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Williams</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Walter_E._Williams" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Walter+E.+Williams" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the economist and commentator. For other people named Walter Williams, see <a href="/wiki/Walter_Williams_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Walter Williams (disambiguation)">Walter Williams (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Walter Edward Williams (March 31, 1936 – December 1, 2020) was an American economist, commentator, and academic. Williams was the <a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin" title="John M. Olin">John M. Olin</a> Distinguished Professor of Economics at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Print_syndication" title="Print syndication">syndicated</a> <a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">columnist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>. Williams held <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> views,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and wrote frequently for <a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a>, <a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WND</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a>. Williams was also a popular guest host of the <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> radio show when Limbaugh was unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Walter E. Williams</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_E._Williams_speaks_at_Texas_Tech_in_2013_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Walter_E._Williams_speaks_at_Texas_Tech_in_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Walter_E._Williams_speaks_at_Texas_Tech_in_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Walter_E._Williams_speaks_at_Texas_Tech_in_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Walter_E._Williams_speaks_at_Texas_Tech_in_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Walter_E._Williams_speaks_at_Texas_Tech_in_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Walter_E._Williams_speaks_at_Texas_Tech_in_2013_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="849"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Williams in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Walter Edward Williams</div> (1936-03-31)March 31, 1936 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 1, 2020(2020-12-01) (aged 84) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Los_Angeles" title="California State University, Los Angeles">California State University, Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelors_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelors of Arts">BA</a>) <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1959−2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Connie Taylor</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1960; died 2007)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">race relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_College" title="Los Angeles City College">Los Angeles City College</a> <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Los_Angeles" title="California State University, Los Angeles">California State University, Los Angeles</a> <a href="/wiki/Grove_City_College" title="Grove City College">Grove City College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data">Analysis of <a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Bacon_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis–Bacon Act">Davis–Bacon Act</a> Research on <a href="/wiki/Occupational_licensing" title="Occupational licensing">occupational licensing</a>, specifically in the taxi industry</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education">1 Early life and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Career">2 Career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Economic_and_political_views">3 Economic and political views</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Personal_life">4 Personal life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Death">5 Death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Bibliography">6 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Filmography">7 Filmography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Text">10.1 Text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Audio">10.2 Audio</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Video">10.3 Video</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Williams was born in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on March 31, 1936.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-3">[3]</a> His family during childhood consisted of his mother, his sister, and him; Williams's father played no role in raising Williams or his sister.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The family initially lived in <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a>, and later moved to <a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North Philadelphia</a>'s Richard Allen <a href="/wiki/Housing_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing project">housing projects</a> when Williams was ten years old. Among his neighbors was a young <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a>. Williams knew many of the individuals that Cosby speaks of from his childhood, including Weird Harold and Fat Albert.<a href="#cite_note-Reason-5">[5]</a> He attended and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_High_School_(Philadelphia)" title="Benjamin Franklin High School (Philadelphia)">Benjamin Franklin High School</a> in North Philadelphia. After graduating from high school, Williams traveled to California, where he lived with his father and attended <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_College" title="Los Angeles City College">Los Angeles City College</a> for one semester.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He later returned to Philadelphia and secured a job as a <a href="/wiki/Cab_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Cab driver">cab driver</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Cab_Company" title="Yellow Cab Company">Yellow Cab Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-military_draft-7">[7]</a> In 1959, he was drafted into the military and served as a <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">private</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reason-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> While stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, Williams "waged a one-man battle against <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> from inside the army." He challenged the racial order with provocative statements to his fellow soldiers, resulting in an overseeing officer filing a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> proceeding against Williams. Williams argued his own case and was found not guilty.