref-John_F._Kennedy_Library_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_F._Kennedy_Library-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kumana died on <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2014, exactly 71 years after <i>PT-109</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s collision with <i>Amagiri</i>. He was 93.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Search_for_the_remains_of_PT-109">Search for the remains of <i>PT-109</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Search for the remains of PT-109"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wreckage of <i>PT-109</i> was located in May 2002, at a depth of 1,200 feet (370 m), when a National Geographic Society expedition headed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a> found a torpedo tube from wreckage matching the description and location of Kennedy's vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeoPT109_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeoPT109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boat was identified by Dale Ridder, a weapons and explosives expert on the U.S. Marine Forensics Panel.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeoPT109_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeoPT109-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stern section was not found, but a search using remote vehicles found the forward section, which had drifted south of the collision site. Much of the half-buried wreckage and grave site was left undisturbed in accordance with Navy policy. <a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a>, JFK's nephew, who joined Ballard on the expedition, presented a bust of JFK to the islanders who had found Kennedy and his crew.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>National Geographic</i> produced a TV special titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Kennedy%27s_PT_109" title="The Search for Kennedy's PT 109">The Search for Kennedy's PT 109</a></i>. A DVD and book were also released. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PT-109_and_American–Japanese_relations"><span id="PT-109_and_American.E2.80.93Japanese_relations"></span><i>PT-109</i> and American–Japanese relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: PT-109 and American–Japanese relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nine years after the sinking of <i>PT-109</i>, U.S. Representative John Kennedy, engaged in a race for the Senate, instructed his staff to locate Kohei Hanami, Commander of the <i>Amagiri</i>, the Japanese destroyer that had run down the <i>109</i>. When they found Captain Hanami, Kennedy wrote him a heartfelt letter on 15 September 1952, with wishes of good fortune for him and for long-term peace between Japan and the United States. The two became friends, and Hanami subsequently went into politics in 1954, being elected as councilman of Shiokawa, and later as mayor in 1962. Hanami hoped to meet Kennedy on his next visit to Japan, and though the meeting never took place, the United States and Japan remained close allies. Years later, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> accepted the post of Ambassador to Japan, holding the office from November 2013 to 18 January 2017, extending the positive relationship with Japan her father had begun after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Kennedy was running for president in <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> he met with Fujio Onozeki, a Japanese naval officer who was aboard the <i>Amagiri</i> when it hit <i>PT-109</i>, who gave him a card signed by other officers from the <i>Amagiri</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PT-109_in_popular_culture"><i>PT-109</i> in popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: PT-109 in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President Kennedy presented <i>PT-109</i> tie clasps to key supporters in his 1960 campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-PT109clip_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT109clip-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to close friends and staff members. Replicas of the tie clasps are still sold to the public by the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>. An original flag from <i>PT-109</i> is now kept in the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. The story of <i>PT-109</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s sinking was featured in several books and a 1963 movie, <a href="/wiki/PT_109_(film)" title="PT 109 (film)"><i>PT 109</i></a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Robertson" title="Cliff Robertson">Cliff Robertson</a>. Kennedy's father, Joe Kennedy Sr., had a role in the production, financing, casting, and writing.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As there were only a few 80-foot Elco <i>PT-103</i>-class hulls in existence by that time (none in operable condition or resembling their World War II appearance), United States Air Force <a href="/wiki/Crash_rescue_boat" title="Crash rescue boat">crash rescue boats</a> were modified to resemble <i>PT-109</i> and other Elco PTs in the movie. Instead of the dark green paint used by PT boats in the Western Pacific theater during World War II, the film versions were painted the same gray color as contemporary U.S. naval vessels of the 1960s. </p><p>A song titled <a href="/wiki/PT-109_(song)" title="PT-109 (song)">"PT-109"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dean" title="Jimmy Dean">Jimmy Dean</a> reached <span class="nowrap">No. 8</span> on the pop music, and <span class="nowrap">No. 3</span> on the <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> charts in 1962, making it one of Dean's most successful recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-PIR_1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIR_1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eroni Kumana named his son "John F. Kennedy".<sup id="cite_ref-CoastalLiving.Rescued_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoastalLiving.Rescued-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plum Pudding Island was later renamed <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Island" title="Kennedy Island">Kennedy Island</a>. A controversy arose when the government sold the land to a private investor who charged admission to tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-PIR_1_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIR_1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>PT-109</i> was also the subject of toy, plastic, and radio control model ships in the 1960s, familiar to boys who grew up as <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">baby boomers</a>. It was still a popular <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">72</span></span> scale</span> <a href="/wiki/Revell" title="Revell">Revell</a> <i>PT-109</i> (model) kit in the <span class="nowrap">21st century</span>. Hasbro also released a <i>PT-109</i> edition John F. Kennedy <a href="/wiki/G.I._Joe" title="G.I. Joe">G.I. Joe</a> action figure, dressed in Navy khakis with a miniature version of the famous coconut shell.