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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manuel Azaña</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only 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class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Spanish village called <i>Azaña</i> prior to 1936, see <a href="/wiki/Numancia_de_la_Sagra" title="Numancia de la Sagra">Numancia de la Sagra</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Azaña</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Díaz</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Special:EditPage/Manuel Azaña">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Manuel+Aza%C3%B1a%22">"Manuel Azaña"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Manuel+Aza%C3%B1a%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Manuel+Aza%C3%B1a%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Manuel+Aza%C3%B1a%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Manuel+Aza%C3%B1a%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Manuel+Aza%C3%B1a%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Manuel Azaña Díaz</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[maˈnwel<span class="wrap"> </span>aˈθaɲa]</a></span>; 10 January 1880 – 3 November 1940) was a Spanish politician who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> (1931–1933 and 1936), organizer of the Popular Front in 1935 and the last <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_(Spain)" title="President of the Republic (Spain)">President of the Republic</a> (1936–1939). He was the most prominent leader of the Republican cause during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> of 1936–1939. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Manuel Azaña</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_cropped.jpg/220px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_cropped.jpg/330px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="538"></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_(Spain)" title="President of the Republic (Spain)">President of Spain</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>7 April 1936 – 3 March 1939</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Casares_Quiroga" title="Santiago Casares Quiroga">Santiago Casares Quiroga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Mart%C3%ADnez_Barrio" title="Diego Martínez Barrio">Diego Martínez Barrio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">José Giral Pereira</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín López</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a><br>(<a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a> of Spain)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister of Spain</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>19 February 1936 – 10 May 1936</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Portela_Valladares" title="Manuel Portela Valladares">Manuel Portela Valladares</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Casares_Quiroga" title="Santiago Casares Quiroga">Santiago Casares Quiroga</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>14 October 1931 – 12 September 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Aznar_Caba%C3%B1as" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas">Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence of Spain">Minister of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>14 April 1931 – 12 September 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Juan José Rocha García</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>16 March 1936 – 31 March 1939</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>8 December 1933 – 7 January 1936</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Vizcaya</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>14 July 1931 – 9 October 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Manuel Azaña Díaz</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1880-01-10</span>)</span>10 January 1880<br><a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares" title="Alcalá de Henares">Alcalá de Henares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid_(autonomous_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid (autonomous community)">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Kingdom of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 November 1940<span style="display:none">(1940-11-03)</span> (aged 60)<br><a href="/wiki/Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Midi-Pyrénées">Midi-Pyrénées</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Montauban Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">Republican Left</a><br>(1934–1940)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br>affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Republican Action</a><br>(1930–1934)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolores_de_Rivas_Cherif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolores de Rivas Cherif (page does not exist)">Dolores de Rivas Cherif</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Jurist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_(1880-1940)_firma.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Manuel Azaña's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%281880-1940%29_firma.png/128px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%281880-1940%29_firma.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%281880-1940%29_firma.png/192px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%281880-1940%29_firma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%281880-1940%29_firma.png/256px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%281880-1940%29_firma.png 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="339"></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A published author in the 1910s, he stood out in the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">pro-Allies</a> camp during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sharply critical towards the <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2798" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a>, the reimagination of the Spanish Middle Ages, Imperial Spain and the 20th century yearnings for a praetorian refurbishment of the country. Azaña followed instead the examples of the French Enlightenment and the <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">Third French Republic</a>, and took a political quest for democracy in the 1920s while defending the notion of homeland as the "democratic equality of all citizens towards the law"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that made him embrace <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>. </p><p>After the Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in April 1931, Azaña became Minister of War of the Provisional Government and enacted <a href="/wiki/Military_reform_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Military reform of Manuel Azaña">military reform</a>, looking to develop a modern armed forces with fewer army officers. He later became Prime Minister in October 1931. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> broke out while he was <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_(Spain)" title="President of the Republic (Spain)">President of Spain</a>. With the defeat of the Republic in 1939, he fled to France, resigned from office, and died in exile only a year later at age 60. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_the_government"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In the government</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Presidency"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Presidency</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Road_to_exile"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Road to exile</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#La_Barata"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">La Barata</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Llavaneras"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Llavaneras</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Caldetas"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Caldetas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Peralada"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Peralada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Agullana"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Agullana</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#La_Vajol"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">La Vajol</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#French_frontier"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.7</span> <span class="toctext">French frontier</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Last_days"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Last days</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Writings"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Writings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Political_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Political legacy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Other_languages"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other languages</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="612"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 290px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz.svg.png" data-width="140" data-height="290" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_Arms_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Family coat of arms of Manuel Azaña.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_natal_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_(RPS_17-02-2013)_fachada.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Casa_natal_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%28RPS_17-02-2013%29_fachada.png/220px-Casa_natal_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%28RPS_17-02-2013%29_fachada.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2109" data-file-height="3234"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 337px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Casa_natal_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%28RPS_17-02-2013%29_fachada.png/220px-Casa_natal_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%28RPS_17-02-2013%29_fachada.png" data-width="220" data-height="337" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Casa_natal_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%28RPS_17-02-2013%29_fachada.png/330px-Casa_natal_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%28RPS_17-02-2013%29_fachada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Casa_natal_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%28RPS_17-02-2013%29_fachada.png/440px-Casa_natal_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%28RPS_17-02-2013%29_fachada.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Birthplace of Manuel Azaña, in <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares" title="Alcalá de Henares">Alcalá de Henares</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Born into a wealthy family, Manuel Azaña Díaz was orphaned at a very young age. He studied in the <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Universidad Complutense</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alcal%C3%A1" title="University of Alcalá">Cisneros Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Augustine_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine Order">Agustinos</a> of <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>. He was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a>'s licence by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zaragoza" title="University of Zaragoza">University of Zaragoza</a> in 1897, and a doctorate by the Universidad Complutense in 1900. </p><p>In 1909, he achieved a position at the Main Directorate of the Registries and practised the profession of <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_notary" title="Civil law notary">civil law notary</a>, and travelled to Paris in 1911. He became involved in politics and in 1914 joined the <a href="/wiki/Reformist_Party_(Spain)" title="Reformist Party (Spain)">Reformist Republican Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Melqu%C3%ADades_%C3%81lvarez_(politician)" title="Melquíades Álvarez (politician)">Melquíades Álvarez</a>. He collaborated in the production of various newspapers, such as <i><a href="/wiki/El_Imparcial_(1867%E2%80%931933)" title="El Imparcial (1867–1933)">El Imparcial</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Sol_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Sol (Spain) (page does not exist)">El Sol</a></i>. He also joined the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War I, he covered operations on the Western Front for various newspapers. His treatment was very sympathetic to the French, and he may have been sponsored by French military intelligence. Afterwards he edited the magazines <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluma_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluma (magazine) (page does not exist)">Pluma</a></i> and <i>España</i> between 1920 and 1924, founding the former with his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Rivas_Cherif" title="Cipriano Rivas Cherif">Cipriano Rivas Cherif</a>. He was secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Madrid" title="Ateneo de Madrid">Ateneo de Madrid</a> (1913–1920), becoming its president in 1930. He was a candidate for the province of <a href="/wiki/Toledo_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledo (province)">Toledo</a> in 1918 and 1923, but lost on both occasions. In 1926 he founded the <i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Acción Republicana</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana" title="Grupo de Acción Republicana">Republican Action</a>") party with <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">José Giral</a>. </p><p>A strong critic of the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera,_2nd_Marquis_of_Estella" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella">Primo de Rivera</a>, Azaña published a stirring manifesto against the dictator and King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XIII of Spain">Alfonso XIII</a> in 1924. In 1930, he was a signatory of the "<a href="/wiki/Pact_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Pact of San Sebastián">Pact of San Sebastián</a>", which united all the republican and regionalist parties in Spain against Primo de Rivera and the King. </p><p>On 12 April 1931, republican candidates swept the municipal elections. This was seen as repudiation of Primo de Rivera and the monarchy. Two days later, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> was proclaimed and the King forced into exile. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_the_government">In the government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In the government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a>, prime minister of the provisional government of the Republic, named Azaña <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of War">Minister of War</a> on 14 April. Alcalá-Zamora resigned in October, and Azaña replaced him as prime minister. When the new constitution was adopted on 9 December, Azaña continued as prime minister, leading a coalition of left-wing parties, including his own <i>Acción Republicana</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Socialists</a> (PSOE), while Alcalá-Zamora became President of the Republic. </p><p>Azaña pursued some of the major reforms anticipated by the republican program. He introduced work accident insurance,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced the size of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army" title="Spanish Republican Army">Spanish Army</a>, and removed some monarchist officers. He also moved to reduce the power and influence of the Roman Catholic Church, abolishing Church-operated schools and charities, and greatly expanding state-operated secular schools. </p><p>He defended these measures by saying "Do not tell me that this is contrary to freedom. It is a matter of public health".