CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>清齒齦擦音 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"d7a3316b-d344-4b06-b0e5-e94933ce5b2a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"清齒齦擦音","wgTitle":"清齒齦擦音","wgCurRevisionId":73375818,"wgRevisionId":73375818,"wgArticleId":354464,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["使用Phonos的页面","有Phonos渲染错误的页面","含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面","自2018年7月带有失效链接的条目","条目有永久失效的外部链接","含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向多个目标错误的页面","Webarchive模板wayback链接","使用无数据行信息框模板的条目","含有英語的條目","嵌入hAudio微格式的條目","有音頻讀音的條目","含有拉丁語的條目","CS1意大利语来源 (it)", "CS1瑞典语来源 (sv)","CS1英语来源 (en)","有噝擦音","齒齦音","清音","口腔輔音","中央輔音","肺部气流音","噝音","擦音"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"清齒齦擦音","wgRelevantArticleId":354464,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"清齿龈无咝擦音","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl": "/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q334723","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles": "ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="清齒齦擦音 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-清齒齦擦音 rootpage-清齒齦擦音 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-清齒齦有噝擦音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清齒齦有噝擦音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>清齒齦有噝擦音</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-清齒齦有噝擦音-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关清齒齦有噝擦音子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-清齒齦有噝擦音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>特徵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-該音見於漢語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#該音見於漢語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>該音見於漢語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-該音見於漢語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-該音見於英語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#該音見於英語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>該音見於英語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-該音見於英語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-见于" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#见于"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>见于</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-见于-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关见于子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-见于-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-舌叶齿-齿龈音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#舌叶齿-齿龈音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>舌叶齿-齿龈音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-舌叶齿-齿龈音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-未后移齿龈音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#未后移齿龈音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>未后移齿龈音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-未后移齿龈音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-后移齿龈音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#后移齿龈音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>后移齿龈音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-后移齿龈音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有变体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有变体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>有变体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有变体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-清齒齦無噝擦音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清齒齦無噝擦音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>清齒齦無噝擦音</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-清齒齦無噝擦音-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关清齒齦無噝擦音子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-清齒齦無噝擦音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-該音見於英語_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#該音見於英語_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>該音見於英語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-該音見於英語_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-該音見於冰島語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#該音見於冰島語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>該音見於冰島語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-該音見於冰島語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-见于_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#见于_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>见于</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-见于_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">清齒齦擦音</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。35种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmloser_alveolarer_Frikativ" title="Stimmloser alveolarer Frikativ – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stimmloser alveolarer Frikativ" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لثوي احتكاكي مهموس – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لثوي احتكاكي مهموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Беззвучна венечна шипяща проходна съгласна – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Беззвучна венечна шипяща проходна съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="অঘোষ দন্তমূলীয় উষ্মধ্বনি – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অঘোষ দন্তমূলীয় উষ্মধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzenn_logigo%C3%B9_divouezh" title="Ruzenn logigoù divouezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ruzenn logigoù divouezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_alveolar_sorda" title="Fricativa alveolar sorda – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fricativa alveolar sorda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezn%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_alveol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_frikativa" title="Neznělá alveolární frikativa – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neznělá alveolární frikativa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmloser_alveolarer_Frikativ" title="Stimmloser alveolarer Frikativ – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stimmloser alveolarer Frikativ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%BF_%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Άηχο φατνιακό τριβόμενο σύμφωνο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άηχο φατνιακό τριβόμενο σύμφωνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Voiceless alveolar fricative" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_alveolar_sorda" title="Fricativa alveolar sorda – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fricativa alveolar sorda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soinniton_alveolaarinen_sibilantti" title="Soinniton alveolaarinen sibilantti – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soinniton alveolaarinen sibilantti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonne_fricative_alv%C3%A9olaire_sourde" title="Consonne fricative alvéolaire sourde – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consonne fricative alvéolaire sourde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7,_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="עיצור מכתשי, חוכך שורק, אטום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצור מכתשי, חוכך שורק, אטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezvu%C4%8Dni_alveolarni_frikativ" title="Bezvučni alveolarni frikativ – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bezvučni alveolarni frikativ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_geser_rongga-gigi_nirsuara" title="Konsonan geser rongga-gigi nirsuara – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan geser rongga-gigi nirsuara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_alveolare_sorda" title="Fricativa alveolare sorda – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fricativa alveolare sorda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%A3%B0%E6%AD%AF%E8%8C%8E%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="無声歯茎摩擦音 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無声歯茎摩擦音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%B1_%EC%B9%98%EA%B2%BD_%EB%A7%88%EC%B0%B0%EC%9D%8C" title="무성 치경 마찰음 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무성 치경 마찰음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumloeazen_alveolaire_fricatief" title="Stumloeazen alveolaire fricatief – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stumloeazen alveolaire fricatief" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geseran_gusi_tak_bersuara" title="Geseran gusi tak bersuara – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geseran gusi tak bersuara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemloze_alveolaire_fricatief" title="Stemloze alveolaire fricatief – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stemloze alveolaire fricatief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82g%C5%82oska_szczelinowa_dzi%C4%85s%C5%82owa_bezd%C5%BAwi%C4%99czna" title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółgłoska szczelinowa dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricativa_alveolar_surda" title="Fricativa alveolar surda – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fricativa alveolar surda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_fricativ%C4%83_alveolar%C4%83_surd%C4%83" title="Consoană fricativă alveolară surdă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consoană fricativă alveolară surdă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Глухой альвеолярный сибилянт – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глухой альвеолярный сибилянт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Voiceless alveolar fricative" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Безвучни надзубни фрикатив – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Безвучни надзубни фрикатив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%B6s_alveolar_frikativa" title="Tonlös alveolar frikativa – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tonlös alveolar frikativa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="เสียงเสียดแทรก ปุ่มเหงือก ไม่ก้อง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสียงเสียดแทรก ปุ่มเหงือก ไม่ก้อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96t%C3%BCms%C3%BCz_di%C5%9Fyuvas%C4%B1l_s%C3%BCrt%C3%BCnmeli_%C3%BCns%C3%BCz" title="Ötümsüz dişyuvasıl sürtünmeli ünsüz – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ötümsüz dişyuvasıl sürtünmeli ünsüz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Глухий ясенний фрикативний – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глухий ясенний фрикативний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregadiva_alveo%C5%82are_sorda" title="Fregadiva alveołare sorda – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fregadiva alveołare sorda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_S" title="Son S – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Son S" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheng_kh%C3%AD-g%C3%BBn_chhat-im" title="Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q334723#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&oldid=73375818" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&id=73375818&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25B8%2585%25E9%25BD%2592%25E9%25BD%25A6%25E6%2593%25A6%25E9%259F%25B3%23%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25B8%2585%25E9%25BD%2592%25E9%25BD%25A6%25E6%2593%25A6%25E9%259F%25B3%23%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q334723" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="清齿龈无咝擦音">清齿龈无咝擦音</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">清齒齦擦音</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA number">IPA編號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">132</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">編碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">HTML碼<small>（十進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>&#115;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">Unicode碼<small>（十六進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">U+0073</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>s</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E7%94%B3%E9%B2%8D%E5%A7%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="柯申鲍姆系统">ASCII音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>s</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="IPA盲文" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="IPA Braille"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPA%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPA盲文（页面不存在）">IPA盲文</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_Braille" class="extiw" title="en:IPA Braille"><span lang="en" dir="auto">IPA Braille</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_S.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠎ (braille pattern dots-234) U+280E"><img alt="⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/25px-Braille_S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/38px-Braille_S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/50px-Braille_S.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">音頻範例</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg" title="File:Voiceless alveolar sibilant.ogg">來源</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%B9%AB%E5%8A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:媒體幫助">幫助</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Voiceless_dental_sibilant"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67735281"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless dentalized alveolar sibilant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s̪</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA number">IPA編號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">130</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">編碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>s_d</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67735281"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s̟</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67735281"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s̠</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">編碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">HTML碼<small>（十進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>&#115;&#826;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">Unicode碼<small>（十六進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">U+0073 U+033A</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">音頻範例</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant.ogg/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant.ogg" title="File:Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant.ogg">來源</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%B9%AB%E5%8A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:媒體幫助">幫助</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>清齒齦擦音</b>（<span lang="en">voiceless alveolar fricative</span>）是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="輔音">輔音</a>的一種。和此音對應的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标符号">國際音標符號</a>會因為此音是否<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E5%99%9D%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有噝音（页面不存在）">有噝音</a>還是無噝音而有所改變： </p> <ul><li>齒齦<b>有噝音</b>的符號是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="Unicode">⟨</span>s<span class="Unicode">⟩</span></span>，X-SAMPA的符號則是<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>s<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>。如果要表示<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒位有噝音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦後音">齒齦後有噝音</a>，則要加上<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="變音符號">變音符號</a>，分別變成<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪]</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̠]</span>。</li> <li>齒齦<b>無噝擦音</b>的符號是在現有符號加上變音符號，成<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[θ̠]</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɹ̝̊]</span>；又或者以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際音標延伸符號（页面不存在）">國際音標延伸符號</a>的標準，標成<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[θ͇]</span>。</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>清舌冠擦音 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齿音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齒齦音">齿齿龈音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齿龈音</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦後音">齿龈后音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="相对调音">后移</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">卷舌音</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齦後音">龈后音</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%88%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="龈腭音">龈腭音</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3" title="咝音">咝音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">原位 </th> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#清齿咝音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s̪</span></a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#清齿齿龈咝音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s̟</span></a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#清齿龈咝音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s͇</span></a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#清龈后移咝音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s̠</span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌擦音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʂ</span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清腭齦擦音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʃ</span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭擦音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɕ</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">無噝擦音 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒擦音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">θ</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#清齒齦無噝擦音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">θ̠/θ͇/ɹ̝̊</span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɻ̝̊</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦後無噝擦音"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɹ̠̊˔</span></a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>闪音 </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɾ̞̊/ɹ̥̆˔</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="清齒齦有噝擦音"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E9.BD.92.E9.BD.A6.E6.9C.89.E5.99.9D.E6.93.A6.E9.9F.B3"></span>清齒齦有噝擦音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：清齒齦有噝擦音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="特徵"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5"></span>特徵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：特徵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清齒齦有噝音的特徵： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="调音方法">調音方法</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3" title="咝音">有噝</a>擦音，即是引導氣流通過一個由舌尖在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="调音部位">調音部位</a>構成的溝和牙齒和尖面，造成較高頻率的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%8D%E6%B5%81" title="湍流">湍流</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="调音部位">調音部位</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齒齦</a>，即舌尖抵住上齒齦脊<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="调音">調音</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E6%85%8B" title="發聲態">發聲</a>類型是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清音</a>，意味着發音時<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%B8%A6" title="声带">聲帶</a>並不顫動。</li> <li>本輔音是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="口腔輔音">口腔輔音</a>（口音），表示<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="调音">調音</a>時空氣只從口裡流出。</li> <li>本輔音為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="中央輔音">中央輔音</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="调音">調音</a>時氣流在口腔的中央流過舌面，而不從兩側流過。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%B5%81%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6" title="氣流機制">氣流機制</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="肺部气流音">肺部氣流</a>，即由<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%86%88%E8%86%9C" title="橫膈膜">橫膈膜</a>驱动空气。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="該音見於漢語"><span id=".E8.A9.B2.E9.9F.B3.E8.A6.8B.E6.96.BC.E6.BC.A2.E8.AA.9E"></span>該音見於漢語</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：該音見於漢語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="现代标准汉语">现代标准汉语</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="标准官话">标准官话</a>）中有此音，拼音時以s表示，出現在字音開首。