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<span>Social culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relics_of_Indo-European_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics_of_Indo-European_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Relics of Indo-European culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics_of_Indo-European_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_communal_tribal_cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_communal_tribal_cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Latin communal tribal cults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_communal_tribal_cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latins_in_the_Roman_origin_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latins_in_the_Roman_origin_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Latins in the Roman origin myth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latins_in_the_Roman_origin_myth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latins in the Roman origin myth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latins_in_the_Roman_origin_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aeneas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeneas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Aeneas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeneas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romulus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romulus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Romulus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romulus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_unification_under_Rome_(550–338_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_unification_under_Rome_(550–338_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political unification under Rome (550–338 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_unification_under_Rome_(550–338_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetic studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Physical appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Ancient sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Modern sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Latins (Italic tribe)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="اللاتينيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللاتينيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C4%B1nlar" title="Latınlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Latınlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-teng-l%C3%A2ng" title="La-teng-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="La-teng-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Лаціны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лаціны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Латини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Латини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llatins" title="Llatins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llatins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinov%C3%A9" title="Latinové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Latinové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinere_(italisk_stamme)" title="Latinere (italisk stamme) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Latinere (italisk stamme)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiner" title="Latiner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Latiner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiinid" title="Latiinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Latiinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Λατίνοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λατίνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinos" title="Latinos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Latinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latianoj" title="Latianoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latianoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(antzinako_herria)" title="Latino (antzinako herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Latino (antzinako herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="لاتین‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latins" title="Latins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Latins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="라틴족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라틴족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լատիններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լատիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latini" title="Latini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Latini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latini" title="Latini – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latini" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Latin" title="Orang Latin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latini" title="Latini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Latini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="לאטינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאטינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლათინები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლათინები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walatini" title="Walatini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Walatini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Латындар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Латындар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latini" title="Latini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Latini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotynai" title="Lotynai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lotynai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinok" title="Latinok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Latinok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Латини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Латини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_(vahoaka)" title="Latina (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Latina (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ლათინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლათინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="လက်တီနို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်တီနို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latijnen" title="Latijnen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Latijnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="ラテン人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラテン人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinere" title="Latinere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Latinere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotinlar" title="Lotinlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lotinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latynowie" title="Latynowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Latynowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinos" title="Latinos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Latinos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latini" title="Latini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Latini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Латины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinos" title="Latinos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Latinos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Latins (Italic tribe)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinci" title="Latinci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Latinci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Латини (италско племе) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Латини (италско племе)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latini" title="Latini – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Latini" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinalaiset" title="Latinalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Latinalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinare" title="Latinare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Latinare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinler" title="Latinler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Latinler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8)" title="Латини (італіки) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латини (італіки)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%81)" title="لاطینی (اطالوی قبیلہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لاطینی (اطالوی قبیلہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Latinh" title="Người Latinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Latinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E4%BA%BA" title="拉丁人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉丁人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q202335#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italic tribe in ancient antiquity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Latino_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Latino (disambiguation)">Latino (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Latini" redirects here. For people with the last name Latini, see <a href="/wiki/Latini_(surname)" title="Latini (surname)">Latini (surname)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Latin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Latin (disambiguation)">Latin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volsci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Volsci.jpg/400px-Volsci.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Volsci.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Map of fifth-century BC <a href="/wiki/Old_Latium" title="Old Latium">Latium</a> and surrounding regions in present-day <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> that were eventually annexed by Rome to form "New Latium": The <a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a>, a region of early Latin settlement (from around 1000 BC) and the site of the <i>Latiar</i>, the most important Latin communal festival, are located under the "U" in <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIUM</span></span>. The region's two main lakes, Nemi and Albanus, are visible under the "I". The leading Latin city-states of Rome, Tibur (<a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tivoli</a>), Praeneste (<a href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Palestrina</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ardea,_Lazio" title="Ardea, Lazio">Ardea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabii" title="Gabii">Gabii</a> are shown.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/220px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/330px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Iron_Age_Italy.svg/440px-Iron_Age_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Italy">Roman expansion and conquest of Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Latins</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <b>Latinus</b> (m.), <b>Latina</b> (f.), <b>Latini</b> (m. pl.)), sometimes known as the <b>Latials</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Latians</b>, were an <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic tribe</a> that included the early inhabitants of the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman people</a>). From about 1000 BC, the Latins inhabited the small region known to the Romans as <a href="/wiki/Old_Latium" title="Old Latium">Old Latium</a> (in Latin <i>Latium vetus</i>), the area in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> between the river <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> and the promontory of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Circeo" title="Mount Circeo">Mount Circeo</a> 100 km (62 mi) southeast of Rome. Following the Roman expansion, the Latins spread into the <a href="/wiki/Latium_adiectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Latium adiectum">Latium adiectum</a>, inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a> peoples. </p><p>Their language, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic branch</a> of Indo-European. Speakers of Italic languages are assumed to have migrated into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (1200–900 BC). The material culture of the Latins, known as the <a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial culture</a>, was a distinctive subset of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">proto-Villanovan culture</a> that appeared in parts of the Italian peninsula in the first half of the 12th century BC. The Latins maintained close culturo-religious relations until they were definitively united politically under Rome in 338 BC, and for centuries beyond. These included common festivals and religious sanctuaries. </p><p>The rise of Rome as by far the most populous and powerful Latin state from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 BC led to volatile relations with the other Latin states, which numbered about 14 in 500 BC. In the period of the <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Tarquin</a> monarchy (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–500 BC), Rome apparently acquired political hegemony over the other states. After the fall of the Roman monarchy around 500 BC, there appears to have been a century of military alliance between Rome and the other Latin states to confront the threat posed to all Latium by raiding by the surrounding Italic mountain tribes, especially the <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a>. This system progressively broke down after roughly 390 BC, when Rome's aggressive expansionism led to conflict with other Latin states, both individually and collectively. In 341–338 BC, the Latin states jointly fought the <a href="/wiki/Latin_War" title="Latin War">Latin War</a> against Rome in a final attempt to preserve their independence. The war ended in 338 BC with a decisive Roman victory. The other Latin states were either annexed or permanently subjugated to Rome. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a></div> <p>The name <i>Latium</i> has been suggested to derive from the Latin word <i>latus</i> ("wide, broad"), referring, by extension, to the plains of the region (in contrast to the mainly-mountainous Italian Peninsula). If that is true, <i>Latini</i> originally meant "men of the plain".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latium_vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Latium vetus">Latium vetus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IE_expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/200px-IE_expansion.