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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of cosmetics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կոսմետիկայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոսմետիկայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Історія косметики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія косметики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/330px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/440px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a> bust with <a href="/wiki/Eye_liner" title="Eye liner">eye liner</a> applied ≈1,320 BC (≈3,300 years ago).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of cosmetics</b> spans at least 7,000 years and is present in almost every society on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>. Cosmetic body art is argued to have been the earliest form of a <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> in human culture. The evidence for this comes in the form of utilised red mineral pigments (<a href="/wiki/Red_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ochre">red ochre</a>) including crayons associated with the emergence of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herbal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosmetics are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>—2 Kings 9:30 where <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a> painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> describes various beauty treatments as well. </p><p>Cosmetics were also used in ancient Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that it was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented make up including lead-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kohl</a> to line the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauty-case,_wood_-_Museo_Egizio_Turin_S_8479_p04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Beauty-case%2C_wood_-_Museo_Egizio_Turin_S_8479_p04.jpg/220px-Beauty-case%2C_wood_-_Museo_Egizio_Turin_S_8479_p04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Beauty-case%2C_wood_-_Museo_Egizio_Turin_S_8479_p04.jpg/330px-Beauty-case%2C_wood_-_Museo_Egizio_Turin_S_8479_p04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Beauty-case%2C_wood_-_Museo_Egizio_Turin_S_8479_p04.jpg/440px-Beauty-case%2C_wood_-_Museo_Egizio_Turin_S_8479_p04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6796" data-file-height="4536" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Egypt beauty box, with accessories including a kohl tube </figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest cultures to use cosmetics was <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to enhance their appearance. The first cosmetics appeared 5,000 years ago in Egypt. To achieve a pleasant smell and softness of the skin, incense oils were used, and women applied white to protect their faces from the sun. The Egyptians were also the first to use black antimony-based paint as eyeliner. And to create a natural blush, they would crush flowers <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> in Ancient Egypt is well documented. <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">Kohl</a> has its roots in north Africa. The use of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colours such as blue, red, and black was common, and was commonly recorded and represented in Egyptian art, as well as being seen in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>. Ancient Egyptians also extracted cosmetic face paint from <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">fucus-algin</a>, 0.01% <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> mannite, however the bromine-based makeup was severely toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-Baki_Alexander_2015_p._350_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baki_Alexander_2015_p._350-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lipstick" title="Lipstick">Lipsticks</a> with shimmering effects were initially made using a <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">pearlescent</a> substance found in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.<sup id="cite_ref-chemical1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemical1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was also thought to have antibacterial properties that helped prevent infections.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remedies to treat wrinkles contained ingredients such as gum of frankincense and fresh <a href="/wiki/Moringa_(genus)" title="Moringa (genus)">moringa</a>. For scars and burns, a special ointment was made of <a href="/wiki/Red_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ochre">red ochre</a>, kohl, and <a href="/wiki/Sycamore" title="Sycamore">sycamore</a> juice. An alternative treatment was a poultice of <a href="/wiki/Carob" title="Carob">carob</a> grounds and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, or an ointment made of <a href="/wiki/Knotgrass" title="Knotgrass">knotgrass</a> and powdered root of <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemisia (genus)">wormwood</a>. To improve breath the ancient Egyptians chewed herbs or <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> which is still in use today. Jars of what could be compared with setting lotion have been found to contain a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>. These doubled as remedies for problems such as <a href="/wiki/Baldness" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldness">baldness</a> and greying hair. They also used these products on their mummies, because they believed that it would make them irresistible in the after life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madagascar">Madagascar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Madagascar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women of the <a href="/wiki/Sakalava_people" title="Sakalava people">Sakalava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vezo_people" title="Vezo people">Vezo</a> peoples in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> began wearing <a href="/wiki/Masonjoany" title="Masonjoany">masonjoany</a>, a decorative paste made from ground wood, in the 9th century C.E. It is worn on the face as sunscreen and insect repellent, as well as decoration, with women painting flowers, leaves and stars in white and yellow pastes. The practice is derived from <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">cultural exchange</a> between <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab merchants</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Madagascar" title="Regions of Madagascar">Northwest coastal region of the island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cosmetics are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">2 Kings</a> <a href="/wiki/2_Kings_9#Jehu_had_Jezebel_killed_(9:30–37)" title="2 Kings 9">9:30</a>, where the biblical figure <a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a> painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the book of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>, where beauty treatments are described. </p><p>Both sexes used cosmetics throughout the pre-Islamic Near East, going back to the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, and Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Meri_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meri-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eye makeup in the form of <i>kohl</i>, were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">Kohl</a> is a black powder that was used widely across the Persian Empire. It was used as a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to <a href="/wiki/Eye_liner" title="Eye liner">eyeliner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosmetics, especially <i>kohl</i>, played a significant role in the Middle East, highlighting not only its eye-protective aspects but also its cultural significance. The process of making kohl involved burning a substance to maintain a flame, a group of surfaces, and incorporating galena, a lead compound.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three items—jewelry, pottery, and seashells containing kohl—were buried with an ancient Emirati woman. Natural benefits of kohl also reduced eye swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Middle East's adherence to Islamic rules shapes various aspects of daily life, including cosmetics and was also used throughout the Middle East and Near East after the advent of Islam. A specific type of kohl known as <b>Ithmid kohl</b> has been used for over 15 centuries in the region. In comparison to other types, Ithmid kohl not only has cosmetic benefits but also promotes health without harmful substances.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women used cosmetics widely in the private sphere, while only female slaves and <a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">singers</a> tended to use them in public. Ointments, powders, and pastes were used as skin-lightening agents to comply with the era's beauty standards. Perfumed creams were also used on the face, as were <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>-based pastes to protect the skin from sunlight. <a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Decorative henna</a> was used during wedding celebrations to beautify the bride. Men and children used kohl on their eyes and henna as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dye</a> for their hair, but rarely used other cosmetic items.<sup id="cite_ref-Meri_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meri-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henna">Henna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Henna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henna has a particular significance in Middle Eastern cosmetic techniques. It is used for both practical and ornamental purposes, especially at weddings, Eid, and Ramadan. The application method is combining dried henna powder with water, lemon juice, strong tea, and additional substances to make a paste.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the paste is applied to the skin in intricate patterns, frequently with the use of a brush or cone. A reddish-brown stain that might remain for several weeks is left behind when the dried paste peels off after a few hours. In Middle Eastern societies, this art form has been passed down through the years and is seen as a means of celebration and self-expression. </p><p>In addition to its ceremonial use, henna can be used as a chemical-free alternative for hair and nail polish, particularly on special occasions. Beyond its artistic designs, henna is used in Muslim marriage rituals to paint certain patterns on the skin that are said to bring blessings, or "barakah". Henna was also a helpful way to stay cool during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural and symbolic value of henna in the Middle East is enhanced by these designs. In the Middle East, older women typically apply henna as a cosmetic procedure to symbolize tradition, experience, and wisdom. By connecting generations, this tradition not only preserves cultural identity but also promotes intercultural understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hanfu_accessories#Cosmetics_and_Hanfu_makeup" title="Hanfu accessories">Traditional Chinese cosmetics and hanfu makeup</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing-Opera2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Beijing-Opera2.jpg/170px-Beijing-Opera2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Beijing-Opera2.jpg/255px-Beijing-Opera2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Beijing-Opera2.jpg/340px-Beijing-Opera2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1729" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Beijing_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing opera">Beijing opera</a> performer with traditional stage make up.