<a href="#cite_note-Reason-5">[5]</a> While considering filing countercharges against the officer who brought the charges against him, Williams was transferred to <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. Upon arriving there, Williams marked "Caucasian" for race on his personnel form. When challenged on this, Williams replied wryly if he had marked "Black," he would end up getting all the worst jobs. From Korea, Williams wrote a letter to President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> denouncing the pervasive racism in the American government and military and questioning the actions black Americans should take given the state of affairs, writing: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Should Negroes be relieved of their service obligation or continue defending and dying for empty promises of freedom and equality? Or should we demand human rights as our Founding Fathers did at the risk of being called extremists? I contend that we relieve ourselves of oppression in a manner that is in keeping with the great heritage of our nation.<a href="#cite_note-Reason-5">[5]</a></blockquote> He received a reply from the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_B._Fitt" title="Alfred B. Fitt">Alfred B. Fitt</a>, which Williams called "the most reasonable response that I received from any official."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Following his military service, Williams served as a juvenile group supervisor for the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Probation_Department" title="Los Angeles County Probation Department">Los Angeles County Probation Department</a> from 1963 to 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Creators_bio-10">[10]</a> Williams also resumed his education, earning a bachelor's degree in economics in 1965 from California State College at Los Angeles (now <a href="/wiki/Cal_State_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cal State Los Angeles">Cal State Los Angeles</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Creators_bio-10">[10]</a> He earned both his master's degree and his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in economics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Williams's doctoral thesis was titled The Low-Income Market Place.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Speaking of his early college days, Williams said: "I was more than anything a radical. I was more sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> than <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a>, because Malcolm X was more of a radical who was willing to confront discrimination in ways that I thought it should be confronted, including perhaps the use of violence. But I really just wanted to be left alone. I thought some laws, like minimum-wage laws, helped poor people and poor black people and protected workers from exploitation. I thought they were a good thing until I was pressed by professors to look at the evidence." During his time at UCLA, Williams came into contact with economists such as <a href="/wiki/Armen_Alchian" title="Armen Alchian">Armen Alchian</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Axel_Leijonhufvud" title="Axel Leijonhufvud">Axel Leijonhufvud</a> who challenged his assumptions.<a href="#cite_note-Riley-14">[14]</a> While Williams was attending UCLA, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a> arrived on campus in 1969 as a visiting professor. Although he never took a class from Sowell, the two met and began a friendship that lasted for decades. In the summer of 1972, Sowell was hired as director of the Urban Institute's Ethnic Minorities Project, which Williams joined shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Correspondence between Sowell and Williams appears in "A Man of Letters," a 2007 <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> authored by Sowell.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> During his doctoral studies, Williams was an instructor in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_College" title="Los Angeles City College">Los Angeles City College</a> from 1967 to 1969, and at <a href="/wiki/Cal_State_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cal State Los Angeles">Cal State Los Angeles</a> from 1967 to 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Creators_bio-10">[10]</a> After returning to his native Philadelphia, Williams taught economics at <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> from 1973 to 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Creators_bio-10">[10]</a> For the 1975–76 academic year, Williams was a visiting scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1980, Williams joined the economics faculty at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a>. That same year, Williams began writing a syndicated column, "A Minority View", for Heritage Features Syndicate, which merged with <a href="/wiki/Creators_Syndicate" title="Creators Syndicate">Creators Syndicate</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Creators_bio-10">[10]</a> From 1995 to 2001, Williams chaired the economics department at George Mason University.<a href="#cite_note-official_biography-18">[18]</a> Courses taught by Williams at George Mason include "Intermediate <a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a>" for undergraduate students and "Microeconomic Theory I" for graduate students.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Williams continued to teach at George Mason until his death in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Boudreaux-21">[21]</a> In his nearly 50-year career, Williams wrote hundreds of research articles, book reviews, and commentaries for scholarly journals including <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Labor_Research" title="Journal of Labor Research">Journal of Labor Research</a> and popular journals including <a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-publications-22">[22]</a> Williams was awarded an honorary degree at <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Universidad Francisco Marroquín">Universidad Francisco Marroquín</a>. He served on advisory boards including the Review Board of Economics Studies for the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a>, the National Tax Limitation Committee, and the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institute">Hoover Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Creators_bio-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-official_biography-18">[18]</a> Beginning in 1982, Williams set about writing ten books, beginning with The State Against Blacks and America: A Minority Viewpoint.