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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pericardium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تامور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تامور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%9A%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܬܚܦܝܬܐ ܕܠܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܚܦܝܬܐ ܕܠܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C9%99k_kis%C9%99si" title="Ürək kisəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ürək kisəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Перыкард – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перыкард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%99%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B" title="སྙིང་འབམ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྙིང་འབམ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikard" title="Perikard – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Perikard" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardi" title="Pericardi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pericardi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osrde%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk" title="Osrdečník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osrdečník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzbeutel" title="Herzbeutel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzbeutel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Περικάρδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περικάρδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardio" title="Pericardio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pericardio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikardio" title="Perikardio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Perikardio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پریکارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پریکارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ricarde" title="Péricarde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Péricarde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peireacairdiam" title="Peireacairdiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peireacairdiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardio" title="Pericardio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pericardio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Պերիկարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պերիկարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="हृदयावरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हृदयावरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikardio" title="Perikardio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Perikardio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikardium" title="Perikardium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perikardium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gollursh%C3%BAs" title="Gollurshús – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gollurshús" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardio" title="Pericardio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pericardio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%91" title="קרום הלב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרום הלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Перикард – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Перикард" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Перикард – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Перикард" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pericardium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikards" title="Perikards – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Perikards" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0irdipl%C4%97v%C4%97" title="Širdiplėvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Širdiplėvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADvburok" title="Szívburok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szívburok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikardium" title="Perikardium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perikardium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericard" title="Pericard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pericard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%86%9C" title="心膜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心膜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Деган тӀоьрмиг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Деган тӀоьрмиг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjertepose" title="Hjertepose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjertepose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjartepose" title="Hjartepose – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjartepose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikard" title="Perikard – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Perikard" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osierdzie" title="Osierdzie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osierdzie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peric%C3%A1rdio" title="Pericárdio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pericárdio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericard" title="Pericard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pericard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Перикард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перикард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiu_(koin%C3%A8_salentina_-_dialettu_salentinu)" title="Pericardiu (koinè salentina - dialettu salentinu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pericardiu (koinè salentina - dialettu salentinu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8" title="පෙරිකාඩියම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෙරිකාඩියම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pericardium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Перикард – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перикард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikard" title="Perikard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perikard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikardium" title="Perikardium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perikardium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rts%C3%A4ck" title="Hjärtsäck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärtsäck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="இதய உறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இதய உறை" 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href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikard" title="Perikard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Perikard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Перикард – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перикард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saetch_do_cour" title="Saetch do cour – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Saetch do cour" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epicardium&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">Epicardium</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Double-walled sac containing the heart and roots of the great vessels</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Traditional Chinese medicine description, see <a href="/wiki/Pericardium_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Pericardium (Chinese medicine)">Pericardium (Chinese medicine)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pericard" redirects here. For the footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Pericard" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Pericard">Vincent Pericard</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pericardium" title="Special:EditPage/Pericardium">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pericardium%22">"Pericardium"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pericardium%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pericardium%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pericardium%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pericardium%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pericardium%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Pericardium</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png/250px-Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png/375px-Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png/500px-Blausen_0470_HeartWall.