</figcaption></figure> <p>Flowers play an important decorative role in China. Legend has it that once on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wu of Liu Song">Emperor Wu of Liu Song</a>, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a <a href="/wiki/Plum_blossom" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum blossom">plum blossom</a> drifted down onto her fair face, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.<sup id="cite_ref-cai_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cai-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bettyw_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bettyw-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-w&e_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w&e-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court ladies were said to be so impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a small delicate plum blossom design.<sup id="cite_ref-cai_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cai-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bettyw_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bettyw-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chinat_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinat-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also the mythical origin of the floral fashion, <i><a href="/wiki/Huadian_(make-up)" title="Huadian (make-up)">meihua zhuang</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-bettyw_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bettyw-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern dynasties">Southern dynasties</a> (420–589) and became popular amongst ladies in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> (618–907) and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> (960–1279) dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-chinat_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinat-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huamei_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huamei-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women of royal families painted red spots on the center of their cheeks, right under their eyes. However, it is a mystery why. They said that red cheeks (Face Blush) are a reason of happy queen. Blusher helps to enhance the face shape to bring out the cheek bones to lift the makeup look.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maiko_in_Gion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Maiko_in_Gion.jpg/220px-Maiko_in_Gion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Maiko_in_Gion.jpg/330px-Maiko_in_Gion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Maiko_in_Gion.jpg/440px-Maiko_in_Gion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption>A <i>maiko</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Gion" title="Gion">Gion</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan, in full make-up. The style of the lipstick indicates that she is still new.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_makeup_in_Japan" title="History of makeup in Japan">History of makeup in Japan</a></div> <p>In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">geisha</a> wore lipstick made of crushed <a href="/wiki/Safflower" title="Safflower">safflower</a> petals to paint the <a href="/wiki/Eyebrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyebrows">eyebrows</a> and edges of the eyes as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">lips</a>, and sticks of <i>bintsuke</i> wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' <a href="/wiki/Hair_wax" title="Hair wax">hair wax</a>, were used by geisha as a makeup base. Rice powder colors the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a> and <a href="/wiki/Back" class="mw-redirect" title="Back">back</a>; rouge contours the eye socket and defines the nose.<sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ohaguro" title="Ohaguro">Ohaguro</a> (black paint) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when <i>maiko</i> (apprentice geisha) graduate and become independent. The geisha would also sometimes use bird droppings to compile a lighter color. The beginning of the modern Japanese cosmetic industry began after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868. New products began appearing in the markets for skin care and dermatology due to new ingredients and technologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics in ancient Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lautrec_woman_at_her_toilette_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lautrec_woman_at_her_toilette_1889.jpg/220px-Lautrec_woman_at_her_toilette_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lautrec_woman_at_her_toilette_1889.jpg/330px-Lautrec_woman_at_her_toilette_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lautrec_woman_at_her_toilette_1889.jpg/440px-Lautrec_woman_at_her_toilette_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>1889 painting <i>Woman at her Toilette</i> by <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cultures to use cosmetics include the ancient Greeks<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herbal_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the use of cosmetics was common amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by certain Roman writers, who thought it to be against the <i>castitas</i> required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and later by Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> mentioned cosmetics in his <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae" title="Medicamina Faciei Femineae">book</a> on the topic. </p><p>Pale faces were a trend during the European Middle Ages. Spanish prostitutes wore pink makeup to contrast pale skin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to show that they were upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of cosmetics continued in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou197041–42_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou197041–42-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Hebrea" title="Anna Hebrea">Anna Hebrea</a> of Rome (<i>fl.</i> 1508), cosmetologist of <a href="/wiki/Caterina_Sforza" title="Caterina Sforza">Caterina Sforza</a>, is one of the earliest female professional beauticians known in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to achieve pale skin. </p><p>Cosmetics continued to be used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many famous actresses of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a> using makeup. </p><p>19th-century fashion ideals of women appearing delicate, feminine and pale were achieved by some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of <i><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">belladonna</a></i> to dilate their eyes to appear larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly by many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was generally frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the use of cosmetic products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beauty standards varied by tribes. Cosmetics was typically describing an individual's social class. These tribes tend to have the product on their bodies in addition to their face. In <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, cosmetic products used oil or petroleum with various colors for the face and vermillion for the body. More color indicates the woman of higher class. For <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, the arms were painted with a mixture consisting of wool and the individual's blood. Like the Colombian women, the petroleum is used with the exception of the breasts to prevent interference with child development.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> utilized the color red to represent social class and also used the color in funeral processes. The pigment was produced with mercury, lead, and arsenic. Other products to make the red color includes animals and plants. These items helped create more variety of reds with various tones, intensity, and sheen. Different shades of red determine a person's social status as red was represented luxury. Other colors in Maya society were blue and green made with <i>Indigofera</i>, malachite, azurite, veszelyite, and copper-containing minerals. Similar to red, the colors were also used in funerals and used to represent royalty. Orange and yellow were used with the same purpose of prestige being produced with hematite, goethite, and limonite. </p><p>The body was considered as their portrait to the Maya with various images of plants, animals, and humans being common images. Other designs include personal designs using geometry. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">Chinchorro</a> culture in northern <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> followed the same principle as the Mayans regarding the significance of the color red with it being found in mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern">Modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Box,_dressing_(51368041302).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Box%2C_dressing_%2851368041302%29.jpg/220px-Box%2C_dressing_%2851368041302%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Box%2C_dressing_%2851368041302%29.jpg/330px-Box%2C_dressing_%2851368041302%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Box%2C_dressing_%2851368041302%29.jpg/440px-Box%2C_dressing_%2851368041302%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5792" data-file-height="8688" /></a><figcaption>19th century beauty box</figcaption></figure> <p>During the late 1800s, the Western cosmetics industry began to grow due to a rise in "visual self-awareness", a shift in the perception of color cosmetics, and improvements in the safety of products.<sup id="cite_ref-GJones_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GJones-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and access to reflective devices stifled people's ability to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in turn, limited the need for a cosmetic market and resulted in individuals creating and applying their own products at home. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the home and in public, increased consciousness of one's appearance and created a demand for cosmetic products that improved one's image.