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish legislature, the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a>, also enacted an agrarian reform program, under which large private landholdings (<i>latifundia</i>) were to be confiscated and distributed among the rural poor. However, Azaña was a "middle-class republican", not a socialist. He and his followers were not enthusiastic for this program. The agrarian law did not include state-funded collective farms, as the Socialists wanted, and was not enacted until late 1932. It was also clumsily written, and threatened many relatively small landholders more than the latifundists. The Azaña government also did very little to carry it out: only 12,000 families received land in the first two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Azaña did little to reform the taxation system to shift the burden of government onto the wealthy. Also, the government continued to support the owners of industry against wildcat strikes or attempted takeovers by militant workers, especially the <a href="/wiki/Anarchosyndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchosyndicalism">anarcho-syndicalists</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a></i> (National Confederation of Labour or CNT). Confrontation with the CNT erupted in <a href="/wiki/Casas_Viejas_incident" title="Casas Viejas incident">bloody violence at Casas Viejas</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Benalup" class="mw-redirect" title="Benalup">Benalup</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_Alt_Llobregat" title="Anarchist insurrection of Alt Llobregat">Alt-Llobregat</a>. Violence against protesters also occurred against non CNT-affiliated workers during <a href="/wiki/Castilblanco_events" title="Castilblanco events">Castilblanco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnedo_events" title="Arnedo events">Arnedo events</a>. </p><p>Meanwhile, Azaña's extreme anti-clerical program alienated many moderates. In local elections held in early 1933, most of the seats went to conservative and centrist parties. Elections to the "Tribunal of Constitutional Guarantees" (the Republic's "Supreme Court") followed this pattern. </p><p>Thus Azaña came into conflict with both the right and far left. He called a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of confidence">vote of confidence</a>, but two-thirds of the Cortes abstained, and Alcalá-Zamora ordered Azaña's resignation on 8 September 1933. New elections were held on 19 November 1933. </p><p>These elections were won by the right-wing <i><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Derechas_Aut%C3%B3nomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas">Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas</a></i> (CEDA) and the centrist <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a>. Radical leader <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> became prime minister. Azaña temporarily withdrew from politics and returned to literary activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azaña's self-imposed political retreat lasted only a short while; in 1934 he founded the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">Republican Left</a> party, the fusion of <i>Acción Republicana</i> with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Socialist_Republican_Party" title="Radical Socialist Republican Party">Radical Socialist Republican Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Domingo" title="Marcelino Domingo">Marcelino Domingo</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Republicana_Gallega_Aut%C3%B3noma" class="mw-redirect" title="Organización Republicana Gallega Autónoma">Organización Republicana Gallega Autónoma</a></i> (ORGA) of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Casares_Quiroga" title="Santiago Casares Quiroga">Santiago Casares Quiroga</a>. </p><p>On 5 October 1934, the PSOE and Communists attempted a general left-wing rebellion. The rebellion had a temporary success in <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, but was over in two weeks. Azaña was in Barcelona that day, and the Lerroux-CEDA government tried to implicate him. He was arrested and charged with complicity in the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, Azaña had no connection with the rebellion, and the attempt to convict him on spurious charges soon collapsed, giving him the prestige of a martyr. He was released from prison in January 1935. Azaña then helped organize the <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Frente Popular</a></i> ("Popular Front"), a coalition of all the major left-wing parties for the elections of 16 February 1936. </p><p>The Front won the election, and Azaña became prime minister again on 19 February. His parliamentary coalition included the PSOE and Communists. This alarmed conservatives, who remembered their attempt to seize power only 17 months earlier. The Azaña government proclaimed an immediate amnesty for all prisoners from the rebellion, which increased conservative concerns. Socialists and Communists were appointed to important positions in the Assault Guard and Civil Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, with the Popular Front victory, radicalized peasants led by the Socialists began seizing land on 25 March. Azaña chose to legitimize these actions rather than challenge them. Radical Socialists vied with Communists in calling for violent revolution and forcible suppression of the Right. Political assassinations by Communists, Socialists, and anarchosyndicalists were frequent, as were retaliations by increasingly radicalized conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azaña insisted that the danger to the Republic was from the Right and on 11 March, the government suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange</a>. </p><p>Azaña was a man of very strong convictions. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> tentatively described him as "the last great figure of traditional Castilian arrogance in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">history of Spain</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Payne356_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne356-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a "middle class republican", he was implacably hostile to the monarchy and the Church. The CEDA, which was pro-Catholic, he therefore regarded as illegitimate, and also any and all monarchists, even those who supported parliamentary democracy. </p><p>In the view of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Paul Preston</a>, nothing indicates more directly the value of the services provided by Azaña to the Republic than the hatred felt towards him by the ideologues and propagandists of the Francoist cause.