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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg/165px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg/220px-Professor_Jennifer_Doudna_ForMemRS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Arnold_at_Caltech_in_2021_x1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Frances_Arnold_at_Caltech_in_2021_x1.jpg/131px-Frances_Arnold_at_Caltech_in_2021_x1.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Frances_Arnold_at_Caltech_in_2021_x1.jpg/197px-Frances_Arnold_at_Caltech_in_2021_x1.jpg 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Carolyn_Bertozzi_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2022_4.jpg/306px-Carolyn_Bertozzi_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2022_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8742" data-file-height="11233" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Nobel Laureates</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a>–<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn Bertozzi</a></div></div></div></div> <p>This is a <b>list of women chemists</b>. It should include those who have been important to the development or practice of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. Their research or application has made significant contributions in the area of basic or applied chemistry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Laureates[1]"><span id="Nobel_Laureates.5B1.5D"></span>Nobel Laureates<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nobel Laureates[1]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_science#Chemistry" title="Women in science">Women in science § Chemistry</a></div> <ul><li>2022 - <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_R._Bertozzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn R. Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> - for <a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li> <li>2020 – <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> – for <a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR gene editing</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> – <a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution" title="Directed evolution">directed evolution</a> to engineer <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a></li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Ada_E._Yonath" class="mw-redirect" title="Ada E. Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a> – structure & function of the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a></li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Protein_Crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein Crystallography">protein crystallography</a></li> <li>1935 – <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> – <a href="/wiki/Artificial_radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial radioactivity">artificial radioactivity</a></li> <li>1911 – <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Sklodowska-Curie</a> – discovery of <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> & <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a></li></ul> <p>Eight women have won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (listed above), awarded annually since 1901 by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> was the first woman to receive the prize in 1911, which was her second Nobel Prize (she also won the prize in physics in 1903, along with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> – making her the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes). Her prize in chemistry was for her "discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element." <a href="/wiki/Irene_Joliot-Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene Joliot-Curie">Irene Joliot-Curie</a>, Marie's daughter, became the second woman to be awarded this prize in 1935 for her discovery of artificial radioactivity. <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> won the prize in 1964 for the development of <a href="/wiki/Protein_Crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein Crystallography">protein crystallography</a>. Among her significant discoveries are the structures of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>. Forty five years later, Ada Yonath shared the prize with <a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> for the study of the structure and function of the <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosome</a>. Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A Doudna won the 2020 prize in chemistry “for the development of a method for genome editing.”<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charpentier and Doudna are the first women to share the Nobel Prize in chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wolf_Laureates">Wolf Laureates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wolf Laureates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three women have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Wolf Prize in Chemistry">Wolf Prize in Chemistry</a>, they are: </p> <ul><li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> "for ingenious structural discoveries of the ribosomal machinery of peptide-bond formation and the light-driven primary processes in photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_L._Bassler" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie L. Bassler">Bonnie L. Bassler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_R._Bertozzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn R. Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> "for their seminal contributions to understanding the chemistry of cellular communication and inventing chemical methodologies to study the role of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in such biological processes."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_elements">Chemical elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> of elements, two <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> are named after a female scientist: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> (element 96), named after Marie and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> (element 109), named after <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_women_chemists">List of women chemists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of women chemists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following list is split into the centuries when the majority of the scientist's work was performed. The scientist's listed may be born and perform work outside of the century they are listed under. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Watson_(chemist)" title="Mary Watson (chemist)">Mary Watson</a> (1856–1933), one of the first two female chemistry students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Seward" title="Margaret Seward">Margaret Seward</a> (1864–1929), one of the first two female chemistry students at the University of Oxford; signed the <a href="/wiki/1904_petition_to_the_Chemical_Society" title="1904 petition to the Chemical Society">1904 petition to the Chemical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Bogdanovskaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera Bogdanovskaia">Vera Bogdanovskaia</a> (1868–1897), one of the first female Russian chemists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> (1896–1957) Jewish Czech-American biochemist who was the first American to win a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Dorenfeldt" title="Margot Dorenfeldt">Margot Dorenfeldt</a> (1895–1986) First woman to graduate from Norwegian Institute of Technology (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Freund" title="Ida Freund">Ida Freund</a> (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gleditsch" title="Ellen Gleditsch">Ellen Gleditsch</a> (1879–1968), Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">radiochemist</a>; Norway's second female professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Louise Hammarström">Louise Hammarström</a> (1849–1917), Swedish mineral chemist, first formally educated female Swedish chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Humphrey" title="Edith Humphrey">Edith Humphrey</a> (1875–1978), Inorganic chemist, probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Lermontova" title="Julia Lermontova">Julia Lermontova</a> (1846–1919), Russian chemist, first Russian female doctorate in chemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Linton" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Linton">Laura Linton</a> (1853–1915), American chemist, teacher, and physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Lloyd_(chemist)" title="Rachel Lloyd (chemist)">Rachel Lloyd</a> (1839–1900), First American female to earn a doctorate in chemistry, first regularly admitted female member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>, studied sugar beets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Wheldale_Onslow" class="mw-redirect" title="Muriel Wheldale Onslow">Muriel Wheldale Onslow</a> (1880–1932), British biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Pasteur" title="Marie Pasteur">Marie Pasteur</a> (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a> (1872–1952), American chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Pockels" title="Agnes Pockels">Agnes Pockels</a> (1862–1935), German chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sundstr%C3%B6m" title="Anna Sundström">Anna Sundström</a> (1785–1871), Swedish chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Immerwahr" title="Clara Immerwahr">Clara Immerwahr</a> (1870–1915), First woman to get her doctorate in chemistry in Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a> (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Volkova" title="Anna Volkova">Anna Volkova</a> (1800–1876), Russian chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Olimpievna_Ziber-Shumova" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova">Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova</a> (died 1914), Russian chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Rysan_Mulford_Hitchcock" title="Fanny Rysan Mulford Hitchcock">Fanny Rysan Mulford Hitchcock</a> (1851–1936), one of thirteen (American) women to graduate with a degree in chemistry in the 1800s, and the first to graduate with a doctorate in philosophy of chemistry. Her areas of focus were in <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a>, fish <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">osteology</a>, and plant <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-v1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elly_Agallidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elly Agallidis">Elly Agallidis</a> (1914–2006), Greek physical chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Allbritton" title="Nancy Allbritton">Nancy Allbritton</a>, American analytical and biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Ashby" title="Valerie Ashby">Valerie Ashby</a>, American chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Askins" title="Barbara Askins">Barbara Askins</a> (born 1939), American chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_K._Baldridge" title="Kim K. Baldridge">Kim K. Baldridge</a>, American computational chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Ball" title="Alice Ball">Alice Ball</a> (1892–1916), American chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn Bertozzi</a> (born 1966), American biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Burrows" title="Cynthia Burrows">Cynthia Burrows</a>, American physical organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asima_Chatterjee" title="Asima Chatterjee">Asima Chatterjee</a> (1917–2006), Indian organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrid_Cleve" title="Astrid Cleve">Astrid Cleve</a> (1875–1968), Swedish chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a> (1913–2009), American chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janine_Cossy" title="Janine Cossy">Janine Cossy</a> (born 1950), French organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Maria Skłodowska-Curie</a> (1867–1934), Polish-French physicist and chemist (discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a>); Nobel laureate in physics 1903, and in chemistry 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jillian_Lee_Dempsey" title="Jillian Lee Dempsey">Jillian Lee Dempsey</a> (born 1983), American chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy_Maria_Dong" title="Vy Maria Dong">Vy M. Dong</a>, American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Doyle" title="Abigail Doyle">Abigail Doyle</a> (born 1980), American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odile_Eisenstein" title="Odile Eisenstein">Odile Eisenstein</a> (born 1949), French, theoretical chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> (1918–1999), American biochemist (Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 for drug development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Faul" title="Margaret Faul">Margaret Faul</a>, Irish/American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Peters_Fieser" title="Mary Peters Fieser">Mary Peters Fieser</a> (1909–1997), American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a> (1947–2021), American physical organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a> (1920–1957), British physical chemist and crystallographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a> (1923–2021), American chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunda_Georg" title="Gunda