<sup id="cite_ref-GJones_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GJones-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from home were found to have toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their use. Discoveries of non-toxic cosmetic ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow's 1866 use of <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> as a face powder, and the distribution of cosmetic products by established companies such as <a href="/wiki/Rimmel" title="Rimmel">Rimmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerlain" title="Guerlain">Guerlain</a>, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.<sup id="cite_ref-GJones_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GJones-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skincare, along with "face painting" products like powders, also became in-demand products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of cold cream brands such as <a href="/wiki/Pond%27s" title="Pond's">Pond's</a> through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a high demand for the product. These advertisement and cosmetic marketing styles were soon replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-GJones_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GJones-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosmetic_Class,1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cosmetic_Class%2C1950.jpg/220px-Cosmetic_Class%2C1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cosmetic_Class%2C1950.jpg/330px-Cosmetic_Class%2C1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cosmetic_Class%2C1950.jpg/440px-Cosmetic_Class%2C1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5667" data-file-height="4396" /></a><figcaption>Audience applying makeup at lecture by beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early 1900s, makeup was not excessively popular. In fact, women hardly wore makeup at all. Make-up at this time was still mostly the territory of prostitutes, those in <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabarets</a> and on the black & white screen.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Face enameling (applying actual paint to the face) became popular among the rich at this time in an attempt to look paler. This practice was dangerous due to the main ingredient often being <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970113_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970113-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pale skin was associated with wealth because it meant that one was not out working in the sun and could afford to stay inside all day. Cosmetics were so unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could only be bought at theatrical costume stores. A woman's "makeup routine" often only consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting sheet, to whiten the nose in the winter and shine their cheeks in the summer. <a href="/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)" title="Rouge (cosmetics)">Rouge</a> was considered provocative, so was only seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and <a href="/wiki/Geranium" title="Geranium">geranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppy</a> petals to stain the lips.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970113_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970113-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vaseline" title="Vaseline">Vaseline</a> became high in demand because it was used on chapped lips, as a base for hair tonic, and soap.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970113_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970113-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toilet_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Toilet water">Toilet waters</a> were introduced in the early 1900s, but only lavender water or refined cologne was admissible for women to wear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970114_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970114-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the name "<a href="/wiki/Mum_(deodorant)" title="Mum (deodorant)">Mum</a>". Roll-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965. </p><p>Around 1910, make-up became fashionable in the United States of America and Europe owing to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> and theatre stars such as <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Kschessinska" title="Mathilde Kschessinska">Mathilde Kschessinska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ballet">Russian Ballet</a> in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the most typical shades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970115_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970115-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Daily Mirror</i> beauty book showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to wear. With that said, men often saw rouge as a mark of sex and sin, and rouging was considered an admission of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to make it a <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> for women under the age of forty-four to wear cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a false impression."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeiss199855_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeiss199855-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Daily Mirror</i> was one of the first to suggest using a pencil line (<a href="/wiki/Eyeliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeliner">eyeliner</a>) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Eyebrow darkener was also presented in this beauty book, created from <a href="/wiki/Gum_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum Arabic">gum Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ink">Indian ink</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosewater">rosewater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970116_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970116-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Burchett" title="George Burchett">George Burchett</a> developed cosmetic tattooing during this time period. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, red lips, and dark eyebrows. He also was able to tattoo men disfigured in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> by inserting skin tones in damaged faces and by covering scars with colors more pleasing to the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970117_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970117-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Max_Factor" title="Max Factor">Max Factor</a> opened up a professional makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeiss199858_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeiss199858-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to purchase theatrical eye shadow and eyebrow pencils for their home use. </p><p>In the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> had the most influential impact on cosmetics. Stars such as <a href="/wiki/Theda_Bara" title="Theda Bara">Theda Bara</a> had a substantial effect on the makeup industry. <a href="/wiki/Helena_Rubinstein" title="Helena Rubinstein">Helena Rubinstein</a> was Bara's makeup artist; she created <a href="/wiki/Mascara" title="Mascara">mascara</a> for the actress, relying on her experiments with kohl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970119_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970119-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-market of cosmetics during this time were Max Factor Sr. and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden" title="Elizabeth Arden">Elizabeth Arden</a>. Many of the present day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the most popular cosmetics of this time, more so than rouge and powder, because they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Levy_(inventor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Levy (inventor) (page does not exist)">Maurice Levy</a> invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970125_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970125-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Flapper style also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark eyes, red lipstick, red nail polish, and the suntan, invented as a fashion statement by <a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a>. The eyebrow pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in part because it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the key constituent of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiordan20049_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiordan20049-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were simply pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny brush into hot water, rub the bristles on the cake, remove the excess by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and then apply the mascara as if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiordan200417_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiordan200417-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schueller" title="Eugène Schueller">Eugène Schueller</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al" title="L'Oréal">L'Oréal</a>, invented modern synthetic <a href="/wiki/Hair_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair dye">hair dye</a> in 1907 and he also invented <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreen</a> in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first patent for a <a href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">nail polish</a> was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pink. It's not clear how dark this rose was, but any girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a baby's blush risked gossip about being "fast."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiordan2004207_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiordan2004207-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, only agricultural workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins as pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel's adoption of the suntan, dozens of new <a href="/wiki/Fake_tan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake tan">fake tan</a> products were produced to help both men and women achieve the "sun-kissed" look. In Asia, skin whitening continued to represent the ideal of beauty, as it does to this day. </p><p>In the time period after the First World War, there was a boom in <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmetic surgery">cosmetic surgery</a>. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon's world. <a href="/wiki/Face-lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-lift">Face-lifts</a> were performed as early as 1920, but it wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.