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/300px-IE_expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/IE_expansion.png/400px-IE_expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>The mainstream scenario for the migration of the Indo-European (IE) peoples in the period 4000–1000 BC: Known as the <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>, the scenario envisages the IE peoples migrating outwards from an original homeland in the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> of southern Russia, north of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> Mountains (purple zone). The red zone indicates the possible extent of IE expansion by <i>circa</i> 2500 BC, the orange zone by around 1000 BC. Note the movement of the Italic branch from the secondary zone (around <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>) into the Italian peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p>The Latins belonged to a group of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>-speaking (IE) tribes, conventionally known as the <a href="/wiki/Italic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Italic tribes">Italic tribes</a>, that populated central and southern Italy during the Italian <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, which began around 900 BC. The most widely accepted theory suggests that Latins and other proto-Italic tribes first entered Italy in the late Bronze Age proto-Villanovan culture, then part of the central European <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199544_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199544-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular various authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a>, had noted important similarities between the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">proto-Villanovan culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South-German_Urnfield_culture" title="South-German Urnfield culture">South-German Urnfield culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>-<a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Middle-Danube_Urnfield_culture" title="Middle-Danube Urnfield culture">Middle-Danube Urnfield culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to David W. Anthony proto-Latins originated in today's eastern <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, kurganized around 3100 BC by the <a href="/wiki/Yamna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamna culture">Yamna culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Kristian_Kristiansen_(archaeologist)" title="Kristian Kristiansen (archaeologist)">Kristian Kristiansen</a> associated the proto-Villanovans with the Velatice-Baierdorf culture of <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is further confirmed by the fact that the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a>, which introduced iron-working to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, were so closely related to the Central European <a href="/wiki/Urnfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Urnfield">Urnfield culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>–750 BC), and <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> (which succeeded the Urnfield culture), that it is not possible to tell them apart in their earlier stages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a> of Northern Italy represented a typical western example of the western Hallstatt culture, whose diffusion most probably took place in a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>-speaking context.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, several authors have suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a> of Central and Western Europe was a candidate for an early <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European culture</a>, and more specifically, for an ancestral European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European", ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic and Balto-Slavic branches.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these groups were descended from Proto-Indo-European speakers from Yamna-culture, whose migrations in Central Europe probably split off Pre-Italic, Pre-Celtic and Pre-Germanic from Proto-Indo-European.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199531-34map_1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199531-34map_1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199541_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199541-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png/400px-Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png/600px-Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png/800px-Linguistic_Landscape_of_Central_Italy.png 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>The linguistic landscape of Central Italy at the beginning of Roman expansion</figcaption></figure> <p>Leaving archaeology aside, the geographical distribution of the ancient languages of the peninsula may plausibly be explained by the immigration of successive waves of peoples with different languages, according to Cornell. On this model, it appears likely that the "West Italic" group (including the Latins) were the first wave, followed, and largely displaced by, the East Italic (Osco-Umbrian) group. This is deduced from the marginal locations of the surviving West Italic niches. Besides Latin, putative members of the West Italic group are <a href="/wiki/Faliscan_language" title="Faliscan language">Faliscan</a> (now regarded as merely a Latin dialect),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199543_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199543-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Siculian" title="Siculian">Siculian</a>, spoken in eastern <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The West Italic languages were thus spoken in limited and isolated areas, whereas the "East Italic" group comprised the <a href="/wiki/Oscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscan">Oscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrian">Umbrian</a> dialects spoken over much of central and southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199542Map_2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199542Map_2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronology of Indo-European immigration remains elusive, as does the relative chronology between the Italic IE languages and the non-IE languages of the peninsula, notably the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>, which is considered related to the <a href="/wiki/Raetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetic language">Raetic</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. Other examples of non-IE languages in Iron Age Italy are the <a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic language</a>, spoken in the Alps, and the unattested <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">ancient Ligurian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian languages</a>. Most scholars consider that Etruscan is a pre-IE survival, a <a href="/wiki/Paleo-European_languages" title="Paleo-European languages">Paleo-European language</a><sup id="cite_ref-Haarmann2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haarmann2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> part of an older European linguistic substratum,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199544_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199544-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoken long before the arrival of proto Indo-European speakers. Some scholars have earlier speculated that Etruscan language could have been introduced by later migrants. The ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> preserves the tradition that the <i>Tyrrhenoi</i> (Etruscans) originated in <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Lydians spoke an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language, completely different from the Etruscan language. Despite, a possible support for an eastern origin for Etruscan may be provided by two inscriptions in a language closely related to Etruscan found on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Lemnian_language" title="Lemnian language">Lemnian language</a>), even though some scholars believe that the Lemnian language might have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars, however, argue that the presence of a language similar to Etruscan in Lemnos was due to Etruscan commercial adventurers arrived from the west shortly before 700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological evidence available from Iron Age Etruria shows no sign of any invasion, migration, or arrival of small immigrant-elites from the Eastern Mediterranean who may have imposed their language.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace2010_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199547_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199547-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, Etruria shows above all contacts with Central Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>, as there is great consensus that the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">orientalizing period</a> was an artistic-cultural phenomenon not exclusively Etruscan, also spread to other areas of Italy and the Greek world, and that can be better explained by trade and exchange rather than by migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199547_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199547-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic studies on samples of Etruscan individuals, both on mitochondrial and autosomal DNA, are also against an eastern origin of the Etruscans and have supported a deep, local origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghirotto2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghirotto2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tassi2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tassi2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leonardi2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonardi2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 Stanford genetic study, which has analyzed the autosomal DNA of Iron Age samples from the areas around Rome, has concluded that Etruscans were similar to the Latins from <a href="/wiki/Latium_vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Latium vetus">Latium vetus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonio_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonio-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to British archeologist Phil Perkins, "there are indications that the evidence of DNA can support the theory that Etruscan people are autochthonous in central Italy".<sup id="cite_ref-Perkins_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perkins-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapis-niger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lapis-niger.jpg/220px-Lapis-niger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Lapis-niger.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lapis_Niger" title="Lapis Niger">Lapis Niger</a>, probably the oldest extant Latin inscription (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The tribe spoke the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a>), a member of the western branch of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a>, in turn a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> (IE) family of languages in Europe </p><p>The oldest extant inscription in the Latin language is believed to be engraved on the <i><a href="/wiki/Lapis_Niger" title="Lapis Niger">Lapis Niger</a></i> ("Black Stone") discovered in 1899 in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>, dating from around 600 BC: in the mid-<a href="/wiki/Roman_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman kingdom">Roman kingdom</a>, according to the traditional Roman chronology, but more likely close to its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199594-95_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199594-95-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written in a primitive form of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Latin">Archaic Latin</a>, it indicates that the Romans remained Latin-speakers in the period when some historians have suggested that Rome had become "Etruscanised" in both language and culture. It also lends support to the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman kingdom">Kings of Rome</a> in this era, whom some historians regarded as mythical: the inscription contains the word <i>recei</i>, the word for "king" in the <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> singular in archaic Latin - <i>regi</i> in classical Latin, or to the <i><a href="/wiki/Rex_sacrorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex sacrorum">rex sacrorum</a></i>, rather than the political king of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Forsythe_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Law_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312.jpg/220px-Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312.jpg/330px-Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312.jpg/440px-Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a> cinerary hut-urn, showing the likely shape of Romulus' Hut in Rome: a simple mud-and-straw shelter</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no archaeological evidence at present that Old Latium hosted permanent settlements during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. Some very small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a> pottery shards have been found in Latium, most likely belonging to transient pastoralists engaged in <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199532_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199532-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It thus appears that the Latins occupied Latium Vetus not earlier than around 1000 BC. Initially, the Latin immigrants into Latium were probably concentrated in the low hills that extend from the central Apennine range into the coastal plain (much of which was then marshy and malarial, and thus uninhabitable). A notable area of early settlement were the <a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a>, a plateau about 20 km (13 mi) SE of Rome containing a number of extinct volcanoes and 5 lakes, of which the largest are <i>lacus Nemorensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Nemi" title="Lake Nemi">Lake Nemi</a>) and <i>lacus Tusculensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Albano" title="Lake Albano">Lake Albano</a>). These hills provided a defensible, well-watered base.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Latium_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Latium-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the hills on the site of Rome, certainly the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine hill">Palatine</a> and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitoline hill">Capitoline</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirinal">Quirinal</a>, hosted permanent settlements at a very early stage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199554-55_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199554-55-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latins appear to have become culturally differentiated from the surrounding Osco-Umbrian Italic tribes from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span> onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Latium_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Latium-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this time, the Latins exhibit the features of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial culture</a> found in Etruria and the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> valley. In contrast, the Osco-Umbrian tribes do not exhibit the same features of the Latins, who thus shared the broadly same material culture as the Etruscans. The variant of Villanovan found in Latium is dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial culture</a>. The most distinctive feature of Latial culture were cinerary urns in the shape of miniature <i>tuguria</i> ("huts"). In Phase I of the Latium culture (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>–900 BC) these hut-urns only appear in some burials, but they become standard in Phase II cremation burials (900–770 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199551_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199551-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They represent the typical single-roomed hovels of contemporary peasants, which were made from simple, readily available materials: <a href="/wiki/Wattle-and-daub" class="mw-redirect" title="Wattle-and-daub">wattle-and-daub</a> walls and straw roofs supported by wooden posts. The huts remained the main form of Latin housing until about 650 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199557_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199557-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous exemplar was the <i><a href="/wiki/Casa_Romuli" title="Casa Romuli">Casa Romuli</a></i> ("Hut of <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>") on the southern slope of the Palatine Hill, supposedly built by the legendary founder of Rome with his own hands and which reportedly survived until the time of emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (ruled 30 BC - AD 14).