Georg">Gunda I. Georg</a>, German-trained medicinal chemist, professor of medicinal chemistry in the US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gleditsch" title="Ellen Gleditsch">Ellen Gleditsch</a> (1879–1968), Norwegian radiochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_T._Hammond" title="Paula T. Hammond">Paula T. Hammond</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(1963-), American chemical engineer, MIT professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_J._Harrison" title="Anna J. Harrison">Anna J. Harrison</a> (1912–1998), American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remziye_Hisar" title="Remziye Hisar">Remziye Hisar</a> (1902–1992), Turkish chemist, first woman chemist of Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a> (born 1926), American Nuclear chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icie_Hoobler" title="Icie Hoobler">Icie Hoobler</a> (1892–1984), American biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a> (1910–1994), British crystallographer, Nobel prize in chemistry 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_M._Huryn" class="mw-redirect" title="Donna M. Huryn">Donna M. Huryn</a>, American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Immerwahr" title="Clara Immerwahr">Clara Immerwahr</a> (1870–1915), German chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allene_Jeanes" title="Allene Jeanes">Allene Rosalind Jeanes</a> (1906–1995), American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malika_Jeffries-EL" title="Malika Jeffries-EL">Malika Jeffries-EL</a>, American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (1897–1956), French chemist and nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_M._Joulli%C3%A9" title="Madeleine M. Joullié">Madeleine M. Joullié</a> (born 1927), Brazilian, American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Karle" title="Isabella Karle">Isabella Karle</a> (1921–2017), American crystallographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Jacobson_Kaufman" title="Joyce Jacobson Kaufman">Joyce Jacobson Kaufman</a> (1929–2016), American chemist, Pharmacologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Klinman" title="Judith Klinman">Judith Klinman</a> (born 1941), American biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Kowalska" title="Teresa Kowalska">Teresa Kowalska</a> (1946-2023), Polish chemist, co-founder of <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Chromatographica" title="Acta Chromatographica">Acta Chromatographia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marisa_Kozlowski" title="Marisa Kozlowski">Marisa Kozlowski</a>, American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie Kwolek</a> (1923–2014), American chemist, inventor of <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Lonsdale" title="Kathleen Lonsdale">Kathleen Lonsdale</a> (1903–1971), British crystallographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Connolly_Martin" title="Yvonne Connolly Martin">Yvonne Connolly Martin</a> (born 1936), American physical biochemist working on cheminformatics and computer-aided drug design in the US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Maynard_Daly" title="Marie Maynard Daly">Marie Marynard Daly</a> (1921–2001), First African American woman to earn her PhD in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_A._Maryanoff" title="Cynthia A. Maryanoff">Cynthia A. Maryanoff</a> (born 1949), American organic/medicinal chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Menten" title="Maud Menten">Maud Menten</a> (1879–1960), Canadian biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Vaughn_Michel" title="Helen Vaughn Michel">Helen Vaughn Michel</a> (born 1932), American nuclear chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Navrotsky" title="Alexandra Navrotsky">Alexandra Navrotsky</a> (born 1943), American geochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Virginia_Nightingale" title="Dorothy Virginia Nightingale">Dorothy Virginia Nightingale</a> (1902–2000), American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_Ortiz_(chemist)" title="Yolanda Ortiz (chemist)">Yolanda Ortiz (chemist)</a> (1924–2019), Argentine chemist, environmentalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathlyn_Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathlyn Parker">Kathlyn Parker</a>, American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Parmee" title="Emma Parmee">Emma Parmee</a>, British-born medicinal/organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a> (1872–1952), American food chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Philbin" title="Eva Philbin">Eva Philbin</a> (1914–2005), Irish chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia_Photaki" title="Iphigenia Photaki">Iphigenia Photaki</a> (1921–1983), Greek organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshan_Ranganathan" title="Darshan Ranganathan">Darshan Ranganathan</a> (1941–2001), Indian organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Rebstock" title="Mildred Rebstock">Mildred Rebstock</a> (1919–2011), American Pharmaceutical chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyl_Martha_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibyl Martha Rock">Sibyl Martha Rock</a> (1909–1981), American pioneer in mass spectrometry and computing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Rona" title="Elizabeth Rona">Elizabeth Rona</a> (1890–1981), Hungarian (naturalized American) nuclear chemist and polonium expert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Swartz_Rose" title="Mary Swartz Rose">Mary Swartz Rose</a> (1874–1941), Nutrition chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Sanford" title="Melanie Sanford">Melanie Sanford</a> (born 1975), American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Savitz" title="Maxine Savitz">Maxine L. Savitz</a>, American Chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Patsy Sherman">Patsy Sherman</a> (1930–2008), American chemist, co-inventor of <a href="/wiki/Scotchgard" title="Scotchgard">Scotchgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odette_L._Shotwell" title="Odette L. Shotwell">Odette L. Shotwell</a> (1922–1998), organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean%27ne_Shreeve" title="Jean'ne Shreeve">Jean'ne Shreeve</a> (born 1933), American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Martin_Simon" title="Dorothy Martin Simon">Dorothy Martin Simon</a> (1919–2016), American physical chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a> (born 1956), Atmospheric chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a> (born 1946), American biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Noddack" title="Ida Noddack">Ida Noddack Tacke</a> (1896–1978), German