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Walls of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, showing pericardium at right.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0724_PericardialSac.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Blausen_0724_PericardialSac.png/250px-Blausen_0724_PericardialSac.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Blausen_0724_PericardialSac.png/375px-Blausen_0724_PericardialSac.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Blausen_0724_PericardialSac.png/500px-Blausen_0724_PericardialSac.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cutaway illustration of pericardial sac</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">A sac around the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pericardiacophrenic_artery" title="Pericardiacophrenic artery">Pericardiacophrenic artery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">Phrenic nerve</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>pericardium</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>περίκάρδιον</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010496">D010496</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.1.08.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A12.1.08.001</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.1.08.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A12.1.08.002</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3341">3341</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma9869">9869</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193302" class="extiw" title="d:Q193302">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>pericardium</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>pericardia</b>), also called <b>pericardial sac</b>, is a double-walled sac containing the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and the roots of the <a href="/wiki/Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great vessels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has two layers, an outer layer made of strong inelastic <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> (<b>fibrous pericardium</b>), and an inner layer made of <a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">serous membrane</a> (<b>serous pericardium</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encloses the pericardial cavity, which contains <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_fluid" title="Pericardial fluid">pericardial fluid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and defines the <a href="/wiki/Middle_mediastinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle mediastinum">middle mediastinum</a>. It separates the heart from interference of other structures, protects it against <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">blunt trauma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lubricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubricate">lubricates</a> the heart's movements. </p><p>The English name originates from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> prefix <i>peri-</i> (περί) 'around' and the suffix <i>-cardion</i> (κάρδιον) 'heart'. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pericardium is a tough fibroelastic sac which covers the heart from all sides except at the cardiac root (where the <a href="/wiki/Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great vessels</a> join the heart) and the bottom (where only the serous pericardium exists to cover the upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Central_tendon_of_diaphragm" title="Central tendon of diaphragm">central tendon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fibrous pericardium is semi-rigid, while the serous pericardium is quite pliable. </p><p>The same mesothelium that constitutes the serous pericardium also covers the heart as the <a href="/wiki/Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium</a>, resulting in a continuous <a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">serous membrane</a> <a href="/wiki/Invaginate" class="mw-redirect" title="Invaginate">invaginated</a> onto itself as two opposing surfaces (over the fibrous pericardium and over the heart). This creates a pouch-like <a href="/wiki/Potential_space" title="Potential space">potential space</a> around the heart enclosed between the two opposing serosal surfaces, known as the <b>pericardial space</b> or <b>pericardial cavity</b>, which is filled with a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Serous_fluid" title="Serous fluid">serous fluid</a> to lubricate the heart's movements and cushions it from any external jerk or shock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fibrous">Fibrous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fibrous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>fibrous pericardium</b> is the outside layer of the pericardium, made up of <a href="/wiki/Dense_connective_tissue" title="Dense connective tissue">dense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">loose connective tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While capable of some <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)" title="Deformation (engineering)">change in shape</a>, it is largely non-pliable, which acts to protect the heart against blunt forces and sudden pressure change from the outside. It is continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Adventitia_externa" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventitia externa">outer adventitial layer</a> of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great blood vessels</a>, fused with the central fibrous area of the diaphragm on its posterior aspect<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attached to the posterior surface of the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a> by the sternopericardial ligaments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serous">Serous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Serous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>serous pericardium</b>, in turn, is divided into two parts: </p> <ul><li>The <i>parietal serous pericardium</i>, which lines the interior side of the superficial portion of the pericardial sac, is fused to and inseparable from the fibrous pericardium</li> <li>The <i>visceral serous pericardium</i>, also known as the <b>epicardium</b>, covers the <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a> of the heart<sup id="cite_ref-Laizzo2009pp125-8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laizzo2009pp125-8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be considered its <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a>. It is largely made of a mesothelium overlying some <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">loose connective tissue</a>. During ventricular contraction, the wave of <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarization</a> moves from the <a href="/wiki/Endocardial" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocardial">endocardial</a> to the epicardial surface.