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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> Laissez-faire (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌlɛseɪˈfɛər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LESS-ay-FAIR</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/lɑːˌsɛzˈfɛ.jər/</a>, from French: laissez faire <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lɛse fɛːʁ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7e\/Fr-Laissez-faire.oga\/Fr-Laissez-faire.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Laissez-faire.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/Fr-Laissez-faire.oga/Fr-Laissez-faire.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Laissez-faire.oga" title="File:Fr-Laissez-faire.oga">ⓘ</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'let do') is a type of <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a> in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_economics" title="Regulatory economics">regulations</a>). As a system of thought, laissez-faire rests on the following axioms: "the individual is the basic unit in society, i.e., the standard of measurement in social calculus; the individual has a natural right to freedom; and the physical order of nature is a harmonious and self-regulating system."<a href="#cite_note-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004-1">[1]</a> The original phrase was laissez faire, laissez passer, with the second part meaning "let (things) pass". It is generally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Gournay" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent de Gournay">Vincent de Gournay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WilsonReill2004-2">[2]</a> Another basic principle of laissez-faire holds that markets should naturally be <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competitive</a>, a rule that the early advocates of laissez-faire always emphasized.<a href="#cite_note-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocrats</a> were early advocates of laissez-faire and advocated for a impôt unique, a <a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">tax on land rent</a> to replace the "monstrous and crippling network of taxation that had grown up in 17th century France".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Their view was that only land should be taxed because land is not produced but a naturally existing resource, meaning a tax on it wouldn't be taking from the labour of the taxed, unlike most other taxes.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Proponents of laissez-faire argue for a near complete separation of government from the economic sector.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] The phrase laissez-faire is part of a larger French phrase and literally translates to "let [it/them] do", but in this context the phrase usually means to "let it be" and in expression "laid back".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Although never practiced with full consistency, laissez-faire <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> emerged in the mid-18th century and was further popularized by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_usage">1 Etymology and usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Europe">2.1 Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#United_States">2.2 United States</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Models">3 Models</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Capitalism">3.1 Capitalism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Socialism">3.2 Socialism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Criticism">4 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sources">7 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The term laissez-faire likely originated in a meeting that took place around 1681 between powerful French <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finance_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finance Ministers of France">Controller-General of Finances</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> and a group of French businessmen headed by M. Le Gendre. When the eager <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> minister asked how the French state could be of service to the merchants and help promote their commerce, Le Gendre replied simply: "Laissez-nous faire" ("Leave it to us" or "Let us do [it]", the French verb not requiring an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The anecdote on the Colbert–Le Gendre meeting appeared in a 1751 article in the Journal économique, written by French minister and champion of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">René de Voyer, Marquis d'Argenson</a>—also the first known appearance of the term in print.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Argenson himself had used the phrase earlier (1736) in his own diaries in a famous outburst: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Laissez faire, telle devrait être la devise de toute puissance publique, depuis que le monde est civilisé [...]. Détestable principe que celui de ne vouloir grandir que par l'abaissement de nos voisins ! Il n'y a que la méchanceté et la malignité du cœur de satisfaites dans ce principe, et l'intérêt y est opposé. Laissez faire, morbleu ! Laissez faire !!<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Let go, which should be the motto of all public power, since the world was civilized [...]. [It is] a detestable principle of those that want to enlarge [themselves] but by the abasement of our neighbours. There is but the wicked and the malignant heart[s] [who are] satisfied by this principle and [its] interest is opposed. Let go, for God's sake! Let go!!<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson</cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Gournay" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent de Gournay">Vincent de Gournay</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocrat</a> and intendant of commerce in the 1750s, popularized the term laissez-faire as he allegedly adopted it from <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a>'s writings on China.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Quesnay coined the phrases laissez-faire and laissez-passer,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> laissez-faire being a translation of the Chinese term <a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">wu wei</a> (無為).<a href="#cite_note-Clarke-15">[15]</a> Gournay ardently supported the removal of restrictions on trade and the deregulation of industry in France. Delighted with the Colbert–Le Gendre anecdote,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> he forged it into a larger maxim all his own: "Laissez faire et laissez passer" ("Let do and let pass"). His motto has also been identified as the longer "Laissez faire et laissez passer, le monde va de lui même !" ("Let do and let pass, the world goes on by itself!"). Although Gournay left no written tracts on his economic policy ideas, he had immense personal influence on his contemporaries, notably his fellow Physiocrats, who credit both the laissez-faire slogan and the doctrine to Gournay.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Before d'Argenson or Gournay, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Pesant,_sieur_de_Boisguilbert" title="Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert">P. S. de Boisguilbert</a> had enunciated the phrase "On laisse faire la nature" ("Let nature run its course").<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> D'Argenson himself during his life was better known for the similar, but less-celebrated motto "Pas trop gouverner" ("Govern not too much").<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The Physiocrats proclaimed laissez-faire in 18th-century France, placing it at the very core of their economic principles and famous economists, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, developed the idea.<a href="#cite_note-Fine,_Sidney_1964-20">[20]</a> It is with the Physiocrats and the classical <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> that the term laissez-faire is ordinarily associated.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The book Laissez Faire and the General-Welfare State states: "The physiocrats, reacting against the excessive mercantilist regulations of the France of their day, expressed a belief in a 'natural order' or liberty under which individuals in following their selfish interests contributed to the general good. Since, in their view, this natural order functioned successfully without the aid of government, they advised the state to restrict itself to upholding the rights of private property and individual liberty, to removing all artificial barriers to trade, and to abolishing all useless laws."<a href="#cite_note-Fine,_Sidney_1964-20">[20]</a> The French phrase laissez-faire gained currency in English-speaking countries with the spread of Physiocratic literature in the late 18th century. <a href="/wiki/George_Whatley" title="George Whatley">George Whatley</a>'s 1774 Principles of Trade (co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>) re-told the Colbert-LeGendre anecdote; this may mark the first appearance of the phrase in an English-language publication.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> was opposed to a slightly different application of laissez faire—to "that miserable laissez-faire" that leads to men's ruin, saying: "Along with that miserable laissez-faire which calmly looks on while men ruin themselves in trying to enforce by law their equitable claims, there goes activity in supplying them, at other men's cost, with gratis novel-reading!"<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> As a product of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, laissez-faire was "conceived as the way to unleash human potential through the restoration of a natural system, a system unhindered by the restrictions of government".<a href="#cite_note-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004-1">[1]</a> In a similar vein, Adam Smith[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] viewed the economy as a natural system and the market as an organic part of that system. Smith saw laissez-faire as a moral program and the market its instrument to ensure men the rights of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004-1">[1]</a> By extension, <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> become a reflection of the natural system of liberty.<a href="#cite_note-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004-1">[1]</a> For Smith, laissez-faire was "a program for the abolition of laws constraining the market, a program for the restoration of order and for the activation of potential growth".<a href="#cite_note-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004-1">[1]</a> However, Smith<a href="#cite_note-asoae-24">[24]</a> and notable <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> did not use the phrase. <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> used the term, but it was probably[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a>'s reference to the laissez-faire maxim (together with the "Pas trop gouverner" motto) in an 1824 entry for the Encyclopædia Britannica that really brought the term into wider English usage. With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a> (founded 1838), the term received much of its English meaning.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] Smith first used the metaphor of an <a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">invisible hand</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> (1759) to describe the unintentional effects of economic self-organization from economic self-interest.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Although not the metaphor itself, the idea lying behind the invisible hand belongs to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Bernard de Mandeville</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Fable_of_the_Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Fable of the Bees">Fable of the Bees</a> (1705). In political economy, that idea and the doctrine of laissez-faire have long been closely related.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Some have characterized the invisible-hand metaphor as one for laissez-faire,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> although Smith never actually used the term himself.<a href="#cite_note-asoae-24">[24]</a> In Third Millennium Capitalism (2000), Wyatt M. Rogers Jr. notes a trend whereby recently "conservative politicians and economists have chosen the term 'free-market capitalism' in lieu of laissez-faire".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> American <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchists">individualist anarchists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> saw themselves as economic laissez-faire socialists and political individualists while arguing that their "anarchistic socialism" or "individual anarchism" was "consistent <a href="/wiki/Manchesterism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchesterism">Manchesterism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></div> In Europe, the laissez-faire movement was first widely promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocrats</a>, a movement that included <a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Gournay" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent de Gournay">Vincent de Gournay</a> (1712–1759), a successful merchant turned political figure. Gournay is postulated to have adapted the Taoist concept <a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">wu wei</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> from the writings on China by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-15">[15]</a> (1694–1774). Gournay held that government should allow the <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">laws of nature</a> to govern economic activity, with the state only intervening to protect life, liberty and property. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Anne Robert Jacques Turgot</a>, Baron de l'Aulne took up Gournay's ideas. Quesnay had the ear of the King of France, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a> and in 1754 persuaded him to give laissez-faire a try. On September 17, the King abolished all tolls and restraints on the sale and transport of grain. For more than a decade, the experiment appeared successful, but 1768 saw a poor harvest, and the cost of bread rose so high that there was widespread starvation while merchants exported grain to obtain the best profit. In 1770, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finance_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finance Ministers of France">Comptroller-General of Finances</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Terray" title="Joseph Marie Terray">Joseph Marie Terray</a> revoked the edict allowing free trade in grain.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The doctrine of laissez-faire became an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">19th-century European liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fine,_Sidney_1964-20">[20]</a> Just as liberals supported <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a> in the intellectual sphere, so were they equally prepared to champion the principles of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Free competition">free competition</a> in the sphere of economics, seeing the state as merely a <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">passive policeman</a>, protecting <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> and administering justice, but not interfering with the affairs of its citizens. Businessmen, British industrialists in particular, were quick to associate these principles with their own economic interests.<a href="#cite_note-Fine,_Sidney_1964-20">[20]</a> Many of the ideas of the physiocrats spread throughout Europe and were adopted to a greater or lesser extent in Sweden, Tuscany, Spain and in the newly created United States. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a> (1776), met Quesnay and acknowledged his influence.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In Britain, the newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (founded in 1843) became an influential voice for laissez-faire <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Laissez-faire advocates opposed food aid for famines occurring within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In 1847, referring to the famine then underway in Ireland, founder of The Economist <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(businessman)" title="James Wilson (businessman)">James Wilson</a> wrote: "It is no man's business to provide for another".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> More specifically, in <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthus">Malthus</a> argued that there was nothing that could be done to avoid famines because he felt he had mathematically proven that population growth tends to exceed growth in food production. However, The Economist campaigned against the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> that protected landlords in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> against competition from less expensive foreign imports of cereal products. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> in Ireland in 1845 led to the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. The tariffs on grain which kept the price of bread artificially high were repealed.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> However, repeal of the Corn Laws came too late to stop the Irish famine, partly because it was done in stages over three years.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A group that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester capitalism">Manchester Liberals</a>, to which <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> (1804–1865) and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> (1811–1889) belonged, were staunch defenders of free trade. After the death of Cobden, the <a href="/wiki/Cobden_Club" title="Cobden Club">Cobden Club</a> (founded in 1866) continued their work.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The breakdown of laissez-faire as practised by the British Empire was partly led by British companies eager for state support of their positions abroad, in particular British oil companies.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In Italy, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> created the term "liberism" (derived from the Italian term liberismo), a term for the <a href="/wiki/Economic_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic doctrine">economic doctrine</a> of laissez-faire <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>; it is synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>. He claimed that "Liberalism can prove only a temporary right of private propriety of land and industries."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> It was popularized in English by Italian political scientist <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sartori" title="Giovanni Sartori">Giovanni Sartori</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Sartori specifically imported the term from Italian to distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>, which is generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Political_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Political ideology">political ideology</a> often advocating extensive government intervention in the economy, and those <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberal">economic liberal</a> theories that propose to virtually eliminate such intervention. In informal usage, liberism overlaps with other concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a>, the American concept of <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[42]</a> and the laissez-faire doctrine of the French liberal <a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</a>. The intention of Croce and of Sartori to attack the right to private property and to free enterprise separating them from the general philosophy of liberalism, that is primarily a theory of natural rights, was always criticised openly by the quoted philosophers and by some of the main representatives of liberalism, such as <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Luigi Einaudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a> argues that the differences between the economical concept of liberism<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and the economical consequences of liberalism<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> can be summarized by saying that "A market is a law system. Without it, the only possible economy is the street robbery."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> Frank Bourgin's study of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> and subsequent decades argues that direct government involvement in the economy was intended by the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bourgin-50">[50]</a> The reason for this was the economic and financial chaos the nation suffered under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>. The goal was to ensure that dearly-won political independence was not lost by being economically and financially dependent on the powers and princes of Europe. The creation of a strong central government able to promote science, invention, industry and commerce was seen as an essential means of <a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">promoting the general welfare</a> and making the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">economy of the United States</a> strong enough for them to determine their own destiny. Others view Bourgin's study, written in the 1940s and not published until 1989, as an over-interpretation of the evidence, intended originally to defend the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and later to counter <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Historian Kathleen G. Donohue argues that in the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberalism in the United States</a> had distinctive characteristics and that "at the center of classical liberal theory [in Europe] was the idea of laissez-faire. To the vast majority of American classical liberals, however, laissez-faire did not mean "no government intervention" at all. On the contrary, they were more than willing to see government provide tariffs, railroad subsidies, and internal improvements, all of which benefited producers". Notable examples of government intervention in the period prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> include the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">Patent Office</a> in 1802; the establishment of the Office of Standard Weights and Measures in 1830; the creation of the Survey of the Coast (later renamed the United States Coast Survey and then the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a>) in 1807 and other measures to improve river and harbor navigation; the various <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> expeditions to the west, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Discovery" title="Corps of Discovery">Corps of Discovery</a> in 1804 and continuing into the 1870s, almost always under the direction of an officer from the Army <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of Topographical Engineers">Corps of Topographical Engineers</a> and which provided crucial information for the overland pioneers that followed; the assignment of Army Engineer officers to assist or direct the surveying and construction of the early railroads and canals; and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> as well as various protectionist measures (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">tariff of 1828</a>). Several of these proposals met with serious opposition and required a great deal of horse-trading to be enacted into law. For instance, the First National Bank would not have reached the desk of President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> in the absence of an agreement that was reached between <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and several Southern members of Congress to locate the capitol in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>. In contrast to Hamilton and the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a> was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>'s opposing political party, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republicans</a>. Most of the early opponents of laissez-faire capitalism in the United States subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School</a>. This school of thought was inspired by the ideas of Hamilton, who proposed the creation of a <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">government-sponsored bank</a> and increased tariffs to favor Northern industrial interests. Following Hamilton's death, the more abiding <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> influence in the antebellum period came from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> and his <a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a>. In the early 19th century, "it is quite clear that the laissez-faire label is an inappropriate one" to apply to the relationship between the United States government and industry.<a href="#cite_note-Prince_Taylor-52">[52]</a> In the mid-19th century, the United States followed the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a>, which included increased state control, regulation and <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomic</a> development of infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-guelzo-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a> such as the provision and regulation transportation such as railroads took effect. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Railway_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Railway Acts">Pacific Railway Acts</a> provided the development of the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guelzo-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> To help pay for its war effort in the Civil War, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a> imposed its first personal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> on 5 August 1861 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">Revenue Act of 1861</a> (3% of all incomes over US$800; rescinded in 1872). Following the Civil War, the movement towards a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> accelerated. Protectionism increased with the <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">McKinley Tariff</a> of 1890 and the <a href="/wiki/Dingley_Tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingley Tariff">Dingley Tariff</a> of 1897. <a href="/wiki/Government_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government regulation">Government regulation</a> of the economy expanded with the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887" title="Interstate Commerce Act of 1887">Interstate Commerce Act of 1887</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Anti-trust_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Anti-trust Act">Sherman Anti-trust Act</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> saw the enactment of more controls on the economy as evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> administration's <a href="/wiki/The_New_Freedom" title="The New Freedom">New Freedom</a> program. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the United States turned to a mixed economy which combined <a href="/wiki/Free_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Free enterprise">free enterprise</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive income tax</a> and in which from time to time the government stepped in to support and protect American industry from competition from overseas. For example, in the 1980s the government sought to protect the automobile industry by "voluntary" export restrictions from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 1986, Pietro S. Nivola wrote: "By and large, the comparative strength of the dollar against major foreign currencies has reflected high U.S. interest rates driven by huge federal budget deficits. Hence, the source of much of the current deterioration of trade is not the general state of the economy, but rather the government's mix of fiscal and monetary policies – that is, the problematic juxtaposition of bold tax reductions, relatively tight monetary targets, generous military outlays, and only modest cuts in major entitlement programs. Put simply, the roots of the trade problem and of the resurgent protectionism it has fomented are fundamentally political as well as economic".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> A more recent advocate of total laissez-faire has been <a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>, who described it as "the abolition of any and all forms of government intervention in production and trade, the separation of State and Economics, in the same way and for the same reasons as the separation of Church and State".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Rand's political philosophy emphasized <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">property rights</a>)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and she considered laissez-faire capitalism the only moral social system because in her view it was the only system based on the protection of those rights.<a href="#cite_note-rights-59">[59]</a> She opposed <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a>, which she understood to include <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Rand believed that natural rights should be enforced by a constitutionally limited government.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Although her political views are often classified as <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a>, she preferred the term "radical for capitalism". She worked with conservatives on political projects, but disagreed with them over issues such as religion and ethics.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> She denounced <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a>, which she associated with <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> She rejected anarchism as a naïve theory based in <a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">subjectivism</a> that could only lead to collectivism in practice.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Models" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalism">Capitalism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Capitalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></div> A closely related name for laissez-faire capitalism is that of raw, pure, or unrestrained capitalism, which refers to capitalism free of any regulations,<a href="#cite_note-capfree-65">[65]</a> with low or minimal<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> government and operating almost entirely on the <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">profit motive</a>. It shares a similar economic conception with <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a>. Advocates of laissez-faire capitalism argue that it relies on a constitutionally limited government that unconditionally bans the initiation of force and coercion, including fraud. Therefore, free market economists such as Milton Friedman and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a> argue that, under such a system, relationships between companies and workers are purely voluntary and mistreated workers will seek better treatment elsewhere. Thus, most companies will compete for workers on the basis of pay, benefits, and work-life balance just as they compete with one another in the marketplace on the basis of the relative cost and quality of their goods.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] So-called "raw" or "hyper-capitalism" is a major <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">motif</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> in dystopian works such as <a href="/wiki/Syndicate_(series)" title="Syndicate (series)">Syndicate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism">Socialism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Socialism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free-market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market anarchism">Free-market anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></div> Although laissez-faire has been commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, there is a similar laissez-faire economic theory and system associated with socialism called left-wing laissez-faire,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free-market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market anarchism">free-market anarchism</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">free-market anti-capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">free-market socialism</a> to distinguish it from laissez-faire capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> One first example of this is <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> as developed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> in the 18th century, from which emerged <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> is one eminent <a href="/wiki/American_individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="American individualist anarchist">American individualist anarchist</a> who adopted a laissez-faire system he termed <a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic socialism">anarchistic socialism</a> in contraposition to <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> This tradition has been recently associated with contemporary scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Roderick T. Long,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Charles W. Johnson,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Brad Spangler,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Sheldon Richman,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-LibertarianLeft-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Chris Matthew Sciabarra</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Gary Chartier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> who stress the value of radically free markets, termed <a href="/wiki/Freed_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Freed market">freed markets</a> to distinguish them from the common conception which these <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-libertarians">left-libertarians</a> believe to be riddled with <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a> privileges.<a href="#cite_note-marketsnotcap-89">[89]</a> Referred to as left-wing market anarchists<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> or market-oriented left-libertarians,<a href="#cite_note-LibertarianLeft-86">[86]</a> proponents of this approach strongly affirm the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> ideas of <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> while maintaining that taken to their logical conclusions these ideas support <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corporatist">anti-corporatist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchies">anti-hierarchical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pro-labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-labor">pro-labor</a> positions in economics; <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a> in foreign policy; and thoroughly radical views regarding such cultural issues as gender, sexuality and race.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Critics of laissez-faire as commonly understood argues that a truly laissez-faire system would be anti-capitalist and socialist.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Kevin Carson describes his politics as on "the outer fringes of both free market <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>"<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and has also been highly critical of intellectual property.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Carson has identified the work of Benjamin Tucker, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Borsodi" title="Ralph Borsodi">Ralph Borsodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Goodman (writer)">Paul Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a> as sources of inspiration for his approach to politics and economics.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In addition to individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker's big four monopolies (land, money, tariffs and patents), he argues that the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> has also transferred wealth to the wealthy by subsidizing organizational centralization in the form of transportation and communication subsidies. Carson believes that Tucker overlooked this issue due to Tucker's focus on individual market transactions whereas he also focuses on organizational issues. As such, the primary focus of his most recent work has been decentralized manufacturing and the informal and household economies.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The theoretical sections of Carson's <a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Mutualist_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Studies in Mutualist Political Economy">Studies in Mutualist Political Economy</a> are also presented as an attempt to integrate <a href="/wiki/Marginalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalist">marginalist</a> critiques into the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In response to claims that he uses the term capitalism incorrectly, Carson says he is deliberately choosing to resurrect what he claims to be an old definition of the term to "make a point". He claims that "the term 'capitalism,' as it was originally used, did not refer to a free market, but to a type of statist class system in which capitalists controlled the state and the state intervened in the market on their behalf".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Carson holds that "capitalism, arising as a new class society directly from the old class society of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, was founded on an act of robbery as massive as the earlier <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> conquest of the land. It has been sustained to the present by continual state intervention to protect its system of privilege without which its survival is unimaginable".<a href="#cite_note-Richman-101">[101]</a> Carson argues that in a truly laissez-faire system the ability to extract a profit from labor and capital would be negligible.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Carson coined the <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> term vulgar libertarianism, a phrase that describes the use of a free market rhetoric in defense of <a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">corporate capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>. According to Carson, the term is derived from the phrase vulgar political economy which <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> described as an economic order that "deliberately becomes increasingly apologetic and makes strenuous attempts to talk out of existence the ideas which contain the contradictions [existing in economic life]".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Gary Chartier offers an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a> as contingent yet tightly constrained social strategies, reflective of the importance of multiple, overlapping rationales for separate <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> principles of practical reasonableness, defending robust yet non-absolute protections for these rights in a manner similar to that employed by <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> This account is distinguished both from <a href="/wiki/Lockean" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockean">Lockean</a> and neo-Lockean views which deduce property rights from the idea of self-ownership and from <a href="/wiki/Consequentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequentialist">consequentialist</a> accounts that might license widespread ad hoc interference with the possessions of groups and individuals.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Chartier uses this account to ground a clear statement of the natural law basis for the view that solidaristic wealth <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution (economics)">redistribution</a> by individual persons is often morally required, but as a response by individuals and grass-roots networks to particular circumstances rather than as a state-driven attempt to achieve a particular distributive pattern.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> He advances detailed arguments for <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">workplace democracy</a> rooted in such natural law principles as <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">subsidiarity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> defending it as morally desirable and as a likely outcome of the elimination of injustice rather than as something to be mandated by the state.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Chartier has discussed natural law approaches to <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">occupation of factories</a> by workers.