chemist and physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsippy_Tamiri" title="Tsippy Tamiri">Tsippy Tamiri</a> (1952-2017), Israeli chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliana_Tesoro" title="Giuliana Tesoro">Giuliana Tesoro</a> (1921–2002), Polymer chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> (1925–2013), British chemist and Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Thomas_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Thomas (academic)">Jean Thomas</a>, British biochemist (chromatin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_J._B._Thomas" title="Martha J. B. Thomas">Martha J. B. Thomas</a> (1926–2006), Analytical chemist and chemical engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_E._Weber" title="Ann E. Weber">Ann E. Weber</a>, American organic/medicinal chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Wetterhahn" title="Karen Wetterhahn">Karen Wetterhahn</a> (1948–1997), American metal toxicologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_R._Wexler" title="Ruth R. Wexler">Ruth R. Wexler</a> (born 1955), American organic and medicinal chemist, discoverer of two marketed drugs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Christina_White" title="M. Christina White">M. Christina White</a> (born 1970), American organometallic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Williams" title="Charlotte Williams">Charlotte Williams</a>, English inorganic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_K._Wilson" title="Angela K. Wilson">Angela K. Wilson</a>, American computational, theoretical, and physical chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a> (1921–2011), American biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenara_Vicenta_Arnal_Yarza" title="Jenara Vicenta Arnal Yarza">Jenara Vicenta Arnal Yarza</a> (1902–1960), Spanish chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Youatt" title="Jean Youatt">Jean Youatt</a> (born 1925), Australian chemist, biochemist, and microbiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (born 1939), Israeli crystallographer, Nobel prize in chemistry 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaci_Zancan" title="Glaci Zancan">Glaci Zancan</a> (1935–2007), Brazilian biochemist, president of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of the Science (SBPC) from 1999 to 2003</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_chemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heather_C._Allen" title="Heather C. Allen">Heather C. Allen</a>, American chemist whose research focuses air-liquid interfaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rommie_Amaro" title="Rommie Amaro">Rommie Amaro</a>, American chemist focusing on development of computational methods in <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a> for applications to <a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">drug discovery</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Balskus" title="Emily Balskus">Emily Balskus</a>, American organic and biological chemist, and microbiologist. Recipient of the 2020 Alan T. Waterman Award for her work on understanding the chemistry of metabolic processes. Professor at Harvard University.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Banerji" title="Natalie Banerji">Natalie Banerji</a>, Swiss chemist and Professor of Chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a> who studies organic and hybrid materials using ultrafast spectroscopies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_P._Chang" title="Jane P. Chang">Jane P. Chang</a>, chemical engineer, materials scientist and professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> known for her research developing advanced <a href="/wiki/Atomic_layer_deposition" title="Atomic layer deposition">atomic layer deposition</a> (ALD) and <a href="/wiki/Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Etching (microfabrication)">etching</a> techniques with applications in microelectronics and energy storage devices.</li> <li>Sherry Chemler, American Organic Chemist. Professor University at Buffalo.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACS Cope Scholar Award recipient (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulette_Clancy" title="Paulette Clancy">Paulette Clancy</a>, British chemist focusing on computational and machine learning methods, particularly chemistry-informed <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_optimization" title="Bayesian optimization">Bayesian optimization</a>, to model the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> materials.</li> <li>Sheila Hobbs DeWitt, American chemist.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chair, President, CEO, Cofounder of DeuteRx<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has developed <a href="/wiki/PXL065" title="PXL065">PXL065</a> a <a href="/wiki/Deuterated_drug" title="Deuterated drug">Deuterated drug</a>. Awarded Women to Watch (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Combinatorial Chemistry">Combinatorial Chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Galoppini" title="Elena Galoppini">Elena Galoppini</a>, Italian chemist and professor at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93Newark" title="Rutgers University–Newark">Rutgers University–Newark</a> whose research focuses on the development of redox- and photo-active molecules to modify surfaces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Grey" title="Clare Grey">Clare Grey</a>, British chemist pioneering the use of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a> to study battery technology.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awarded the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rber_European_Science_Prize" title="Körber European Science Prize">Körber European Science Prize</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor at the University of Cambridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_T._Hammond" title="Paula T. Hammond">Paula T. Hammond</a>, American chemical engineer focusing on macromolecular design and synthesis of materials for drug delivery systems, particularly in relation to cancer, immunology, and immunotherapy. Professor at MIT.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Hardy_(biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne Hardy (biologist)">Jeanne Hardy</a>, American biophysicist and chemical biologist. Known for her work in the design of <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">allosteric</a> binding sites and control elements into human <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">proteases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor at the University of Massachusetts.