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two episodes of the World War II–themed television series <i><a href="/wiki/McHale%27s_Navy" title="McHale's Navy">McHale's Navy</a></i>, which began airing during the Kennedy presidency, mention the <i>PT-109</i> and its unnamed captain from Massachusetts (whose speech and accent Ensign Parker imitate in one episode). In one episode, the boat's captain is the ultimate choice to be the face of a congresswoman's bond selling tour, and in the other, Captain Binghamton lists the <i>PT-109</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s captain as someone who has recently been promoted and of whom he is envious. </p><p>A video game marketing itself as a torpedo boat simulation was released by <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Holobyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrum Holobyte">Spectrum Holobyte</a> in 1987 with the title <i><a href="/wiki/PT-109_(video_game)" title="PT-109 (video game)">PT-109</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59">Patrol torpedo boat <i>PT-59</i></a>, commanded by Kennedy after he had recovered from the <i>PT-109</i> ordeal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratton.greenms.com/pt/pt127.html">PT Boat 127</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118111457/http://stratton.greenms.com/pt/pt127.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American PT Boats in World War II</i> by Victor Chun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DANFS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DANFS_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DANFS_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DANFS_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DANFS_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/p/PT-109.htm">"PT-109"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a> (DANFS)</i>. USN <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval History & Heritage Command">Naval History & Heritage Command</a>. 13 September 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JFK%27s+Island+Rescuers+Honored+at+Emotional+Reunion&rft.pub=National+Geographic+News&rft.date=2002-11-20&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2F11%2F1120_021120_kennedy_pt_109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_F._Kennedy_Library-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_F._Kennedy_Library_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_F._Kennedy_Library_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Kennedy_Library2009" class="citation book cs1">John F. Kennedy Library (3 August 2009). <i>John F. Kennedy Press Release</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy+Press+Release&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft.au=John+F.+Kennedy+Library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2015">Doyle 2015</a>, pp. 72–176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2007" class="citation web cs1">Francis, Mike (18 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.oregonlive.com/oregonatwar/2007/09/eroni_kumana_gets_his_flag.html">"Eroni Kumana gets his flag"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregonian" title="The Oregonian">The Oregonian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oregonian&rft.atitle=Eroni+Kumana+gets+his+flag&rft.date=2007-09-18&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.oregonlive.com%2Foregonatwar%2F2007%2F09%2Feroni_kumana_gets_his_flag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-03/solomon-islander-who-helped-save-jfk-dies/5644704">"Solomon Islanders mourn death of Eroni Kumana who helped save life of John F. Kennedy during WWII"</a>. <i>Australia Network News</i>. 4 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805001017/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-03/solomon-islander-who-helped-save-jfk-dies/5644704">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australia+Network+News&rft.atitle=Solomon+Islanders+mourn+death+of+Eroni+Kumana+who+helped+save+life+of+John+F.+Kennedy+during+WWII&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2014-08-03%2Fsolomon-islander-who-helped-save-jfk-dies%2F5644704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeoPT109-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeoPT109_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeoPT109_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2002" class="citation web cs1">Chamberlain, Ted (11 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020802063053/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/07/0709_020710_kennedyPT109.html">"JFK's PT-109 Found, U.S. Navy Confirms"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. National Geographic Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/07/0709_020710_kennedyPT109.html">the original</a> on 2 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=JFK%27s+PT-109+Found%2C+U.S.+Navy+Confirms&rft.date=2002-07-11&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2F07%2F0709_020710_kennedyPT109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitello2014" class="citation news cs1">Vitello, Paul (16 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/17/world/asia/eroni-kumana-who-saved-kennedy-and-his-shipwrecked-crew-dies-at-96.html">"Eroni Kumana, Who Saved Kennedy and His Shipwrecked Crew, Dies at 96"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eroni+Kumana%2C+Who+Saved+Kennedy+and+His+Shipwrecked+Crew%2C+Dies+at+96&rft.date=2014-08-16&rft.aulast=Vitello&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F08%2F17%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Feroni-kumana-who-saved-kennedy-and-his-shipwrecked-crew-dies-at-96.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Relationship with Hanami in <a href="#CITEREFDoyle2015">Doyle 2015</a>, pp. 212–16, 218–22, 241–42, 315–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46067086/opelika-daily-news/">"Fujio Onozeki"</a>. <i>Opelika Daily News</i>. 1 November 1960. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200303224529/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46067086/opelika-daily-news/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opelika+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Fujio+Onozeki&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1960-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F46067086%2Fopelika-daily-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PT109clip-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PT109clip_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation sign cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/media/8601"><i>Tie clip of PT-109 boat with "Kennedy" in black letters across bow</i></a> (Campaign artifact). Boston, MA: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>Given out as a campaign handout during John F. Kennedy's run for President in 1960 to promote his military experience in WWII</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tie+clip+of+PT-109+boat+with+%22Kennedy%22+in+black+letters+across+bow&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fmedia%2F8601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinds2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hinds, Joseph (February 2011). "JFK's Other PT Boat Rescue". <i>America in WWII</i>: 53–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America+in+WWII&rft.atitle=JFK%27s+Other+PT+Boat+Rescue&rft.pages=53-57&rft.date=2011-02&rft.aulast=Hinds&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIR_1-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PIR_1_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIR_1_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzetu2005" class="citation news cs1">Szetu, Robertson (10 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060636/http://pidp.org/archive/2005/March/03-10-03.htm">"Kennedy Island sale to be challenged in Solomons"</a>. <i>Pacific Islands Report</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pidp.org/archive/2005/March/03-10-03.htm">the original</a> on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Islands+Report&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Island+sale+to+be+challenged+in+Solomons&rft.date=2005-03-10&rft.aulast=Szetu&rft.aufirst=Robertson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpidp.org%2Farchive%2F2005%2FMarch%2F03-10-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard2002" class="citation book cs1">Ballard, Robert D. (2002). <i>Collision With History: The Search for John F. Kennedy's PT 109</i>. Washington, D.C.: Little, Brown, and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-6876-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-6876-5"><bdi>978-0-7922-6876-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collision+With+History%3A+The+Search+for+John+F.+Kennedy%27s+PT+109&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+and+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-6876-5&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Dallek, Robert</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/An_Unfinished_Life:_John_F._Kennedy,_1917%E2%80%931963" title="An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963"><i>An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963</i></a>. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-17238-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-17238-7"><bdi>978-0-316-17238-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unfinished+Life%3A+John+F.+Kennedy%2C+1917%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-316-17238-7&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Donovan" title="Robert J. Donovan">Donovan, Robert J.</a> (2001) [1961]. <i>PT-109: John F. Kennedy in WW II</i> (40th Anniversary ed.). McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137643-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137643-3"><bdi>978-0-07-137643-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PT-109%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+in+WW+II&rft.edition=40th+Anniversary&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-07-137643-3&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (2015). <a href="/wiki/PT_109:_An_American_Epic_of_War,_Survival,_and_the_Destiny_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy"><i>PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy</i></a>. New York City: Harper-Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-234658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-234658-2"><bdi>978-0-06-234658-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PT+109%3A+An+American+Epic+of+War%2C+Survival%2C+and+the+Destiny+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Harper-Collins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-234658-2&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fleming, Thomas (Spring 2011). "War of Revenge". <i>MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MHQ%3A+The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=War+of+Revenge&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlores1998" class="citation news cs1">Flores, John W. (22 November 1998). "Last Survivor of PT 109 still grieves skipper's death". <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Last+Survivor+of+PT+109+still+grieves+skipper%27s+death&rft.date=1998-11-22&rft.aulast=Flores&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1992" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Nigel (1992). <i>JFK, Reckless Youth</i>. New York, NY: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41216-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-41216-6"><bdi>0-679-41216-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK%2C+Reckless+Youth&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-679-41216-6&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHara2007" class="citation book cs1">Hara, Tameichi (2007) [1961]. <i>Japanese Destroyer Captain</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-354-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-354-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-354-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Destroyer+Captain&rft.pub=Annapolis%3A+Naval+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-354-3&rft.aulast=Hara&rft.aufirst=Tameichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hersey, John, "Survival", in <i>The New Yorker</i>, 17 June 1944.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHove2003" class="citation book cs1">Hove, Duane (2003). <i>American Warriors: Five Presidents in the Pacific Theater of World War II</i>. Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57249-260-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57249-260-8"><bdi>978-1-57249-260-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Warriors%3A+Five+Presidents+in+the+Pacific+Theater+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Shippensburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Burd+Street+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57249-260-8&rft.aulast=Hove&rft.aufirst=Duane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Keresey, Dick (July–August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218142719/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1998/4/1998_4_60.shtml">"Farthest Forward"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a></i>.</li> <li>Kimmatsu, Haruyoshi (December 1970). "The night we sank John Kennedy's PT 109". <i><a href="/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)" title="Argosy (magazine)">Argosy</a></i>. <b>371</b>(6).