</li></ul> <p>Both of these layers function in lubricating the heart to prevent friction during heart activity. </p><p>The visceral serous pericardium extends to the root of the <a href="/wiki/Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great vessels</a> and joins the parietal serous pericardium at the anatomical base of the heart. This junction occurs at two areas: the <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_outflow_tract" title="Ventricular outflow tract">ventricular outflow tracts</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary trunk">pulmonary trunk</a> leave the heart, and the inflow tracts where the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a> enter the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-Laizzo2009pp125-8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laizzo2009pp125-8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root of the great vessels and the associated reflections of the serous pericardium creates various smaller sacs and tunnels known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_sinus" title="Pericardial sinus">pericardial sinuses</a></i>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Radiograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiograph">radiographically</a> significant <i>pericardial recesses</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where pericardial fluid can pool and mimic mediastinal <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenopathy" title="Lymphadenopathy">lymphadenopathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon2019_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomical_relationships">Anatomical relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anatomical relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray968.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gray968.png/220px-Gray968.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gray968.png/330px-Gray968.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gray968.png/440px-Gray968.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>A transverse section of the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a>, showing the contents of the middle and the posterior <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericardial cavity">pericardial cavity</a> are exaggerated since normally there is no space between the pleurae or between the pericardium and <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. Pericardium is also known as cardiac epidermis.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Surrounds heart and bases of pulmonary artery and aorta.</li> <li>Deep to <a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">sternum</a> and anterior chest wall.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Right_phrenic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Right phrenic nerve">right phrenic nerve</a> passes to the right of the pericardium.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Left_phrenic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Left phrenic nerve">left phrenic nerve</a> passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle.</li> <li>Pericardial arteries supply blood to the dorsal portion of the pericardium.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pericardium sets the heart in mediastinum and limits its motion, protects it from infection, lubricates it and prevents excessive dilation in cases of acute volume overload. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pericarditis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pericarditis.jpg/220px-Pericarditis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pericarditis.jpg/330px-Pericarditis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pericarditis.jpg/440px-Pericarditis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the pericardial sac and the sac when inflamed</figcaption></figure> <p>Inflammation of the pericardium is called <a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">pericarditis</a>. This condition typically causes chest pain that spreads to the back and is made worse by lying flat. In patients suffering with pericarditis, a <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_friction_rub" title="Pericardial friction rub">pericardial friction rub</a> can often be heard when listening to the heart with a stethoscope. Pericarditis is often caused by a viral infection (<a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">glandular fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">coxsackievirus</a>), or more rarely with a bacterial infection, but may also occur following a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>. Pericarditis is usually a short-lived condition that can be successfully treated with <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">painkillers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colchicine" title="Colchicine">colchicine</a>. In some cases, pericarditis can become a long-term condition causing scarring of the pericardium which restricts the heart's movement, known as <a href="/wiki/Constrictive_pericarditis" title="Constrictive pericarditis">constrictive pericarditis</a>. Constrictive pericarditis is sometimes treated by surgically removing the pericardium in a procedure called a <a href="/wiki/Pericardiectomy" title="Pericardiectomy">pericardiectomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fluid can build up within the pericardial space, referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_effusion" title="Pericardial effusion">pericardial effusion</a>. Pericardial effusions often occur secondary to <a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">pericarditis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumour">tumours</a> and frequently do not cause any symptoms. Large effusions or effusions that accumulate rapidly can compress the heart and restrict <a href="/wiki/Diastolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diastolic">diastolic</a> ventricular filling in a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">cardiac tamponade</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Pulsus_paradoxus" title="Pulsus paradoxus">pulsus paradoxus</a> and potentially fatal <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulatory failure">circulatory failure</a>. Fluid can be removed from the pericardial space for diagnosis or to relieve tamponade using a syringe in a procedure called <a href="/wiki/Pericardiocentesis" title="Pericardiocentesis">pericardiocentesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010638–639_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010638–639-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For cases of recurrent pericardial effusion, an operation to create a hole between the pericardial and pleural spaces can be performed, known as a <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_window" title="Pericardial window">pericardial window</a> or <i>pericardiostomy</i>. </p><p>The congenital absence of pericardium is rare. When it happens, it usually occurs on the left side. Those affected usually do not have any symptoms and they are usually discovered incidentally. About 30 to 50 percent of the affected people have other heart abnormalities such as atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, bicuspid aortic valve, and lung abnormalities. On chest X–ray, the heart looks posteriorly rotated. Another feature is the sharp delineation of pulmonary artery and transverse aorta due to lung deposition between these two structures. If there is partial absence of pericardium, there will be bulge of the left atrial appendage. On CT and MRI scans, similar findings as chest X–ray can be shown. The left sided partial pericardium defect is difficult to see because even a normal pericardium is difficult to be seen on CT and MRI. A complete pericardial defect will show the heart displaced to the left with part of the lungs squeezed between inferior border of heart and diaphragm.