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="吳語">吳語</a>中有此音，拼音時以s表示，出現在字音開首。因其无清化濁聲母，以牙音心生書子母作據。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="客家語">客家語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩語">閩語</a>中均有此音，拼音時以s表示，出現在字音開首。基本清化，以牙音心生書邪俟船子母作據。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="該音見於英語"><span id=".E8.A9.B2.E9.9F.B3.E8.A6.8B.E6.96.BC.E8.8B.B1.E8.AA.9E"></span>該音見於英語</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：該音見於英語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>英語中以字母c或s表示此音。字母s大多數都是表示此音（或<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">濁齒齦擦音</a>），除了極少數外來語中不發音，如從<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>借過來的<i>rendezvous</i>，而字母c同時可以表示<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清軟顎塞音">清軟顎塞音</a>[k]，一般來說，c在字母a、o、u或子音前讀[k]；在e、i、y前讀[s]。留意當有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>在[s]後，如/p/、/t/、/k/，該塞音將不會<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="送氣音">送氣</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="见于"><span id=".E8.A7.81.E4.BA.8E"></span>见于</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：见于"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="舌叶齿-齿龈音"><span id=".E8.88.8C.E5.8F.B6.E9.BD.BF-.E9.BD.BF.E9.BE.88.E9.9F.B3"></span>舌叶齿-齿龈音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：舌叶齿-齿龈音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">语言</th> <th>单词</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a></th> <th>意义</th> <th>注释 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B9%BE%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="海湾阿拉伯语">海湾阿拉伯语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>مسجد/masiid</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[mɐˈs̪iːd̪]</span></td> <td>清真寺</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="亚美尼亚语">亚美尼亚语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="东亚美尼亚语">东亚美尼亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozintseva19957_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozintseva19957-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>ս</b>ար/sar</td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/72\/S%C9%91%C9%BE.ogg\/S%C9%91%C9%BE.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\">[s\u032a\u0251\u027e]<\/span><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"S\u0251\u027e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/S%C9%91%C9%BE.ogg/S%C9%91%C9%BE.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪ɑɾ]</span></span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C9%91%C9%BE.ogg" title="File:Sɑɾ.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td> <td>山</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86%E8%AF%AD" title="阿塞拜疆语">阿塞拜疆语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxundov1983115,_128–131_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxundov1983115,_128–131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>u</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪u]</span></td> <td>水</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="巴斯克语">巴斯克语</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hualde_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hualde-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>gau<b>z</b>a</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɡäus̪ä]</span></td> <td>东西</td> <td>和舌尖咝音对立。<sup id="cite_ref-Hualde_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hualde-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD#音系" class="mw-redirect" title="巴斯克语">巴斯克语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="白俄罗斯语">白俄罗斯语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>с</b>тагоддзе/stagoddze</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]</span></td> <td>世纪</td> <td>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8E%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="顎化">颚化</a>形式对立。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白俄罗斯语音系（页面不存在）">白俄罗斯语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="保加利亚语">保加利亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlagstad_Jr.195846_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlagstad_Jr.195846-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>в<b>с</b>еки/vseki</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈfs̪ɛki]</span></td> <td>每个人</td> <td>和颚音对立。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="现代标准汉语">现代标准汉语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003109–110_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003109–110-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin200117–25_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin200117–25-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>三/<b>s</b>ān/<b>ㄙ</b>ㄢ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪a̋n]</span></td> <td>三</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="現代標準漢語音系">现代标准汉语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="捷克语">捷克语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalková1994228_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalková1994228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>vět</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪vjɛt̪]</span></td> <td>世界</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="捷克語音系（页面不存在）">捷克語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="新西兰英语">奥克兰</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004594_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004594-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>s</b>and</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪ɛnˑd̥]</span></td> <td rowspan="2">沙</td> <td rowspan="2">参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="英語音系">英语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="多元文化伦敦英语">多元文化伦敦英语</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪anˑd̥]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199979_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005144_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005144-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>fa<b>ç</b>ade</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[fäs̪äd̪]</span></td> <td>前面</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="法语音系">法语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="匈牙利语">匈牙利语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzende1999104_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzende1999104-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>sz</b>iget</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̪iɡɛt̪]</span></td> <td>岛</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="匈牙利语音系（页面不存在）">匈牙利语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%88%92%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡舒比语">卡舒比语</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="哈萨克语">哈萨克语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara200210_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200210-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>с</b>ом</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪u̯ʊm]</span></td> <td>纯</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="吉尔吉斯语">吉尔吉斯语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara200311_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200311-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>с</b>аби<b>з</b>/sabiz</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪äˈbis̪]</span></td> <td>胡萝卜</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="拉脱维亚语">拉脱维亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENau19986_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENau19986-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>en<b>s</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪en̪s̪]</span></td> <td>古</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉脱维亚语音系（页面不存在）">拉脱维亚语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E8%AF%AD" title="马其顿语">马其顿语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunt19521_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunt19521-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>с</b>кока]]}}/skoka</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̪kɔkä]</span></td> <td>跳</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马其顿语音系（页面不存在）">马其顿语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="米兰德斯语">米兰德斯语</a></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="自June 2014请求提供示例">比如？</span></a>]</sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>共有七对<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3" title="咝音">咝音</a>对立，反映中世纪时<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="伊比利亞羅曼語支">伊比利亞羅曼語支</a>的辅音对立。 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波兰语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976149_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976149-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>um</td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/Pl-sum.ogg\/Pl-sum.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\">[s\u032aum]<\/span><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-sum.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Pl-sum.ogg/Pl-sum.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪um]</span></span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-sum.ogg" title="File:Pl-sum.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td> <td>鲶</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰语音系（页面不存在）">波兰语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚语">罗马尼亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>urd</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪ur̪d̪]</span></td> <td>聋</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="羅馬尼亞語音系">罗马尼亚语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChew200367_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChew200367-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>воло<b>с</b>ы/volosy</td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b9\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\">[\u02c8vo\u031e\u026b\u032a\u0259s\u032a\u0268\u031e]<\/span><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈvo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞]</span></span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B.ogg" title="File:Ru-волосы.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td> <td>头发</td> <td>和颚音对立。参见<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="俄語音系">俄语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="苏格兰盖尔语">苏格兰盖尔语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb200318_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb200318-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>S</b>làinte</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̪ɫ̪äːn̪t̪ʰʲə]</span></td> <td>干杯</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏格兰盖尔语音系（页面不存在）">苏格兰盖尔语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A-%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语">塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić20065_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić20065-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić199967_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić199967-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>с</b>ело / <b>s</b>elo</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪ĕ̞lo̞]</span></td> <td>村</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A-%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语音系（页面不存在）">塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="斯洛文尼亚语">斯洛文尼亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>vet</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪ʋéːt̪]</span></td> <td>世界</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛文尼亚语音系（页面不存在）">斯洛文尼亚语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊比利亚语（页面不存在）">伊比利亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>e<b>s</b>tar</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[e̞s̪ˈt̪är]</span></td> <td>成为</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/</span>在齿音前的同位异音。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙語音系（页面不存在）">西班牙語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞典语">瑞典语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996171_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996171-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>中央标准口音<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–141_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–141-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>äte</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̪ɛːt̪e]</span></td> <td>座位</td> <td>在一些南部方言里后移。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="瑞典語音系">瑞典語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托达语（页面不存在）">托达语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996157_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996157-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005168_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005168-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kɔs̪]</span></td> <td>钱</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="土耳其語音系">土耳其語音系</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>u</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪u]</span></td> <td>水</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="土耳其語音系">土耳其語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="乌克兰语">乌克兰语</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>с</b>ело/selo</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪ɛˈɫ̪ɔ]</span></td> <td>村</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌克兰語音系（页面不存在）">乌克兰語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="上索布语">上索布语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠewc-Schuster198422,_38,_39_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠewc-Schuster198422,_38,_39-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>owa</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̪ovä]</span></td> <td>猫头鹰</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上索布语音系（页面不存在）">上索布语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="乌兹别克语">乌兹别克语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196311_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196311-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>oat</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̪o̞æt̪]</span></td> <td>小时</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a></td> <td>河内<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson19878–9_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson19878–9-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>x</b>a</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̪äː]</span></td> <td>远</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="越南语音系">越南语音系</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="未后移齿龈音"><span id=".E6.9C.AA.E5.90.8E.E7.A7.BB.E9.BD.BF.E9.BE.88.E9.9F.B3"></span>未后移齿龈音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：未后移齿龈音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">语言</th> <th>单词</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a></th> <th>意义</th> <th>注释 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E6%A0%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿迪格语">阿迪格语</a></td> <td><b>с</b>э/sė</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sa]</span></td> <td>我</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="现代标准阿拉伯语">现代标准阿拉伯语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>جَلَسَ/ǧalasa</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈdʒælæsɐ]</span></td> <td>坐</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="阿拉伯語音系">阿拉伯语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E6%96%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚述新阿拉米语（页面不存在）">亚述新阿拉米语</a></td> <td><b>s</b>epa</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[seːpaː]</span></td> <td>剑</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="孟加拉语">孟加拉语</a></td> <td><b>রা</b>স্তা</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[raːst̪a]</span></td> <td>街</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟加拉语音系（页面不存在）">孟加拉语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="緬語">缅语</a></td> <td>စစားဗျီ/ca carr bhye</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sə sá bjì]</span></td> <td>我正在吃</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a></td> <td>閃/ <b>s</b>im2</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[siːm˧˥]</span></td> <td>闪亮</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="粵語音系">粤语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199975_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199975-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>taan</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̻t̻aːn̻]</span></td> <td>站</td> <td>舌叶音；在荷兰可能只有中低程度的擦音。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199975_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199975-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰语音系（页面不存在）">荷兰语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E-%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B6%85%E8%AA%9E" title="艾米利亞-羅馬涅語">艾米利亞-羅馬涅語</a></td> <td><b>s</b>èl</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̺ʲɛːl]</span></td> <td>盐</td> <td>舌尖颚音；<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199273_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199273-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>可能是<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌擦音">ʂ</a>]</span>或<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清腭齦擦音">ʃ</a>]</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199273_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199273-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="爱沙尼亚语">爱沙尼亚语</a></td> <td><b>s</b>õna</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈsɤnɑ]</span></td> <td>词</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></td> <td><b>s</b>it</td> <td><span class="nounderlines nowrap"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-error oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeOff","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r61209503\">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:\"Charis SIL\",\"Doulos SIL\",\"Linux Libertine\",\"Segoe UI\",\"Lucida Sans Unicode\",\"Code2000\",\"Gentium\",\"Gentium Alternative\",\"TITUS Cyberbit Basic\",\"Arial Unicode MS\",\"IPAPANNEW\",\"Chrysanthi Unicode\",\"GentiumAlt\",\"Bitstream Vera\",\"Bitstream Cyberbit\",\"Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro\",\"Lucida Grande\",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}<\/style><span title=\"\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\" class=\"IPA\">[s\u026at]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg","error":["phonos-file-not-found","\/wiki\/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0?wpDestFile=Sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg","Sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg"]},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-error"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" rel="nofollow" aria-label="无法播放音频" title="无法播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeOff"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sɪt]</span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0?wpDestFile=sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg" class="new" title="File:sit-pronunctation-audo.ogg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media">ⓘ</span></a></sup></span></span></span></span></td> <td>坐</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="英語音系">英语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="世界语">世界语</a></td> <td>E<b>s</b>peranto</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[espeˈranto]</span></td> <td>希望者</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界语音系（页面不存在）">世界语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="法罗语">法罗语</a></td> <td><b>s</b>andur</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sandʊɹ]</span></td> <td>沙</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="格鲁吉亚语">格鲁吉亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>ს</b>ამი/sami</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈsɑmi]</span></td> <td>三</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="希伯来语">希伯来语</a></td> <td>ספר/sefer</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈsefeʁ]</span></td> <td>书</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现代希伯来语音系（页面不存在）">现代希伯来语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语">印度斯坦语</a></td> <td>साल /سال</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[saːl]</span></td> <td>年</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度斯坦语音系（页面不存在）">印度斯坦语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="冰岛语">冰岛语</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kress2324_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kress2324-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pétursson_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pétursson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>egi</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̺ɛːjɪ]</span></td> <td>我说</td> <td>舌尖音。