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogevall2020" class="citation book cs1">Logevall, Fredrik (2020). <i><a href="/wiki/JFK:_Coming_of_Age_in_the_American_Century,_1917%E2%80%931956" title="JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–1956">JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–1956</a></i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812997132" title="Special:BookSources/9780812997132"><bdi>9780812997132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK%3A+Coming+of+Age+in+the+American+Century%2C+1917%E2%80%931956&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780812997132&rft.aulast=Logevall&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenehan2002" class="citation book cs1">Renehan, Edward J. Jr. (2002). <i>The Kennedys at War, 1937–1945</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50165-1"><bdi>978-0-385-50165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedys+at+War%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50165-1&rft.aulast=Renehan&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregaskis1966" class="citation book cs1">Tregaskis, Richard (1966). <i>John F. Kennedy and PT-109</i>. Garden City, NY: American Printing House for the Blind. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007HSN7S">B0007HSN7S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy+and+PT-109&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=American+Printing+House+for+the+Blind&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007HSN7S%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Tregaskis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrol+torpedo+boat+PT-109" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/pt_boats/uss_pt_109.htm">PT-109 related photos at maritimequest.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="PT-109" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PT-109" title="Template:PT-109"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PT-109" title="Template talk:PT-109"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PT-109" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PT-109"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="PT-109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109"><i>PT-109</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109"><i>PT-109</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-59" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-59"><i>PT-59</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Amagiri_(1930)" title="Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)">Japanese destroyer <i>Amagiri</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Reg Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Kirksey_and_Harold_William_Marney" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Jackson Kirksey and Harold William Marney">Andrew Kirksey and Harold Marney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT-109_(song)" title="PT-109 (song)">1962 Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_109_(film)" title="PT 109 (film)">1963 Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT-109_(video_game)" title="PT-109 (video game)">1987 Video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Kennedy%27s_PT_109" title="The Search for Kennedy's PT 109"><i>The Search for Kennedy's PT 109</i> (2002 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_109:_An_American_Epic_of_War,_Survival,_and_the_Destiny_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy"><i>PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy</i> (2015 book)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Island" title="Kennedy Island">Kasolo Island (Kennedy Island)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_August_1943" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:August_1943_shipwrecks" title="Template:August 1943 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:August_1943_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:August 1943 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:August_1943_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:August 1943 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_August_1943" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in August 1943</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_August_1943" title="List of shipwrecks in August 1943">Shipwrecks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1 Aug: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-383" title="German submarine U-383"><i>U-383</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-454" title="German submarine U-454"><i>U-454</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2 Aug: <a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">USS <i>PT-109</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-106_(1940)" title="German submarine U-106 (1940)"><i>U-106</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_trawler_V_420_Alcyon" title="German trawler V 420 Alcyon"><i>V 420 Alcyon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">3 Aug: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-335" title="German submarine U-335"><i>U-335</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-572" title="German submarine U-572"><i>U-572</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-706" title="German submarine U-706"><i>U-706</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">4 Aug: <a href="/wiki/SS_Cokesit" title="SS Cokesit"><i>Catania</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Fort_La_Montee" title="SS Fort La Montee"><i>Fort La Montee</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Lombardia" title="SS Lombardia"><i>Lombardia</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-489" title="German submarine U-489"><i>U-489</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">5 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Plymouth_(PG-57)" title="USS Plymouth (PG-57)">USS <i>Plymouth</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-34_(1936)" title="German submarine U-34 (1936)"><i>U-34</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Aug: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Arashi" title="Japanese destroyer Arashi"><i>Arashi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hagikaze" title="Japanese destroyer Hagikaze"><i>Hagikaze</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kawakaze_(1936)" title="Japanese destroyer Kawakaze (1936)"><i>Kawakaze</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">7 Aug: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_S-1" title="Soviet submarine S-1"><i>S-1</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-84_(1941)" title="German submarine U-84 (1941)"><i>U-84</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-117_(1941)" title="German submarine U-117 (1941)"><i>U-117</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-615" title="German submarine U-615"><i>U-615</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">9 Aug: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-664" title="German submarine U-664"><i>U-664</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">11 Aug: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-468" title="German submarine U-468"><i>U-468</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-525" title="German submarine U-525"><i>U-525</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-604" title="German submarine