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide15gggg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fibrous pericardium"><img alt="Fibrous pericardium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Slide15gggg.JPG/120px-Slide15gggg.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Slide15gggg.JPG/180px-Slide15gggg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Slide15gggg.JPG/240px-Slide15gggg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fibrous pericardium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cytology of the normal mesothelial cells that line the pericardium, with typical features.[13] Wright's stain."><img alt="Cytology of the normal mesothelial cells that line the pericardium, with typical features.[13] Wright's stain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg/120px-Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg/180px-Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg/240px-Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="2109" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">Cytology</a> of the normal <a href="/wiki/Mesothelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesothelial cell">mesothelial cells</a> that line the pericardium, with typical features.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wright%27s_stain" title="Wright's stain">Wright's stain</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_still_showing_the_pericardium_layer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3D still showing the pericardium layer."><img alt="3D still showing the pericardium layer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/3D_still_showing_the_pericardium_layer.jpg/120px-3D_still_showing_the_pericardium_layer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/3D_still_showing_the_pericardium_layer.jpg/180px-3D_still_showing_the_pericardium_layer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/3D_still_showing_the_pericardium_layer.jpg/240px-3D_still_showing_the_pericardium_layer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3D still showing the pericardium layer.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/pericardiectomy">"Pericardiectomy"</a>. 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Humana Press. pp. 125–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60327-371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60327-371-8"><bdi>978-1-60327-371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Cardiac+Anatomy%2C+Physiology%2C+and+Devices&rft.pages=125-8&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60327-371-8&rft.aulast=Laizzo&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APericardium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon2019_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon2019_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonHacking" class="citation web cs1">Dixon, Andrew; Hacking, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pericardial-recesses">"Pericardial recesses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radiopaedia" title="Radiopaedia">Radiopaedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiopaedia&rft.atitle=Pericardial+recesses&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hacking%2C+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiopaedia.org%2Farticles%2Fpericardial-recesses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APericardium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrneKaravasColsonBueno2002" class="citation journal cs1">Byrne, John G; Karavas, Alexandros N; Colson, Yolonda L; Bueno, Raphael; Richards, William G; Sugarbaker, David J; Goldhaber, Samuel Z (2002). "Cardiac Decortication (Epicardiectomy) for Occult Constrictive Cardiac Physiology After Left Extrapleural Pneumonectomy". <i>Chest</i>. <b>122</b> (6): 2256–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.122.6.2256">10.1378/chest.122.6.2256</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12475875">12475875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Cardiac+Decortication+%28Epicardiectomy%29+for+Occult+Constrictive+Cardiac+Physiology+After+Left+Extrapleural+Pneumonectomy&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2256-9&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.122.6.2256&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12475875&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=John+G&rft.au=Karavas%2C+Alexandros+N&rft.au=Colson%2C+Yolonda+L&rft.au=Bueno%2C+Raphael&rft.au=Richards%2C+William+G&rft.au=Sugarbaker%2C+David+J&rft.au=Goldhaber%2C+Samuel+Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APericardium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010638–639-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010638–639_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson's2010">Davidson's 2010</a>, pp. 638–639.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDavidson's2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKligerman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kligerman, Seth (January 2019). "Imaging of Pericardial Disease". <i>Radiologic Clinics of North America</i>. <b>57</b> (1): 179–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rcl.2018.09.001">10.1016/j.rcl.2018.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30454812">30454812</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53872634">53872634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiologic+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Imaging+of+Pericardial+Disease&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179-199&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53872634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30454812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rcl.2018.09.001&rft.aulast=Kligerman&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APericardium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Sources for mentioned features:<br />- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librepathology.org/wiki/Mesothelial_cytopathology">"Mesothelial cytopathology"</a>. <i>Libre Pathology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Libre+Pathology&rft.atitle=Mesothelial+cytopathology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrepathology.org%2Fwiki%2FMesothelial_cytopathology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APericardium" class="Z3988"></span><br />- <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShidham_VB,_Layfield_LJ2021" class="citation journal cs1">Shidham VB, Layfield LJ (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8813611">"Introduction to the second edition of 'Diagnostic Cytopathology of Serous Fluids' as CytoJournal Monograph (CMAS) in Open Access"</a>. <i>CytoJournal</i>. <b>18</b>: 30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25259%2FCMAS_02_01_2021">10.25259/CMAS_02_01_2021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8813611">8813611</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35126608">35126608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CytoJournal&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+second+edition+of+%27Diagnostic+Cytopathology+of+Serous+Fluids%27+as+CytoJournal+Monograph+%28CMAS%29+in+Open+Access.