<sup id="cite_ref-Kress2324_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kress2324-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pétursson_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pétursson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="冰岛语音系">冰岛语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>複数形 / fuku<b>s</b>ūkē</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɸɯkɯsɯːkeː]</span></td> <td>复数</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="日語音系">日语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="卡巴尔达语">卡巴尔达语</a></td> <td><b>с</b>э/sė</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sa]</span></td> <td>我</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="韩语">韩语</a></td> <td>섬/ <b>s</b>eom</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sʌːm]</span></td> <td>岛</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="韓語音系">韩语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="马来语">马来语</a></td> <td><b>s</b>atu</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[satu]</span></td> <td>一</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%AD" title="马耳他语">马耳他语</a></td> <td>iebe<b>s</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[eaˈbes]</span></td> <td>难</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="马拉地语">马拉地语</a></td> <td>साप</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[saːp]</span></td> <td>蛇</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马拉地语音系（页面不存在）">马拉地语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语">尼泊尔语</a> </td> <td><b>स</b>गरमाथा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sʌɡʌrmät̪ʰä]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%8E%9B%E5%B3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="珠穆朗玛峰">珠穆朗玛峰</a> </td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼泊尔语音系（页面不存在）">尼泊尔语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="奥里亚语">奥里亚语</a></td> <td><b>ସ</b>ମାନ]]}}</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sɔmänɔ]</span></td> <td>平等</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="奥克语">奥克语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%A9%86%E8%B5%9E" title="利穆赞">利穆赞</a></td> <td>mai<b>ch</b>ent</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[mejˈsẽ]</span></td> <td>坏</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="波斯语">波斯语</a></td> <td>سیب/<b>s</b>ib</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sib]</span></td> <td>苹果</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="波斯語音系">波斯语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙语">葡萄牙语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ca<b>ç</b>o</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈkasu]</span></td> <td>我打猎</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙語音系（页面不存在）">葡萄牙語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="旁遮普语">旁遮普语</a></td> <td>ਸੱਪ/sapp</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[səpː]</span></td> <td>蛇</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>拉丁美洲</td> <td rowspan="4"><b>s</b>altador</td> <td rowspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̻al̪t̪aˈð̞o̞r]</span></td> <td rowspan="4">工作服</td> <td rowspan="4">参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙語音系（页面不存在）">西班牙語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加纳利西班牙语（页面不存在）">加纳利西班牙语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安达卢西亚西班牙语（页面不存在）">安达卢西亚西班牙语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律宾西班牙语（页面不存在）">菲律宾西班牙语</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="斯瓦西里语">斯瓦西里语</a></td> <td></td> <td>Ki<b>s</b>wahili</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kiswaˈhili]</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="斯瓦西里语">斯瓦西里语</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="锡尔赫特话">锡尔赫特话</a></td> <td>ꠢꠂ<b>ꠍꠦ</b>/oise</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɔise]</span></td> <td>做了</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>x</b>a</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[saː˧]</span></td> <td>远</td> <td>参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="越南語音系">越南語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="西弗里西亚语">西弗里西亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESipma191316_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESipma191316-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>âlt</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sɔːt]</span></td> <td>盐</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西弗里西亚语音系（页面不存在）">西弗里西亚语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%9D%E8%AF%AD%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="彝语北部方言">彝语北部方言</a></td> <td>ꌦ/<b>s</b>y</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sɻ̩˧]</span></td> <td>死</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="后移齿龈音"><span id=".E5.90.8E.E7.A7.BB.E9.BD.BF.E9.BE.88.E9.9F.B3"></span>后移齿龈音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：后移齿龈音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">语言</th> <th>单词</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a></th> <th>意义</th> <th>注释 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿斯图利亚语（页面不存在）">阿斯图利亚语</a></td> <td>pa<b>s</b>u</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈpäs̺u]</span></td> <td>步</td> <td>舌尖音。 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="巴斯克语">巴斯克语</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hualde_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hualde-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hualde2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hualde2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>u</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̺u]</span></td> <td>火</td> <td>舌尖音。和舌叶齿咝音对立。<sup id="cite_ref-Hualde_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hualde-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hualde2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hualde2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="孟加拉语">孟加拉语</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>শ</b>/ <b>ś</b>ô</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̠ɔː]</span></td> <td>百</td> <td>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟加拉语音系（页面不存在）">孟加拉语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="加泰罗尼亚语">加泰罗尼亚语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199254_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199254-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorreblanca1988347_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorreblanca1988347-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>多数方言</td> <td><b>s</b>et</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̺ɛt̪]</span></td> <td>七</td> <td>舌尖音。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加泰罗尼亚语音系（页面不存在）">加泰罗尼亚语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>部分巴伦西亚使用者<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit200912_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit200912-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>pei<b>x</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈpe̠js̠ʲ]</span></td> <td>鱼</td> <td rowspan="2">通常记为⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʂ</span>⟩；在标准加泰罗尼亚语和巴伦西亚方言中被理解为硬腭音<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭擦音">ɕ</a>]</span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>部分巴伦西亚使用者<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit200912_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit200912-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>pati<b>s</b>c</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[päˈt̪is̠ʲk]</span></td> <td>我承受 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格拉斯哥方言（页面不存在）">格拉斯哥方言</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>un</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̺ʌn]</span></td> <td>太阳</td> <td>中产阶层口音，其他使用者可能会用未后移的<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a class="mw-selflink selflink">s</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="加利西亚语">加利西亚语</a></td> <td><b>s</b>aúde</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̺äˈuðe]</span></td> <td>健康</td> <td>舌尖音。 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a></td> <td>中央意大利语<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>s</b>ali</td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̠äːli]</span></td> <td rowspan="3">你上去</td> <td>出现在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90%E5%A5%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="拉齐奥">拉齐奥</a>和<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="翁布里亚">翁布里亚</a>大部<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E9%B2%81%E8%B4%BE" title="佩鲁贾">佩鲁贾</a>和极南地区)，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%87%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="马尔凯大区">马尔凯大区</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%9D%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="波坦察">波坦察</a>南部<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>北意大利语<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285–286_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285–286-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199271–72_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199271–72-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>舌尖音。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>出现在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%A9%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A" title="拉斯佩齐亚">拉斯佩齐亚</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC" title="里米尼">里米尼</a>一线的北部。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199271_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199271-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利语音系（页面不存在）">意大利语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="西西里语">西西里语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>出现在<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%93%E6%89%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="锡拉库扎">锡拉库扎</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%A2" title="切法卢">切法卢</a>条状地带的南部和西部<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82%E8%AA%9E" title="萊昂語">莱昂语</a></td> <td>pa<b>s</b>u</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈpäs̺ʊ]</span></td> <td>步</td> <td>舌尖音 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="米兰德斯语">米兰德斯语</a></td> <td>pa<b>ss</b>o</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈpäs̺u]</span></td> <td>步</td> <td>舌尖音。和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s̪/</span>对立。 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="奥克语">奥克语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%B6%85%E8%AF%AD" title="加斯科涅语">加斯科涅语</a></td> <td rowspan="2">do<b>s</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[d̻ys̺]</span></td> <td rowspan="2">二</td> <td rowspan="2">参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥克语音系（页面不存在）">奥克语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B" title="朗格多克">朗格多克</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[d̻us̺]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波兰语</a> </td> <td><b>sz</b>afa </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̠äfä]</span> </td> <td>壁橱 </td> <td>一般记为⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʂ</span>⟩。 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙语">葡萄牙语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="歐洲葡萄牙語">欧洲葡萄牙语</a>,<br />内陆和北部</td> <td rowspan="2">can<b>s</b>aço</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kə̃ˈs̺äs̻u]</span></td> <td rowspan="2">疲劳</td> <td>舌尖音，和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s̻/</span>对立。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙語音系（页面不存在）">葡萄牙語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>欧洲海岸北部</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kə̃ˈs̺äs̺u]</span></td> <td>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s̻/</span>合流。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙語音系（页面不存在）">葡萄牙語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>内陆和南部 <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%9B%BE%E5%B7%9E" title="圣埃斯皮里图州">圣埃斯皮里图州</a></td> <td>pe<b>s</b>cador</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pe̞s̺käˈd̻oχ]</span></td> <td>渔夫</td> <td rowspan="2">葡萄牙语词尾塞音的理解形式，可能是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦後音">齿龈后音</a>，取决于方言 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%9B%BE%E5%B7%9E" title="圣埃斯皮里图州">圣埃斯皮里图州</a></td> <td>e<b>s</b>cada<b>s</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[is̺ˈkäd̻ɐs̺]</span></td> <td>楼梯 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%AF%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安第斯西班牙语（页面不存在）">安第斯西班牙语</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>s</b>altador</td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̺äl̪t̪äˈð̞o̞ɾ]</span></td> <td rowspan="3">工作服</td> <td rowspan="3">舌尖音。In Andean and Paisa (except in southern parts of Antioquia)<br />alternates with a更常见的齿-舌冠音/s/。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontes1992527_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontes1992527-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetancourt1993285–286_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetancourt1993285–286-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙語音系（页面不存在）">西班牙語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="卡斯蒂利亚西班牙语">卡斯蒂利亚西班牙语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paisa </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞典语">瑞典语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E9%87%91%E5%8E%84" title="布萊金厄">布萊金厄</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="4"><b>s</b>äte</td> <td rowspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈs̠ɛːte]</span></td> <td rowspan="4">座位</td> <td rowspan="4">参见<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="瑞典語音系">瑞典语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF" title="布胡斯">布胡斯</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="哈兰">哈兰</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E8%A8%A5" title="斯科訥">斯科訥</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%BF%97%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%82" title="胡志明市">西贡</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><b>x</b>e</i> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s̺ɛ˧]</span> </td> <td>车 </td> <td>舌尖音 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有变体"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E5.8F.98.E4.BD.93"></span>有变体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：有变体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">语言</th> <th>单词</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a></th> <th>意义</th> <th>注释 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thor80_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thor80-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gr144_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr144-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>ælge</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈseljə]</span></td> <td>卖</td> <td>更多时候是不后移舌尖音，不过部分使用者是舌叶齿音。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thor80_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thor80-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gr144_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr144-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="丹麦语音系">丹麦语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="芬兰语">芬兰语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>inä</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈsinæ]</span></td> <td>你</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芬兰語音系（页面不存在）">芬兰語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="标准德语">标准德语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200550_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200550-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Bi<b>ss</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[bɪs]</span></td> <td>咬</td> <td>有齿-舌叶音，未后移舌叶音和未后移舌尖音变体。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200550_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200550-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="標準德語音系">标准德语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>σ</b>αν / <b>s</b>an</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sɐn]</span></td> <td>如</td> <td>是否后移构成变体，取决于环境。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现代希腊语音系（页面不存在）">现代希腊语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语">挪威语</a></td> <td>东部标准口音<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>s</b>and</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sɑnː]</span></td> <td>沙</td> <td>更多时候是舌叶齿音，部分使用者中可以是不后移的齿音。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="挪威语音系（页面不存在）">挪威语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a></td> <td>标准口音<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>s</b>ali</td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈsäːli]</span></td> <td rowspan="2">你向上走</td> <td>有舌叶齿音和不后移舌尖音变体。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利語音系（页面不存在）">意大利語音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A5%91%E8%AB%BE%E5%B7%9E" title="提契諾州">提契諾州</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>有舌叶化齿音和非卷舌舌尖音变体。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>都可能唇齿化。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利語音系（页面不存在）">意大利語音系</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="清齒齦無噝擦音"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E9.BD.92.E9.BD.A6.E7.84.A1.E5.99.9D.E6.93.A6.E9.9F.B3"></span>清齒齦無噝擦音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：清齒齦無噝擦音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67735281"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">清齿龈无咝擦音</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">θ̠</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">θ͇</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɹ̝̊</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t̞</span></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA number">IPA編號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">130 414</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">編碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">HTML碼<small>（十進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>&#952;&#817;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">Unicode碼<small>（十六進制）</small></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">U+03B8 U+0331</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;;">音頻範例</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data center" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="150" style="width:150px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> <div><small><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative.ogg" title="File:Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative.ogg">來源</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%B9%AB%E5%8A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:媒體幫助">幫助</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>清齒齦無噝擦音的特徵和上述的一樣，除了： </p> <ul><li>發音方法是<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="無噝擦音">無噝擦音</a>，即是將氣流限制在位於發音部位的狹窄通道通過，造成較低頻率的湍流。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="該音見於英語_2"><span id=".E8.A9.B2.E9.9F.B3.E8.A6.8B.E6.96.BC.E8.8B.B1.E8.AA.9E_2"></span>該音見於英語</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：該音見於英語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>此音在英語較罕見，在某些口音中作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">清齒齦塞音</a>[t]的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="同位音">同位音</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="愛爾蘭">愛爾蘭</a>口音和英國北方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6" title="利物浦">利物浦</a>和附近地區的口音中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="該音見於冰島語"><span id=".E8.A9.B2.E9.9F.B3.E8.A6.8B.E6.96.BC.E5.86.B0.E5.B3.B6.E8.AA.9E"></span>該音見於冰島語</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：該音見於冰島語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>此音以<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="冰島語">冰島語</a>字母 þ (thorn)標示。