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidency" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_(11-05-1936_a_03-03-1939)_estandarte_presidencial_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2811-05-1936_a_03-03-1939%29_estandarte_presidencial_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.png/220px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2811-05-1936_a_03-03-1939%29_estandarte_presidencial_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2706" data-file-height="2537"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2811-05-1936_a_03-03-1939%29_estandarte_presidencial_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.png/220px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2811-05-1936_a_03-03-1939%29_estandarte_presidencial_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.png" data-width="220" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2811-05-1936_a_03-03-1939%29_estandarte_presidencial_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.png/330px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2811-05-1936_a_03-03-1939%29_estandarte_presidencial_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2811-05-1936_a_03-03-1939%29_estandarte_presidencial_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.png/440px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2811-05-1936_a_03-03-1939%29_estandarte_presidencial_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espa%C3%B1ola.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_flags#Others_Heads_of_State_Standards" title="List of Spanish flags">Presidential Standard</a> of Manuel Azaña (1936–1939)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_(13-11-1937)_en_la_Plaza_de_Cervantes_de_Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2813-11-1937%29_en_la_Plaza_de_Cervantes_de_Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares.png/220px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2813-11-1937%29_en_la_Plaza_de_Cervantes_de_Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="549"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2813-11-1937%29_en_la_Plaza_de_Cervantes_de_Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares.png/220px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2813-11-1937%29_en_la_Plaza_de_Cervantes_de_Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares.png" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2813-11-1937%29_en_la_Plaza_de_Cervantes_de_Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares.png/330px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2813-11-1937%29_en_la_Plaza_de_Cervantes_de_Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2813-11-1937%29_en_la_Plaza_de_Cervantes_de_Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares.png/440px-Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_%2813-11-1937%29_en_la_Plaza_de_Cervantes_de_Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Military parade in Alcalá de Henares (November 1937).</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Cortes met in April, it removed President Alcalá-Zamora from office. On 7 April 1936, Azaña was elected President of the Republic; Quiroga succeeded him as prime minister. Azaña by this time was profoundly depressed by the increasing disorder, but could see no way to counter it.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanley Payne reports that in the Cortes meeting of April 15, Azaña stated "I don't intend to serve as anyone's guardian angel" and told the right-wing deputies "[D]id you not want violence...? Then take to violence. Be prepared for the consequences", despite the fact that CEDA had adhered to the law. He would later regret these remarks and try to backtrack by blaming the violence and unrest on the Spanish national character but this gave the impression the government was disinterested in enforcing the law.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azaña repeatedly warned his fellow Republicans that the lack of unity within the government was a serious threat to the Republic's stability. Political violence continued: there were over 200 assassinations in February through early July. </p><p>By July, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_conspiracy_of_1936" title="Spanish military conspiracy of 1936">military conspiracy</a> to overthrow the Republic was well underway, but nothing definite had been planned. Then on 13 July, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="José Calvo Sotelo">José Calvo Sotelo</a>, leader of a small monarchist grouping in the Cortes, was arrested and murdered by a mixed group of Socialist gunmen and Assault Guards. Azaña and Quiroga did not act effectively against the killers.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 July, right-wing, Falangist, and monarchist elements in the Republican army proclaimed the overthrow of the Republic. The rebellion failed in Madrid, however. Azaña replaced Quiroga as Prime Minister with his ally <a href="/wiki/Diego_Mart%C3%ADnez_Barrio" title="Diego Martínez Barrio">Diego Martínez Barrio</a>, and the government attempted a compromise with the rebels, which was rejected by General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Mola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 September, Azaña authorized Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn" title="Juan Negrín">Juan Negrín</a> to move the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow gold">nation's gold reserve</a> to wherever Negrin thought it would be secure. Negrin shipped it to the Soviet Union, which claimed it in payment for arms supplied to the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Azaña moved to Barcelona with the rest of the Republican government, and was cut off there when the monarchist forces drove to the sea between Barcelona and <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_to_exile">Road to exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Road to exile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Trial of Manuel Azaña">Trial of Manuel Azaña</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_Barata">La Barata</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: La Barata" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Since February 1938 Azaña resided in La Barata, an isolated mansion at the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Matadepera" title="Matadepera">Matadepera</a> near <a href="/wiki/Terrassa" title="Terrassa">Terrassa</a>. Built by <a href="/wiki/Regionalist_League_of_Catalonia" title="Regionalist League of Catalonia">Lliga</a> politician <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Salvans_i_Armengol" class="extiw" title="ca:Francesc Salvans i Armengol">Francesc Salvans</a>, killed by the Republicans,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between late 1937 and early 1938 it was undergoing preparation works to host the head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place was some 30 km away from Barcelona and some 80 km from the French frontier. Already on January 13, 1939 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Saravia" title="Juan Hernández Saravia">general Saravia</a> advised the president to leave the place given rapid advance of Nationalist troops,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the suggestion repeated by Negrin on January 17. On January 19 Saravia insisted the president evacuates; Azaña commenced preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Llavaneras">Llavaneras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Llavaneras" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The president, his family and his entourage, including secretaries and military <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">AdCs</a>, left La Barata on January 21 (Nationalist troops would seize the place on January 24). Following a drive of some 50 km east in the afternoon hours, the column of cars his entourage were travelling in reached the town of <a href="/wiki/Sant_Andreu_de_Llavaneres" title="Sant Andreu de Llavaneres">Llavaneras</a> (now San Andreu de Llavaneres), north of <a href="/wiki/Matar%C3%B3" title="Mataró">Mataró</a>, some 30 km from Barcelona and some 100 km from the French frontier. It turned out that the premises, supposed to host Azaña, were unsuitable; they spent the night in a randomly selected and hastily prepared house in a park.