</li> <li>Geraldine Harriman, American Organic Chemist. Developed <a href="/wiki/Firsocostat" title="Firsocostat">Firsocostat</a>. Chief Scientific Officer and co-founder of HotSpot.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Haurwitz" title="Rachel Haurwitz">Rachel Haurwitz</a>, American biochemist and structural biologist. Her work regards <a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR</a> based technologies, she is a cofounder of Caribou Biosciences, a genome editing and cell therapy development company.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Eunkyoung" title="Kim Eunkyoung">Kim Eunkyoung</a>, South Korean materials chemist known for her work in <a href="/wiki/Electrochromism" title="Electrochromism">electrochromic</a> (EC) materials design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katja_Loos" title="Katja Loos">Katja Loos</a>, German polymer chemist working on the design, synthesis, and characterisation of novel and sustainable polymeric materials and <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a>. Chair of the board of the <a href="/wiki/Zernike_Institute_for_Advanced_Materials" title="Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials">Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Mamlok-Naaman" title="Rachel Mamlok-Naaman">Rachel Mamlok-Naaman</a>, Israeli chemist, specialized in chemistry education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Marcaurelle" title="Lisa Marcaurelle">Lisa Marcaurelle</a>, American synthetic chemist in industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corine_Mathoni%C3%A8re" title="Corine Mathonière">Corine Mathonière</a>, French materials chemist studying molecular magnetism, spin crossover molecules, and coordination chemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_J._Murphy" title="Catherine J. Murphy">Catherine J. Murphy</a>, American chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga_Lee_(Sally)_Ng" title="Nga Lee (Sally) Ng">Nga Lee (Sally) Ng</a>, atmospheric chemist studying <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a> and their effects on air quality, climate, and human health</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_O%27Connor" title="Sarah O'Connor">Sarah O'Connor</a>, American plant synthetic biologist working in England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Prather" title="Kimberly Prather">Kimberly Prather</a>, American atmospheric chemist whose research contributed to understanding of atmospheric aerosols and their impact on air quality, climate, and human health</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Reid" title="Gillian Reid">Gillian Reid</a>, British inorganic chemist. President elect (2020-present) and present (2022-present) of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. Professor at the University of Southampton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_E_Reisman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah E Reisman">Sarah E Reisman</a>, American organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Titirici" title="Magdalena Titirici">Magdalena Titirici</a>, materials chemist focusing on sustainable materials for energy applications. Professor at Imperial College London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Turro" title="Claudia Turro">Claudia Turro</a>, American inorganic chemist who studies light-initiated reactions of metal complexes with application to disease treatment and solar energy conversion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seble_Wagaw" title="Seble Wagaw">Seble Wagaw</a>, American process chemist and pharma exec</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcey_Lynn_Waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcey Lynn Waters">Marcey Lynn Waters</a>, American chemical biologist and supramolecular chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Y_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenny Y Yang">Jenny Y Yang</a>, American chemist and clean energy researcher at UCI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Young_(chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendy Young (chemist)">Wendy Young</a>, American medicinal chemist and pharmaceutical executive. Chair of <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">ACS</a> Medicinal Chemistry Division (2017).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaqueline_Kiplinger" title="Jaqueline Kiplinger">Jaqueline Kiplinger</a>, American chemist working at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_chemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_mass_spectrometrists" title="List of female mass spectrometrists">List of female mass spectrometrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_petition_to_the_Chemical_Society" title="1904 petition to the Chemical Society">1904 petition to the Chemical Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_chemistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html">"Nobel Prize Awarded Women"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission" title="Discovery of nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_fusion" title="History of nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_power" title="History of nuclear power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">Material science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology" title="History of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Chinese alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic World alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Indian metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table</a> (<a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_elements" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fluorine" title="History of fluorine">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aluminium" title="History of aluminium">Al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On specific discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_battery" title="History of the battery">Battery</a></li> <li>Carbon nanotubes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_carbon_nanotubes" title="Timeline of carbon nanotubes">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electrophoresis" title="History of electrophoresis">Electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manufactured_fuel_gases" title="History of manufactured fuel gases">Gaseous fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_graphene" title="Discovery of graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Haber_process" title="History of the Haber process">Haber process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">Element naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Joule–von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women in chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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