<sup id="cite_ref-Elizabeth_Haiken_2000_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elizabeth_Haiken_2000-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved around women. Men only participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the war. <a href="/wiki/Silicone_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicone implants">Silicone implants</a> were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Plastic_Surgeons" title="American Society of Plastic Surgeons">American Society of Plastic Surgeons</a> made efforts to increase public awareness about plastic surgery. As a result, in 1982, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> granted physicians the legal right to advertise their procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements often made the surgeries seem hazard-free, even though they were anything but. The <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Aesthetic_Plastic_Surgery" title="American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery">American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery</a> reported that more than two million Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, <a href="/wiki/Liposuction" title="Liposuction">liposuction</a> being the most popular. <a href="/wiki/Breast_augmentation" title="Breast augmentation">Breast augmentations</a> ranked second, while numbers three, four, and five went to eye surgery, face-lifts, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_peel" title="Chemical peel">chemical peels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elizabeth_Haiken_2000_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elizabeth_Haiken_2000-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in <a href="/wiki/Skin_bleaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin bleaching">skin bleaching</a> in an attempt to lighten their complexion to brown, or to become an "intermediate" between black and white,<sup id="cite_ref-Dorman_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorman-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as brownness was considered the ideal over black or white skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Spickard_1989_p._322-323_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spickard_1989_p._322-323-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skin bleaches and hair straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive thirty to fifty percent of all advertisements in the black press of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorman_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorman-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches contained caustic chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">hydroquinone</a>, which suppressed the production of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> in the skin. These bleaches could cause severe <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> and even death in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual's risk. </p><p>In the 1970s, at least five companies started producing make-up for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Face makeup and lipstick did not work for dark skin types because they were created for pale skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale skin tones only made dark skin appear grey. Makeup artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Reggie_Wells_(makeup_artist)" title="Reggie Wells (makeup artist)">Reggie Wells</a>, who specialized in black women celebrities, such as <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> developed their own shades.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Black women joined the consumer market in America for hair care. Due to innovations in technology in the 1940s and 1950s, Black women were given more options in hair straightening techniques. In 1954, George E. Johnson started the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Products_Company" title="Johnson Products Company">Johnson Product Company</a> and introduced a safe straightening hair care system that could be purchased in stores and done at home. As America shifted into the 1960s and 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Afro" title="Afro">afro</a> became a popular hairstyle and required a new set of beauty demands. The afro became a symbol of naturalness, and rose with the "Black is Beautiful Movement," as well as <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a>. Johnson Product Company created various hair care products to upkeep the Afro look. Products like Afro Sheen and Ultra Sheen became popular amongst Black consumers. As Black consumerism grew, White owned companies tried to make their way into the Black hair care industry. <a href="/wiki/Clairol" title="Clairol">Clairol</a> created products and advertisements that were aimed to support Black hair. </p><p>From 1939 to 1945, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, cosmetics were in short supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970127_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970127-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into war supply. Ironically, at this time when they were restricted, lipstick, powder, and face cream were most desirable and most experimentation was carried out for the post war period. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would result in a phenomenal boom afterwards, so they began preparing. <a href="/wiki/Yardley_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Yardley of London">Yardley</a>, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" after the war because they were the oldest established. <a href="/wiki/Pond%27s" title="Pond's">Pond's</a> had this same appeal in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were one of the first to give its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern red" and "sea coral."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970131_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970131-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s and 1970s, many <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">women</a> in the western world influenced by <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> decided to go without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist <a href="/wiki/Miss_America_protest" title="Miss America protest">Miss America protest</a>, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." This included cosmetics,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a>. </p><p>Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural look" for day and a more sexualized image for evening. Non-allergic makeup appeared when the bare face was in fashion as women became more interested in the chemical value of their makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970138_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970138-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern developments in technology, such as the High-shear mixer facilitated the production of <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> which were more natural looking and had greater staying power in wear than their predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime cosmetic of the time was <a href="/wiki/Eye_shadow" title="Eye shadow">eye shadow</a>, though; women also were interested in new lipstick colors such as lilac, green, and silver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970135_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970135-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lipsticks were often mixed with pale pinks and whites, so women could create their own individual shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market in this decade, with <a href="/wiki/Revlon" title="Revlon">Revlon</a> giving them wide publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970135_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970135-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This product was applied to the forehead, lower cheeks, and chin. <a href="/wiki/Contouring" title="Contouring">Contouring</a> and highlighting the face with white eye shadow cream also became popular. <a href="/wiki/Avon_Products" title="Avon Products">Avon</a> introduced the lady saleswoman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970137_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970137-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the whole cosmetic industry in general opened opportunities for women in business as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeiss19985_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeiss19985-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beauty products are now widely available from dedicated internet-only retailers,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who have more recently been joined online by established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers. </p><p>Like most industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies. In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) does not approve or review cosmetics, although it does regulate the colors that can be used in hair dyes. Cosmetic companies are not required to report injuries resulting from use of their products.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although modern makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics usually associated to women to enhance their own facial features. <a href="/wiki/Concealer" title="Concealer">Concealer</a> is commonly used by cosmetic-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products especially tailored for men, and men are using such products more commonly.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some controversy over this, however, as many feel that men who wear makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and do not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, however, view this as a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men also have the right to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women do. </p><p>Today the market of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy: </p> <ul><li>Japan: Japan is the second largest market in the world. Regarding the growth of this market, cosmetics in Japan have entered a period of stability. However, the market situation is quickly changing. Now consumers can access a lot of information on the Internet and choose many alternatives, opening up many opportunities for newcomers entering the market, looking for chances to meet the diverse needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the basis of the value of shipments by brand manufacturer. With a growth rate of 0.1%, the market was almost unchanged from the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Russia: One of the most interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching US$13.5 billion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>South Korea: South Korea's cosmetic industry is on the rise with its creations, light ingredients, and aesthetic packages. In 2020, the market amassed $6.8 billion with a $2.6 billion loss due to COVID-19. The total export of products and trade increased by 16 percent with France being the largest exporter followed by the United States and Japan. Skincare products remain to be the largest imported items at 34.17 percent along with perfumes and haircare products being other large, imported goods in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>With the imposition of lockdowns due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such as more complicated home skin-care regimens, hair color preserving products, and beauty tools.