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caldetas">Caldetas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Caldetas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The following day, on January 22, some members of Azaña’s family left to France.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president proceeded to the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Caldes_d%27Estrac" title="Caldes d'Estrac">Caldetas</a> (now Caldes d’Estrac), some 4 km away, where in another makeshift premises he spent the following one or two nights, while remainder of his belongings were being fetched from La Barata.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these few days he was almost entirely isolated, with little to no contact either with the government or the military command; at the same time, the evacuation of Barcelona had commenced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peralada">Peralada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peralada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The presidential column departed north from Caldetas on January 23 or 24 (the city would be seized by the Nationalists on January 28), and following a drive of some 90-km, in the evening hours they reached the <a href="/wiki/Peralada_Castle" title="Peralada Castle">castle in Peralada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some 120 km from Barcelona, only 15 km from the French frontier; the Pyrenees were clearly visible from their new premises.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was in Peralada that contact with the government, representatives of the Cortes, the Republican military and foreign envoys, was re-established.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castillo de Peralada remained Azaña’s residence for around a week. During this period <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Barcelona_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Barcelona (1939)">Barcelona fell to the Nationalists</a>. On January 30 Negrín visited the president and offered to have an aircraft ready to take Azaña to France, should immediate evacuation be necessary. The president declined the proposal, fearing that Negrín would rather forcibly take Azana to the central zone, Valencia or Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agullana">Agullana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agullana" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Some time at the end of January, early February (the exact day is unclear, January 31 at the earliest, February 2 at the latest) the president left Peralada and moved some 20 km north-west, to <a href="/wiki/Agullana" title="Agullana">Agullana</a>. It was a village in the Pyrennees, some 4 km from the French frontier, located by a secondary drive and away from main roads, which were crammed with refugees trying to flee Barcelona and Catalonia. Agullana was at the time was also hosting the staff of general Rojo. The president spent one night there.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_Vajol">La Vajol</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: La Vajol" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The following day, probably either on February 2 or February 3, Azaña left Agullana and drove some 5 km up the road, to the last Spanish settlement some 2 km from the French frontier, the hamlet of <a href="/wiki/La_Vajol" title="La Vajol">La Vajol</a>. It is there he met his last foreign diplomatic representatives. On February 4 Negrín visited Azaña in La Vajol and suggested that, in view of the advance of Nationalist troops, the president cross to France as soon as possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_frontier">French frontier</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: French frontier" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>On February 5, at 6 AM, when it was still dark, Azaña, his wife, his entourage and some state officials departed La Vajol (which would be seized by the Nationalists on February 9), fleeing north to France. What should have been a drive of a few minutes turned into a slightly longer journey. The leading police car broke down and blocked the narrow, winding, mountainous road. All the passengers had to leave their cars and proceed on foot, struggling on what proved a slippery, iced surface. The party encountered French <i><a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">gendarmes</a></i> sometime after dawn.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Last_days">Last days</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Last days" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumba_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tumba_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg/200px-Tumba_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1148"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 303px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tumba_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg/200px-Tumba_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tumba_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg/300px-Tumba_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tumba_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg/400px-Tumba_de_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Manuel Azaña's grave in Montauban, France.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 March, Manuel Azana resigned as President of the Republic, rather than return to Madrid with the rest of the government. Both Nationalist and Republican commentators have condemned this decision as "desertion".<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azaña lived in exile in France for more than a year after the war, eventually being trapped by the invasion of France by Germany and institution of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy regime">Vichy regime</a>. Even then, his safety was ensured due to the intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> government, which had refused to extend diplomatic recognition to Franco's regime (Mexico would not resume relations with Spain until 1977, two years after Franco's death). To prevent his arrest and extradition, Azaña was vested with <a href="/wiki/Mexican_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican citizenship">Mexican citizenship</a> and named Honorary Ambassador, thus granting him diplomatic immunity. His residence was officially an extension of the Mexican Embassy and therefore under Mexican jurisdiction, and was closely monitored by Mexican military personnel. </p><p>Azaña died of natural causes on 3 November 1940, in <a href="/wiki/Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a> of Catholicism before his death. The <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</a> authorities refused to allow his coffin to be covered with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Republican flag">Spanish Republican flag</a>. The coffin was covered instead with the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">flag of Mexico</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Writings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>In his diaries and memoirs, on which he worked meticulously, Azaña vividly describes the various personality and ideological conflicts between himself and various Republican leaders, such as Largo Caballero and Negrín. Azaña's writings during the Civil War have been resources for study by scholars of the workings of the Republican government during the conflict. Along with his extensive memoirs and diaries, Azaña also wrote a number of well-known speeches. His speech on 18 July 1938 is one of the best known in which he implores his fellow Spaniards to seek reconciliation after the fighting ends and emphasizes the need for "Peace, Pity, and Pardon." </p><p>Azaña wrote a play during