<a href="#cite_note-official_biography-18">[18]</a> He wrote and hosted documentaries for <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> in 1985. The "Good Intentions" documentary was based on his book The State Against Blacks.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Economic_and_political_views">Economic and political views</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic and political views" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> As an <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, Williams was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economics and opposed <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> systems of government intervention.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Williams believed laissez-faire capitalism to be the most moral, most productive system humans have ever devised.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the mid-to-late 1970s, Williams conducted research into the <a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Bacon_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis–Bacon Act">Davis–Bacon Act</a> of 1931 and on the impact of minimum wage laws on minority employment. His research led him to conclude the government's interventional programs are harmful. Williams was critical of state programs, including <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> laws, stating both practices inhibit liberty and are detrimental to the blacks they are intended to help. He published his results in his 1982 book The State Against Blacks, where he argued that laws regulating economic activity are far greater obstacles to economic progress for blacks than racial bigotry and discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Riley-14">[14]</a> Subsequently, Williams spoke on the topic and penned a number of articles detailing his view that increases in the minimum wage price low skill workers out of the market, eliminating their opportunities for employment.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Williams believed that <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in the United States are overemphasized as problems faced by the black community today. He pointed to the crippling effects of a welfare state and the disintegration of the black family as more pressing concerns. "The welfare state has done to black Americans what slavery couldn't do, and that is to destroy the black family."<a href="#cite_note-Riley-14">[14]</a> Although in favor of equal access to government institutions such as court houses, city halls, and libraries, Williams opposed anti-discrimination laws directed at the private sector on the grounds that such laws infringe upon the people's right of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Williams viewed <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun control</a> laws as a governmental infringement upon the rights of individuals, and argued that they end up endangering the innocent while failing to reduce crime.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Williams also made the argument that the true proof of whether or not an individual <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">owns</a> something is whether or not they have the right to sell it. Taking this argument to its conclusion, he supported legalization of <a href="/wiki/Organ_sale" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ sale">selling one's own bodily organs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> He argued that government prohibiting the selling of one's bodily organs is an infringement upon one's property rights.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Williams praised the views of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">Thomas DiLorenzo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Williams-35">[35]</a> and wrote a <a href="/wiki/Foreword" title="Foreword">foreword</a> to DiLorenzo's anti-<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> book, <a href="/wiki/The_Real_Lincoln" title="The Real Lincoln">The Real Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forward-36">[36]</a> Williams maintained that the American states are entitled to <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secede from the union</a> if they wish, as the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> states attempted to do during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Williams-35">[35]</a> and asserted that the Union's victory in the Civil War allowed the federal government "to run amok over <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>, so much so that the protections of the Ninth and Tenth Amendments mean little or nothing today."<a href="#cite_note-Forward-36">[36]</a> In reaction to what he viewed as inappropriate racial sensitivity that he saw hurting blacks in higher education, Williams began in the 1970s to offer colleagues a "certificate of amnesty and pardon" to all white people for Western Civilization's sins against blacks – and "thus obliged them not to act like damn fools in their relationships with Americans of African ancestry." It is still offered to anyone. The certificate can be obtained at his website.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Williams was opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> arguing that <a href="/wiki/Central_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks">central banks</a> are dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In his autobiography, Williams cited <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> as influences that led him to become a libertarian.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Williams praised <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal" title="Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal">Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</a> as "one of the best defenses and explanations of capitalism one is likely to read."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Aside from authoring his weekly columns, Williams was a frequent guest host for <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Rush_Limbaugh_Show" title="The Rush Limbaugh Show">radio program</a> when Limbaugh was away traveling. In 2009, Greg Ransom, a writer for the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, ranked Williams as the third-most important "<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayekian</a>" Public Intellectual in America, behind only <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">John Stossel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a> called Williams "one of the country's leading libertarian voices."<a href="#cite_note-Reason-5">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Beginning in 1973, Williams lived in <a href="/wiki/Devon,_Pennsylvania" title="Devon, Pennsylvania">Devon, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> He was married to Connie (née Taylor) from 1960 until her death in 2007. They had one daughter, Devyn.