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 650 BC began a period of urbanisation, with the establishment of political city-states in Latium. The most notable example is Rome itself, which was originally a group of separate settlements on the various hills. It appears that they coalesced into a single entity around 625 BC, when the first buildings were established on the site of the later <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_culture">Social culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relics_of_Indo-European_culture">Relics of Indo-European culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relics of Indo-European culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail2.jpg/220px-Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail2.jpg/330px-Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail2.jpg/440px-Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius_-_detail2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The "Rain Miracle": Jupiter the Rainmaker rescues the Romans during the <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a> (AD 166–80). The soldiers of legion <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">XII Fulminata</a></i>, who were surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> Germans and severely dehydrated, were saved by a thunderstorm, which reportedly materialised out of a clear sky. Note the god's wings. Detail from the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis, the earliest Indo-European speakers were a nomadic <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> people, originating in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppes">Eurasian steppes</a> (southern Russia, northern Caucasus and central Asia). Their livelihood was based on horses and herding. In the historical era, the same socio-cultural lifestyle was maintained, in the same regions, by peoples descended from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a> (PIEs) known to the Greco-Romans as <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, whose languages belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> branch of IE. On the basis of common steppe-nomadic features in the cultures of the various Indo-European peoples in the historical era, scholars have reconstructed elements of proto-Indo-European culture. Relics of such elements have been discerned in Roman and Latin customs. Examples include: </p> <ol><li>The kinship-system of PIEs is considered by anthropologists to best fit the so-called "Omaha" system, i.e. a patrilineal exogamous society, i.e. a society in which descent is recognised through the father's line and spouses are taken from outside the kinship-group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson201020_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson201020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is certainly the case with Roman society.</li> <li>Supreme sky-god: It has been securely reconstructed that the chief god of PIEs was a male sky-god, known as "Father Sky", from which descends the chief Latin god, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, deriving from archaic "Dieus - pater" ("sky-father").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson201025_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson201025-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PIEs also venerated a god of thunder and lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson201026_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson201026-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Latins, this deity appears to have been merged with the sky-god, as Jupiter was ascribed the power to hurl thunderbolts. Among others, Jupiter was ascribed the epithets <i>Jupiter Tonitrans</i> ("Jupiter the Thunderer"), <i>Jupiter Pluvius</i> ("Jupiter the Rainmaker"), and <i>Jupiter Fulgurator</i> ("Jupiter the Thunderbolt-Flinger")</li> <li>Fire-worship: A central feature of PIE life was the domestic hearth. It is thus considered certain that PIEs worshipped fire. The best-known derivative is the fire-worship of the ancient Iranian religion (see <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>). The Romans kept a perpetual sacred fire burning in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a>, who was the goddess of the hearth. To symbolise the hearth, it is the only Roman temple which was round, instead of square.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson201027_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson201027-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Horse-sacrifice: Originally a nomadic steppe-people, the life of PIEs was centred on horses. The sacrifice of horses was probably practised to consecrate kings. The Indic <i>asvamedha</i> ritual involves the sacrifice of a stallion and the ritual copulation with its corpse by the queen, followed by the distribution of the horse's parts. The Romans practised a ritual known as the <i>October Equus</i>, whereby the right-hand horse of a victorious team in a chariot-race was sacrificed to <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, the god of war. Its head was severed and fought over by two teams of people, and its tail hung from the <a href="/wiki/Regia" title="Regia">Regia</a> (the old royal palace in Rome).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson201027_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson201027-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a> symbol: This symbol, the hooked cross (<i>crux uncinata</i> in Latin), was widely used by IE-speaking peoples in both Europe and Asia (especially in India: the term <i>swastika</i> is <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>). According to one theory<sup>which?</sup>, it was invented, and used as an ethnic emblem, by the Proto-Indo-Europeans, although it is also a documented symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a> of SE Europe (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5500</span> – 4500 BC), which was probably pre-Indo-European (although it may have been used as a <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyph</a>, rather than a cultural symbol, by the Vinca people). Whatever its origin, it was widely adopted by the Indo-Europeans, among whom it probably symbolised the Sun (which was seen as a wheel rolling across the sky) and/or the Sky and was thus closely associated with their male supreme Sky-god. Among the Romans, it was not traditionally associated with the sky god Jupiter. It became associated with the sky god in Celtic southwest Gaul, where numerous dedications to Jupiter have been discovered adorned with swastikas.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later empire (4th century onwards), when pagan symbolism lost favour due to the advance of Christianity, it came to represent the Universe, or eternal life.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_communal_tribal_cults">Latin communal tribal cults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Latin communal tribal cults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_Cavo_Visto_da_castel_gandolfo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Monte_Cavo_Visto_da_castel_gandolfo.jpg/400px-Monte_Cavo_Visto_da_castel_gandolfo.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Monte_Cavo_Visto_da_castel_gandolfo.jpg/600px-Monte_Cavo_Visto_da_castel_gandolfo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Monte_Cavo_Visto_da_castel_gandolfo.jpg/800px-Monte_Cavo_Visto_da_castel_gandolfo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6616" data-file-height="4560" /></a><figcaption>View of <i>Albanus mons</i> (<a href="/wiki/Monte_Cavo" title="Monte Cavo">Monte Cavo</a>, 949m), the sacred mount of the Latins in the Alban Hills. The annual religious rites of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Festival">Latin Festival</a> were held on its summit. In foreground, the <a href="/wiki/Lago_Albano" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago Albano">Alban lake</a>, filling the caldera of an extinct volcano</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite their frequent internecine wars, the Latin city-states maintained close culturo-religious relations throughout their history. Their most important common tribal event was the four-day <i>Latiar</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Feriae_Latinae" title="Feriae Latinae">Feriae Latinae</a></i> ("Latin Festival"), held each winter on the sacred <i>mons Albanus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Monte_Cavo" title="Monte Cavo">Monte Cavo</a>, Alban Hills, SE of Rome), an extinct volcano. The climax of the festival was a number of sacrifices to Jupiter Latiaris ("Jupiter of Latium"); the sacrificed meat was shared by the representatives of the Latin communities. These elaborate rituals, as did all Roman religious ceremonies, had to be performed with absolute precision and, if any procedural mistakes were made, had to be repeated from the start. The Latin Festival continued to be held long after all <i>Latium Vetus</i> was integrated into the Roman Republic after 338 BC (from then on, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consuls</a> presided over them) and into the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Roman imperial era</a>. The historian <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, writing around AD 20, ascribed Rome's disastrous defeat by the Carthaginian general <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Battle of Lake Trasimene</a> in 217 BC to the impiety of the consul <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Flaminius_(consul_223_BC)" title="Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)">Gaius Flaminius</a>, who, in his eagerness to join his army at its assembly-point of <a href="/wiki/Arretium" class="mw-redirect" title="Arretium">Arretium</a>, failed to attend the Latin Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latin cultural-religious events were also held at other common cult-centres e.g. the major common shrine to <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ariccia" title="Ariccia">Aricia</a>. This may be the sacred grove to Diana which a fragment of Cato's <i>Origines</i> recorded dedicated, probably <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span>, by various Latin communities under the leadership of the dictator of <a href="/wiki/Tusculum" title="Tusculum">Tusculum</a>, Egerius Baebius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995297_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995297-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornell argues that the temple of Diana reportedly founded by the Roman king <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Aventine hill">Aventine hill</a> at Rome was also a common Latin shrine, as it was built outside the <i>pomerium</i> or City boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995295_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995295-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also an important Latin cult-centre at <a href="/wiki/Lavinium" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a>. Lavinium hosted the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Penates" class="mw-redirect" title="Penates">Penates</a>, or Latin ancestor-gods. Cornell suggests that the "Sanctuary of the 13 altars" discovered in the 1960s at Lavinium was the site of the Penates cult. Since each of the altars differ in style and date, it has been suggested that each was erected by a separate Latin city-state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995109_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995109-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latins_in_the_Roman_origin_myth">Latins in the Roman origin myth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latins in the Roman origin myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg/400px-Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg/600px-Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg/800px-Aeneas_Latium_BM_GR1927.12-12.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>The Trojan hero <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>' legendary landing on the shores of Latium (note prow of his beached ship, right). Aeneas is holding his son, Ascanius, by the hand. A sow (left) shows him where to found his city (<a href="/wiki/Lavinium" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a>). Roman marble bas-relief, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 140</span>–50. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aeneas">Aeneas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aeneas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the ever-growing influence of the <a href="/wiki/Italiotes" title="Italiotes">Italiote Greeks</a>, the Romans acquired their own national origin myth sometime during the early Republican era (500–300 BC). It was centred on the figure of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, a supposed Trojan survivor of the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaean Greeks</a>, as related in the poet <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s epic the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> (composed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BC</span>). The legend provided the Romans with a heroic "Homeric" pedigree, as well as a (spurious) ethnic distinctiveness from the other Latins. It also provided a rationale (as poetic revenge for the destruction of Troy) for Rome's hostilities against, and eventual subjugation of, the Greek cities of southern Italy, especially <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a> (mod. <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>) in the period ending 275 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199564-65_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199564-65-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The figure of Aeneas as portrayed in the <i>Iliad</i> lent itself to his adoption as the Roman "Abraham": a mighty warrior of (minor) royal blood who personally slew 28 Achaeans in the war, he was twice saved from certain death by the gods, implying that he had a great destiny to fulfil. A passage in Homer's <i>Iliad</i> contains the prophecy that Aeneas and his descendants would one day rule the Trojans.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Trojans had been expelled from their own city, it was speculated that Aeneas and other Trojan survivors must have migrated elsewhere. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latium_Volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Latium_Volcano.jpg/600px-Latium_Volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Latium_Volcano.jpg/900px-Latium_Volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Latium_Volcano.jpg/1200px-Latium_Volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a>, a volcanic plateau 20km SE of Rome. The region saw early Latin settlement and was the site of the legendary city of Alba Longa, supposedly the capital of Latium for 400 years before the foundation of Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>The legend is given its most vivid and detailed treatment in the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s epic, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> (published around AD 20). According to this, the Latin tribe's first king was <a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a>, who gave his name to the tribe and founded the first capital of the Latins, <a href="/wiki/Laurentum" title="Laurentum">Laurentum</a>, whose exact location is uncertain. The Trojan hero <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> and his men fled by sea after the capture and sack of their city, <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, by the Greeks in 1184 BC, according to one ancient calculation. After many adventures, Aeneas and his Trojan army landed on the coast of Latium near the mouth of the Tiber. Initially, King Latinus attempted to drive them out, but he was defeated in battle. Later, he accepted Aeneas as an ally and eventually allowed him to marry his daughter, Lavinia. Aeneas supposedly founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Lavinium" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a> (Pratica di Mare, <a href="/wiki/Pomezia" title="Pomezia">Pomezia</a>), named after his wife, on the coast not far from Laurentum. It became the Latin capital after Latinus' death.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeneas' son (by his previous Trojan wife, a daughter of king <a href="/wiki/Priam_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Priam of Troy">Priam of Troy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a>, founded a new city, <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a> in the Alban Hills, which replaced Lavinium as capital city. Alba Longa supposedly remained the Latin capital for some 400 years under Aeneas' successors, the <a href="/wiki/Alban_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Alban kings">Latin kings of Alba</a>, until his descendant (supposedly in direct line after 15 generations) <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> founded Rome in 753 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under a later king <a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a> (traditional reign-dates 673–642 BC), the Romans razed Alba Longa to the ground and resettled its inhabitants on the <i>mons Caelius</i> (<a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian Hill</a>) in Rome. </p><p>There is controversy about how and when Aeneas and his Trojans were adopted as ethnic ancestors by the Romans. One theory is that the Romans appropriated the legend from the Etruscans, who in turn acquired themselves the legend from the Greeks. There is evidence that the Aeneas legend was well known among the Etruscans by 500 BC: excavations at the ancient Etruscan city of <a href="/wiki/Veii" title="Veii">Veii</a> discovered a series of statuettes portraying Aeneas fleeing Troy carrying his father on his back, as in the legend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197990_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197990-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the Bulgarian linguist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Vladimir Georgiev</a> argued that the original Etruscans were in fact descendants of those Trojan refugees and that the Aeneas legend has a historical basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197986-98_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197986-98-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgiev disputes the mainstream view that Etruscan was not Indo-European: he argues that Etruscan was closely related to the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197920-25_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197920-25-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgiev's thesis hasn't received support from other scholars. Excavations at Troy have yielded a single written document, a letter in <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>. But as Luwian (which certainly is closely related to Hittite) was used as a kind of diplomatic <i>lingua franca</i> in Anatolia, it cannot be argued conclusively that Luwian was the everyday language of Troy. Cornell points out that the Romans may have acquired the legend directly from the Italiote Greeks. The earliest Greek literary reference to Rome as a foundation of Aeneas dates to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199565_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199565-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also much archaeological evidence of contacts between the cities of archaic Latium and the Greek world e.g. the archaic sanctuary of the Penates at Lavinium, which shows "heavy Greek influence in architectural design and religious ideology", according to Cornell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199566_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199566-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But whatever the origin of the legend, it is clear that the Latins had no historical connection with Aeneas and none of their cities were founded by Trojan refugees. Furthermore, Cornell regards the city of Alba Longa itself as probably mythical. Early Latial-culture remains have been discovered on the shore of the Alban lake, but they indicate a series of small villages, not an urbanised city-state. In any case, traces of the earliest phase of Latial culture also occur at Rome at the same time (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span>), so archaeology cannot be used to support the tradition that Rome was founded by people from Alba Longa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199557_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199557-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Alba Longa did not exist, then nor did the "Alban kings", whose genealogy was almost certainly fabricated to "prove" Romulus' descent from Aeneas. The genealogy's dubious nature is shown by the fact that it ascribes the 14 Alban kings an average reign of 30 years' duration, an implausibly high figure. The false nature of the Aeneas-Romulus link is also demonstrated by the fact that, in some early versions of the tradition, Romulus is denoted as Aeneas' grandson, despite being chronologically separated from Aeneas by some 450 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199571_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199571-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romulus">Romulus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Romulus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Lupa_Capitolina_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/0_Lupa_Capitolina_%282%29.JPG/400px-0_Lupa_Capitolina_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/0_Lupa_Capitolina_%282%29.JPG/600px-0_Lupa_Capitolina_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/0_Lupa_Capitolina_%282%29.JPG/800px-0_Lupa_Capitolina_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3740" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf" title="Capitoline Wolf">Capitoline Wolf</a>, a bronze statue of the She-Wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus. Date is controversial. Traditionally it has been attributed to the Etruscans and dated to the 5th century BC (although the twins were added in the 15th century). More recent scholarship dates the original piece to the medieval era. <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitoline Museum">Capitoline Museum</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>Romulus himself was the subject of the famous legend of the suckling she-wolf (<i>lupa</i>) that kept Romulus and his twin <a href="/wiki/Remus" class="mw-redirect" title="Remus">Remus</a> alive in a cave on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a></i>) after they had been thrown into the river <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> on the orders of their wicked uncle, <a href="/wiki/Amulius" title="Amulius">Amulius</a>. The latter had usurped the throne of Alba from the twins' grandfather, king <a href="/wiki/Numitor" title="Numitor">Numitor</a>, and then confined their mother, <a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vestal</a> convent. They were washed ashore by the river, and after a few days with the wolf, were rescued by shepherds. </p><p>Mainstream scholarly opinion regards Romulus as an entirely mythical character, and the legend fictitious. On this view, Romulus was a name fabricated to provide Rome with an eponymous founding hero, a common feature of classical foundation-myths; it is possible that Romulus was named after Rome instead of <i>vice versa</i>. The name contains the Latin diminutive <i>-ulus</i>, so it means simply "Roman" or "little Roman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995119_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995119-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the name "Roma" was of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan origin</a>, or that it was derived from the Latin word <i>ruma</i> ("teat"), presumably because the shape of the Palatine Hill and/or Capitoline Hill resembled a woman's breasts. If the city was named <i>after</i> Romulus, it is plausible that he was historical. Nevertheless, Cornell argues that "Romulus probably never existed... His biography is a complex mixture of legend and folk-tale, interspersed with antiquarian speculation and political propaganda".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995119_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995119-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carandini" title="Andrea Carandini">Andrea Carandini</a>, an archaeologist who has spent most of his career excavating central Rome, advanced the theory that Romulus was a historical figure who indeed founded the city in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 753 BC</span>, as related by the ancient chroniclers, by ploughing a symbolic sacred furrow to define the city's boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Carandini's views have received scant support among fellow scholars. </p><p>In contrast to the legend of Aeneas, which was clearly imported into the Latin world from an extraneous culture, it appears that the Romulus legend of the suckling she-wolf is a genuine indigenous Latin myth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_unification_under_Rome_(550–338_BC)"><span id="Political_unification_under_Rome_.28550.E2.80.93338_BC.29"></span>Political unification under Rome (550–338 BC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political unification under Rome (550–338 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional number of Latin communities for the purposes of the joint religious festivals is given as 30 in the sources. The same number is reported, probably erroneously, as the membership of the Romano-Latin military alliance, labelled the "<a href="/wiki/Latin_League" title="Latin League">Latin League</a>" by modern scholars. But it appears that <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span> there were just 15 independent Latin city-states in Latium Vetus, including Rome itself (the other 15 were annexed by the former as they expanded, especially Rome). The size of the city-state territories in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span> were estimated by Beloch (1926): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Latin city-states in existence <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995246_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995246-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of<br />city</th> <th>Modern name/<br />location</th> <th>Est. territory<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roma</a> </td> <td>Roma </td> <td>822 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibur">Tibur</a> </td> <td>Tivoli </td> <td>351 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praeneste</a> </td> <td>Palestrina </td> <td>263 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ardea,_Lazio" title="Ardea, Lazio">Ardea</a> </td> <td>Ardea </td> <td>199 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lavinium" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a> </td> <td>Pratica di Mare, <a href="/wiki/Pomezia" title="Pomezia">Pomezia</a> </td> <td>164 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanuvium" title="Lanuvium">Lanuvium</a> </td> <td>Lanuvio </td> <td>84 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Labici" title="Labici">Labici</a> </td> <td>Monte Compatri </td> <td>72 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nomentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomentum">Nomentum</a> </td> <td>Mentana </td> <td>72 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabii" title="Gabii">Gabii</a> </td> <td>Castiglione </td> <td>54 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fidenae" title="Fidenae">Fidenae</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Spada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Spada (page does not exist)">Villa Spada</a>, Rome </td> <td>51 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tusculum" title="Tusculum">Tusculum</a> </td> <td>nr. <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ariccia" title="Ariccia">Aricia</a> </td> <td>Ariccia </td> <td>45 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pedum" title="Pedum">Pedum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallicano_nel_Lazio" title="Gallicano nel Lazio">Gallicano nel Lazio</a> </td> <td>43 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crustumerium" title="Crustumerium">Crustumerium</a> </td> <td>Marcigliana Vecchia, Settebagni </td> <td>40 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ficula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ficula (page does not exist)">Ficula</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>37 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total Size of Latium Vetus </td> <td> </td> <td>2,347 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The table above shows the tiny size of Latium Vetus - only about two-thirds the size of the English county of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. Rome was by far the largest state, controlling some 35% of the total land area. The next four largest states ranged from just under half the size of Rome down to a fifth of the size; the remaining ten ranged from a tenth of the size down to less than a twentieth. </p><p>From an early stage, the external relations of the Latin city-states were dominated by their largest and most powerful member, Rome. The vast amount of archaeological evidence uncovered since the 1970s has conclusively discredited A. Alföldi's once-fashionable theory that Rome was an insignificant settlement until about 500 BC, and thus that the Republic was not established before about 450, and possibly as late as 400 BC. There is now no doubt that Rome was a unified city (as opposed to a group of separate hilltop settlements) by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 625 BC</span> and had become the second-largest city in Italy (after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Taranto" title="History of Taranto">Tarentum</a>, 510 hectares) by around 550 BC, when it had an area of about 285 hectares (1.1 sq mile) and an estimated population of 35,000. Rome was thus about half the size of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> (585 hectares, including <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>) and far larger than any other Latin city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995204-205_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995204-205-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Hunt_mosaics,_Villa_del_Casale,_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Great_Hunt_mosaics%2C_Villa_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_2.jpg/220px-Great_Hunt_mosaics%2C_Villa_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Great_Hunt_mosaics%2C_Villa_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_2.jpg/330px-Great_Hunt_mosaics%2C_Villa_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Great_Hunt_mosaics%2C_Villa_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_2.jpg/440px-Great_Hunt_mosaics%2C_Villa_del_Casale%2C_by_Jerzy_Strzelecki%2C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a 