U-604"><i>U-604</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">12 Aug: <a href="/wiki/SS_Clan_Macarthur" title="SS Clan Macarthur"><i>Clan Macarthur</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">13 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_John_Penn" title="USS John Penn">USS <i>John Penn</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">14 Aug: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Saracen_(P247)" title="HMS Saracen (P247)">HMS <i>Saracen</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">15 Aug: <a href="/wiki/HM_LST-414" title="HM LST-414"><i>LST-414</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">16 Aug: <a href="/wiki/SS_Empire_Kestrel" title="SS Empire Kestrel"><i>Empire Kestrel</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">18 Aug: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_chaser_Cha-5" title="Japanese submarine chaser Cha-5"><i>Cha-5</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_chaser_Cha-12" title="Japanese submarine chaser Cha-12"><i>Cha-12</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-403" title="German submarine U-403"><i>U-403</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">19 August: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-17" title="Japanese submarine I-17"><i>I-17</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Aug: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-197" title="German submarine U-197"><i>U-197</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-670" title="German submarine U-670"><i>U-670</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">23 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Crow_(AMc-20)" title="USS Crow (AMc-20)">USS <i>Crow</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_minelayer_Riilahti" title="Finnish minelayer Riilahti"><i>Riilahti</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_SC-694" title="USS SC-694">USS <i>SC-694</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">24 Aug: <a href="/wiki/Erg_(tug)" title="Erg (tug)"><i>Erg</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Sagaing" title="SS Sagaing"><i>Sagaing</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-134_(1941)" title="German submarine U-134 (1941)"><i>U-134</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-185" title="German submarine U-185"><i>U-185</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">25 Aug: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-35" title="Japanese submarine Ro-35"><i>Ro-35</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-523" title="German submarine U-523"><i>U-523</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">27 Aug: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Egret_(L75)" title="HMS Egret (L75)">HMS <i>Egret</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-847" title="German submarine U-847"><i>U-847</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">28 Aug: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-639" title="German submarine U-639"><i>U-639</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">29 Aug: <a href="/wiki/HDMS_Niels_Juel_(1918)" title="HDMS Niels Juel (1918)"><i>Niels Juel</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">30 Aug: <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-634" title="German submarine U-634"><i>U-634</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Unknown date: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Parthian_(N75)" title="HMS Parthian (N75)">HMS <i>Parthian</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MTB_345" title="MTB 345">SA 7</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">4 Aug: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Arrow_(H42)" title="HMS Arrow (H42)">HMS <i>Arrow</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Kembu_Maru_(1942)" title="SS Kembu Maru (1942)"><i>Kembu Maru</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">10 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Brant_(AM-24)" title="USS Brant (AM-24)">USS <i>Brant</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">11 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Raton" title="USS Raton">USS <i>Raton</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">18 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Abner_Read_(DD-526)" title="USS Abner Read (DD-526)">USS <i>Abner Read</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">30 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Cod" title="USS Cod">USS <i>Cod</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">31 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Stingray_(SS-186)" title="USS Stingray (SS-186)">USS <i>Stingray</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in 1942">1942</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1942" title="List of shipwrecks in 1942"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1943" title="List of shipwrecks in 1943">1943</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1944" title="List of shipwrecks in 1944"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1944" title="List of shipwrecks in 1944">1944</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_July_1943" title="List of shipwrecks in July 1943">July 1943</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_July_1943" title="List of shipwrecks in July 1943"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_September_1943" title="List of shipwrecks in September 1943"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Right_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_September_1943" title="List of shipwrecks in September 1943">September 1943</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1953–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1947–1953)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Administration,_Cabinet,_and_judicial_appointments_1961–63" title="John F. Kennedy">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/Y_Manitou" class="mw-redirect" title="S/Y Manitou">Presidential yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk"><i>Resolute</i> desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#The_Kennedy_years,_1961–63" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/90px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/135px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/180px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy#The_inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>PT-109</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59"><i>PT-59</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept"><i>Why England Slept</i> <small>(1940)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> <small>(1956)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants"><i>A Nation of Immigrants</i> <small>(1958)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials,<br />namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV <i>John F. Kennedy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. 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