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> When he began teaching at George Mason University, he rented a cheap hotel room in <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a>, where he lived from Tuesdays through Thursdays around his teaching schedule.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Williams was a cousin of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Erving" title="Julius Erving">Julius Erving</a>, a professional basketball player with the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers" title="Philadelphia 76ers">Philadelphia 76ers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-big_classroom-46">[46]</a> Williams served on the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Media_General" title="Media General">Media General</a>, parent company of the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch" title="Richmond Times-Dispatch">Richmond Times-Dispatch</a>, from 2001 until his retirement from the board in 2011. He was also chairman of the company's audit committee. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> On December 1, 2020, Williams died in his car in <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a>, shortly after teaching a class at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>, at age 84.<a href="#cite_note-Boudreaux-21">[21]</a> His daughter said that he suffered from <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-3">[3]</a> Shortly before his death, Williams was featured in the documentary, <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom_(film)" title="Uncle Tom (film)">Uncle Tom</a>, where he provided commentary on <a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">conservatism within the black community</a> and discussed his own perspective as a black conservative. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1982" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (1982). The State Against Blacks. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070703780" title="Special:BookSources/9780070703780"><bdi>9780070703780</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15984778">15984778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Against+Blacks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15984778&rft.isbn=9780070703780&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1982" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (1982). America: A Minority Viewpoint. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817975623" title="Special:BookSources/9780817975623"><bdi>9780817975623</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/492741326">492741326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%3A+A+Minority+Viewpoint&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F492741326&rft.isbn=9780817975623&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1987" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (1987). All It Takes Is Guts: A Minority View. Washington: Regnery Gateway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952265696" title="Special:BookSources/9780952265696"><bdi>9780952265696</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/242317610">242317610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+It+Takes+Is+Guts%3A+A+Minority+View&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Regnery+Gateway&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F242317610&rft.isbn=9780952265696&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1989" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (1989). South Africa's War Against Capitalism. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275931797" title="Special:BookSources/9780275931797"><bdi>9780275931797</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246932397">246932397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+War+Against+Capitalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246932397&rft.isbn=9780275931797&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1990" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (1990). South Africa's War Against Capitalism. Kenwyn [South Africa]: Juta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702124457" title="Special:BookSources/9780702124457"><bdi>9780702124457</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758452218">758452218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+War+Against+Capitalism&rft.place=Kenwyn+%5BSouth+Africa%5D&rft.pub=Juta&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758452218&rft.isbn=9780702124457&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1995" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (1995). Do The Right Thing: The People's Economist Speaks. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817993825" title="Special:BookSources/9780817993825"><bdi>9780817993825</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32666686">32666686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+The+Right+Thing%3A+The+People%27s+Economist+Speaks&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32666686&rft.isbn=9780817993825&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CeCoAAAAQBAJ">More Liberty Means Less Government: Our Founders Knew This Well</a>. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9612-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9612-5"><bdi>0-8179-9612-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237344402">237344402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Liberty+Means+Less+Government%3A+Our+Founders+Knew+This+Well&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237344402&rft.isbn=0-8179-9612-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCeCoAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (2008). Liberty Versus the Tyranny of Socialism: Controversial Essays. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817949129" title="Special:BookSources/9780817949129"><bdi>9780817949129</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495418182">495418182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+Versus+the+Tyranny+of+Socialism%3A+Controversial+Essays&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495418182&rft.isbn=9780817949129&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Pjj3oanJh8C">Up From The Projects: An Autobiography</a>. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1255-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1255-0"><bdi>978-0-8179-1255-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/670480882">670480882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up+From+The+Projects%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F670480882&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-1255-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Pjj3oanJh8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (2011). Race & Economics: How Much Can Be Blamed on Discrimination?. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1244-4"><bdi>978-0-8179-1244-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939069012">939069012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+%26+Economics%3A+How+Much+Can+Be+Blamed+on+Discrimination%3F&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939069012&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-1244-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXslCQAAQBAJ">American Contempt for Liberty</a>. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1875-0"><bdi>978-0-8179-1875-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1044305521">1044305521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Contempt+for+Liberty&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1044305521&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-1875-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXslCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Filmography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Good Intentions (1982), a documentary based on Williams' The State Against Blacks</li> <li>Suffer No Fools (2015), a biography examining Williams' life and work</li> <li>Uncle Tom (2020), Williams appeared as himself in the documentary <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom_(film)" title="Uncle Tom (film)">Uncle Tom</a>, which documents the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">conservative black Americans</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">List of economists</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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The Freeman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031209100218/http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4535">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2003. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Freeman&rft.atitle=Capitalism+and+the+Common+Man&rft.date=2000-01&rft.au=Williams%2C+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fee.org%2Fthe_freeman%2Fdetail%2Fcapitalism-and-the-common-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010d" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Walter E. (December 1, 2010d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://walterewilliams.com/minimum-wage,-maximum-folly/">"Minimum Wage, Maximum Folly"</a>. Creators Syndicate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110209050829/http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/articles/10/MinimumWageMaximumFolly">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Minimum+Wage%2C+Maximum+Folly&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwalterewilliams.com%2Fminimum-wage%2C-maximum-folly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010a" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Walter E. (April 14, 2010a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100730031545/http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/articles/10/MinimumWageCruelty.htm">"Minimum wage cruelty"</a>. Creators Syndicate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/articles/10/MinimumWageCruelty.htm">the original</a> on July 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Minimum+wage+cruelty&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconfaculty.gmu.edu%2Fwew%2Farticles%2F10%2FMinimumWageCruelty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Walter E. (March 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100802123305/http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=1473">"Minimum Wage Is Not An Anti-Poverty Tool"</a>. Investors Business Daily. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=1473">the original</a> on August 2, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investors+Business+Daily&rft.atitle=Minimum+Wage+Is+Not+An+Anti-Poverty+Tool&rft.date=2005-03-24&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpa.org%2Fsub%2Fdpd%2Findex.php%3FArticle_ID%3D1473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2017" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Walter E. (July 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creators.com/read/walter-williams/07/17/minimum-wage-cruelty">"Minimum wage cruelty"</a>. Creators Syndicate. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minimum+wage+cruelty&rft.pub=Creators+Syndicate&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Fread%2Fwalter-williams%2F07%2F17%2Fminimum-wage-cruelty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1998" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Walter E. (April 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/discrimination-and-liberty/">"Discrimination and Liberty | Walter E. Williams"</a>. fee.org. Retrieved December 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fee.org&rft.atitle=Discrimination+and+Liberty+%7C+Walter+E.+Williams&rft.date=1998-04-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffee.org%2Farticles%2Fdiscrimination-and-liberty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1999">Williams 1999</a>, pp. 59–61 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1999">Williams 1999</a>, pp. 138–140 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1999">Williams 1999</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Walter_E.2002" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Walter E. (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://walterewilliams.com/publications/freeman/organs.html">"My Organs Are For Sale"</a>. Ideas on Liberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030106160209/http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/wew/articles/fee/organs.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2003. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ideas+on+Liberty&rft.atitle=My+Organs+Are+For+Sale&rft.date=2002-10&rft.au=Williams%2C+Walter+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwalterewilliams.com%2Fpublications%2Ffreeman%2Forgans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Walter2005" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Walter (March 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig2/w-williams1.html">"DiLorenzo Is Right About Lincoln"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LewRockwell.com" class="mw-redirect" title="LewRockwell.com">LewRockwell.com</a>. Retrieved April 7, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LewRockwell.com&rft.atitle=DiLorenzo+Is+Right+About+Lincoln&rft.date=2005-03-22&rft.au=Williams%2C+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.lewrockwell.com%2Forig2%2Fw-williams1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forward-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forward_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forward_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiLorenzo2003" class="citation book cs1">DiLorenzo, Thomas (2003). "Foreword". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B9qs5dAnuwC">The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War</a>. Foreword by Walter Williams. New York, New York: Three Rivers Press. p. xii–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-2646-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-2646-3"><bdi>0-7615-2646-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Real+Lincoln%3A+A+New+Look+at+Abraham+Lincoln%2C+His+Agenda%2C+and+an+Unnecessary+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=xii-xiii&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7615-2646-3&rft.aulast=DiLorenzo&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5B9qs5dAnuwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626165122/http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/gift.pdf">"Gift of Amnesty and Pardon"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/gift.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gift+of+Amnesty+and+Pardon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconfaculty.gmu.edu%2Fwew%2Fgift.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/williams110409.php3#.UI8U_2cqlbI">"Walter Williams"</a>. jewishworldreview.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishworldreview.com&rft.atitle=Walter+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishworldreview.com%2Fcols%2Fwilliams110409.php3%23.UI8U_2cqlbI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://townhall.com/columnists/walterewilliams/2008/12/17/counterfeiting_versus_monetary_policy/page/full/">"Counterfeiting Versus Monetary Policy"</a>. townhall.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=townhall.com&rft.atitle=Counterfeiting+Versus+Monetary+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftownhall.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fwalterewilliams%2F2008%2F12%2F17%2Fcounterfeiting_versus_monetary_policy%2Fpage%2Ffull%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, p. 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Walter E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/wew/readings.html">"Book Recommendations"</a>. Walter Williams Homepage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walter+Williams+Homepage&rft.atitle=Book+Recommendations&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconfaculty.gmu.edu%2Fwew%2Freadings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988">(ret'd. Dec 30, 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRansom,_Greg2009" class="citation web cs1">Ransom, Greg (April 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.mises.org/9727/the-top-30-hayekian-public-intellectuals-in-america/">"The Top 30 Hayekian Public Intellectuals In America"</a>. Mises Economics Blog, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>. Retrieved November 16, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Economics+Blog%2C+Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Top+30+Hayekian+Public+Intellectuals+In+America&rft.date=2009-04-02&rft.au=Ransom%2C+Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.mises.org%2F9727%2Fthe-top-30-hayekian-public-intellectuals-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockwell2007" class="citation web cs1">Rockwell, Lew (December 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101143848/http://www.lewrockwell.com/blog/lewrw/archives/018108.html">"Connie Williams, RIP"</a>. LewRockwell.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/blog/lewrw/archives/018108.html">the original</a> on January 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LewRockwell.com&rft.atitle=Connie+Williams%2C+RIP&rft.date=2007-12-30&rft.aulast=Rockwell&rft.aufirst=Lew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lewrockwell.com%2Fblog%2Flewrw%2Farchives%2F018108.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-big_classroom-46"><a href="#cite_ref-big_classroom_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation web cs1">Miller, John J. (April 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2011/04/04/walter-williamss-big-classroom/">"Walter Williams's Big Classroom"</a>. National Review. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Walter+Williams%27s+Big+Classroom&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fmagazine%2F2011%2F04%2F04%2Fwalter-williamss-big-classroom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Walter_E._Williams" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Walter E. Williams">Walter E. Williams</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economics.gmu.edu/people/wwilliam">economics.gmu.edu/people/wwilliam</a> — Walter E. Williams faculty page at George Mason University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/wire/e-stands-excellence-tribute-walter-e-williams">"The E Stands for Excellence": A Tribute to Walter E. Williams</a>, Mises Institute obituary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/walter-williams-steadfast-scholar-missionary-of-freedom/">Walter Williams: Steadfast Scholar, Missionary of Freedom</a>, Foundation for Economic Education obituary</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text">Text</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walterewilliams.com">Walter Williams official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creators.com/opinion/walter-williams.html">Walter Williams Features</a> at <a href="/wiki/Creators_Syndicate" title="Creators Syndicate">Creators Syndicate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=E_Catt4AAAAJ">Walter E. Williams</a> publications indexed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio">Audio</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Audio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russ_Roberts" title="Russ Roberts">Roberts, Russ</a> (October 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/walter_williams/">"Walter Williams on Life, Liberty and Economics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EconTalk" title="EconTalk">EconTalk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EconTalk&rft.atitle=Walter+Williams+on+Life%2C+Liberty+and+Economics&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econtalk.org%2Farchives%2F_featuring%2Fwalter_williams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+E.+Williams" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017021801/http://radio.nationalreview.com/betweenthecovers/post/?q=Y2JjMGIzZTk2YTQzNzlhZGExNWY5Yzk3NDIzNDBlYjc=">Audio interview with Walter E. Williams at National Review Online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video">Video</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_E._Williams&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Video" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1605">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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