4th-century AD Roman mosaic showing two hunters wearing the dress of officers of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a>. Note the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> emblem on the left-hand officer's tunic. From <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>, Sicily</figcaption></figure> <p>The size of Rome at this time lends credence to the Roman tradition, dismissed by Alföldi, that in the late regal period (550–500 BC), traditionally the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Tarquinius" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarquinius">Tarquin</a> dynasty, Rome established its political hegemony over the other city-states of Old Latium. According to Livy, king <a href="/wiki/Tarquin_the_Proud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarquin the Proud">Tarquin the Proud</a> bound the Latin city-states into a military alliance under Roman leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly, Tarquin also annexed <a href="/wiki/Suessa_Pometia" title="Suessa Pometia">Pometia</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Satricum" title="Satricum">Satricum</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gabii" title="Gabii">Gabii</a>; established control over <a href="/wiki/Tusculum" title="Tusculum">Tusculum</a> by a marriage alliance with its leader, Octavus Mamilius; and established Roman colonies at Signia and <a href="/wiki/Circeii" title="Circeii">Circeii</a>. He was engaged in besieging Ardea when the revolt against his monarchy broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995209_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995209-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome's political control over Latium Vetus is apparently confirmed by the text of the first recorded Romano-Carthaginian treaty, dated by the ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> to 507 BC, a date accepted by Cornell (although some scholars argue a much later date). The treaty describes the Latin cities of <a href="/wiki/Lavinium" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a> and Ardea, among others, as "Roman subjects". Although the text acknowledged that not all the Latin cities were subjects of Rome, it clearly placed them under Rome's hegemony, as it provided that if Carthage captured any Latin city, it was obliged to hand it over to Rome's control. Rome's sphere of influence is implied as extending as far as <a href="/wiki/Terracina" title="Terracina">Terracina</a>, 100 km to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995210_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995210-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fall of the Roman monarchy was probably a more lengthy, violent and international process than the swift, bloodless and internal coup related by tradition. The role of the Etruscan king <a href="/wiki/Lars_Porsenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lars Porsenna">Lars Porsenna</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Clusium" title="Clusium">Clusium</a>, who led an invasion of Roman territory at the time of the revolution, was probably distorted for propaganda reasons by later Roman chroniclers. Livy claims that Porsenna aimed to restore Tarquin to his throne, but failed to take Rome after a siege. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> suggests that Porsenna's army succeeded in occupying the city.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that there is no evidence of Tarquin's restoration during this occupation has led some scholars to suggest that it Porsenna was the real agent of the Tarquin's downfall, and that he aimed to replace him as king of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995293_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995293-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any danger of an Etruscan takeover of Rome was removed by Porsenna's defeat at <a href="/wiki/Ariccia" title="Ariccia">Aricia</a> in 504 BC. </p><p>There followed a war between Rome and the other Latin city-states, which probably took advantage of the political turmoil in Rome to attempt to regain/preserve their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995293_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995293-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that Tusculum and Aricia took the lead in organising an anti-Roman alliance. One ancient source names Egerius Baebius, the leader of Tusculum, as the "Latin dictator" (i.e. commander-in-chief of the Latin forces). It appears that Baebius dedicated a sacred grove to Diana at <i>lucus Ferentinae</i> (a wood near Aricia) in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span> in the presence of representatives of Latin states, including Tusculum, Aricia, Lanuvium, Lavinium, Cora, Tibur, Pometia and Ardea.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event was probably contemporaneous with, and connected with, the launch of the Latin alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latins could apparently count on the support of the <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a> Italic tribe. In addition, they were joined by the deposed Roman king Tarquin the Proud and his remaining followers. </p><p>The Romans apparently prevailed, scoring a notable victory over the Latin forces at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Regillus" title="Battle of Lake Regillus">Lake Regillus</a> sometime in the period 499-493 BC (the exact year is disputed among scholars).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scutum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Scutum_1.jpg/220px-Scutum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Scutum_1.jpg/330px-Scutum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Scutum_1.jpg/440px-Scutum_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Modern replicas of <i><a href="/wiki/Scutum_(shield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutum (shield)">scuta</a></i> (shields), as used by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Roman_army" title="Imperial Roman army">Imperial Roman army</a>. Note the <i>alae et fulgura</i> ("wings-and-thunderbolts") emblem, representing <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, the highest Roman god</figcaption></figure> <p>Instead of restoring their previous hegemony, the Romans apparently settled for a military alliance on equal terms with the Latins. According to the sources, the <i><a href="/wiki/Foedus_Cassianum" title="Foedus Cassianum">foedus Cassianum</a></i> (Cassian treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the Romans on one side and the other Latin city-states combined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995299_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995299-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided for a perpetual peace between the two parties; a defensive alliance by which the parties pledged mutual assistance in case of attack; a promise not to aid or allow passage to each other's enemies; the equal division of spoils of war (half to Rome, half to the other Latins) and provisions to regulate trade between the parties. In addition the treaty probably provided for overall command of the allies' joint forces to alternate between a Roman and a commander from one of the other Latin city-states each year. As the nature of the Tarquinian hegemony over the Latins is unknown, it is impossible to tell how the terms of the Cassian treaty differed from those imposed by the Tarquins. But it is likely that Tarquin rule was more onerous, involving the payment of tribute, while the Republican terms simply involved a military alliance. The impetus to form such an alliance was probably provided by the acute insecurity caused by a phase of migration and invasion of the lowland areas by Italic mountain tribes in the period after 500 BC. The Latins faced repeated incursions by the <a href="/wiki/Hernici" title="Hernici">Hernici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a>, whose territories surrounded Latium Vetus on its eastern and southern sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995305_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995305-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Romano-Latin military alliance proved strong enough to repel the incursions of the Italic mountain tribes in the period 500–400 BC. During the succeeding century, after Rome had recovered from the catastrophic Gallic invasion of 390 BC, the Romans began a phase of expansionism. In addition to the establishment of a series of <a href="/wiki/Latin_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin colonies">Latin colonies</a> on territories annexed from the mountain tribes, Rome annexed a number of neighbouring Latin city-states in steady succession. The increasing threat posed by Roman encroachment led the more powerful Latin states, such as <a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praeneste</a>, to attempt to defend their independence and territorial integrity by challenging Rome, often in alliance with their erstwhile enemies, mountain-tribes such as the Volsci. Finally, in 341 BC, all the Latin city-states combined in what proved to be a final effort to regain/preserve their independence. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Latin_War" title="Latin War">Latin War</a> ended in 338 with a decisive Roman victory, following which Rome annexed most of <i>Latium Vetus</i>. A few of the larger Latin states, such as Praeneste and Tibur, were allowed to retain a degree of political autonomy, but only in a subordinate status as Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Socii" title="Socii">socii</a></i> ("allies"), tied to Rome by treaties of military alliance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies"><span class="anchor" id="Population_genetics_studies"></span>Genetic studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> in November 2019 examined the remains of six Latin males buried near <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> between 900 BC and 200 BC. They carried the paternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R-M269</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184#T1a1a_(L208)" title="Haplogroup T-M184">T-L208</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R-P311</a>, R-PF7589 and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269#R-P312" title="Haplogroup R-M269">R-P312</a> (two samples), and the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H1" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H1aj1a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T2c1f</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H2" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H2a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U4" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U4a1a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H11" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H11a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H10" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H10</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Rows_29-32,_36-37_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Rows_29-32,_36-37-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These examined individuals were distinguished from preceding populations of Italy by the presence of 30% <a href="/wiki/Steppe_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe ancestry">steppe ancestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20194_Table_S15_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20194_Table_S15-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two out of six individuals from Latin burials were found have a mixture of local Iron Age ancestry and ancestry from an <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Eastern mediterranean</a> population. Among modern populations, four out of six were closest to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italians</a>, and then Spaniards, while the other two were closest to Southern Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20192_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20192-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins, <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> and the preceding proto-Villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20193_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20193-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examined individuals from the city of Rome during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BCE – 300 CE) bore far less genetic resemblance to Rome's founding populations, and were instead shifted towards the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. The Imperial population of Rome was found to have been extremely diverse, with barely any of the examined individuals being of primarily local, central Italian ancestry. It was suggested that the observed genetic shift in the city's founding populations was a result of heavy migration of merchants and slaves from the populous urban centres of the Middle East and Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During late antiquity, after the Imperial era, Rome's population was drastically reduced as a result of political instability, epidemics and economic changes. In this period, more local or central Italian ancestry is evident in Rome; its inhabitants started to again approximate present-day Italians, and can be modeled as a genetic mixture of Imperial-era inhabitants of the city of Rome and populations from central or northern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following Early Medieval period, invasions of barbarians may have brought central and/or northern European ancestry into Rome, resulting in the further loss of genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the people of Rome again genetically resembled central and southern European populations.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarno2017_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarno2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DiGaetanoo2009_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiGaetanoo2009-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raveane2019_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raveane2019-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Physical appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As regards to the data on the <a href="/wiki/Biological_pigment" title="Biological pigment">pigmentation</a> of eyes, hair and skin, the following results were obtained from the study on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a> of the 11 individuals of the Iron Age/Republican period, coming from Latium and Abruzzo, and the 27 individuals of Medieval/Early Modern period, coming from Latium. </p><p>For Iron Age/Republic period, the <a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">eye color</a> is blue in 27% of the examined and dark in the remaining 73%. Hair color is 9% <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond</a> or dark blond and 91% dark brown or black. The <a href="/wiki/Skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin color">skin color</a> is intermediate for 82%, intermediate or dark for 9% and dark or very dark for the remaining 9%.