Þ 只出現在字的第一個字母，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">濁齒齦無噝擦音</a>[<span lang="la">ð</span>] 會在其他地方出現。(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古英語">古英語</a>中þ 和 ð(eth)此兩個字母都可以標示<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒擦音">清齒擦音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒擦音">濁齒擦音</a>，兩音分佈沒有一定規律；現代英語則用「th」代替這兩個字母。) 冰島語中[θ̠]是舌尖後的扁平面發音，而[ð̠]則以舌尖發音。 </p><p>例：冰島語 þakið [θ̠akið̠]「屋頂」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="见于_2"><span id=".E8.A7.81.E4.BA.8E_2"></span>见于</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：见于"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">语言</th> <th>单词</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a></th> <th>意义</th> <th>注释 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Afenmai<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaver1994263_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">V͈[aɾ̞̊u]</span></td> <td>帽子</td> <td>闪音；松紧度和松<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɾ/</span>相当。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaver1994263_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">侗台语 </td> <td>壮语左江方言 </td> <td>sam </td> <td>[θa:m1] </td> <td>三 </td> <td>常写作slam </td></tr> <tr> <td>越南岱侬语 </td> <td>slan </td> <td>[θa:n1] </td> <td>编织 </td> <td>受越南语影响部分地方变为than，壮语为san </td></tr> <tr> <td>壮语北部方言 </td> <td>suen </td> <td>[θu:n1] </td> <td>园子 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a></td> <td>Gee<b>r</b>t</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɣeːɹ̝̊t]</span></td> <td>吉尔特</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span>音位所符合的众多可能的音素之一。描述并不清楚。参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰语音系（页面不存在）">荷兰语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="澳大利亚英语">澳大利亚英语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoakesMcDougall20071445–1448_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoakesMcDougall20071445–1448-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="4">I<b>t</b>aly</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈɪ̟θ̠əɫɪi̯]</span></td> <td rowspan="4">意大利</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>偶然的同位异音。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoakesMcDougall20071445–1448_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoakesMcDougall20071445–1448-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳大利亚英语音系（页面不存在）">澳大利亚英语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%8B%B1%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="标准英音">标准英音</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuizza201116–28_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuizza201116–28-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈɪθ̠əlɪi̯]</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>普遍的同位异音。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuizza201116–28_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuizza201116–28-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="爱尔兰英语">爱尔兰英语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickey1984234–235_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey1984234–235-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈɪθ̠ɪli]</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>的同位异音。参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="英語音系">英语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>部分<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="美国英语">美国英语</a>使用者<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaver1994263–264_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263–264-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈɪɾ̞̊əɫi]</span></td> <td>闪音；可能是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>的同位异音。可能是清闪音<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦閃音">ɾ̥</a>]</span>或浊闪音<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦閃音">ɾ</a>]</span> 。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaver1994263–264_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263–264-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="英語音系">英语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="斯高斯">斯高斯</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarottaBarth2005385_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarottaBarth2005385-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2007352–353_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2007352–353-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>a<b>tt</b>ain</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[əˈθ̠eɪn]</span></span></td> <td>达到</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>的同位异音。参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="英語音系">英语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="冰岛语">冰岛语</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pétursson_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pétursson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005139_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005139-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>þ</b>akið</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ˈθ̠äkið̠] </span></td> <td>屋檐</td> <td>舌叶音。<sup id="cite_ref-Pétursson_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pétursson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005139_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005139-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="冰岛语音系">冰岛语音系</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾米利亞语（页面不存在）">艾米利亞语</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布洛尼亚方言（页面不存在）">布洛尼亚方言</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>z</b>idrån</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[θ̠iˈdrʌn]</span></td> <td>柠檬</td> <td>舌叶音；<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/</span>在年轻人中矫枉过正的变体。非咝音或"不够咝"。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语">土耳其语</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYavuzBalcı201125_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYavuzBalcı201125-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>bi<b>r</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[biɾ̞̊]</span></td> <td>一个</td> <td>闪音；<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɾ/</span>在词尾的同位异音。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYavuzBalcı201125_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYavuzBalcı201125-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="土耳其語音系">土耳其语音系</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pountain (2014) <i>Exploring the Spanish Language</i>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafisheh19772,_9_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafisheh1977">Qafisheh (1977)</a>，第2, 9頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFQafisheh1977 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozintseva19957-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozintseva19957_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKozintseva1995">Kozintseva (1995)</a>，第7頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxundov1983115,_128–131-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxundov1983115,_128–131_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAxundov1983">Axundov (1983)</a>，第115, 128–131頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hualde-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde_5-3"><sup><b>5.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010">Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010</a>:1頁). 虽然这篇论文主要讨论<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E4%BC%8A%E8%8B%8F%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%94" title="戈伊苏埃塔">戈伊苏埃塔</a>方言，作者仍然支持它是"巴斯克语方言中一个典型而保守的辅音清单"。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadluzhny198947_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPadluzhny1989">Padluzhny (1989)</a>，第47頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlagstad_Jr.195846-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlagstad_Jr.195846_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlagstad_Jr.1958">Klagstad Jr. (1958)</a>，第46頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003109–110-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeZee2003109–110_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeZee2003">Lee & Zee (2003)</a>，第109–110頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin200117–25-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin200117–25_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLin2001">Lin (2001)</a>，第17–25頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalková1994228-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalková1994228_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalková1994">Palková (1994)</a>，第228頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004594-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004594_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauerWarren2004">Bauer & Warren (2004)</a>，第594頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBauerWarren2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/accent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle/">English speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2015]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309212553/https://www.englishspeechservices.com/blog/accent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle/">存档</a>于2021-03-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.btitle=English+speech+services+%7C+Accent+of+the+Year+%2F+sibilants+in+MLE&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishspeechservices.com%2Fblog%2Faccent-of-the-year-sibilants-in-mle%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975288_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>，第288頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199979-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFougeronSmith199979_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFougeronSmith1999">Fougeron & Smith (1999)</a>，第79頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005144-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005144_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrønnum2005">Grønnum (2005)</a>，第144頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzende1999104-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzende1999104_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzende1999">Szende (1999)</a>，第104頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jerzy Treder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26">Fonetyka i fonologia</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-11-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Jerzy+Treder&rft.btitle=Fonetyka+i+fonologia&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.net%2Frastko-ka%2Findex2.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D227%26pop%3D1%26page%3D0%26Itemid%3D26&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200210-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara200210_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKara2002">Kara (2002)</a>，第10頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara200311-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKara200311_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKara2003">Kara (2003)</a>，第11頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENau19986-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENau19986_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNau1998">Nau (1998)</a>，第6頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELunt19521-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunt19521_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLunt1952">Lunt (1952)</a>，第1頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocławski1976149-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocławski1976149_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocławski1976">Rocławski (1976)</a>，第149頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ovidiu Drăghici. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cis01.central.ucv.ro/litere/idd/cursuri/an_1/limba_rom_cont/lrc_an1_draghici.pdf">Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Ovidiu+Dr%C4%83ghici&rft.btitle=Limba+Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83+contemporan%C4%83.+Fonetic%C4%83.+Fonologie.+Ortografie.+Lexicologie&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcis01.central.ucv.ro%2Flitere%2Fidd%2Fcursuri%2Fan_1%2Flimba_rom_cont%2Flrc_an1_draghici.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2018年7月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChew200367-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChew200367_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChew2003">Chew (2003)</a>，第67頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb200318-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb200318_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamb2003">Lamb (2003)</a>，第18頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordić20065-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKordić20065_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKordić2006">Kordić (2006)</a>，第5頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić199967-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić199967_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999">Landau et al. (1999)</a>，第67頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPretnarTokarz198021_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPretnarTokarz1980">Pretnar & Tokarz (1980)</a>，第21頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_29-0"><sup><b>29.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_29-1"><sup><b>29.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_29-2"><sup><b>29.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003258_29-3"><sup><b>29.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003">Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003)</a>，第258頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996171-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996171_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>，第171頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–141-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand1999140–141_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngstrand1999">Engstrand (1999)</a>，第140–141頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngstrand2004167_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngstrand2004">Engstrand (2004)</a>，第167頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-0"><sup><b>33.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-1"><sup><b>33.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-2"><sup><b>33.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-3"><sup><b>33.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-4"><sup><b>33.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975289_33-5"><sup><b>33.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>，第289頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996157-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996157_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>，第157頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005168-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged2005168_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefoged2005">Ladefoged (2005)</a>，第168頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmerOrgun1999">Zimmer & Orgun (1999)</a>，第154頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak. Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system. Glottometrics. 2008, <b>16</b>: 63–79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008arXiv0802.4198B"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2008arXiv0802.4198B</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0802.4198"><span title="arXiv">arXiv:0802.4198</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Some+properties+of+the+Ukrainian+writing+system&rft.au=A.+Rovenchak&rft.au=J.+Ma%C4%8Dutek&rft.au=S.+Buk&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glottometrics&rft.pages=63-79&rft.volume=16&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0802.4198&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008arXiv0802.4198B&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠewc-Schuster198422,_38,_39-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠewc-Schuster198422,_38,_39_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠewc-Schuster1984">Šewc-Schuster (1984)</a>，第22, 38, 39頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoberg196311-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoberg196311_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSjoberg1963">Sjoberg (1963)</a>，第11頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson19878–9-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson19878–9_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1987">Thompson (1987)</a>，第8–9頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThelwall199037_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThelwall1990">Thelwall (1990)</a>，第37頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199975-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199975_42-0"><sup><b>42.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhoven199975_42-1"><sup><b>42.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGussenhoven1999">Gussenhoven (1999)</a>，第75頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFGussenhoven1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190_43-0"><sup><b>43.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003190_43-1"><sup><b>43.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsMees2003">Collins & Mees (2003)</a>，第190頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199273-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199273_44-0"><sup><b>44.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199273_44-1"><sup><b>44.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>，第73頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShostedChikovani2006255_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShostedChikovani2006">Shosted & Chikovani (2006)</a>，第255頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kress2324-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kress2324_46-0"><sup><b>46.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kress2324_46-1"><sup><b>46.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKress1982">Kress (1982</a>:23–24頁) "它像中的<i>sausen</i>中的<i>s</i>一样是浊的，发音方法是将舌尖压在上牙槽，靠近上齿–稍稍低于德语<i>sch</i>的调音部位。而德语<i>sch</i>唇化，冰岛语的<i>s</i>没有。它是上齿背舌冠清咝音。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pétursson-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pétursson_47-0"><sup><b>47.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pétursson_47-1"><sup><b>47.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pétursson_47-2"><sup><b>47.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pétursson_47-3"><sup><b>47.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPétursson1971">Pétursson (1971</a>:?頁), cited in <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996</a>:145頁)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkada1999117_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkada1999">Okada (1999)</a>，第117頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFOkada1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591_49-0"><sup><b>49.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruz-Ferreira199591_49-1"><sup><b>49.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995">Cruz-Ferreira (1995)</a>，第91頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1959458–461_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1959">Thompson (1959)</a>，第458–461頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 多個指向目標 (2個): CITEREFThompson1959 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESipma191316-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESipma191316_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSipma1913">Sipma (1913)</a>，第16頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hualde2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde2_52-0"><sup><b>52.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hualde2_52-1"><sup><b>52.