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased by up to 70% because of quarantining and face-covering mandates.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Latin America's cosmetic and personal-care industry, it has been increasing significantly and become much more diverse. Within the industry, the thought of sustainability in products are considered to find alternatives to silicone and palm sourced additives. <a href="/wiki/Clariant" title="Clariant">Clariant</a> being one of the companies producing such products. One item used in products is epseama derived from seaweed. The ingredient serves as an anti-aging agent in skin products.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Men_and_makeup">Men and makeup</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Men and makeup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, male musicians began to use makeup onstage. This included famous rock stars such as <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>, and the band <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>. The use of cosmetics allowed them to create an alter ego, and were part of the visual entertainment of their shows. Currently, the popularity of <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> has created a rise in men's cosmetics. Some men have chosen to wear nail polish, makeup, and other cosmetics to express their identity online. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_cosmetic_coalitions" title="Female cosmetic coalitions">Female cosmetic coalitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_culture" title="Symbolic culture">Symbolic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPower2010" class="citation journal cs1">Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i>. <b>17</b> (7–8): 73–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&rft.atitle=Cosmetics%2C+identity+and+consciousness&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=73-94&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2004" class="citation book cs1">Power, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Art". In Berghaus, G. (ed.). <i>New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art</i>. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+in+Prehistoric+Art&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+in+Prehistoric+Art&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT+%26+London&rft.pages=75-104&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2009" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Ian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVRkzK1VX1oC&pg=PA62">"Red ochre, body painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre"</a>. In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). <i>The Cradle of Language</i>. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156767-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156767-4"><bdi>978-0-19-156767-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Red+ochre%2C+body+painting+and+language%3A+interpreting+the+Blombos+ochre&rft.btitle=The+Cradle+of+Language&rft.pages=62-92&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156767-4&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVRkzK1VX1oC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2010" class="citation journal cs1">Watts, Ian (1 September 2010). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+Ithmid+Kohl&rft.atitle=Understanding+Kohl+in+Islam+correctly+Archives&rft.date=2017-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealithmidkohl.com%2Fcategory%2Fkohl-understood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFANN2022" class="citation web cs1">FANN, BAYT AL (23 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baytalfann.com/post/the-art-of-henna-in-muslim-cultures">"The Art of Henna in Muslim Cultures"</a>. <i>Bayt Al Fann</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bayt+Al+Fann&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Henna+in+Muslim+Cultures&rft.date=2022-07-23&rft.aulast=FANN&rft.aufirst=BAYT+AL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baytalfann.com%2Fpost%2Fthe-art-of-henna-in-muslim-cultures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fabbon.com/articles/makeup/ancient-arabian-beauty-secrets-and-middle-east-beauty-tips">"15 Ancient Arabian Beauty, Skincare And Hair Secrets"</a>. <i>fabbon.com</i>. 2 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fabbon.com&rft.atitle=15+Ancient+Arabian+Beauty%2C+Skincare+And+Hair+Secrets&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffabbon.com%2Farticles%2Fmakeup%2Fancient-arabian-beauty-secrets-and-middle-east-beauty-tips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cai-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cai_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cai_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai,_Zong-qi2008" class="citation book cs1">Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8fWf7pYOIUC&pg=PA295"><i>How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13941-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13941-0"><bdi>978-0-231-13941-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+read+Chinese+poetry%3A+A+guided+anthology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13941-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8fWf7pYOIUC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bettyw-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bettyw_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bettyw_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bettyw_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang" class="citation web cs1">Wang, Betty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525043800/http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=115157&CtNode=1900">"Flower deities mark the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Review" title="Taiwan Review">Taiwan Review</a></i>. Government Information Office, Republic of China. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=115157&CtNode=1900">the original</a> on 25 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+Review&rft.atitle=Flower+deities+mark+the+lunar+months+with+stories+of+Love+%26+Tragedy&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaiwanreview.nat.gov.tw%2Fct.asp%3FxItem%3D115157%26CtNode%3D1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w&e-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w&e_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=qXyQTqOYOIqVOpbimcwN">"Unknown"</a>. <i>West & East 中美月刊</i>. 36–37. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association: 9. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-3047">0043-3047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+%26+East+%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%88%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=Unknown&rft.volume=36-37&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0043-3047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fei%3DqXyQTqOYOIqVOpbimcwN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinat-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinat_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinat_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuo" class="citation web cs1">Huo, Jianying. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509163143/http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/e2004/e200411/p60.htm">"Ancient Cosmetology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Today" title="China Today">China Today</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/e2004/e200411/p60.htm">the original</a> on 9 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Today&rft.atitle=Ancient+Cosmetology&rft.aulast=Huo&rft.aufirst=Jianying&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatoday.com.cn%2FEnglish%2Fe2004%2Fe200411%2Fp60.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huamei-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huamei_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMei2011" class="citation book cs1">Mei, Hua (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayKNyCz0cOEC"><i>Chinese clothing</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18689-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18689-6"><bdi>978-0-521-18689-6</bdi></a>. <q>For example, the Huadian or forehead decoration was said to have originated in the South Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early spring and a light breeze brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum blossom for some reason could not be washed off or removed in any way. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and all of a sudden became all the rage among the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular among the women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+clothing&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-18689-6&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Hua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DayKNyCz0cOEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2022" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Rosli (20 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226143925/https://www.albertros.com/must-have-basic-makeup-essentials-2022/">"Instantly Grab The Best Brand's Basic Makeup Essentials – Albertros"</a>. <i>Albertros Trends</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albertros.com/must-have-basic-makeup-essentials-2022/">the original</a> on 26 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Albertros+Trends&rft.atitle=Instantly+Grab+The+Best+Brand%27s+Basic+Makeup+Essentials+%E2%80%93+Albertros&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Rosli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertros.com%2Fmust-have-basic-makeup-essentials-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadrano1999" class="citation web cs1">Madrano, Autumn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010117002900/http://influx.uoregon.edu/1999/makeup/history.html">"A Colorful History"</a>. <i>InFlux</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon_School_of_Journalism_and_Communication" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication">University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://influx.uoregon.edu/1999/makeup/history.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InFlux&rft.atitle=A+Colorful+History&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Madrano&rft.aufirst=Autumn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finflux.uoregon.edu%2F1999%2Fmakeup%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou197041–42-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou197041–42_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngeloglou1970">Angeloglou 1970</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tallan, Cheryl and Emily Taitz. "Entrepreneurs." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 27 February 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on March 16, 2021) <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/entrepreneurs">https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/entrepreneurs</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallingston1998" class="citation book cs1">Pallingston, Jessica (1998). <i>Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic</i>. New York City: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19914-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19914-2"><bdi>978-0-312-19914-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lipstick%3A+A+Celebration+of+the+World%27s+Favorite+Cosmetic&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-19914-2&rft.aulast=Pallingston&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnton1973" class="citation book cs1">Anton, Ferdinand (1973). <i>Woman in pre-Columbian America</i>. Abner Schram Ltd. pp. 40, 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780839001287" title="Special:BookSources/9780839001287"><bdi>9780839001287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman+in+pre-Columbian+America&rft.pages=40%2C+42&rft.pub=Abner+Schram+Ltd&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780839001287&rft.aulast=Anton&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVázquez_de_Agredos_Pascual2018" class="citation book cs1">Vázquez de Agredos Pascual, Luisa (2018). <i>Painting the Skin Pigments on Bodies and Codices in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica</i>. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. pp. 12–13, 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-3844-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-3844-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-3844-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+the+Skin+Pigments+on+Bodies+and+Codices+in+Pre-Columbian+Mesoamerica&rft.pages=12-13%2C+17-18&rft.pub=Tucson%3A+The+University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-3844-7&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1zquez+de+Agredos+Pascual&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GJones-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GJones_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GJones_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GJones_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GJones_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Do I Look?". <i>Beauty Imagined</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19955-649-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19955-649-6"><bdi>978-0-19955-649-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Do+I+Look%3F&rft.btitle=Beauty+Imagined&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=44-63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19955-649-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSava2016" class="citation web cs1">Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604164512/https://sandasava.com/beauty-style/a-history-of-make-up-fashion-1900-1910/">"A History of Make-up & Fashion: 1900-1910"</a>. <i>SandaSava.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sandasava.com/beauty-style/a-history-of-make-up-fashion-1900-1910/">the original</a> on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SandaSava.com&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Make-up+%26+Fashion%3A+1900-1910&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.aulast=Sava&rft.aufirst=Sanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsandasava.com%2Fbeauty-style%2Fa-history-of-make-up-fashion-1900-1910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970113-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970113_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970113_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970113_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngeloglou1970">Angeloglou 1970</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970114-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970114_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngeloglou1970">Angeloglou 1970</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970115-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970115_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngeloglou1970">Angeloglou 1970</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeiss199855-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeiss199855_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeiss1998">Peiss 1998</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970116-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970116_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngeloglou1970">Angeloglou 1970</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970117-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970117_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngeloglou1970">Angeloglou 1970</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeiss199858-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeiss199858_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeiss1998">Peiss 1998</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970119-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970119_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngeloglou1970">Angeloglou 1970</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970125-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970125_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngeloglou1970">Angeloglou 1970</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiordan20049-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiordan20049_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiordan2004">Riordan 2004</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiordan200417-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiordan200417_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiordan2004">Riordan 2004</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loreal.com/en/articles/group/visionaries-eugene-schueller/">"Eugène Schueller"</a>. <i>L'Oréal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Or%C3%A9al&rft.atitle=Eug%C3%A8ne+Schueller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loreal.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fgroup%2Fvisionaries-eugene-schueller%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiordan2004207-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiordan2004207_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiordan2004">Riordan 2004</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elizabeth_Haiken_2000-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabeth_Haiken_2000_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabeth_Haiken_2000_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaiken2000" class="citation journal cs1">Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). 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(1 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol4no4/Dorman%20Skin%20Bleach%20And%20Civilization.pdf">"Skin bleach and civilization: the racial formation of blackness in 1920s Harlem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Pan African Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 47. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA306514735">A306514735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pan+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Skin+bleach+and+civilization%3A+the+racial+formation+of+blackness+in+1920s+Harlem&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.aulast=Dorman&rft.aufirst=Jacob+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpanafrican.org%2Fdocs%2Fvol4no4%2FDorman%2520Skin%2520Bleach%2520And%2520Civilization.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spickard_1989_p._322-323-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spickard_1989_p._322-323_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpickard1989" class="citation book cs1">Spickard, P.R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIRBsKTByNwC&pg=PA322"><i>Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-century America</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-12114-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-12114-3"><bdi>978-0-299-12114-3</bdi></a>. <q>..."brown was held up as the ideal in so many songs that it, rather than lighter shades, may well have been the goal of so many of those who used skin lighteners."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixed+Blood%3A+Intermarriage+and+Ethnic+Identity+in+Twentieth-century+America&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-299-12114-3&rft.aulast=Spickard&rft.aufirst=P.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhIRBsKTByNwC%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumin2024" class="citation news cs1">Tumin, Remy (12 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/12/style/reggie-wells-dead.html">"Reggie Wells, 76, Dies; Makeup Artist for Oprah Winfrey and Other Black Stars"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reggie+Wells%2C+76%2C+Dies%3B+Makeup+Artist+for+Oprah+Winfrey+and+Other+Black+Stars&rft.date=2024-01-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Tumin&rft.aufirst=Remy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F12%2Fstyle%2Freggie-wells-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,878855,00.html">"Modern Living: Black Cosmetics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME">TIME</a></i>. 29 June 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Modern+Living%3A+Black+Cosmetics&rft.date=1970-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C878855%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970127-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970127_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngeloglou1970">Angeloglou 1970</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970131-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngeloglou1970131_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngeloglou1970">Angeloglou 1970</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDow2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dow, Bonnie J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sleeping+beauty+halls%3A+how+Covid-19+upended+the+%27lipstick+index%27&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2Fdec%2F18%2Fhow-covid-19-upended-the-lipstick-index-pandemic-cosmetic-sales-makeup-skincare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1351421019303798">"Clariant presents natural ingredients at in-cosmetics Latin America"</a>. <i>Focus on Surfactants</i> (11): 4. 28 November 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fos.2019.11.014">10.1016/j.fos.2019.11.014</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Focus+on+Surfactants&rft.atitle=Clariant+presents+natural+ingredients+at+in-cosmetics+Latin+America&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fos.2019.11.014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1351421019303798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngeloglou1970" class="citation book cs1">Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). <i>The History of Make-up</i>. London, UK: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/615683528">615683528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Make-up&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F615683528&rft.aulast=Angeloglou&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiss1998" class="citation book cs1">Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). <i>Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture</i>. Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5550-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-5550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hope+in+a+Jar%3A+The+Making+of+America%27s+Beauty+Culture&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5550-4&rft.aulast=Peiss&rft.aufirst=Kathy+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiordan2004" class="citation book cs1">Riordan, Teresa (2004). <i>Inventing Beauty</i>. New York City: Broadway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-1451-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-1451-1"><bdi>0-7679-1451-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Beauty&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7679-1451-1&rft.aulast=Riordan&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_cosmetics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsling" class="citation web cs1">Forsling, Yvonne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hibiscus-sinensis.com/regency/cosmetics.htm">"Regency Cosmetics and Make-Up: Looking Your Best in 1811"</a>. <i>Regency England 1790-1830</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regency+England+1790-1830&rft.atitle=Regency+Cosmetics+and+Make-Up%3A+Looking+Your+Best+in+1811&rft.aulast=Forsling&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhibiscus-sinensis.com%2Fregency%2Fcosmetics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330201852/http://yourlife.usatoday.com/mind-soul/story/2012-03-27/Naked-face-project-Women-try-no-makeup-experiment/53810002/1">"Naked face project: Women try no-makeup experiment"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 28 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yourlife.usatoday.com/mind-soul/story/2012-03-27/Naked-face-project-Women-try-no-makeup-experiment/53810002/1">the original</a> on 30 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Naked+face+project%3A+Women+try+no-makeup+experiment&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyourlife.usatoday.com%2Fmind-soul%2Fstory%2F2012-03-27%2FNaked-face-project-Women-try-no-makeup-experiment%2F53810002%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsling" class="citation web cs1">Forsling, Yvonne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmocarejaipur.in/">"Regency Cosmetics and Make-Up: Looking Your Best in 1811"</a>. <i>Regency England 1790-1830</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regency+England+1790-1830&rft.atitle=Regency+Cosmetics+and+Make-Up%3A+Looking+Your+Best+in+1811&rft.aulast=Forsling&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmocarejaipur.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+cosmetics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cosmetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cosmetics" title="Template:Cosmetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cosmetics" title="Template talk:Cosmetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cosmetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cosmetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cosmetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Face</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aging cream">Anti-aging cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BB_cream" title="BB cream">BB cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin (Botox)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CC_cream" title="CC cream">CC cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealer" title="Concealer">Concealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_pad" title="Cotton pad">Cotton pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanser" title="Cleanser">Cleanser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DD_cream" title="DD cream">DD cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial" title="Facial">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_toning" title="Facial toning">Facial toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(cosmetics)" title="Foundation (cosmetics)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlighter_(cosmetics)" title="Highlighter (cosmetics)">Highlighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moist_towelette" class="mw-redirect" title="Moist towelette">Moist towelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moisturizer" title="Moisturizer">Moisturizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_makeup" title="Permanent makeup">Permanent makeup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primer_(cosmetics)" title="Primer (cosmetics)">Primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_powder" title="Face powder">Powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouge_(cosmetics)" title="Rouge (cosmetics)">Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toner_(skin_care)" title="Toner (skin care)">Toner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_ceruse" title="Venetian ceruse">Venetian ceruse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lips</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick" title="Lipstick">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_balm" title="Lip balm">Balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_gloss" title="Lip gloss">Gloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_liner" title="Lip liner">Liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lip stain">Stain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blepharoplasty" title="Blepharoplasty">Blepharoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_contact_lens" title="Circle contact lens">Circle contact lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelash_extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyelash extensions">Eyelash extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid_glue" title="Eyelid glue">Eyelid glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_liner" title="Eye liner">Eye liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_shadow" title="Eye shadow">Eye shadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascara" title="Mascara">Mascara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair_conditioner" title="Hair conditioner">Conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_coloring" title="Hair coloring">Hair coloring and bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_removal" title="Hair removal">Removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_depilatory" title="Chemical depilatory">chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrology" title="Electrology">electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_hair_removal" title="Laser hair removal">laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intense_pulsed_light" title="Intense pulsed light">IPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plucking_(hair_removal)" title="Plucking (hair removal)">plucking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaving" title="Shaving">shaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threading_(epilation)" title="Threading (epilation)">threading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxing" title="Waxing">waxing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">Shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairstyling_product" title="Hairstyling product">Styling products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair_gel" title="Hair gel">gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_mousse" title="Hair mousse">mousse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomade" title="Pomade">pomade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_spray" title="Hair spray">spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_wax" title="Hair wax">wax</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_nails" title="Artificial nails">Artificial nails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_buffing" title="Nail buffing">Buffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manicure" title="Manicure">Manicure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">Nail polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicure" title="Pedicure">Pedicure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cream" title="Cold cream">Cold cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">Lotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_(cosmetology)" title="Exfoliation (cosmetology)">Peeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunless_tanning" title="Sunless tanning">Sunless tanning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrotherapy_(cosmetic)" title="Electrotherapy (cosmetic)">Cosmetic electrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingredients_of_cosmetics" title="Ingredients of cosmetics">Cosmetic ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_advertising" title="Cosmetics advertising">Cosmetics advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging" title="Cosmetic packaging">Cosmetic packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetology" title="Cosmetology">Cosmetology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_industry" title="Cosmetic industry">Cosmetic industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_cosmetics" title="Male cosmetics">Male cosmetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_cosmetic_brands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major cosmetic brands</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahava" title="Ahava">Ahava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almay" title="Almay">Almay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorepacific_Corporation" title="Amorepacific Corporation">Amorepacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Beverly_Hills" title="Anastasia Beverly Hills">Anastasia Beverly Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sui" title="Anna Sui">Anna Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Net" title="Aqua Net">Aqua Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistry_(cosmetics)" title="Artistry (cosmetics)">Artistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aveda" title="Aveda">Aveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avon_Products" title="Avon Products">Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_%26_Body_Works" title="Bath & Body Works">Bath & Body Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_Cosmetics" title="Benefit Cosmetics">Benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotherm" title="Biotherm">Biotherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITE_Beauty" title="BITE Beauty">Bite Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobbi_Brown" title="Bobbi Brown">Bobbi Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonne_Bell" title="Bonne Bell">Bonne Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumble_and_bumble" title="Bumble and bumble">Bumble and bumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt%27s_Bees" title="Burt's Bees">Burt's Bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol%27s_Daughter" title="Carol's Daughter">Carol's Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarins" title="Clarins">Clarins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinique" title="Clinique">Clinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coty" title="Coty">Coty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColourPop_Cosmetics" title="ColourPop Cosmetics">ColourPop Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoverGirl" title="CoverGirl">CoverGirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creme_21" title="Creme 21">Creme 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutex" title="Cutex">Cutex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daigaku_Honyaku_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Daigaku Honyaku Center">Daigaku Honyaku Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermacol" title="Dermacol">Dermacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_(cosmetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas (cosmetics)">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc." title="Elizabeth Arden, Inc.">Elizabeth Arden, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Estée Lauder Companies">Estée Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf_(cosmetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (cosmetics)">elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etude_House" title="Etude House">Etude House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_(cosmetics)" title="Fabergé (cosmetics)">Fabergé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmec" title="Farmec">Farmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenty_Beauty" title="Fenty Beauty">Fenty Beauty</a></li> <li>Fresh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnier" title="Garnier">Garnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerlain" title="Guerlain">Guerlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Candy_(cosmetics)" title="Hard Candy (cosmetics)">Hard Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Rubinstein" title="Helena Rubinstein">Helena Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffree_Star_Cosmetics" title="Jeffree Star Cosmetics">Jeffree Star Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_Corporation" title="Kao Corporation">Kao Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevyn_Aucoin" title="Kevyn Aucoin">Kevyn Aucoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiehl%27s" title="Kiehl's">Kiehl's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylie_Cosmetics" title="Kylie Cosmetics">Kylie Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me" title="Lancôme">Lancôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laneige" title="Laneige">Laneige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Mercier_Cosmetics" title="Laura Mercier Cosmetics">Laura Mercier Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Watier" title="Lise Watier">Lise Watier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al" title="L'Oréal">L'Oréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Occitane_en_Provence" title="L'Occitane en Provence">L'Occitane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Cosmetics" title="Love Cosmetics">Love Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lush_(company)" title="Lush (company)">Lush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics" title="MAC Cosmetics">MAC Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Up_For_Ever" title="Make Up For Ever">Make Up For Ever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kay" title="Mary Kay">Mary Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Factor" title="Max Factor">Max Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybelline" title="Maybelline">Maybelline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Norman_Cosmetics" title="Merle Norman Cosmetics">Merle Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missha" title="Missha">Missha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molton_Brown" title="Molton Brown">Molton Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphe_Cosmetics" title="Morphe Cosmetics">Morphe Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NARS_Cosmetics" title="NARS Cosmetics">NARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natura" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura">Natura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Wonder_(Revlon_subsidiary_brand)" title="Natural Wonder (Revlon subsidiary brand)">Natural Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_Republic" title="Nature Republic">Nature Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal%27s_Yard_Remedies" title="Neal's Yard Remedies">Neal's Yard Remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrogena" title="Neutrogena">Neutrogena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexxus">Nexxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivea" title="Nivea">Nivea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYX_Cosmetics" class="mw-redirect" title="NYX Cosmetics">NYX Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Botic%C3%A1rio" title="O Boticário">O Boticário</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPI_Products" title="OPI Products">OPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriflame" title="Oriflame">Oriflame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_(cosmetics)" title="Origins (cosmetics)">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Begoun" title="Paula Begoun">Paula Begoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond%27s" title="Pond's">Pond's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Earth_(company)" title="Red Earth (company)">Red Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revlon" title="Revlon">Revlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hudnut" title="Richard Hudnut">Richard Hudnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimmel" title="Rimmel">Rimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephora" title="Sephora">Sephora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiseido" title="Shiseido">Shiseido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Uemura" title="Shu Uemura">Shu Uemura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SimplySiti" title="SimplySiti">SimplySiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinful_Colors" title="Sinful Colors">Sinful Colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK-II" title="SK-II">SK-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_Food" title="Skin Food">Skin Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stila" title="Stila">Stila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarte_Cosmetics" title="Tarte Cosmetics">Tarte Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Body_Shop" title="The Body Shop">The Body Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Face_Shop" title="The Face Shop">The Face Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulta_Beauty" title="Ulta Beauty">Ulta Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultima_II_(cosmetics_line)" title="Ultima II (cosmetics line)">Ultima II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uoma_Beauty" title="Uoma Beauty">Uoma Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Decay_(cosmetics)" title="Urban Decay (cosmetics)">Urban Decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaseline" title="Vaseline">Vaseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret" title="Victoria's Secret">Victoria's Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wella" title="Wella">Wella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younique" title="Younique">Younique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Rocher_(company)" title="Yves Rocher (company)">Yves Rocher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_companies" title="Category:Cosmetics companies">Companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_people" title="Category:Cosmetics people">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_cosmetics" title="Category:History of cosmetics">History</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_chemistry_(timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_chemistry" title="Template:History of chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:History_of_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:History of chemistry (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_chemistry_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical chemistry (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_physical_chemistry" title="Timeline of physical chemistry">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atomic_theory" title="History of atomic theory">Atomic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory" title="History of molecular theory">Molecular theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electrochemistry" title="History of electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spectroscopy" title="History of spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_thermodynamics" title="History of thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_thermodynamics" title="Timeline of thermodynamics">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic chemistry (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission" title="Discovery of nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_fusion" title="History of nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_power" title="History of nuclear power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">Material science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology" title="History of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Chinese alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic World alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Indian metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table</a> (<a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_elements" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fluorine" title="History of fluorine">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aluminium" title="History of aluminium">Al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On specific discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_battery" title="History of the battery">Battery</a></li> <li>Carbon nanotubes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_carbon_nanotubes" title="Timeline of carbon nanotubes">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electrophoresis" title="History of electrophoresis">Electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manufactured_fuel_gases" title="History of manufactured fuel gases">Gaseous fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_graphene" title="Discovery of graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Haber_process" title="History of the Haber process">Haber process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">Element naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Joule–von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chemistry" title="Women in chemistry">Women in chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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