<sup id="cite_ref-Tina_Saupe_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tina_Saupe-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, the following results were obtained for Medieval/Early Modern period: the eye color is blue in 26% of the examined and dark in the remaining 74%. Hair color is 22% blond or dark blond, 11% <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red</a> and 67% dark brown or black. The skin color is pale for 15%, intermediate for 68%, intermediate or dark for 10% and dark or very dark for the remaining 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-Tina_Saupe_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tina_Saupe-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">List of ancient peoples of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Italic_peoples" title="List of ancient Italic peoples">List of ancient Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_Latina" title="Valle Latina">Valle Latina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBauer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wise_Bauer" title="Susan Wise Bauer">Bauer, Susan Wise</a> (2007). <i>The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome</i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8"><bdi>978-0-393-05974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+From+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=355&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05974-8&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Susan+Wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfoldi (1966) 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199544-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199544_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199544_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica <i>Latium</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimbutas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M.Gimbutas - Bronze Age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe p.339-345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Coles - The Bronze Age in Europe: An Introduction to the Prehistory of Europe C. 2000–700 BC, p.422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massimo Pallottino-Etruscologia p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David W. Anthony - The Horse, The Wheel and Language pg.344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David W. Anthony - The Horse, The Wheel and Language pg.367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Kristiansen - Europe Before History p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pontecagnano" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontecagnano">Pontecagnano</a> finds are conserved in the Museum of Agro Picentino.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629128/Villanovan-culture">"Villanovan culture"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Villanovan+culture&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F629128%2FVillanovan-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1970" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Nora (1970). <i>The Celts</i>. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruta1991" class="citation book cs1">Kruta, Venceslas (1991). <i>The Celts</i>. Thames and Hudson. pp. 89–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts&rft.pages=89-102&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kruta&rft.aufirst=Venceslas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStifter2008" class="citation book cs1">Stifter, David (2008). <i>Old Celtic Languages - Addenda</i>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Celtic+Languages+-+Addenda&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stifter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfons Semler, <i>Überlingen: Bilder aus der Geschichte einer kleinen Reichsstadt,</i>Oberbadische Verlag, Singen, 1949, pp. 11–17, specifically 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Almagro-Gorbea - La lengua de los Celtas y otros pueblos indoeuropeos de la península ibérica", 2001 p.95. In Almagro-Gorbea, M., Mariné, M. and Álvarez-Sanchís, J. R. (eds) <i>Celtas y Vettones</i>, pp. 115-121. Ávila: Diputación Provincial de Ávila.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.P. Mallory, 'The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe', in <i>Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe</i>, eds J. T. Koch and B. Cunliffe (Oxford, 2013), p.17-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199531-34map_1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199531-34map_1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 31-34, map 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199541-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199541_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199543-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199543_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199542Map_2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199542Map_2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 42, Map 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haarmann2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haarmann2014_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Haarmann" title="Harald Haarmann">Haarmann, Harald</a> (2014). "Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.). <i>A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean</i>. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 17–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118834312.ch2">10.1002/9781118834312.ch2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444337341" title="Special:BookSources/9781444337341"><bdi>9781444337341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Language+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ethnicity+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=17-33&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118834312.ch2&rft.isbn=9781444337341&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus <i>Histories</i> I.94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Ligt" class="citation web cs1">De Ligt, Luuk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talanta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/TAL-40-412008-2009-pag-151-172-DeLigt.pdf">"An 'Eteocretan' inscription from Praisos and the homeland of the Sea Peoples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ALANTA XL-XLI (2008-2009), 151-172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+%27Eteocretan%27+inscription+from+Praisos+and+the+homeland+of+the+Sea+Peoples&rft.pub=ALANTA+XL-XLI+%282008-2009%29%2C+151-172&rft.aulast=De+Ligt&rft.aufirst=Luuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talanta.nl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F08%2FTAL-40-412008-2009-pag-151-172-DeLigt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace2010_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace2010_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rex_E._Wallace" title="Rex E. Wallace">Wallace, Rex E.</a> (2010). "Italy, Languages of". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 97–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195170726" title="Special:BookSources/9780195170726"><bdi>9780195170726</bdi></a>. <q>Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy%2C+Languages+of&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=97-102&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195170726&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Rex+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199547-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199547_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199547_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghirotto2013-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghirotto2013_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhirottoTassiFumagalliColonna2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ghirotto S, Tassi F, Fumagalli E, Colonna V, Sandionigi A, Lari M, et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566088">"Origins and Evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (2): e55519. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...855519G">2013PLoSO...855519G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0055519">10.1371/journal.pone.0055519</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566088">3566088</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23405165">23405165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Evolution+of+the+Etruscans%27+mtDNA&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e55519&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3566088%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23405165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0055519&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...855519G&rft.aulast=Ghirotto&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Tassi%2C+F&rft.au=Fumagalli%2C+E&rft.au=Colonna%2C+V&rft.au=Sandionigi%2C+A&rft.au=Lari%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3566088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tassi2013-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tassi2013_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTassiGhirottoCaramelliBarbujani2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tassi F, Ghirotto S, Caramelli D, Barbujani G, et al. (2013). "Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>152</b> (1): 11–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.22319">10.1002/ajpa.22319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23900768">23900768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Genetic+evidence+does+not+support+an+Etruscan+origin+in+Anatolia.&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-18&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.22319&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23900768&rft.aulast=Tassi&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Ghirotto%2C+S&rft.au=Caramelli%2C+D&rft.au=Barbujani%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonardi2018-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leonardi2018_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardiSandionigiConzatoLari2018" class="citation journal cs1">Leonardi, Michela; Sandionigi, Anna; Conzato, Annalisa; Lari, Martina; Tassi, Francesca (2018). "The female ancestor's tale: Long-term matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>167</b> (3): 497–506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.23679">10.1002/ajpa.23679</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30187463">30187463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52161000">52161000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+female+ancestor%27s+tale%3A+Long-term+matrilineal+continuity+in+a+nonisolated+region+of+Tuscany&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497-506&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52161000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30187463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.23679&rft.aulast=Leonardi&rft.aufirst=Michela&rft.au=Sandionigi%2C+Anna&rft.au=Conzato%2C+Annalisa&rft.au=Lari%2C+Martina&rft.au=Tassi%2C+Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonio-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antonio_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonioGaoM._Moots2019" class="citation journal cs1">Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; M. Moots, Hannah (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>366</b> (6466). Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published November 8, 2019): 708–714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...366..708A">2019Sci...366..708A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826">10.1126/science.aay6826</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1715466">2318/1715466</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">7093155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31699931">31699931</a>. <q>Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+A+genetic+crossroads+of+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6466&rft.pages=708-714&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...366..708A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31699931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F1715466&rft.aulast=Antonio&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rft.au=Gao%2C+Ziyue&rft.au=M.+Moots%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perkins-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perkins_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2017" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Phil (2017). "Chapter 8: DNA and Etruscan identity". In Naso, Alessandro (ed.). <i>Etruscology</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 109–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934078495" title="Special:BookSources/978-1934078495"><bdi>978-1934078495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+DNA+and+Etruscan+identity&rft.btitle=Etruscology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=109-18&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1934078495&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2009" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Phil (2009). "DNA and Etruscan identity". In Perkins, Phil; Swaddling, Judith (eds.). <i>Etruscan by Definition: Papers in Honour of Sybille Haynes</i>. London: The British Museum Research Publications. pp. 95–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861591732" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861591732"><bdi>978-0861591732</bdi></a>. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DNA+and+Etruscan+identity&rft.btitle=Etruscan+by+Definition%3A+Papers+in+Honour+of+Sybille+Haynes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=95-111&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Research+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0861591732&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199594-95-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199594-95_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 94-95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsythe-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2006" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (7 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEfvR1Qcd0gC&q=%27%27recei%27%27+religious+official+inscription&pg=PA74"><i>A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24991-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24991-2"><bdi>978-0-520-24991-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+Early+Rome%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+First+Punic+War&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24991-2&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaEfvR1Qcd0gC%26q%3D%2527%2527recei%2527%2527%2Breligious%2Bofficial%2Binscription%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Law_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellegen-Couperus2011" class="citation book cs1">Tellegen-Couperus, Olga (25 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcUyAQAAQBAJ&q=%27%27recei%27%27+religious+official+black%7CNiger&pg=PA21"><i>Law and Religion in the Roman Republic</i></a>. BRILL. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21920-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21920-5"><bdi>978-90-04-21920-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Religion+in+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-11-25&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21920-5&rft.aulast=Tellegen-Couperus&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmcUyAQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2527%2527recei%2527%2527%2Breligious%2Bofficial%2Bblack%257CNiger%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199532-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199532_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_Latium-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Latium_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Latium_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica <i>Latium</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199554-55-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199554-55_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 54-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199551-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199551_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199557-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199557_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199557_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius I.79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio XLVIII.