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He objects on natural law grounds to intellectual property protections, drawing on his theory of property rights more generally<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and develops a general natural law account of <a href="/wiki/Boycotts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boycotts">boycotts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> He has argued that proponents of genuinely freed markets should explicitly reject capitalism and identify with the global anti-capitalist movement while emphasizing that the abuses the anti-capitalist movement highlights result from state-tolerated violence and state-secured privilege rather than from voluntary cooperation and exchange. According to Chartier, "it makes sense for [freed-market advocates] to name what they oppose 'capitalism.' Doing so calls attention to the freedom movement's radical roots, emphasizes the value of understanding society as an alternative to the state, underscores the fact that proponents of freedom object to non-aggressive as well as aggressive restraints on liberty, ensures that advocates of freedom aren't confused with people who use market rhetoric to prop up an unjust status quo, and expresses solidarity between defenders of freed markets and workers — as well as ordinary people around the world who use "capitalism" as a short-hand label for the world-system that constrains their freedom and stunts their lives".<a href="#cite_note-Richman-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></div> Over the years, a number of economists have offered critiques of laissez-faire economics. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> acknowledges some moral ambiguities towards the system of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer_J._Pack_2010-113">[113]</a> Smith had misgivings concerning some aspects of each of the major character-types produced by modern capitalist society, namely the landlords, the workers and the capitalists.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer_J._Pack_2010-113">[113]</a> Smith claimed that "[t]he landlords' role in the economic process is passive. Their ability to reap a revenue solely from ownership of <a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a> tends to make them indolent and inept, and so they tend to be unable to even look after their own economic interests"<a href="#cite_note-Spencer_J._Pack_2010-113">[113]</a> and that "[t]he increase in population should increase the demand for food, which should increase rents, which should be economically beneficial to the landlords". According to Smith, the landlords should be in favour of policies which contribute to the growth in the wealth of nations, but they often are not in favour of these pro-growth policies because of their own indolence-induced ignorance and intellectual flabbiness.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer_J._Pack_2010-113">[113]</a> Smith stated clearly that he believed that without morality and laws, society would fail. From that perspective, it seems dubious that Smith supported a pure Laissez-Faire style of capitalism, and the ideas he supports in <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a> is heavily dependent on the moral philosophy from his previous work, Theory of Moral Sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Many philosophers have written on the systems society has created to manage their civilizations. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> used the concept of a "<a href="/wiki/State_of_nature#Thomas_Hobbes" title="State of nature">state of nature</a>", which is a time before any government or laws, as a starting point to consider the question. In this time, life would be "<a href="/wiki/War_of_all_against_all" class="mw-redirect" title="War of all against all">war of all against all</a>". Further, "In such condition, there is no place for industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain ... continual fear and danger of violent death, and the life of man solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Regardless of preferred political preference, all societies require shared moral values as a prerequisite on which to build laws to protect individuals from each other. Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations during the Enlightenment, a period of time when the prevailing attitude was, "All things can be Known." In effect, European thinkers, inspired by the likes of Isaac Newton and others, set about to "find the laws" of all things, that there existed a "natural law" underlying all aspects of life. They believed that these could be discovered and that everything in the universe could be rationally demystified and catalogued, including human interactions.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Critics and <a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">market abolitionists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/David_McNally_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="David McNally (professor)">David McNally</a> argue in the Marxist tradition that the logic of the market inherently produces inequitable outcomes and leads to unequal exchanges, arguing that Smith's moral intent and moral philosophy espousing equal exchange was undermined by the practice of the free market he championed. According to McNally, the development of the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> involved coercion, exploitation and violence that Smith's moral philosophy could not countenance.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The British economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> condemned laissez-faire economic policy on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In The End of Laissez-faire (1926), one of the most famous of his critiques, Keynes argues that the doctrines of laissez-faire are dependent to some extent on improper deductive reasoning and says the question of whether a market solution or state intervention is better must be determined on a case-by-case basis.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> stated that a freely competitive, laissez-faire banking industry tends to be endogenously destabilizing and pro-cyclical, arguing that the need for <a href="/wiki/Central_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banking">central banking</a> control was inescapable.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">Great Transformation</a> criticizes self-regulating markets as aberrational, unnatural phenomena which tend towards social disruption.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In modern economics laissez-faire typically has a bad connotation, which hints towards a perceived need for restraint due to social needs and securities that can not be adequately responded to by companies with just a motive for making profit. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kuttner" title="Robert Kuttner">Robert Kuttner</a> states that "for over a century, popular struggles in democracies have used the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> to temper raw capitalism. The power of voters has offset the power of capital. But as national barriers have come down in the name of freer commerce, so has the capacity of governments to manage capitalism in a broad public interest. So the real issue is not 'trade' but democratic governance".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The main issues of raw capitalism are said to lie in its disregard for quality, <a href="/wiki/Durability" title="Durability">durability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, respect for the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environment</a> and human beings as well as a lack of <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> From this more critical angle, companies might naturally aim to maximise profits at the expense of workers' and broader social interests.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large 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href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaspard,_Toufick_2004_1-5">f</a> Gaspard, Toufick. A Political Economy of Lebanon 1948–2002: The Limits of Laissez-faire. Boston: Brill, 2004. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13259-7">978-90-04-13259-7</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-WilsonReill2004-2"><a href="#cite_ref-WilsonReill2004_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen_Judy_WilsonPeter_Hanns_Reill2004" class="citation book cs1">Ellen Judy Wilson; Peter Hanns Reill (1 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1pQ4YG-TDIC&pg=PA241">Encyclopedia Of The Enlightenment</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5335-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5335-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-5335-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723114704/https://books.google.com/books?id=t1pQ4YG-TDIC&pg=PA241">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Of+The+Enlightenment&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5335-3&rft.au=Ellen+Judy+Wilson&rft.au=Peter+Hanns+Reill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1pQ4YG-TDIC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard1995" class="citation book cs1">Rothbard, Murray (1995). An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945466-48-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-945466-48-X"><bdi>0-945466-48-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Austrian+Perspective+on+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-945466-48-X&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaffney" class="citation web cs1">Gaffney, Mason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510094457/http://schalkenbach.org/on-line-library/works-by-m-mason-gaffney-2/the-taxable-surplus-of-land-measuring-guarding-and-gathering-it/">"The Taxable Surplus of Land: Measuring, Guarding and Gathering It"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schalkenbach.org/on-line-library/works-by-m-mason-gaffney-2/the-taxable-surplus-of-land-measuring-guarding-and-gathering-it/">the original</a> on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Taxable+Surplus+of+Land%3A+Measuring%2C+Guarding+and+Gathering+It&rft.aulast=Gaffney&rft.aufirst=Mason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschalkenbach.org%2Fon-line-library%2Fworks-by-m-mason-gaffney-2%2Fthe-taxable-surplus-of-land-measuring-guarding-and-gathering-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Quick Reference Handbook Set, Basic Knowledge and Modern Technology (revised) by <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Litchfield" title="Edward H. Litchfield">Edward H. Litchfield</a>, PhD </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/laissez-faire.html">"Laissez-faire"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927104045/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/laissez-faire.html">Archived</a> 2015-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Business Dictionary. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Litchfield" title="Edward H. Litchfield">Edward H. Litchfield</a>. "Quick Reference Handbook Set, Basic Knowledge and Modern Technology" (revised ed.). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adam-Smith/The-Wealth-of-Nations">"Adam Smith"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412082514/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adam-Smith/The-Wealth-of-Nations">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Adam+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAdam-Smith%2FThe-Wealth-of-Nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AJournal_oeconomique_-_janvier_1751.djvu">"Journal Oeconomique"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430073342/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Journal_oeconomique_-_janvier_1751.djvu">Archived</a> 2020-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 1751 article by the French minister of finance. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> M. d'Argenson, "Lettre au sujet de la dissertation sur le commerce du marquis de Belloni', Avril 1751, Journal Oeconomique <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k4ABAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA111">p. 111</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026125133/https://books.google.com/books?id=k4ABAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA111">Archived</a> 2022-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See A. Oncken, Die Maxime Laissez faire et laissez passer, ihr Ursprung, ihr Werden, 1866 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> As quoted in J. M. Keynes, 1926, "The End of Laissez Faire". Argenson's Mémoirs were published only in 1858, ed. Jannet, Tome V, p. 362. See A. Oncken (Die Maxime Laissez faire et laissez passer, ihr Ursprung, ihr Werden, 1866). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Original somewhat literal translation using the <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/laissez-faire#fr">French Wiktionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605064658/https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/laissez-faire#fr">Archived</a> 2019-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaghdiantz_McCabe2008" class="citation book cs1">Baghdiantz McCabe, Ina (2008). Orientalism in Early Modern France: Eurasian Trade Exoticism and the Ancien Regime. Berg Publishers. pp. 271–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-374-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-374-0"><bdi>978-1-84520-374-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+in+Early+Modern+France%3A+Eurasian+Trade+Exoticism+and+the+Ancien+Regime&rft.pages=271-272&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-374-0&rft.aulast=Baghdiantz+McCabe&rft.aufirst=Ina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487095/Francois-Quesnay">"Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 31 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522121904/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487095/Francois-Quesnay">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F487095%2FFrancois-Quesnay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1997" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, J. J. (1997). Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought. Routledge. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13376-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13376-0"><bdi>978-0-415-13376-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Enlightenment%3A+The+Encounter+Between+Asian+and+Western+Thought&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13376-0&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> According to J. <a href="/wiki/Anne-Robert-Jacques_Turgot,_Baron_de_Laune" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune">Turgot</a>'s "Eloge de Vincent de Gournay," Mercure, August, 1759 (repr. in Oeuvres of Turgot, vol. 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KQALAckPr8C&pg=PA288">p. 288</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112154804/https://books.google.com/books?id=5KQALAckPr8C&pg=PA288">Archived</a> 2022-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Gournay was credited with the phrase by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Turgot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Turgot">Jacques Turgot</a> ("Eloge a Gournay", Mercure 1759), the <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Riqueti,_marquis_de_Mirabeau" title="Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau">Marquis de Mirabeau</a> (Philosophie rurale 1763 and Ephémérides du Citoyen, 1767.), the Comte d'Albon ("Éloge Historique de M. Quesnay", Nouvelles Ephémérides Économiques, May, 1775, pp. 136–137) and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">DuPont de Nemours</a> (Introduction to Oeuvres de Jacques Turgot, 1808–11, Vol. I, pp. 257, 259, Daire ed.) among others. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> "Tant, encore une fois, qu'on laisse faire la nature, on ne doit rien craindre de pareil", P.S. de Boisguilbert, 1707, Dissertation de la nature des richesses, de l'argent et des tributs. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> DuPont de Nemours, op cit, p. 258. Oncken (op.cit) and Keynes (op.cit.) also credit the Marquis d'Argenson with the phrase "Pour gouverner mieux, il faudrait gouverner moins" ("To govern best, one needs to govern less"), possibly the source of the famous "That government is best which governs least" motto popular in American circles, attributed variously to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thoreau" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thoreau">Henry Thoreau</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine,_Sidney_1964-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_Sidney_1964_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_Sidney_1964_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_Sidney_1964_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine,_Sidney_1964_20-3">d</a> Fine, Sidney. Laissez Faire and the General-Welfare State. United States: The University of Michigan Press, 1964. Print </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Macgregor, Economic Thought and Policy (London, 1949), pp. 54–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Whatley's Principles of Trade are reprinted in Works of Benjamin Franklin, Vol.2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2QUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA401">p. 401</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112154809/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2QUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA401">Archived</a> 2022-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Justice Part IV of Ethics (1892). p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-asoae-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asoae_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-asoae_24-1">b</a> Roy C. Smith, Adam Smith and the Origins of American Enterprise: How the Founding Fathers Turned to a Great Economist's Writings and Created the American Economy, Macmillan, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-32576-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-32576-2">0-312-32576-2</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott_P._Usher1931" class="citation journal cs1">Abbott P. Usher; et al. (1931). "Economic History – The Decline of Laissez Faire". American Economic Review. 22 (1, supplement): 3–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Economic+History+%E2%80%93+The+Decline+of+Laissez+Faire&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1%2C+supplement&rft.pages=3-10&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Abbott+P.+Usher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Andres Marroquin, Invisible Hand: The Wealth of Adam Smith, The Minerva Group, Inc., 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4102-0288-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4102-0288-7">1-4102-0288-7</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> John Eatwell, The Invisible Hand, W. W. Norton & Company, 1989, pp. Preface, x1. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcent0000odif">The mathematical century: the 30 greatest problems of the last 100 years (2006) Piergiorgio Odifreddi, Arturo Sangalli, Freeman J Dyson, p. 122</a>. Princeton University Press. 22 October 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12805-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12805-4"><bdi>978-0-691-12805-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mathematical+century%3A+the+30+greatest+problems+of+the+last+100+years+%282006%29+Piergiorgio+Odifreddi%2C+Arturo+Sangalli%2C+Freeman+J+Dyson%2C+p.+122&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006-10-22&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12805-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathematicalcent0000odif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2000" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Wyatt M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7adF9D3OJ0EC">"1: Economic Forces in Modern Capitalism"</a>. Third Millennium Capitalism: Convergence of Economic, Energy, and Environmental Forces. ABC-Clio ebook. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-360-8"><bdi>978-1-56720-360-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Economic+Forces+in+Modern+Capitalism&rft.btitle=Third+Millennium+Capitalism%3A+Convergence+of+Economic%2C+Energy%2C+and+Environmental+Forces&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=ABC-Clio+ebook&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-360-8&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Wyatt+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7adF9D3OJ0EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Tucker, Benjamin (1926). Individual Liberty: Selections from the Writings of Benjamin R. Tucker. New York: Vanguard Press. pp. 1–19.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Christian Gerlach</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/daten/2005/gerlach_christian_wu-wei.pdf">Wu-Wei in Europe. A Study of Eurasian Economic Thought</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803052148/http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/daten/2005/gerlach_christian_wu-wei.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, London School of Economics – March 2005 p. 3" the diffusion of wu-wei, co-evolved with the inner-European laissez-faire principle, the Libaniusian model." p. 8 "Thus, wu-wei has to be recognized as a laissez-faire instrument of Chinese political economy "p. 10 "Practising wu-wei erzhi. Consequently, it is this variant of the laissez-faire maxim in which the basis of Physiocracy's 'moral philosophy' is to be located. Priddat's work made clear that the wu-wei of the complete économie has to be considered central to Physiocracy; "p. 11 "that wu-wei translates into French as laissez-faire". </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Will & Ariel Durant, Rousseau and the Revolution, pp. 71–77, Simon and Schuster, 1967, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-63058-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-63058-X">0-671-63058-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Will & Ariel Durant, Rousseau and the Revolution, p. 76, Simon and Schuster, 1967, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-63058-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-63058-X">0-671-63058-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Gordon1955" class="citation journal cs1">Scott Gordon (1955). "The London Economist and the High Tide of Laissez Faire". Journal of Political Economy. 63 (6): 461–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F257722">10.1086/257722</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154921783">154921783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+London+Economist+and+the+High+Tide+of+Laissez+Faire&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=461-488&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F257722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154921783%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Scott+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormac_Ó_Gráda1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cormac_%C3%93_Gr%C3%A1da" title="Cormac Ó Gráda">Cormac Ó Gráda</a> (1995). "section: Ideology and relief in Chpt. 2". The Great Irish Famine. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55787-0"><bdi>978-0-521-55787-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=section%3A+Ideology+and+relief+in+Chpt.+2&rft.btitle=The+Great+Irish+Famine&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55787-0&rft.au=Cormac+%C3%93+Gr%C3%A1da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> George Miller. On Fairness and Efficiency. The Policy Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86134-221-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86134-221-8">978-1-86134-221-8</a> p. 344 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Christine Kinealy. A Death-Dealing Famine:The Great Hunger in Ireland. Pluto Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1074-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1074-9">978-0-7453-1074-9</a>. p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonia_Taddei1999" class="citation web cs1">Antonia Taddei (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/economics/history/paper28/28taddeiweb1.pdf">"London Clubs in the Late Nineteenth Century"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217115036/http://www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/economics/history/paper28/28taddeiweb1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Clubs+in+the+Late+Nineteenth+Century&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Antonia+Taddei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuff.ox.ac.uk%2Feconomics%2Fhistory%2Fpaper28%2F28taddeiweb1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1977" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, G. Gareth (1977). "The British Government and the Oil Companies 1912–1924: The Search for an Oil Policy". <a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a>. 2 (3): 647–672. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x00011286">10.1017/s0018246x00011286</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638433">2638433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161977401">161977401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+British+Government+and+the+Oil+Companies+1912%E2%80%931924%3A+The+Search+for+an+Oil+Policy&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=647-672&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161977401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638433%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x00011286&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=G.+Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> (Croce-Einaudi, 1988, p. 139) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Giovanni Sartori. The Theory of Democracy Revisited (1987). <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_New_Jersey" title="Chatham, New Jersey">Chatham, New Jersey</a>. Chatham House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934540-49-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-934540-49-7">0-934540-49-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietro_Moroni2015" class="citation news cs1">Pietro Moroni (25 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pandorarivista.it/articoli/le-due-facce-della-medaglia-neoliberale/">"Le due facce della medaglia neoliberale – Pandora Rivista"</a>. Pandora Rivista. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622032453/https://www.pandorarivista.it/articoli/le-due-facce-della-medaglia-neoliberale/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pandora+Rivista&rft.atitle=Le+due+facce+della+medaglia+neoliberale+%E2%80%93+Pandora+Rivista&rft.date=2015-04-25&rft.au=Pietro+Moroni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pandorarivista.it%2Farticoli%2Fle-due-facce-della-medaglia-neoliberale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/croce-ed-einaudi-un-confronto-su-liberalismo-e-liberismo_(Croce-e-Gentile)//">Croce ed Einaudi: un confronto su liberalismo e liberismo</a> entry (in Italian) in the <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Enciclopedia Treccani</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDario_Antiseri" class="citation book cs1">Dario Antiseri. Liberalismo politico e liberalismo economico. Rubettino.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalismo+politico+e+liberalismo+economico&rft.pub=Rubettino&rft.au=Dario+Antiseri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.Hayek1997" class="citation book cs1">F.Hayek (1997). Liberalismo. Ideazione. p. 62. <q>Ciò comporta anche il rifiuto della distinzione tra liberalismo politico e liberalismo economico /elaborata in particolare da Croce come distinzione tra liberismo e liberalismo) Per la tradizione inglese, i due concetti sono inseparabili. Infatti, il principio fondamentale per cui l'intervento coercitivo dell'autorità statale deve limitarsi ad imporre il rispetto delle norme generali di mera condotta priva il governo del potere di dirigere e controllare le attività economiche degli individui.