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hualde, J. <i>Basque Phonology</i> (1991) <a href="/wiki/Routledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-05655-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-05655-1">0-415-05655-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji（页面不存在）">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1549580/files/article.pdf?download%3D1&ved=2ahUKEwjF4Mas0Z3tAhWaILcAHVITAhYQFjAAegQIBhAC&usg=AOvVaw2ynMRFAGfgvX4z4exVg6HS">Bengali Phonetics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies (London). 1921: 7 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118204128/https://zenodo.org/record/1549580/files/article.pdf?download%3D1&ved=2ahUKEwjF4Mas0Z3tAhWaILcAHVITAhYQFjAAegQIBhAC&usg=AOvVaw2ynMRFAGfgvX4z4exVg6HS">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-01-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Bengali+Phonetics&rft.au=Suniti+Kumar+Chatterji&rft.date=1921&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pages=7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1549580%2Ffiles%2Farticle.pdf%3Fdownload%253D1%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjF4Mas0Z3tAhWaILcAHVITAhYQFjAAegQIBhAC%26usg%3DAOvVaw2ynMRFAGfgvX4z4exVg6HS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199254-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199254_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1992">Carbonell & Llisterri (1992)</a>，第54頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorreblanca1988347-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorreblanca1988347_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorreblanca1988">Torreblanca (1988)</a>，第347頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit200912-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit200912_56-0"><sup><b>56.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit200912_56-1"><sup><b>56.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaborit2009">Saborit (2009)</a>，第12頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFSaborit2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/Glasgow%20accent/annex4.htm">Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075912/https://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/Glasgow%20accent/annex4.htm">存档</a>于2021-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.btitle=Annexe+4%3A+Linguistic+Variables&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gla.ac.uk%2FSTELLA%2FGlasgow%2520accent%2Fannex4.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-0"><sup><b>58.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-1"><sup><b>58.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-2"><sup><b>58.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-3"><sup><b>58.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-4"><sup><b>58.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-5"><sup><b>58.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975286_58-6"><sup><b>58.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>，第286頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285–286-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285–286_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>，第285–286頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199271–72-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199271–72_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>，第71–72頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199272-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_61-0"><sup><b>61.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_61-1"><sup><b>61.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_61-2"><sup><b>61.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_61-3"><sup><b>61.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199272_61-4"><sup><b>61.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>，第72頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199271-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199271_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>，第71頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1975285_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1975">Adams (1975)</a>，第285頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color: var(--color-subtle,#54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;">（義大利語）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf">Accenti romanze: Portogallo e Brasile (portoghese) – The influence of foreign accents on Italian language acquisition</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330082716/http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/02_3_Portog.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-03-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontes1992527-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontes1992527_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontes1992">Montes (1992)</a>，第527頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFMontes1992 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetancourt1993285–286-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetancourt1993285–286_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBetancourt1993">Betancourt (1993)</a>，第285–286頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBetancourt1993 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thompson, Laurence C. Saigon Phonemics. Language. July 1959, <b>35</b> (3): 454–476. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/411232"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 411232</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/411232</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Saigon+Phonemics&rft.aufirst=Laurence+C.&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.date=1959-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.pages=454-476&rft.volume=35&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411232&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131_68-0"><sup><b>68.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBasbøll200561_and_131_68-1"><sup><b>68.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBasbøll2005">Basbøll (2005)</a>，第61 and 131頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thor80-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thor80_69-0"><sup><b>69.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thor80_69-1"><sup><b>69.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorborg2003">Thorborg (2003</a>:80頁). 作者认为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/</span>通过"舌尖靠近上牙，但不接触" 发声。这通过附加图片确认。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gr144-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gr144_70-0"><sup><b>70.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr144_70-1"><sup><b>70.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrønnum2005">Grønnum (2005</a>:144頁). 只有这位作者确认了龈齿之别。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827_71-0"><sup><b>71.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200827_71-1"><sup><b>71.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuomiToivanenYlitalo2008">Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008)</a>，第27頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangold200550-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200550_72-0"><sup><b>72.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangold200550_72-1"><sup><b>72.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangold2005">Mangold (2005)</a>，第50頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712_73-0"><sup><b>73.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200712_73-1"><sup><b>73.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2007">Arvaniti (2007)</a>，第12頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131_74-0"><sup><b>74.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaug2003130–131_74-1"><sup><b>74.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaug2003">Skaug (2003)</a>，第130–131頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_75-0"><sup><b>75.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_75-1"><sup><b>75.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>，第68頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanepari199268_and_72_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanepari1992">Canepari (1992)</a>，第68 and 72頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaver1994263_77-0"><sup><b>77.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaver1994263_77-1"><sup><b>77.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaver1994">Laver (1994)</a>，第263頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFLaver1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoakesMcDougall20071445–1448-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoakesMcDougall20071445–1448_78-0"><sup><b>78.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoakesMcDougall20071445–1448_78-1"><sup><b>78.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoakesMcDougall2007">Loakes & McDougall (2007)</a>，第1445–1448頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuizza201116–28-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuizza201116–28_79-0"><sup><b>79.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuizza201116–28_79-1"><sup><b>79.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuizza2011">Buizza (2011)</a>，第16–28頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey1984234–235-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickey1984234–235_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHickey1984">Hickey (1984)</a>，第234–235頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaver1994263–264-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaver1994263–264_81-0"><sup><b>81.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaver1994263–264_81-1"><sup><b>81.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaver1994">Laver (1994)</a>，第263–264頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFLaver1994 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarottaBarth2005385-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarottaBarth2005385_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarottaBarth2005">Marotta & Barth (2005)</a>，第385頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2007352–353-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2007352–353_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2007">Watson (2007)</a>，第352–353頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005139-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005139_84-0"><sup><b>84.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrønnum2005139_84-1"><sup><b>84.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrønnum2005">Grønnum (2005)</a>，第139頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYavuzBalcı201125-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYavuzBalcı201125_85-0"><sup><b>85.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYavuzBalcı201125_85-1"><sup><b>85.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYavuzBalcı2011">Yavuz & Balcı (2011)</a>，第25頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFYavuzBalcı2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAdams1975" class="citation">Adams, Douglas Q., The Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe, Language (Linguistic Society of America), 1975, <b>51</b> (2): 282–292, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/412855"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 412855</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412855"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/412855</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=The+Distribution+of+Retracted+Sibilants+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.pages=282-292&rft.volume=51&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412855&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFArvaniti2007" class="citation">Arvaniti, Amalia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf">Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Journal of Greek Linguistics, 2007, <b>8</b>: 97–208, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv</span></a>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2013-12-11）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Greek+Phonetics%3A+The+State+of+the+Art&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rft.aulast=Arvaniti&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Greek+Linguistics&rft.pages=97-208&rft.volume=8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kent.ac.uk%2Fsecl%2Fell%2Fstaff%2Famalia-arvaniti%2Fdocs%2FGreek%2520Phonetics%2520-%2520The%2520State%2520of%2520the%2520Art.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAxundov1983" class="citation">Axundov, Ağamusa, Azərbaycan dilinin fonetikasi, Baku, 1983</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=A%C4%9Famusa&rft.aulast=Axundov&rft.btitle=Az%C9%99rbaycan+dilinin+fonetikasi&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Baku&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Alan Yates. "Teach Yourself Catalan."</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBasbøll2005" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Basb%C3%B8ll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Basbøll（页面不存在）">Basbøll, Hans</a>, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-203-97876-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-203-97876-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-203-97876-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.aulast=Basb%C3%B8ll&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Danish&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-203-97876-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005" class="citation">Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele, The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, <b>35</b> (2): 131–151, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100305002148"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100305002148</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=The+sound+pattern+of+Standard+Italian%2C+as+compared+with+the+varieties+spoken+in+Florence%2C+Milan+and+Rome&rft.au=Loporcaro%2C+Michele&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.aulast=Bertinetto&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=131-151&rft.volume=35&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100305002148&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBuizza2011" class="citation">Buizza, Emanuela, Frication and affrication of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span> in RP English, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015236/http://www.essex.ac.uk/langling/documents/langue/langue_2010_proceedings.pdf">Language at the University of Essex (LangUE) 2010 Proceedings</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>: 16–28, 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-04-18</span>]</span>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/langling/documents/langue/langue_2010_proceedings.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2014-04-19）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Frication+and+affrication+of+%7F%27%22%60UNIQ--templatestyles-00000129-QINU%60%22%27%7F%3Cspan+title%3D%22%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%22+class%3D%22IPA%22%3E%2Ft%2F%3C%2Fspan%3E+in+RP+English&rft.aufirst=Emanuela&rft.aulast=Buizza&rft.btitle=Language+at+the+University+of+Essex+%28LangUE%29+2010+Proceedings&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=16-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essex.ac.uk%2Flangling%2Fdocuments%2Flangue%2Flangue_2010_proceedings.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCanepari1992" class="citation">Canepari, Luciano, Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation], Bologna: Zanichelli, 1992, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/88-08-24624-8" title="Special:网络书源/88-08-24624-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 88-08-24624-8</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到意大利语网页">（意大利语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft.aulast=Canepari&rft.btitle=Il+M%C2%AAPi+%E2%80%93+Manuale+di+pronuncia+italiana&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=88-08-24624-8&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=Zanichelli&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1992" class="citation">Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, <b>22</b> (1–2): 53–56, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004618"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Catalan&rft.au=Llisterri%2C+Joaquim&rft.aufirst=Joan+F.&rft.aulast=Carbonell&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=53-56&rft.volume=22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004618&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChew2003" class="citation">Chew, Peter A., A computational phonology of Russian, Universal Publishers, 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft.aulast=Chew&rft.btitle=A+computational+phonology+of+Russian&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Universal+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCollinsMees2003" class="citation">Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228163816/http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf">The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, 2003 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9004103406" title="Special:网络书源/9004103406"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9004103406</a>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2016-12-28）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Mees%2C+Inger+M.&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.btitle=The+Phonetics+of+English+and+Dutch%2C+Fifth+Revised+Edition&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9004103406&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpu.edu.ua%2F%21e-book%2Fbook%2Fdjvu%2FA%2Fiif_kgpm_Collins_Phonetics_of_English_and_Dutch_pdf.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995" class="citation">Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, <b>25</b> (2): 90–94, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=European+Portuguese&rft.aufirst=Madalena&rft.aulast=Cruz-Ferreira&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=90-94&rft.volume=25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005223&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEngstrand2004" class="citation">Engstrand, Olle, Fonetikens grunder, Lund: Studenlitteratur, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/91-44-04238-8" title="Special:网络书源/91-44-04238-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 91-44-04238-8</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到瑞典语网页">（瑞典语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Olle&rft.aulast=Engstrand&rft.btitle=Fonetikens+grunder&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=91-44-04238-8&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studenlitteratur&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEngstrand1999" class="citation">Engstrand, Olle, Swedish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 140–142, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-65236-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-65236-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Swedish&rft.aufirst=Olle&rft.aulast=Engstrand&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+Guide+to+the+usage+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet.&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.pages=140-142&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004874&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFougeronSmith1999" class="citation">Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L, French, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 73–76, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-65236-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-65236-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=French&rft.au=Smith%2C+Caroline+L&rft.aufirst=Cecile&rft.aulast=Fougeron&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.pages=73-76&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004874&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrønnum2005" class="citation">Grønnum, Nina, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ">Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk</a> 3rd, Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 2005 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/87-500-3865-6" title="Special:网络书源/87-500-3865-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 87-500-3865-6</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127133734/https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ">存档</a>于2016-11-27）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B8nnum&rft.btitle=Fonetik+og+fonologi%2C+Almen+og+Dansk&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=87-500-3865-6&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Akademisk+Forlag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RtCAgAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGussenhoven1992" class="citation">Gussenhoven, Carlos, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, <b>22</b> (2): 45–47, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000459X"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Dutch&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.aulast=Gussenhoven&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=45-47&rft.volume=22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510030000459X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHickey1984" class="citation">Hickey, Raymond, Coronal Segments in Irish English, Journal of Linguistics, 1984, <b>20</b> (2): 233–250, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226700013876"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0022226700013876</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Coronal+Segments+in+Irish+English&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=233-250&rft.volume=20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226700013876&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoneybone2001" class="citation">Honeybone, P, Lenition inhibition in Liverpool English, English Language and Linguistics, 2001, <b>5</b> (2): 213–249, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1360674301000223"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S1360674301000223</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Lenition+inhibition+in+Liverpool+English&rft.aufirst=P&rft.aulast=Honeybone&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=English+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=213-249&rft.volume=5&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1360674301000223&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010" class="citation">Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prosody.beckman.illinois.edu/jihualde/objects/pubs/Hualde-Lujanbio-Zubiri.pdf">Goizueta Basque</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2010, <b>40</b> (1): 113–127 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100309990260"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100309990260</span></a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230939/http://prosody.beckman.illinois.edu/jihualde/objects/pubs/Hualde-Lujanbio-Zubiri.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2016-03-04）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Goizueta+Basque&rft.au=Lujanbio%2C+Oihana&rft.au=Zubiri%2C+Juan+Joxe&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=113-127&rft.volume=40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprosody.beckman.illinois.edu%2Fjihualde%2Fobjects%2Fpubs%2FHualde-Lujanbio-Zubiri.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100309990260&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKara2002" class="citation">Kara, Dávid Somfai, Kazak, Lincom Europa, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783895864704" title="Special:网络书源/9783895864704"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9783895864704</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1vid+Somfai&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.btitle=Kazak&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783895864704&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKara2003" class="citation">Kara, Dávid Somfai, Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3895868434" title="Special:网络书源/3895868434"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3895868434</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1vid+Somfai&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.btitle=Kyrgyz&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3895868434&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKlagstad_Jr.1958" class="citation">Klagstad Jr., Harold L., The Phonemic System of Colloquial Standard Bulgarian, American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages: 42–54, 1958, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/304696"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 304696</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rft.aulast=Klagstad+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Phonemic+System+of+Colloquial+Standard+Bulgarian&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=42-54&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Teachers+of+Slavic+and+East+European+Languages&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F304696&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKordić2006" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snježana Kordić（页面不存在）">Kordić, Snježana</a>, Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-89586-161-8" title="Special:网络书源/3-89586-161-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-89586-161-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.btitle=Serbo-Croatian&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-89586-161-8&rft.place=Munich+%26+Newcastle&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.series=Languages+of+the+World%2FMaterials%3B+148&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKozintseva1995" class="citation">Kozintseva, Natalia, Modern Eastern Armenian, Lincom Europa: 52, 1995, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3895860352" title="Special:网络书源/3895860352"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3895860352</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft.aulast=Kozintseva&rft.btitle=Modern+Eastern+Armenian&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3895860352&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKress1982" class="citation">Kress, Bruno, Isländische Grammatik, VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig, 1982</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.aulast=Kress&rft.btitle=Isl%C3%A4ndische+Grammatik&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=VEB+Verlag+Enzyklop%C3%A4die+Leipzig&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLadefoged2005" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Ladefoged&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Ladefoged（页面不存在）">Ladefoged, Peter</a>, Vowels and Consonants Second, Blackwell, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.btitle=Vowels+and+Consonants&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=Second&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" class="extiw" title="en:Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a>. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-631-19814-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-631-19814-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-631-19814-8</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-631-19814-8&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLamb2003" class="citation">Lamb, William, Scottish Gaelic 2nd, Lincom Europa: 118, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-89586-727-6" title="Special:网络书源/3-89586-727-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-89586-727-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.btitle=Scottish+Gaelic&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-89586-727-6&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999" class="citation">Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo, Croatian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 66–69, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-65236-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-65236-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Croatian&rft.au=%C5%A0kari%C4%87%2C+Ivo&rft.au=Horga%2C+Damir&rft.au=Lon%C4%8Dari%C4%87%2C+Mijo&rft.aufirst=Ernestina&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.pages=66-69&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLeeZee2003" class="citation">Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric, Standard Chinese (Beijing), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, <b>33</b> (1): 109–112, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001208"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Standard+Chinese+%28Beijing%29&rft.au=Zee%2C+Eric&rft.aufirst=Wai-Sum&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=109-112&rft.volume=33&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100303001208&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLin2001" class="citation">Lin, Hua, A Grammar of Mandarin Chinese, Lincom Europa, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-89586-642-3" title="Special:网络书源/3-89586-642-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-89586-642-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Hua&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Mandarin+Chinese&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-89586-642-3&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLoakesMcDougall2007" class="citation">Loakes, Deborah; McDougall, Kirsty, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1583/1583.pdf">Frication of Australian English /p t k/: Group Tendencies and Individual Differences</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228133634/http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1583/1583.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-02-28）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=McDougall%2C+Kirsty&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.aulast=Loakes&rft.btitle=Frication+of+Australian+English+%2Fp+t+k%2F%3A+Group+Tendencies+and+Individual+Differences&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icphs2007.de%2Fconference%2FPapers%2F1583%2F1583.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLunt1952" class="citation">Lunt, Horace G., Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje, 1952</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Horace+G.&rft.aulast=Lunt&rft.btitle=Grammar+of+the+Macedonian+Literary+Language&rft.date=1952&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Skopje&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMaddieson1984" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Maddieson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ian Maddieson（页面不存在）">Maddieson, Ian</a>, Patterns of sound, Camebridge University Press, 1984</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Maddieson&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+sound&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Camebridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMangold2005" class="citation">Mangold, Max, Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783411040667" title="Special:网络书源/9783411040667"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9783411040667</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.aulast=Mangold&rft.btitle=Das+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783411040667&rft.pub=Duden&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMarottaBarth2005" class="citation">Marotta, Giovanna; Barth, Marlen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humnet.unipi.it/slifo/2005vol2/Marotta-Barth3.2.pdf">Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online, 2005, <b>3</b> (2): 377–413 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225010914/http://www.humnet.unipi.it/slifo/2005vol2/Marotta-Barth3.2.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-02-25）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Acoustic+and+sociolingustic+aspects+of+lenition+in+Liverpool+English&rft.au=Barth%2C+Marlen&rft.aufirst=Giovanna&rft.aulast=Marotta&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Studi+Linguistici+e+Filologici+Online&rft.pages=377-413&rft.volume=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humnet.unipi.it%2Fslifo%2F2005vol2%2FMarotta-Barth3.2.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Martin Harris and Nigel Vincent. The Romance Languages.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003" class="citation">Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipds.uni-kiel.de/kjk/pub_exx/kk2009_4/spanish/spa.html">Castilian Spanish</a>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, <b>33</b> (2): 255–259 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001373"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373</span></a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225022957/http://www.ipds.uni-kiel.de/kjk/pub_exx/kk2009_4/spanish/spa.html">存档</a>于2021-02-25）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Castilian+Spanish&rft.au=Carrera-Sabat%C3%A9%2C+Josefina&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Planas%2C+Ana+Ma.&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez-Celdr%C3%A1n&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=255-259&rft.volume=33&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipds.uni-kiel.de%2Fkjk%2Fpub_exx%2Fkk2009_4%2Fspanish%2Fspa.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100303001373&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNau1998" class="citation">Nau, Nicole, Latvian, Lincom Europa, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-89586-228-2" title="Special:网络书源/3-89586-228-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-89586-228-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.aulast=Nau&rft.btitle=Latvian&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-89586-228-2&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFObaid1973" class="citation">Obaid, Antonio H., The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>, Hispania (American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese), 1973, <b>56</b> (1): 60–67, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/339038"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 339038</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F339038"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/339038</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=The+Vagaries+of+the+Spanish+%27S%27&rft.aufirst=Antonio+H.&rft.aulast=Obaid&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.pages=60-67&rft.volume=56&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F339038&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F339038&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOkada1991" class="citation">Okada, Hideo, Phonetic Representation:Japanese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1991, <b>21</b> (2): 94–97, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000445X"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Phonetic+Representation%3AJapanese&rft.aufirst=Hideo&rft.aulast=Okada&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=94-97&rft.volume=21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510030000445X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPadluzhny1989" class="citation">Padluzhny, Ped, Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, 1989, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/5-343-00292-7" title="Special:网络书源/5-343-00292-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 5-343-00292-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Ped&rft.aulast=Padluzhny&rft.btitle=Fanetyka+belaruskai+litaraturnai+movy&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=5-343-00292-7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPalková1994" class="citation">Palková, Zdena, Fonetika a fonologie češtiny, 1994, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-8070668436" title="Special:网络书源/978-8070668436"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-8070668436</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Zdena&rft.aulast=Palkov%C3%A1&rft.btitle=Fonetika+a+fonologie+%C4%8De%C5%A1tiny&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-8070668436&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPandeliEskaBallRahilly1997" class="citation">Pandeli, H; Eska, J; Ball, Martin; Rahilly, J, Problems of phonetic transcription: the case of the Hiberno-English slit-t, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1997, <b>27</b> (1–2): 65–75, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005430"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100300005430</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Problems+of+phonetic+transcription%3A+the+case+of+the+Hiberno-English+slit-t&rft.au=Ball%2C+Martin&rft.au=Eska%2C+J&rft.au=Rahilly%2C+J&rft.aufirst=H&rft.aulast=Pandeli&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=65-75&rft.volume=27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300005430&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPétursson1971" class="citation">Pétursson, Magnus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/259344">Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie</a>, Phonetica, 1971, <b>33</b>: 203–216 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000259344"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1159/000259344</span></a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818215043/https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/259344">存档</a>于2021-08-18）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=%C3%89tude+de+la+r%C3%A9alisation+des+consonnes+islandaises+%C3%BE%2C+%C3%B0%2C+s%2C+dans+la+prononciation+d%27un+sujet+islandais+%C3%A0+partir+de+la+radiocin%C3%A9matographie&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9tursson&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonetica&rft.pages=203-216&rft.volume=33&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karger.com%2FArticle%2FAbstract%2F259344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000259344&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPretnarTokarz1980" class="citation">Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil, Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 1980</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Tokarz%2C+Emil&rft.aufirst=Tone&rft.aulast=Pretnar&rft.btitle=Sloven%C5%A1%C4%8Dina+za+Poljake%3A+Kurs+podstawowy+j%C4%99zyka+s%C5%82owe%C5%84skiego&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Katowice&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+%C5%9Al%C4%85ski&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPuppelNawrocka-FisiakKrassowska1977" class="citation">Puppel, Stanisław; Nawrocka-Fisiak, Jadwiga; Krassowska, Halina, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&id=izVHAAAAIAAJ">A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners</a>, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1977 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140929214200/http://books.google.com/books?&id=izVHAAAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2014-09-29）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Krassowska%2C+Halina&rft.au=Nawrocka-Fisiak%2C+Jadwiga&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.aulast=Puppel&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+Polish+pronunciation+for+English+learners&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3F%26id%3DizVHAAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRecasensPallarès2001" class="citation">Recasens, Daniel; Pallarès, Maria Dolores, Coarticulation, Assimilation and Blending in Catalan Consonant Clusters, Journal of Phonetics, 2001, <b>29</b> (3): 273–301, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjpho.2001.0139"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1006/jpho.2001.0139</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Coarticulation%2C+Assimilation+and+Blending+in+Catalan+Consonant+Clusters&rft.au=Pallar%C3%A8s%2C+Maria+Dolores&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Recasens&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phonetics&rft.pages=273-301&rft.volume=29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjpho.2001.0139&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRocławski1976" class="citation">Rocławski, Bronisław, Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 1976</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Bronis%C5%82aw&rft.aulast=Roc%C5%82awski&rft.btitle=Zarys+fonologii%2C+fonetyki%2C+fonotaktyki+i+fonostatystyki+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesnego+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Uczelniane+Uniwersytetu+Gda%C5%84skiego&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFShostedChikovani2006" class="citation">Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang, Standard Georgian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, <b>36</b> (2): 255–264, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002659"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Standard+Georgian&rft.au=Chikovani%2C+Vakhtang&rft.aufirst=Ryan+K.