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson201020-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson201020_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson201025-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson201025_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson201026-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson201026_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortson201027-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson201027_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortson201027_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Green_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miranda Green (academic)">Green, Miranda</a> (1989). <i>Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art</i>. p. 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbol+and+Image+in+Celtic+Religious+Art&rft.pages=166&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy <i>Ab Urbe Condita</i> XXI.63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995297-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995297_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995295-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995295_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995109-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995109_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199564-65-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199564-65_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 64-65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer <i>Iliad</i> XX.307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy I.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy I.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197990-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197990_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgiev1979">Georgiev 1979</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197986-98-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197986-98_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgiev1979">Georgiev 1979</a>, p. 86-98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197920-25-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgiev197920-25_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgiev1979">Georgiev 1979</a>, p. 20-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199565-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199565_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199566-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199566_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199571-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199571_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995119-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995119_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995119_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarandini2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Carandini" title="Andrea Carandini">Carandini, Andrea</a> (2011). <i>Rome: Day One</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%3A+Day+One&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Carandini&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995246-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995246_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995204-205-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995204-205_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 204-205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy I.52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995209-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995209_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995210-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995210_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus <i>Hist.</i> III.72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995293-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995293_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995293_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cato <i>Origines</i> II.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfoldi (1965) 49-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy II.21. 3-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995299-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995299_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995305-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995305_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Rows_29-32,_36-37-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Rows_29-32,_36-37_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, Table 2 Sample Information, Rows 29-32, 36-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20194_Table_S15-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20194_Table_S15_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, p. 4 Table S15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20192-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20192_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20193-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.20193_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, p. 4. "[C]ompared to Iron Age individuals, the Imperial population shares more alleles with early Bronze Age Jordanians... Notably, only 2 out of 48 Imperial-era individuals fall in the European cluster (C7) to which 8 out of 11 Iron Age individuals belong... [F]ew Imperial individuals (n = 2) have strong genetic affinities to western Mediterranean populations."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay6826">Supplementary Materials for "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" (page 27)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWade2019">Wade 2019</a>, p. 673. "People from the city's earliest eras and from after the Western empire's decline in the fourth century C.E. genetically resembled other Western Europeans. But during the imperial period most sampled residents had Eastern Mediterranean or Middle Eastern ancestry... The study suggests the vast majority of immigrants to the city came from the East. Of 48 individuals sampled from this period, only two showed strong genetic ties to Europe... Invading barbarians brought in more European ancestry. Rome gradually lost its strong genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By medieval times, city residents again genetically resembled European populations."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalli-SforzaMenozziCavalli-SforzaPiazza1994" class="citation book cs1">Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC&q=history+of+human+genes"><i>The History and Geography of Human Genes</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691087504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691087504"><bdi>978-0691087504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Geography+of+Human+Genes&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0691087504&rft.aulast=Cavalli-Sforza&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Luca&rft.au=Menozzi%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Cavalli-Sforza%2C+Luca&rft.au=Piazza%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Cavalli-Sforza%2C+Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrwNcwKaUKoC%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Bgenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonioGaoLucci2019" class="citation journal cs1">Antonio, M; Gao, Z; Lucci, M; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>366</b> (6466): 708–714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...366..708A">2019Sci...366..708A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826">10.1126/science.aay6826</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">7093155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31699931">31699931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+A+genetic+crossroads+of+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6466&rft.pages=708-714&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31699931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...366..708A&rft.aulast=Antonio&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Gao%2C+Z&rft.au=Lucci%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarno2017-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarno2017_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarnoBoattiniPagani2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sarno, S; Boattini, A; Pagani, L; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434004">"Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 1984. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...7.1984S">2017NatSR...7.1984S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-01802-4">10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434004">5434004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28512355">28512355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Ancient+and+recent+admixture+layers+in+Sicily+and+Southern+Italy+trace+multiple+migration+routes+along+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1984&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5434004%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28512355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-01802-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...7.1984S&rft.aulast=Sarno&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Boattini%2C+A&rft.au=Pagani%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5434004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalphCoop2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ralph, P; Coop, G (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646727">"The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>11</b> (5): e1001555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001555">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646727">3646727</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23667324">23667324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=The+geography+of+recent+genetic+ancestry+across+Europe&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e1001555&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3646727%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23667324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001555&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Coop%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3646727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiGaetanoo2009-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiGaetanoo2009_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_GaetanoCeruttiCrobu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Di Gaetano, C; Cerutti, N; Crobu, F; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2985948">"Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 91–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2008.120">10.1038/ejhg.2008.120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2985948">2985948</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18685561">18685561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Differential+Greek+and+northern+African+migrations+to+Sicily+are+supported+by+genetic+evidence+from+the+Y+chromosome&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-99&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2985948%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18685561&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2008.120&rft.aulast=Di+Gaetano&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Cerutti%2C+N&rft.au=Crobu%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2985948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raveane2019-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raveane2019_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaveaneAneliMontinaroAthanasiadis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Raveane, A.; Aneli, S.; Montinaro, F.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G. (4 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6726452">"Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>5</b> (9): eaaw3492. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5.3492R">2019SciA....5.3492R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aaw3492">10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6726452">6726452</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31517044">31517044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Population+structure+of+modern-day+Italians+reveals+patterns+of+ancient+and+archaic+ancestries+in+Southern+Europe&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=eaaw3492&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6726452%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31517044&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aaw3492&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SciA....5.3492R&rft.aulast=Raveane&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Aneli%2C+S.&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+F.&rft.au=Athanasiadis%2C+G.&rft.au=Barlera%2C+S.&rft.au=Birolo%2C+G.&rft.au=Boncoraglio%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6726452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tina_Saupe-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tina_Saupe_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tina_Saupe_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaupeMontinaroScaggionCarrara2021" class="citation journal cs1">Saupe, Tina; Montinaro, Francesco; Scaggion, Cinzia; Carrara, Nicola; Kivisild, Toomas; D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Hui, Ruoyun; Solnik, Anu; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Larson, Greger; Alessandri, Luca (2021-06-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982221005352">"Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula, Supplemental information Data S6A–S6D"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>31</b> (12): 2576–2591.e12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.04.022">10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F827581">11585/827581</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33974848">33974848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234471370">234471370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomes+reveal+structural+shifts+after+the+arrival+of+Steppe-related+ancestry+in+the+Italian+Peninsula%2C+Supplemental+information+Data+S6A%E2%80%93S6D&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2576-2591.e12&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F827581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234471370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.04.022&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33974848&rft.aulast=Saupe&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Scaggion%2C+Cinzia&rft.au=Carrara%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=D%E2%80%99Atanasio%2C+Eugenia&rft.au=Hui%2C+Ruoyun&rft.au=Solnik%2C+Anu&rft.au=Lebrasseur%2C+Oph%C3%A9lie&rft.au=Larson%2C+Greger&rft.au=Alessandri%2C+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0960982221005352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> <i>Roman History</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 250</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> <i>Roman Antiquities</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab urbe condita</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 20</span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Alföldi, Andreas (1966): <i>Early Rome and the Latins</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (November 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>366</b> (6466). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: 708–714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...366..708A">2019Sci...366..708A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826">10.1126/science.aay6826</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">7093155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31699931">31699931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+A+genetic+crossroads+of+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6466&rft.pages=708-714&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31699931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...366..708A&rft.aulast=Antonio&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rft.au=Gao%2C+Ziyue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1995" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, T. J. (1995). <i>The Beginnings of Rome</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Rome&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> 15th Ed. (1995): Micropædia: "Latium"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Fortson_IV" title="Benjamin W. Fortson IV">Fortson, Benjamin W.</a> (2010). <i>Indo-European Language and Culture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiev1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Georgiev, Vladimir I.</a> (1979). <i>La Lingua e l'Origine degli Etruschi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Lingua+e+l%27Origine+degli+Etruschi&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Georgiev&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wade, Lizzie (November 8, 2019). "Immigrants from the Middle East shaped Rome". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>366</b> (6466). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: 673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...366..673W">2019Sci...366..673W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.366.6466.673">10.1126/science.366.6466.673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31699914">31699914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Immigrants+from+the+Middle+East+shaped+Rome&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6466&rft.pages=673&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31699914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.366.6466.673&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...366..673W&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatins+%28Italic+tribe%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barker, Graeme. <i>Landscape and Society: Prehistoric Central Italy</i>. London: Academic Press, 1981.</li> <li>Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria, Ellen Macnamara, and Duncan R Hook. <i>Prehistoric Metal Artefacts From Italy (3500-720BC)In the British Museum</i>. London: British Museum, 2007.</li> <li>Bradley, Guy Jolyon, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Isayev" title="Elena Isayev">Elena Isayev</a>, and Corinna Riva. <i>Ancient Italy: Regions without Boundaries</i>. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 2007.</li> <li>Brown, A. C. <i>Ancient Italy before the Romans</i>. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1980.</li> <li>Forsythe, Gary. <i>A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.</li> <li>Ridgway, David. <i>Ancient Italy In Its Mediterranean Setting: Studies In Honour of Ellen Macnamara</i>. London: Accordia Research Institute, University of London, 2000.</li> <li>Whitehouse, Ruth. <i>Underground Religion: Cult and Culture In Prehistoric Italy</i>. London: Accordia Research Centre, University of London, 1992.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latins_(Italic_tribe)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709112810/http://www.orbilat.com/General_Survey/Terms--Latins_and_Romans.html">Distinguishing the terms: Latins and Romans</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Lazio" title="Template:Lazio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lazio" title="Template talk:Lazio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lazio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lazio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lazio&#124;link=Lazio_Lazio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio"><img alt="Lazio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Lazio.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lazio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Lazio.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lazio.svg.png 1.5x, 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Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Lazio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Lazio">List of communes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Lazio,_Italy,_with_provinces-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/150px-Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/225px-Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/300px-Map_of_region_of_Lazio%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3287" data-file-height="3357" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (18th century)">Roman Republic </a><small>(18th century)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic </a><small>(19th century)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Albano" title="Lake Albano">Lake Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bolsena" title="Lake Bolsena">Lake Bolsena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bracciano" title="Lake Bracciano">Lake Bracciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Canterno" title="Lago di Canterno">Lago di Canterno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Caprolace" title="Lago di Caprolace">Lago di Caprolace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Fondi" title="Lago di Fondi">Lago di Fondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Giulianello" title="Lago di Giulianello">Lago di Giulianello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Martignano" title="Lake Martignano">Lake Martignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Mezzano" title="Lake Mezzano">Lake Mezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_dei_Monaci" title="Lago dei Monaci">Lago dei Monaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nemi" title="Lake Nemi">Lake Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Posta_Fibreno" title="Lago di Posta Fibreno">Lago di Posta Fibreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Rascino" class="mw-redirect" title="Lago di Rascino">Lago di Rascino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sabaudia" title="Lake Sabaudia">Lake Sabaudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_del_Salto" title="Lago del Salto">Lago del Salto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lago_del_Turano" title="Lago del Turano">Lago del Turano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vico" title="Lake Vico">Lake Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">Seven hills of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurunci_Mountains" title="Aurunci Mountains">Aurunci Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Ausoni" title="Monti Ausoni">Monti Ausoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cavo" title="Monte Cavo">Monte Cavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimini_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimini Hills">Cimini Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Ernici" title="Monti Ernici">Monti Ernici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Gorzano" title="Monte Gorzano">Monte Gorzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Laga" title="Monti della Laga">Monti della Laga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Lepini" title="Monti Lepini">Monti Lepini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Meta" title="Monti della Meta">Monti della Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Petrella" title="Monte Petrella">Monte Petrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Prenestini" title="Monti Prenestini">Monti Prenestini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Sabatini" title="Monti Sabatini">Monti Sabatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Sabini" title="Monti Sabini">Monti Sabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Soratte" title="Monte Soratte">Monte Soratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Terminillo" title="Monte Terminillo">Monte Terminillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Tolfa" title="Monti della Tolfa">Monti della Tolfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Volsini" title="Monti Volsini">Monti Volsini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Abate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Abate (page does not exist)">Monte Abate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Altino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Altino (page does not exist)">Monte Altino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Appiolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Appiolo (page does not exist)">Monte Appiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maschio_dell%27Ariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maschio dell'Ariano (page does not exist)">Maschio dell'Ariano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maschio_di_Lariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maschio di Lariano (page does not exist)">Maschio di Lariano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Artemisio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Artemisio (page does not exist)">Monte Artemisio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Autore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Autore (page does not exist)">Monte Autore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Carbonaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Carbonaro (page does not exist)">Monte Carbonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cefalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Cefalo (page does not exist)">Monte Cefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cima_del_Redentore_(monti_Aurunci)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci) (page does not exist)">Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Circeo" title="Mount Circeo">Circeo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Crispi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Crispi (page does not exist)">Monte Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Dragone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Dragone (page does not exist)">Monte Dragone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Faggeto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Faggeto (page does not exist)">Monte Faggeto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Fammera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Fammera (page does not exist)">Monte Fammera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Fogliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Fogliano (page does not exist)">Mont Fogliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Fusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Fusco (page does not exist)">Monte Fusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Guadagnolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Guadagnolo">Monte Guadagnolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Lauro_in_Gaeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Lauro in Gaeta (page does not exist)">Monte Lauro in Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Lauzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Lauzo (page does not exist)">Monte Lauzo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Rave_Fosche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Rave Fosche (page does not exist)">Le Rave Fosche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Livata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Livata (page does not exist)">Monte Livata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainarde">Mainarde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maschio_delle_Faete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maschio delle Faete (page does not exist)">Maschio delle Faete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta_(monte)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta (monte) (page does not exist)">Meta (monte)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monna (page does not exist)">Monna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Caira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Caira (page does not exist)">Monte Caira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cervello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Cervello (page does not exist)">Monte Cervello</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Revole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Revole (page does not exist)">Monte Revole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Sorgenze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Sorgenze (page does not exist)">Monte Sorgenze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Trina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Trina (page does not exist)">Monte Trina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Val_de%27_Varri_%E2%80%93_Monte_Faito_%E2%80%93_Monte_San_Nicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Val de' Varri – Monte Faito – Monte San Nicola (page does not exist)">Monte Val de' Varri – Monte Faito – Monte San Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_di_Cambio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte di Cambio (page does not exist)">Monte di Cambio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_le_Pezze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte le Pezze (page does not exist)">Monte le Pezze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parco_regionale_urbano_Monte_Orlando&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando (page does not exist)">Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Orso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Orso (page does not exist)">Monte Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Pizzuto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Pizzuto (page does not exist)">Monte Pizzuto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Ruazzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Ruazzo (page does not exist)">Monte Ruazzo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castelli_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Castelli Romani">Castelli Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_Latina" title="Valle Latina">Valle Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontine marshes">Pontine marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Campagna" title="Roman Campagna">Roman Campagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_(region)" title="Sabina (region)">Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscia" title="Tuscia">Tuscia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lazio" title="Politics of Lazio">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lazio" title="Elections in Lazio">Elections in Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Lazio" title="List of presidents of Lazio">List of presidents of Lazio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lazio" title="Flag of Lazio">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_Wine_Festival" title="Marino Wine Festival">Marino Wine Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Lazio" title="Category:Lazio">Categories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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