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalismo&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Ideazione&rft.date=1997&rft.au=F.Hayek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> I sostenitori dell'esistenza di una dottrina liberista la attribuiscono ad <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> e al suo saggio La Ricchezza delle Nazioni, laddove questi utilizzò il termine "liberal policy" un paio di volte per indicare il commercio privo di dazi. Smith non vedeva di buon occhio l'assenza di regolamentazione statale, infatti dichiarò: «Raramente la gente dello stesso mestiere si ritrova insieme, anche se per motivi di svago e di divertimento, senza che la conversazione risulti in una cospirazione contro i profani o in un qualche espediente per far alzare i prezzi». </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> La lingua francese parla di libéralisme politique e libéralisme économique (quest'ultimo chiamato anche laissez-faire, lett. lasciate fare), lo spagnolo di liberalismo social e liberalismo económico. La lingua inglese parla di free trade (libero commercio) ma usa il termine liberalism anche per riferirsi al liberismo economico. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo" class="citation web cs1">Carlo, Scogniamiglio Pasini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228124608/http://www.fondazioneluigieinaudi.it/Download/lezione_Scognamiglio_2011.pdf">"Liberismo e liberalismo nella polemica fra Croce ed Einaudi"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondazioneluigieinaudi.it/Download/lezione_Scognamiglio_2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberismo+e+liberalismo+nella+polemica+fra+Croce+ed+Einaudi&rft.aulast=Carlo&rft.aufirst=Scogniamiglio+Pasini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fondazioneluigieinaudi.it%2FDownload%2Flezione_Scognamiglio_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehm-Bawerk1999" class="citation book cs1">Boehm-Bawerk (1999). Potere o legge economica?. Rubbettino. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Potere+o+legge+economica%3F&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Rubbettino&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Boehm-Bawerk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bourgin-50"><a href="#cite_ref-bourgin_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgin1989" class="citation book cs1">Bourgin, Frank (1989). The Great Challenge: The Myth of Laissez-Faire in the Early Republic. New York: George Braziller Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097296-7"><bdi>978-0-06-097296-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Challenge%3A+The+Myth+of+Laissez-Faire+in+the+Early+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=George+Braziller+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-06-097296-7&rft.aulast=Bourgin&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgin1989" class="citation web cs1">Bourgin, Frank (1 June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/frank-bourgin/the-great-challenge-the-myth-of-laissez-faire-i/">"The Great Challenge: The Myth of Laissez-faire in the Early Republic"</a>. Kirkusreviews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055716/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/frank-bourgin/the-great-challenge-the-myth-of-laissez-faire-i/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Challenge%3A+The+Myth+of+Laissez-faire+in+the+Early+Republic&rft.pub=Kirkusreviews.com&rft.date=1989-06-01&rft.aulast=Bourgin&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Ffrank-bourgin%2Fthe-great-challenge-the-myth-of-laissez-faire-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prince_Taylor-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Prince_Taylor_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinceTaylor1982" class="citation journal cs1">Prince, Carl E.; Taylor, Seth (1982). "Daniel Webster, the Boston Associates, and the U.S. Government's Role in the Industrializing Process, 1815–1830". Journal of the Early Republic. 2 (3): 283–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3122975">10.2307/3122975</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3122975">3122975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Daniel+Webster%2C+the+Boston+Associates%2C+and+the+U.S.+Government%27s+Role+in+the+Industrializing+Process%2C+1815%E2%80%931830&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-299&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3122975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3122975%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Carl+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guelzo-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guelzo_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guelzo_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo1999" class="citation book cs1">Guelzo, Allen C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnre00guel">Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President</a>. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/tgif/workers-of-the-world-unite">Workers of the World Unite for a Free Market"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722145233/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/tgif/workers-of-the-world-unite">Archived</a> 22 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Foundation for Economic Education. </li> <li id="cite_note-LibertarianLeft-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LibertarianLeft_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LibertarianLeft_86-1">b</a> Sheldon Richman (3 February 2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/blog/libertarian-left/">Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509201621/http://www.theamericanconservative.com/blog/libertarian-left/">Archived</a> 9 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." The American Conservative. Retrieved 5 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (2000). Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism. University Park, PA:Pennsylvania State University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Chartier, Gary (2009). Economic Justice and Natural Law. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-marketsnotcap-89"><a href="#cite_ref-marketsnotcap_89-0">^</a> Gillis, William (2011). "The Freed Market." In Chartier, Gary and Johnson, Charles. Markets Not Capitalism. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 1–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Gary Chartier and Charles W. Johnson (eds). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Minor Compositions; 1st edition (November 5, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Gary Chartier has joined Kevin Carson, Charles W. Johnson and others (echoing the language of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a>) in maintaining that—because of its heritage, emancipatory goals and potential—radical market anarchism should be seen by its proponents and by others as part of the socialist tradition and that market anarchists can and should call themselves socialists. See Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference, <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Private_Enterprise_Education" title="Association of Private Enterprise Education">Association of Private Enterprise Education</a> (Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, April 13, 2010); Gary Chartier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c4ss.org/content/1738">"Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929195335/http://c4ss.org/content/1738">Archived</a> 2019-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Gary Chartier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invisiblemolotov.wordpress.com/2009/09/12/socialist-ends-market-means/">Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328044107/https://c4ss.org/content/1738">Archived</a> 2019-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> . Cp. Tucker, "Socialism." </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Nick Manley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c4ss.org/content/27009">"Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part One"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818131348/http://c4ss.org/content/27009">Archived</a> 2021-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Nick Manley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/27062">"Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part Two"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192528/https://c4ss.org/content/27062">Archived</a> 2021-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/11792">"Introductions – Kevin Carson"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329172601/http://c4ss.org/content/11792">Archived</a> 2019-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson" class="citation web cs1">Carson, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c4ss.org/content/521">"Intellectual Property – A Libertarian Critique"</a>. c4ss.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911011138/http://c4ss.org/content/521">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+%E2%80%93+A+Libertarian+Critique&rft.pub=c4ss.org&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Kevin A. Carson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c4ss.org/content/11792">Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016061056/http://c4ss.org/content/11792">Archived</a> 2012-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Art of the Possible. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson" class="citation web cs1">Carson, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c4ss.org/content/78">"Industrial Policy: New Wine in Old Bottles"</a>. c4ss.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911011215/http://c4ss.org/content/78">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrial+Policy%3A+New+Wine+in+Old+Bottles&rft.pub=c4ss.org&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Kevin Carson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mutualist.org/id112.html">"Studies in Mutualist Political Economy"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110415135834/http://www.mutualist.org/id112.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> chs. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Carson, Kevin A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_7.pdf">Carson's Rejoinders</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140817054508/http://mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_7.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 20, No. 1 (Winter 2006): 97–136 [116–117]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Richman-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richman_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richman_101-1">b</a> Richman, Sheldon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/">Libertarian Left</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814153531/http://www.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/">Archived</a> 14 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a> (March 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dean, Brian (Winter 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anxietyculture.com/bluffecon.htm#zerointerest">"Bluffer's Guide to Revolutionary Economics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Idler_(1993)" title="The Idler (1993)">The Idler</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427124422/http://www.anxietyculture.com/bluffecon.htm#zerointerest">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Idler&rft.atitle=Bluffer%27s+Guide+to+Revolutionary+Economics&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anxietyculture.com%2Fbluffecon.htm%23zerointerest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, III, p. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> See Gary Chartier, Anarchy and Legal Order: Law and Politics for a Stateless Society (New York: Cambridge UP 2013) 44–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> See Gary Chartier, "Natural Law and Non-Aggression," Acta Juridica Hungarica 51.2 (June 2010): 79–96 and, for an earlier version, Justice 32–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> See Justice 47–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Justice 89–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> See Gary Chartier, "Pirate Constitutions and Workplace Democracy," Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik 18 (2010): 449–467. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Justice 123–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> See Gary Chartier,' "Intellectual Property and Natural Law," Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy 36 (2011): 58–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> See Justice 176–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/1738">"Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace "Anti-Capitalism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023155347/http://c4ss.org/content/1738">Archived</a> 2021-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer_J._Pack_2010-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_J._Pack_2010_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_J._Pack_2010_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_J._Pack_2010_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_J._Pack_2010_113-3">d</a> Spencer J. 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The American Prospect. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002631/http://prospect.org/article/globalization-and-its-critics">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Its+Critics&rft.pub=The+American+Prospect&rft.date=2001-12-19&rft.aulast=Kuttner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprospect.org%2Farticle%2Fglobalization-and-its-critics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerckhove2012" class="citation book cs1">Kerckhove, Gilbert Van (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POefWmtaZcgC&pg=PA17">Toxic Capitalism: The Orgy of Consumerism and Waste: Are We the Last Generation on Earth?</a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-1906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-1906-5"><bdi>978-1-4772-1906-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxic+Capitalism%3A+The+Orgy+of+Consumerism+and+Waste%3A+Are+We+the+Last+Generation+on+Earth%3F&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4772-1906-5&rft.aulast=Kerckhove&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPOefWmtaZcgC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6af06832-bdda-11d9-87aa-00000e2511c8.html">"Müntefering's criticism of raw capitalism strikes a chord"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6af06832-bdda-11d9-87aa-00000e2511c8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=M%C3%BCntefering%27s+criticism+of+raw+capitalism+strikes+a+chord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F6af06832-bdda-11d9-87aa-00000e2511c8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranden1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Branden" title="Barbara Branden">Branden, Barbara</a> (1986). <a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Ayn_Rand" title="The Passion of Ayn Rand">The Passion of Ayn Rand</a>. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-19171-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-19171-5"><bdi>0-385-19171-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12614728">12614728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion+of+Ayn+Rand&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12614728&rft.isbn=0-385-19171-5&rft.aulast=Branden&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2009" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Jennifer (2009). <a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_the_Market:_Ayn_Rand_and_the_American_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right">Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532487-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532487-7"><bdi>978-0-19-532487-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/313665028">313665028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+of+the+Market%3A+Ayn+Rand+and+the+American+Right&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F313665028&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532487-7&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDen_UylRasmussen1986" class="citation book cs1">Den Uyl, Douglas & Rasmussen, Douglas, eds. (1986) [1984]. <a href="/wiki/The_Philosophic_Thought_of_Ayn_Rand" title="The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand">The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand</a> (paperback ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01407-9"><bdi>978-0-252-01407-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophic+Thought+of+Ayn+Rand&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01407-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Doherty, Brian</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism:_A_Freewheeling_History_of_the_Modern_American_Libertarian_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement">Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Public_Affairs_Press" title="Public Affairs Press">Public Affairs Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-350-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-350-0"><bdi>978-1-58648-350-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radicals+for+Capitalism%3A+A+Freewheeling+History+of+the+Modern+American+Libertarian+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Public+Affairs+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-350-0&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGotthelf2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Gotthelf" title="Allan Gotthelf">Gotthelf, Allan</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/On_Ayn_Rand" title="On Ayn Rand">On Ayn Rand</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadsworth Publishing">Wadsworth Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-57625-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-57625-7"><bdi>978-0-534-57625-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Ayn+Rand&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-534-57625-7&rft.aulast=Gotthelf&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeikoff1991" class="citation book cs1">Peikoff, Leonard (1991). <a href="/wiki/Objectivism:_The_Philosophy_of_Ayn_Rand" title="Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand">Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">Dutton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-01101-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-01101-4"><bdi>978-0-452-01101-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objectivism%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Ayn+Rand&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-452-01101-4&rft.aulast=Peikoff&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill1991" class="citation book cs1">Merrill, Ronald E. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideasofaynrand00merr">The Ideas of Ayn Rand</a>. La Salle, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9157-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9157-1"><bdi>0-8126-9157-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideas+of+Ayn+Rand&rft.place=La+Salle%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8126-9157-1&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Ronald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideasofaynrand00merr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciabarra1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra, Chris Matthew</a> (1995). <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand:_The_Russian_Radical" title="Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical">Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical</a>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01440-1"><bdi>978-0-271-01440-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31133644">31133644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayn+Rand%3A+The+Russian+Radical&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31133644&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01440-1&rft.aulast=Sciabarra&rft.aufirst=Chris+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrebner,_John_Bartlet1948" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bartlet_Brebner" title="John Bartlet Brebner">Brebner, John Bartlet</a> (1948). "Laissez Faire and State Intervention in Nineteenth-Century Britain". Journal of Economic History. 8: 59–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700090252">10.1017/S0022050700090252</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154256232">154256232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Laissez+Faire+and+State+Intervention+in+Nineteenth-Century+Britain&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=59-73&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700090252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154256232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Brebner%2C+John+Bartlet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher,_Irving1907" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher, Irving</a> (January 1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1447976">"Why has the Doctrine of Laissez Faire been Abandoned?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 25 (627): 18–27. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1907Sci....25...18F">1907Sci....25...18F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.25.627.18">10.1126/science.25.627.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1633692">1633692</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17739703">17739703</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420164520/https://zenodo.org/record/1447976">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2020-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Why+has+the+Doctrine+of+Laissez+Faire+been+Abandoned%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=627&rft.pages=18-27&rft.date=1907-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.25.627.18&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17739703&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1633692%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1907Sci....25...18F&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1447976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaussig,_Frank_W.1904" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_William_Taussig" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank William Taussig">Taussig, Frank W.</a> (1904). "The Present Position of the Doctrine of Free Trade". <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">Publications of the American Economic Association</a>. 6 (1): 29–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+American+Economic+Association&rft.atitle=The+Present+Position+of+the+Doctrine+of+Free+Trade&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-65&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Taussig%2C+Frank+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gerlach, Cristian (2005) Wu-Wei in Europe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/22479/">A Study of Eurasian Economic Thought</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322161107/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/22479/">Archived</a> 2021-03-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> London School of Economics.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockSomers2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Block" title="Fred L. Block">Block, Fred</a>; Somers, Margaret R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674050716">The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polyani's Critique</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05071-6"><bdi>978-0-674-05071-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429085412/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674050716">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2014-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Market+Fundamentalism%3A+Karl+Polyani%27s+Critique&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05071-6&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Somers%2C+Margaret+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674050716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bourgin, Frank The Great Challenge: The Myth of Laissez-Faire in the Early Republic (George Braziller Inc., 1989; Harper & Row, 1990).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan, Bryan</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n167.xml">"Laissez-Faire Policy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. 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Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1998, pp. 76–111, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1qdr01w.6">j.ctv1qdr01w.6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_D.K.2016" class="citation book cs1">Brown, D.K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qbnCwAAQBAJ">Free Market Criminal Justice: How Democracy and Laissez Faire Undermine the Rule of Law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045787-7"><bdi>978-0-19-045787-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015023124">2015023124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Market+Criminal+Justice%3A+How+Democracy+and+Laissez+Faire+Undermine+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015023124&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045787-7&rft.au=Brown%2C+D.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qbnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerend,_I.T.2006" class="citation book cs1">Berend, I.T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dK44ciNfx6MC">An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45264-9"><bdi>978-1-139-45264-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Europe%3A+Economic+Regimes+from+Laissez-Faire+to+Globalization&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45264-9&rft.au=Berend%2C+I.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdK44ciNfx6MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDukes,_R.2014" class="citation book cs1">Dukes, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbqpBAAAQBAJ">The Labour Constitution: The Enduring Idea of Labour Law</a>. Oxford Scholarship online. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960169-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960169-1"><bdi>978-0-19-960169-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014943656">2014943656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labour+Constitution%3A+The+Enduring+Idea+of+Labour+Law&rft.series=Oxford+Scholarship+online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014943656&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960169-1&rft.au=Dukes%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbqpBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersky,_J.2016" class="citation book cs1">Persky, J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9wmDAAAQBAJ">The Political Economy of Progress: John Stuart Mill and Modern Radicalism</a>. Oxford Studies in History of Economics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046065-5"><bdi>978-0-19-046065-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016008348">2016008348</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208013930/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9wmDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0">Government versus Markets: The Changing Economic Role of the State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49973-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49973-6"><bdi>978-1-139-49973-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+versus+Markets%3A+The+Changing+Economic+Role+of+the+State&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49973-6&rft.au=Tanzi%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried,_B.2009" class="citation book cs1">Fried, B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6U0jifXSJmsC">The Progressive Assault on Laissez Faire: Robert Hale and the First Law and Economics Movement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03730-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03730-4"><bdi>978-0-674-03730-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208013817/https://books.google.com/books?id=6U0jifXSJmsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AB4xDwAAQBAJ">A New History of Management</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13814-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13814-8"><bdi>978-1-107-13814-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017012133">2017012133</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208013941/https://books.google.com/books?id=AB4xDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08. 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G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8121-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8121-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-8121-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/99172372">99172372</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208013819/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ye0zgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08. 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Currencies: New Thinking for Financial Times. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0783-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-0783-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018016758">2018016758</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208013826/https://books.google.com/books?id=J7WIDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08. 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Princeton Legacy Library. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6205-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6205-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-6205-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025175929/https://books.google.com/books?id=_TAABAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-25. 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Knight, Volume 2: Laissez Faire: Pro and Con</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-44697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-44697-4"><bdi>978-0-226-44697-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98053133">98053133</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208013826/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGD0jfS4UToC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08. Retrieved 2022-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Essays+by+Frank+H.+Knight%2C+Volume+2%3A+Laissez+Faire%3A+Pro+and+Con&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98053133&rft.isbn=978-0-226-44697-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Emmett%2C+R.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGD0jfS4UToC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaissez-faire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanSavageBecker2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman, Milton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jimmie_Savage" title="Leonard Jimmie Savage">Savage, Leonard Jimmie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker, Gary</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEMZ3bKKVSgC">Milton Friedman on Economics: Selected Papers</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26349-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26349-6"><bdi>978-0-226-26349-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007031094">2007031094</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208013932/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEMZ3bKKVSgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08. 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&oldid=1255650071">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&oldid=1255650071</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 6 November 2024, at 00:07 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%88%E1%88%B4_%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AD" title="ለሴ ፈር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ለሴ ፈር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A3_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="مبدأ عدم التدخل (اقتصاد) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبدأ عدم التدخل (اقتصاد)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="লেসে-ফেয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেসে-ফেয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-i%C3%BB_h%C3%B2ng-j%C4%ABm" title="Chū-iû hòng-jīm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-iû hòng-jīm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="लेसे-फेयर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लेसे-फेयर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5-%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лесе-фер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лесе-фер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire" title="Laissez faire – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laissez faire" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire" title="Laissez faire – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laissez faire" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire" title="Laissez faire – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Laissez faire" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire" title="Laissez faire – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laissez faire" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire" title="Laissez faire – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laissez faire" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1" title="لسه فر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لسه فر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EB%B0%A9%EC%9E%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="자유방임주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자유방임주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अबन्धता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अबन्धता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire" title="Laissez faire – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laissez faire" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="לסה פר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לסה פר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლესე ფერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლესე ფერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassee_f%C3%A0" title="Lassee fà – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lassee fà" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="വ്യക്തിവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യക്തിവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84" title="اقتصاد عدم التدخل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اقتصاد عدم التدخل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7-%D0%A4%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Лайссез-Фэйр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лайссез-Фэйр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laisser-faire" title="Laisser-faire – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laisser-faire" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="レッセフェール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レッセフェール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire" title="Laissez faire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laissez faire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leseferyzm" title="Leseferyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leseferyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лесе фер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лесе фер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="தலையிடாமைக் கொள்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தலையிடாமைக் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B" title="ปล่อยให้ทำไป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปล่อยให้ทำไป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire" title="Laissez faire – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Laissez faire" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Laissez-faire" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%BB" title="自由放任 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自由放任" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%BB" title="自由放任 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由放任" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 00:07 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-795c86c559-7lvbv","wgBackendResponseTime":262,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.463","walltime":"2.925","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12510,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":547224,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12806,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":35,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":423679,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2292.850 1 -total"," 31.14% 714.014 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.28% 396.230 5 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 15.50% 355.300 9 Template:Excerpt"," 13.96% 320.120 40 Template:Cite_book"," 9.42% 215.930 8 Template:Navbox"," 7.23% 165.856 1 Template:Libertarianism_sidebar"," 7.02% 160.944 1 Template:Liberalism"," 6.57% 150.629 1 Template:Langx"," 5.42% 124.374 1 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[\"CITEREFBourgin1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBranden1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrebner,_John_Bartlet1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown,_D.K.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaplan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarson\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCormac_Ó_Gráda1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummingsBridgmanHassardRowlinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDario_Antiseri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDen_UylRasmussen1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoherty2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDukes,_R.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllen_Judy_WilsonPeter_Hanns_Reill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF.Hayek1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher,_Irving1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFried,_B.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmanSavageBecker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaffney\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGotthelf2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuelzo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobbes1909–14\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerckhove2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilgore2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnightEmmett1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuttner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeacockSpadoni1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacfie1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCloskey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNally1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrill1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrchardStretton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeikoff1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPersky,_J.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPietro_Moroni2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPietro_S._Nivola1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolanyi1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrinceTaylor1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_W._Crandall1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothbard1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothschild,_E.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSciabarra1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott_Gordon1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidney_Webb1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanzi,_V.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaussig,_Frank_W.1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinerIrwin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberismo\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Aspects of capitalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Capitalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Laissez-Faire\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Doi\"] = 12,\n [\"Economic liberalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Economic systems sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 17,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarianism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit.\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Neoliberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Treccani\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 30,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","19.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","240","15.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","8.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","6.3"],["(for 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