&rft.aulast=Shosted&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=255-264&rft.volume=36&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002659&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSipma1913" class="citation">Sipma, Pieter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phonologygrammar00sipmuoft">Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian</a>, London: Oxford University Press, 1913</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft.aulast=Sipma&rft.btitle=Phonology+%26+grammar+of+modern+West+Frisian&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphonologygrammar00sipmuoft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSjoberg1963" class="citation">Sjoberg, Andrée F., Uzbek Structural Grammar, 1963</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9e+F.&rft.aulast=Sjoberg&rft.btitle=Uzbek+Structural+Grammar&rft.date=1963&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSkaug2003" class="citation">Skaug, Ingebjørg, Norsk språklydlære med øvelser 3rd, Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, 2003 [First published 1996], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/82-456-0178-0" title="Special:网络书源/82-456-0178-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 82-456-0178-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Ingebj%C3%B8rg&rft.aulast=Skaug&rft.btitle=Norsk+spr%C3%A5klydl%C3%A6re+med+%C3%B8velser&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=82-456-0178-0&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Cappelen+Akademisk+Forlag+AS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFŠewc-Schuster1984" class="citation">Šewc-Schuster, Hinc, Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, 1984</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Hinc&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ewc-Schuster&rft.btitle=Gramatika+hornjo-serbskeje+r%C4%9B%C4%8De&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Budy%C5%A1in&rft.pub=Ludowe+nak%C5%82adnistwo+Domowina&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSzende1999" class="citation">Szende, Tamás, Hungarian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 104–107, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-65236-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-65236-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Hungarian&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rft.aulast=Szende&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.pages=104-107&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThelwall1990" class="citation">Thelwall, Robin, Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1990, <b>20</b> (2): 37–41, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004266"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+the+IPA%3A+Arabic&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.aulast=Thelwall&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=37-41&rft.volume=20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300004266&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThompson1959" class="citation">Thompson, Laurence, Saigon phonemics, Language, 1959, <b>35</b> (3): 454–476, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/411232"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 411232</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/411232</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Saigon+phonemics&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.date=1959&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.pages=454-476&rft.volume=35&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411232&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThompson1987" class="citation">Thompson, Laurence C., A Vietnamese Reference Grammar, 1987, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8248-1117-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-8248-1117-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8248-1117-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Laurence+C.&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.btitle=A+Vietnamese+Reference+Grammar&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8248-1117-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThorborg2003" class="citation">Thorborg, Lisbet, Dansk udtale - øvebog, Forlaget Synope, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/87-988509-4-6" title="Special:网络书源/87-988509-4-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 87-988509-4-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Lisbet&rft.aulast=Thorborg&rft.btitle=Dansk+udtale+-+%C3%B8vebog&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=87-988509-4-6&rft.pub=Forlaget+Synope&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTorreblanca1988" class="citation">Torreblanca, Máximo, Latín Basium, Castellano Beso, Catalán Bes, Portugués Beijo, Hispanic Review (University of Pennsylvania Press), 1988, <b>56</b> (3): 343–348, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/474023"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 474023</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F474023"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/474023</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Lat%C3%ADn+Basium%2C+Castellano+Beso%2C+Catal%C3%A1n+Bes%2C+Portugu%C3%A9s+Beijo&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ximo&rft.aulast=Torreblanca&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+Review&rft.pages=343-348&rft.volume=56&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F474023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F474023&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWatson2007" class="citation">Watson, Kevin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/4011/1/download2.pdf?origin=publication_detail">Liverpool English</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, <b>37</b> (3): 351–360 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025100307003180"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180</span></a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008100436/http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/4011/1/download2.pdf?origin=publication_detail">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2018-10-08）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Liverpool+English&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=351-360&rft.volume=37&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lancs.ac.uk%2F4011%2F1%2Fdownload2.pdf%3Forigin%3Dpublication_detail&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025100307003180&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSuomiToivanenYlitalo2008" class="citation">Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9789514289842/">Finnish sound structure</a>, 2008 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-951-42-8983-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-951-42-8983-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-951-42-8983-5</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219180351/http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9789514289842/">存档</a>于2012-02-19）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.au=Toivanen%2C+Juhani&rft.au=Ylitalo%2C+Riikka&rft.aufirst=Kari&rft.aulast=Suomi&rft.btitle=Finnish+sound+structure&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-951-42-8983-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherkules.oulu.fi%2Fisbn9789514289842%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZimmerOrgun1999" class="citation">Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-65236-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-65236-7</a>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2018-07-25）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Turkish&rft.au=Orgun%2C+Orhan&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.pages=154-158&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uta.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fcmfitz%2Fswnal%2Fprojects%2FCoLang%2Fcourses%2FTranscription%2Frosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=s">在PHOIBLE上搜尋含有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s]</span>的語言</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%C9%B9%CC%A5">在PHOIBLE上搜尋含有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɹ̥]</span>的語言</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80552542">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background:#f8f9fa;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{padding:0.2em;text-align:center;background:#f2f2ce}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th{font-size:85%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow)[scope="col"]{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;max-width:4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-placearrow)[scope="row"]{text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable:not(.IPA-common-audiotable) td:not([colspan]){text-align:center;max-width:1.2em;min-width:1.2em;padding:0.1em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-audiotable td{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-noleftborder{border-left:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-norightborder{border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notopborder{border-top:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-nobottomborder{border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-shaded{background-color:#ddd}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes{text-align:left;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div{float:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul{white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-notes>div ul li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .wraplinks .selflink{white-space:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r54581378">.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-placearrow{border-bottom:none;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow{border-top:none;text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(even),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(9):not(.IPA-common-rightborder),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(11):not(.IPA-common-rightborder){border-right:none}.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(odd),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(10):not(.IPA-common-leftborder),.mw-parser-output .IPA-pulmonic-main td:nth-child(12):not(.IPA-common-leftborder){border-left:none}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80552542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80552542"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56075865">.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-nocaption{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.2em 0.4em;background:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-main{text-align:left;padding:0 0.4em;line-height:2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-main>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-sect,.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-desc{margin-top:0.4em;font-size:85%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-symbol,.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-desc{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-symbol{padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;width:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-coarticulated-desc{vertical-align:middle}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="辅音（辅音列表）" style="text-align:center;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F2F2CE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="Template:輔音"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="Template talk:輔音"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:輔音"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="辅音（辅音列表）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="辅音">辅音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="辅音列表">辅音列表</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="肺部气流音">肺部气流音</a></b> <table class="" style="margin: auto; font-size: 114%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="调音部位">调音部位</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%86%A0%E9%9F%B3" title="舌冠音">舌冠</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E8%83%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="舌背音">舌背</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="喉音">咽喉</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="调音方法">调音方法</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="双唇音">雙唇</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="舌唇音">舌唇</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齒</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齒齦</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦後音">齦後</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌音">卷舌</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%88%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="龈腭音">齦腭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟腭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌音">小舌</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%BD%E9%9F%B3" title="咽音">咽</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="會厭音">會⁠厭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清双唇鼻音">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒鼻音">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="舌唇鼻音">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿龈鼻音">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清卷舌鼻音">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌鼻音">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭鼻音">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭鼻音">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清软腭鼻音">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭鼻音">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌鼻音">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齿塞音">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="浊唇齿塞音">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清舌唇塞音">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="浊舌唇塞音">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌塞音">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌塞音">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭塞音">c</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭塞音">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌塞音">q</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁小舌塞音">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="会厌塞音">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門塞音">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">有噝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞擦音">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞擦音">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清腭齦塞擦音">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁腭齦塞擦音">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌塞擦音">ʈʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊卷舌塞擦音">ɖʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭塞擦音">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BE%88%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊龈腭塞擦音">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">無噝塞擦音 </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清双唇塞擦音">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊双唇塞擦音">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齿塞擦音">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊唇齿塞擦音">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒無噝塞擦音">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒無噝塞擦音">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦無噝塞擦音">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊齿龈无咝塞擦音">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦後無噝塞擦音">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦後無噝塞擦音">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭塞擦音">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭塞音">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞擦音">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞擦音">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌塞擦音">qχ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁會厭塞擦音">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清聲門塞擦音">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3" title="咝音">有噝擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清腭齦擦音">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁腭齦擦音">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌擦音">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊卷舌擦音">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭擦音">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齦腭擦音">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">無噝<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇擦音">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇擦音">β</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齒擦音">f</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁唇齒擦音">v</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清舌唇擦音">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁舌唇擦音">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒擦音">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒擦音">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齿龈无咝擦音">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="浊齿龈无咝擦音">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦後無噝擦音">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦後無噝擦音">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊卷舌无咝擦音">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭擦音">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊硬腭擦音">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭擦音">x</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭擦音">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌擦音">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁小舌擦音">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%92%BD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清咽擦音">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%92%BD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊咽擦音">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清會厭擦音">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="濁會厭顫音">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁聲門擦音">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齒近音">ʋ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒近音">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦近音">ɹ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦近音">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌近音">ɻ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌近音">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清硬腭近音（页面不存在）">j̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清軟腭近音（页面不存在）">ɰ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭近音">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B1%E5%98%8E%E9%9F%B3%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="吱嘎音聲門近音">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="闪音">闪音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇閃音">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒閃音">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="舌唇閃音">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦閃音">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦閃音">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌閃音">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="卷舌闪音">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌閃音">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%8C%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="会厌闪音">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6)" title="颤音 (语音学)">顫音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇顫音">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇顫音">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齿龈颤音">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌顫音">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌顫音">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌顫音">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌顫音">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="边音">邊</a>塞擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿龈边塞擦音">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦邊塞擦音">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌邊塞擦音">ʈɭ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭邊塞擦音">cʎ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭邊塞擦音">kʟ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭邊塞擦音">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦邊擦音">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦邊擦音">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌邊擦音">ɭ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌邊擦音">ɭ˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭邊擦音">ʎ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭邊擦音">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭邊擦音">ʟ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭邊擦音">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊近音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿龈边近音">l̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌邊近音">ɭ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="卷舌边近音">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭邊近音">ʎ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭边音">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭邊近音">ʟ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭邊音">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌邊近音">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊闪音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦邊閃音">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌邊閃音">ɭ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭邊閃音">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭邊閃音">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">國際音標說明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E8%A1%A8" title="国际音标表">国际音标表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">模板</a></li></ul> </div> <p>當符號成對出現時，左邊的是清音，右邊的是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁音</a>。