&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8813611%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35126608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25259%2FCMAS_02_01_2021&rft.au=Shidham+VB%2C+Layfield+LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8813611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APericardium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l21/st1500.htm">Anatomy photo:21:st-1500</a> at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "Mediastinum: Pericardium (pericardial sac)"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/thoraxlesson4.htm">thoraxlesson4</a> at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/Images/heartpericardium.jpg">heartpericardium</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy2010/html/atlas/ht_pericard2.html">Atlas image: ht_pericard2</a> at the University of Michigan Health System – "MRI of chest, lateral view"</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_heart" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heart_anatomy" title="Template:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heart_anatomy" title="Template talk:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heart_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_heart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of the heart">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of the heart">apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(morphology)" title="Sulcus (morphology)">sulci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_sulcus" title="Coronary sulcus">coronary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interatrial_sulcus" title="Interatrial sulcus">interatrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Anterior interventricular sulcus">anterior interventricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Posterior interventricular sulcus">posterior interventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li>borders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_border_of_heart" title="Right border of heart">right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_margin_of_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left margin of heart">left</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interatrial_septum" title="Interatrial septum">interatrial septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectinate_muscles" title="Pectinate muscles">pectinate muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_sulcus_(heart)" title="Terminal sulcus (heart)">terminal sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventricular_septum" title="Interventricular septum">interventricular septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae" title="Trabeculae carneae">trabeculae carneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordae_tendineae" title="Chordae tendineae">chordae tendineae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_muscle" title="Papillary muscle">papillary muscle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusps_of_heart_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusps of heart valves">cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septum" title="Atrioventricular septum">atrioventricular septum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_skeleton" title="Cardiac skeleton">cardiac skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervenous_tubercle" title="Intervenous tubercle">intervenous tubercle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chambers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Right_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Right heart">Right heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">venae cavae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a>)</i> → <a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrial appendage">atrial appendage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossa_ovalis_(heart)" title="Fossa ovalis (heart)">fossa ovalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbus_of_fossa_ovalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbus of fossa ovalis">limbus of fossa ovalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crista_terminalis" title="Crista terminalis">crista terminalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava" title="Valve of inferior vena cava">valve of inferior vena cava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve_of_coronary_sinus" title="Valve of coronary sinus">valve of coronary sinus</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a> → <a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Infundibulum_(heart)" title="Infundibulum (heart)">infundibulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moderator_band_(heart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderator band (heart)">moderator band/septomarginal trabecula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crista_supraventricularis" title="Crista supraventricularis">crista supraventricularis</a>), → <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary valve</a> → <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left heart">Left heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a>)</i> → <a href="/wiki/Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrial appendage">atrial appendage</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a> → <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> → <a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aortic_sinus" title="Aortic sinus">aortic sinus</a>) → <i>(<a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">Endocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Myocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Conduction system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">cardiac pacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">SA node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachmann%27s_bundle" title="Bachmann's bundle">Bachmann's bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">AV node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_His" title="Bundle of His">bundle of His</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_branches" title="Bundle branches">bundle branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_fibers" title="Purkinje fibers">Purkinje fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pericardial cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_sinus" title="Pericardial sinus">pericardial sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pericardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous pericardium">fibrous pericardium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sternopericardial_ligaments" title="Sternopericardial ligaments">sternopericardial ligaments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous pericardium">serous pericardium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium/visceral layer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_of_left_vena_cava" title="Fold of left vena cava">fold of left vena cava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blood supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">Coronary circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">Coronary arteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193302#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193302#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193302#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4159658-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pericardium"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85099851">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Péricarde"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12128633k">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Péricarde"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12128633k">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="perikard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph520073&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536194305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" 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