the Civil War, <i>La velada en Benicarló</i> ("Vigil in Benicarló"). Having worked on the play during the previous weeks, Azaña dictated the final version while he was trapped in Barcelona during the <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">"Days of May"</a> violence. In the play, Azaña uses various characters to espouse the various ideological, political and social perspectives present within the Republic during the war. He portrayed and explored the rivalries and conflicts that were damaging the political cohesion of the Republic. </p><p>Azaña was aware of <a href="/wiki/General_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="General Franco">General Franco</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Sanjurjo" class="mw-redirect" title="General Sanjurjo">Sanjurjo</a>'s firm determination to overthrow the Republic, which would culminate in the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Political_Responsibilities" title="Law of Political Responsibilities">Law of Political Responsibilities</a> <i>(Ley de Responsabilidades Políticas)</i> at the end of the war. Saddened, he reflected:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A policy should never be based on the extermination of the adversary; not only because—and that is a lot to say—it is morally an abomination, but because it is materially unfeasible. And the blood unjustly spilled by the hatred that seeks to exterminate will be reborn, sprouting and giving accursed fruits; a curse that will not be restricted, unfortunately, to those who spilled the blood, but which will be over the very country which—to compound its misfortune—absorbed it.</p></blockquote> <p>During the many years of his political activity, Azaña kept diaries. His work <i>Diarios completos: monarquía, república, Guerra Civil</i> was published posthumously in Spanish in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Political_legacy">Political legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_reform_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Military reform of Manuel Azaña">Military reform of Manuel Azaña</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p>According to British historian Piers Brendon, Manuel Azaña was the leading Republican politician. He was a well-educated would-be writer who "plotted to rid Spain of the yoke of church and king". A brilliant speaker, Azaña was graceful in word, but clumsy in action. "He was a polemical bullfighter but a political bulldozer.".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he preached a lofty form of liberalism, he had a mixed record as prime minister. He wanted to introduce a welfare state with minimum-wage, sickness benefits and paid holidays, but he never attempted to deal with the overwhelming problem of peasant poverty. He was so concerned to balance the budget that he cut back on land redistribution. He worked more effectively to establish a secular state, breaking the Catholic church’s hold on education, legalizing civil marriage, seizing Catholic properties, expelling the Jesuit order, and tolerating the burning of church buildings such as convents for nuns. "All the convents in Spain are not worth a single Republican life," he proclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As opposition mounted, he censored the press, exiled his enemies to North Africa, and formed a private militia force of Assault Guards. Meanwhile, his allies the anarchists were assassinating priests and nuns, and burning convents. <a href="/wiki/Military_reform_of_Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Military reform of Manuel Azaña">Azaña tried to reform the army</a>, by replacing outmoded equipment and closing its military academy. In the process he demoted its most promising general—young Francisco Franco. Azaña was defeated in the elections of November 1933, having antagonized extremists and alienated the moderates. He made a comeback in 1936 but could not hold his coalition together in the face of a civil war. In recent decades he has become a hero of the left in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Republicana" title="Grupo de Acción Republicana">Grupo de Acción Republicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAcosta_López" class="citation journal cs1">Acosta López, Alejandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.usal.es/index.php/0213-2087/article/viewFile/17984/18342">"Aliadófilos y germanófilos en el pensamiento español durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Balance historiográfico de una Guerra Civil de palabras"</a>. <i>Studia historica: Historia contemporánea</i>. Salamanca: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a>: 357. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-2087">0213-2087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+historica%3A+Historia+contempor%C3%A1nea&rft.atitle=Aliad%C3%B3filos+y+german%C3%B3filos+en+el+pensamiento+espa%C3%B1ol+durante+la+Primera+Guerra+Mundial.+Balance+historiogr%C3%A1fico+de+una+Guerra+Civil+de+palabras&rft.pages=357&rft.issn=0213-2087&rft.aulast=Acosta+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.usal.es%2Findex.php%2F0213-2087%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F17984%2F18342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jackson_(hispanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Jackson (hispanist)">Jackson, Gabriel</a> (1 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revistadelibros.com/articulos/manuel-azana-biografia-de-santos-julia">"Toda una vida"</a>. <i>Revista de Libros</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Libros&rft.atitle=Toda+una+vida&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistadelibros.com%2Farticulos%2Fmanuel-azana-biografia-de-santos-julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedoya2016" class="citation web cs1">Bedoya, Juan G. (2016-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/15/inenglish/1458030657_636841.html">"Why did General Franco hate the freemasons so much?"</a>. <i>EL PAÍS English Edition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS+English+Edition&rft.atitle=Why+did+General+Franco+hate+the+freemasons+so+much%3F&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Bedoya&rft.aufirst=Juan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Felpais%2F2016%2F03%2F15%2Finenglish%2F1458030657_636841.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A Century of Income Security Policies by Alexander Hicks</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2016" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Stephen J. (2016). <i>European Dictatorships 1918-1945</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Dictatorships+1918-1945&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1970" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley (1970). <i>The Spanish Revolution</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 97–99, 181–184, 191–196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=97-99%2C+181-184%2C+191-196&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor,_Antony2006" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto/page/27"><i>The Battle for Spain: the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto/page/27">27–30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303765-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303765-X"><bdi>0-14-303765-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27-30&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-303765-X&rft.au=Beevor%2C+Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleforspainsp00anto%2Fpage%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne356-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Payne356_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Payne">Payne (2006)</a>, p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2011" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEIeCWTx7cMC&pg=PT271"><i>Las tres Españas del 36</i></a>. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788499891392" title="Special:BookSources/9788499891392"><bdi>9788499891392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+tres+Espa%C3%B1as+del+36&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+Grupo+Editorial+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788499891392&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEIeCWTx7cMC%26pg%3DPT271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Viagas2006" class="citation book cs1">Fernández Viagas, Plácido (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcUbSR26yy0C"><i>Palabras de guerra: los republicanos contra el franquismo</i></a>. Servicio de Publicaciones, Centro de Ediciones de la Diputación de Málaga. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788477857570" title="Special:BookSources/9788477857570"><bdi>9788477857570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palabras+de+guerra%3A+los+republicanos+contra+el+franquismo&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Servicio+de+Publicaciones%2C+Centro+de+Ediciones+de+la+Diputaci%C3%B3n+de+M%C3%A1laga&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788477857570&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Viagas&rft.aufirst=Pl%C3%A1cido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcUbSR26yy0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Stanley G. The Spanish civil war. Cambridge University Press, 2012, page 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Torre Salvans: la casa-refugi del president de la República, Manuel Azaña, durant la Guerra Civil]</i>, [in:] ''<i>Trail Sant Lorenc</i> service 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.M.O., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naciodigital.cat/latorredelpalau/noticia/40793/barraca-vivia-guardia-azana-barata">La barraca en què vivia la guàrdia d'Azaña a La Barata</a></i>, [in:] <i>Nacio</i> 22.04.2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santos Juliá, <i>Destierro y muerte de Manuel Azaña</i>, [in:] <i>Claves de Razón Práctica</i> 188 (2008), p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juliá 2008, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juliá 2008, pp. 52-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Higinio Polo, <i>Los últimos días de la Barcelona republicana</i> [PhD thesis Universitat de Barcelona], Barcelona 1989, p. 642 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polo 1989, p. 642</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"siguen viaje hasta el castillo de Perelada, adonde llegan el lunes 24, cerrada la noche", Juliá 2008, p. 52. The date is not entirely clear, as January 24, 1939 was not Monday, but Tuesday; Monday fell on January 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">according to some sources Azaña arrived in Peralada already on January 22, Paul Preston, <i>The Last Days of the Spanish Republic</i>, London 2016, ISBN 9780008163419, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juliá 2008, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juliá 2008, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polo 1989, p. 766</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juliá 2008, pp. 56-57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beevor, p. 412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ninguna política se ha de fundar en la decisión de exterminar al adversario; no sólo —y ya es mucho—porque moralmente es una abominación, sino porque, además, es materialmente irrealizable; y la sangre injustamente vertida por el odio, con propósito de exterminio, renace y retoña y fructifica en frutos de maldición; maldición no sobre los que la derramaron, desgraciadamente, sino sobre el propio país que la ha absorbido para colmo de la desventura.</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/opinion/mas-madera_198658.html">Diario Córdoba – 2 March de 2015; <i>Mas Madera?</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzaña,_Manuel2003" class="citation book cs1">Azaña, Manuel (2003). <i>Diarios completos: monarquía, república, Guerra Civil</i>. Barcelona: Crítica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8432-142-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-8432-142-8"><bdi>84-8432-142-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diarios+completos%3A+monarqu%C3%ADa%2C+rep%C3%BAblica%2C+Guerra+Civil&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=84-8432-142-8&rft.au=Aza%C3%B1a%2C+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piers Brendon, <i>The dark valley: A panorama of the 1930s</i> (2007), quoting pp. 364, 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brendon, p 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brendon, pp 365–367.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzana1981" class="citation web cs1">Azana, Manuel (1981). "Vigil in Benicarlo (Josephine and Paul Stewart, English trans.)". Associated University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vigil+in+Benicarlo+%28Josephine+and+Paul+Stewart%2C+English+trans.%29&rft.pub=Associated+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Azana&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Ami,_Shlomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Ami, Shlomo">Ben-Ami, Shlomo</a>. <i>The origins of the Second Republic in Spain</i> (Oxford UP, 1978).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivas_Cherif1995" class="citation web cs1">Rivas Cherif, Cipriano de (1995). "Portrait of an Unknown Man: Manuel Azana and Modern Spain (Paul Stewart, edit. and English trans.)". Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+an+Unknown+Man%3A+Manuel+Azana+and+Modern+Spain+%28Paul+Stewart%2C+edit.+and+English+trans.%29&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Rivas+Cherif&rft.aufirst=Cipriano+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>Feeny, Thomas. "Fact and Fiction in Rojas 'Azaña'." <i>Hispanófila</i> 103 (1991): 33–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43808282">online</a>; on a fictionalized life of Azaña.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1970" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley (1970). <i>The Spanish Revolution</i>. New York: W. W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sedwick, Frank. <i>The tragedy of Manuel Azaña and the fate of the Spanish Republic</i> (Ohio State Univ Press, 1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-pdf/45/4/618/768120/0450618.pdf">online review</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Lagarrigue" class="extiw" title="fr:Max Lagarrigue">Lagarrigue, Max</a>. "Manuel Azaña en Montauban. La ultima morada del presidente de la República española, Manuel Azaña", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzkárraga,_José_Ma2001" class="citation book cs1">Azkárraga, José Ma (2001). <i>República 70 anys després: 1931–2001</i>. Valencia: Amics del Dia de la Foto. pp. 64–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rep%C3%BAblica+70+anys+despr%C3%A9s%3A+1931%E2%80%932001&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Amics+del+Dia+de+la+Foto&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Azk%C3%A1rraga%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Ma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmalric2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amalric, Jean-Pierre (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225091614/http://www.arkheia-revue.org/spip.php?rubrique25">"Manuel Azaña and France"</a> (in French). Arkheia Revue. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkheia-revue.org/spip.php?rubrique25">the original</a> on 2008-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manuel+Aza%C3%B1a+and+France&rft.pub=Arkheia+Revue&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Amalric&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkheia-revue.org%2Fspip.php%3Frubrique25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmalric2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amalric, Jean-Pierre (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224130751/http://www.arkheia-revue.org/spip.php?rubrique31">"Intellectuals in the political arena (1898–1940)"</a> (in French). Arkheia Revue. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkheia-revue.org/spip.php?rubrique31">the original</a> on 2008-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intellectuals+in+the+political+arena+%281898%E2%80%931940%29&rft.pub=Arkheia+Revue&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Amalric&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkheia-revue.org%2Fspip.php%3Frubrique31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManuel+Aza%C3%B1a" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Aza%C3%B1a%2C%20Manuel%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Manuel%20Aza%C3%B1a%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Aza%C3%B1a%2C%20Manuel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Manuel%20Aza%C3%B1a%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Aza%C3%B1a%2C%20M%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Manuel%20Aza%C3%B1a%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Aza%C3%B1a%2C%20Manuel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Manuel%20Aza%C3%B1a%22%29%20OR%20%28%221880-1940%22%20AND%20%28%22Aza%C3%B1a%22%20OR%20Azana%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Manuel Azaña</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624140545/http://www.associationmanuelazana.org/">Manuel Azaña Association</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defence of Spain">Minister of War</a> </b><br>1931–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Rocha_Garc%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan José Rocha García (page does not exist)">Juan José Rocha García</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Aznar_Caba%C3%B1as" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas">Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish Prime Ministers">Prime Minister of Spain</a> </b><br>1931–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Portela_Valladares" title="Manuel Portela Valladares">Manuel Portela Valladares</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish Prime Ministers">Prime Minister of Spain</a> </b><br>1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Casares_Quiroga" title="Santiago Casares Quiroga">Santiago Casares Quiroga</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_(Spain)" title="President of the Republic (Spain)">President of the Spanish Republic</a> </b><br>1936–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81lvaro_de_Albornoz_Liminiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Álvaro de Albornoz Liminiana (page does not exist)">Álvaro de Albornoz Liminiana</a><br>(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Republican government in Exile">in exile</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Head_of_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish Head of State (page does not exist)">Spanish Head of State</a> </b><br>1936–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_Bahamonde" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Franco Bahamonde">Francisco Franco Bahamonde</a> <br> as <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Party created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_(Spain)" title="Republican Action (Spain)">Republican Action</a> </b><br>1925–1934 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Party dissolved</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Party created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">Republican Left</a> </b><br>1934–1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Domingo" title="Marcelino Domingo">Marcelino Domingo</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist 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role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Onel5969" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1731786918"> <span>Last edited on 16 November 2024, at 19:55</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مانويل أثانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانويل أثانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Мануэль Асанья – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мануэль Асанья" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мануел Асаня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мануел Асаня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz" title="Manuel Azaña Díaz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manuel Azaña Díaz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Μανουέλ Αθάνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μανουέλ Αθάνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مانوئل آزانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مانوئل آزانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz" title="Manuel Azaña Díaz – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Manuel Azaña Díaz" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%88%84%EC%97%98_%EC%95%84%EC%82%AC%EB%83%90" title="마누엘 아사냐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마누엘 아사냐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz" title="Manuel Azaña Díaz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manuel Azaña Díaz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="מנואל אסאניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנואל אסאניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მანუელ ასანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანუელ ასანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Emmanuel Azaña – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Emmanuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuels_Asanja" title="Manuels Asanja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Manuels Asanja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Мануел Азања – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мануел Азања" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8" title="മാനുവൽ അസാന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാനുവൽ അസാന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مانويل اثانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانويل اثانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8C%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3" title="マヌエル・アサーニャ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マヌエル・アサーニャ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a_D%C3%ADaz" title="Manuel Azaña Díaz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manuel Azaña Díaz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Асанья, Мануэль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Асанья, Мануэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Мануел Азања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мануел Азања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="มานูเอล อาซัญญา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มานูเอล อาซัญญา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manuel Azaña" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Мануель Асанья – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мануель Асанья" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%96%A9%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="曼努埃爾·阿薩尼亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="曼努埃爾·阿薩尼亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="曼努埃尔·阿萨尼亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼努埃尔·阿萨尼亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 19:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li 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