<span style="display: inline-block;">陰影區域表示被認為是不可能的發音。</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="非肺部气流音">非肺部气流音</a></b> <table class="" style="font-size: 114%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="双唇音">雙唇</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齒</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齒齦</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦後音">齦後</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌音">捲舌</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟腭</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌音">小舌</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="會厭音">会厌</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%A4%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="挤喉音">挤喉音</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E6%8C%A4%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="双唇挤喉塞音">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉音">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌擠喉音">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭擠喉音">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉音">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌擠喉音">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="會厭擠喉音">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒擠喉塞擦音">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉塞擦音">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="腭齦擠喉塞擦音">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌擠喉塞擦音">ʈʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉塞擦音">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌擠喉塞擦音">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇擠喉擦音">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒擠喉擦音">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒擠喉擦音">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉擦音">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="腭齦擠喉擦音">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌擠喉擦音">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭擠喉擦音">çʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉擦音">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌擠喉擦音">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="边音">邊</a>塞擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉邊塞擦音">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭擠喉邊塞擦音">cʎ̝̊ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉邊塞擦音">kʟ̝̊ʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉邊擦音">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="搭嘴音">搭嘴音</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="不送氣">不送氣音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣雙唇搭嘴音">ʘ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%BD%92%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣齒搭嘴音">ǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣齒齦搭嘴音">ǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣捲舌搭嘴音">𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="不送氣硬腭搭嘴音">ǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟腭搭嘴音">ʞ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇搭嘴音">ʘ̬</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒搭嘴音">ǀ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦搭嘴音">ǃ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌搭嘴音">𝼊̬</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭搭嘴音">ǂ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鼻搭嘴音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nasal click"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻搭嘴音（页面不存在）">鼻搭嘴音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_click" class="extiw" title="en:Nasal click"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nasal click</span></a></span>）</span></span> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻搭嘴音">ʘ̃</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齒鼻搭嘴音">ǀ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻搭嘴音">ǃ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌鼻搭嘴音">𝼊̃</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭鼻搭嘴音">ǂ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">不送氣<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边搭嘴音">邊音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%82%8A%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣邊搭嘴音">ǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">濁邊音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%82%8A%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁邊搭嘴音">ǁ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦邊鼻搭嘴音">ǁ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="內爆音">內爆音</a> </th> <th scope="row">濁音 </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊双唇内爆音">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊齿龈内爆音">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌內爆音">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭內爆音">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊软腭内爆音">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="濁小舌內爆音">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">清音 </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊双唇内爆音">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦內爆音">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌內爆音">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭內爆音">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭內爆音">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌內爆音">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">國際音標說明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E8%A1%A8" title="国际音标表">国际音标表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">模板</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="协同调音">协同调音</a></b> <table class="" style="font-size: 114%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n͡m</span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E8%88%8C%E5%86%A0%E9%9F%B3" title="唇舌冠音">唇舌冠音</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="唇软腭鼻音">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="唇软腭鼻音">唇软腭鼻音</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齦音">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齦音">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇齒齦塞音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇软腭塞音">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁唇軟腭塞音">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇軟腭塞音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">q͡ʡ</span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌會厭音">小舌會厭音</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɧ</span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%C9%A7" title="ɧ">Sj音</a></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清圓唇硬腭近音">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="圓唇硬腭近音">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="唇硬腭音">唇硬腭音</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%86%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清圆唇软腭近音">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁圓唇軟腭近音">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇軟腭音</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭化齿龈边音">邊近音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭化齿龈边音">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" title="軟腭化">軟腭化</a>齒齦音</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="鼻音化">鼻化</a>近音</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻硬腭近音（页面不存在）">j̃</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">硬腭音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻化圓唇軟腭近音（页面不存在）">w̃</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇軟腭音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清鼻化声门近音">h̃</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">聲門音</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">國際音標說明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E8%A1%A8" title="国际音标表">国际音标表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">模板</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">圖表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_%282015_version%29_%28cropped%29_%28only_pulmonic_consonants%29.svg" class="internal" title="The International Phonetic Alphabet (2015 version) (cropped) (only pulmonic consonants).svg">肺部气流音</a><span class="unicode nowrap"> ‧ </span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Ipa-chart-consonants-nonpulmonic.png" class="internal" title="Ipa-chart-consonants-nonpulmonic.png">非肺部气流音</a><span class="unicode nowrap"> ‧ </span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Affricate_ligatures.png" class="internal" title="Affricate ligatures.png">塞擦音</a><span class="unicode nowrap"> ‧ </span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/IPA_co-articulated_2005.png" class="internal" title="IPA co-articulated 2005.png">协同调音辅音</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:transparent; border:1px solid #aaa; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0"><div>参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="國際音標" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template:国际音标导航"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:国际音标导航（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:国际音标导航"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="國際音標" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="IPA主题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">IPA主题</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际音标</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="国际语音学学会">国际语音学学会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="國際音標歷史">国际音标历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95" title="國際音標擴展">國際音標擴展</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际音标基尔公约" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="IPA Kiel Convention"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际音标基尔公约（页面不存在）">基尔公约 (1989)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_Kiel_Convention" class="extiw" title="en:IPA Kiel Convention"><span lang="en" dir="auto">IPA Kiel Convention</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际音标学学会杂志" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际音标学学会杂志（页面不存在）">国际音标杂志(JIPA)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际音标命令约定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E7%BA%A6%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际音标命令约定（页面不存在）">命名约定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="en:Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">语音学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99#變音符號" title="國際音標">變音符號</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际音标音段" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Segment (linguistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E9%9F%B3%E6%AE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际音标音段（页面不存在）">音段</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Segment (linguistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Segment (linguistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="声调字母" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tone letter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="聲調字母">声调字母</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_letter" class="extiw" title="en:Tone letter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tone letter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="调音部位">调音部位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="调音方法">调音方法</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特殊主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%AF%AB%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" title="國際音標大小寫變體">國際音標大小寫變體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E6%89%8B%E5%AF%AB%E9%AB%94" title="國際音標手寫體">手写国际音标</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="废弃的和非标准的国标音标符号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%9F%E5%BC%83%E7%9A%84%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E6%A0%87%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="废弃的和非标准的国标音标符号（页面不存在）">废弃的和非标准的符号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="en:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英語國際音標列表">英語國際音標列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">编码</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E7%94%B3%E9%B2%8D%E5%A7%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="柯申鲍姆系统">Kirshenbaum</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="TIPA (software)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="TIPA"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TIPA_(software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TIPA (software)（页面不存在）">TIPA</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIPA" class="extiw" title="en:TIPA"><span lang="en" dir="auto">TIPA</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Unicode中的音标符号">Unicode中的音标符号</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="WorldBet" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="WorldBet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=WorldBet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WorldBet（页面不存在）">WorldBet</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldBet" class="extiw" title="en:WorldBet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">WorldBet</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际音标盲文" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="IPA Braille"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际音标盲文（页面不存在）">国际音标盲文</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_Braille" class="extiw" title="en:IPA Braille"><span lang="en" dir="auto">IPA Braille</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="辅音" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="辅音">辅音</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="肺部气流音">肺部气流音</a></b> <table class="" style="margin: auto; font-size: 114%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="调音部位">调音部位</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%86%A0%E9%9F%B3" title="舌冠音">舌冠</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E8%83%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="舌背音">舌背</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="喉音">咽喉</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="调音方法">调音方法</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="双唇音">雙唇</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="舌唇音">舌唇</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齒</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齒齦</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦後音">齦後</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌音">卷舌</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%88%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="龈腭音">齦腭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟腭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌音">小舌</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%BD%E9%9F%B3" title="咽音">咽</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="會厭音">會⁠厭</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清双唇鼻音">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒鼻音">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="舌唇鼻音">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿龈鼻音">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清卷舌鼻音">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌鼻音">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭鼻音">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭鼻音">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="清软腭鼻音">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭鼻音">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌鼻音">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齿塞音">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="浊唇齿塞音">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清舌唇塞音">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="浊舌唇塞音">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌塞音">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌塞音">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭塞音">c</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭塞音">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌塞音">q</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁小舌塞音">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="会厌塞音">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門塞音">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">有噝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞擦音">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞擦音">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清腭齦塞擦音">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁腭齦塞擦音">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌塞擦音">ʈʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊卷舌塞擦音">ɖʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭塞擦音">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BE%88%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊龈腭塞擦音">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">無噝塞擦音 </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清双唇塞擦音">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊双唇塞擦音">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齿塞擦音">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊唇齿塞擦音">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒無噝塞擦音">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒無噝塞擦音">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦無噝塞擦音">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊齿龈无咝塞擦音">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦後無噝塞擦音">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦後無噝塞擦音">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭塞擦音">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭塞音">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞擦音">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞擦音">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌塞擦音">qχ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁會厭塞擦音">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清聲門塞擦音">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3" title="咝音">有噝擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清腭齦擦音">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁腭齦擦音">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌擦音">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊卷舌擦音">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齦腭擦音">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%A6%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齦腭擦音">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">無噝<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇擦音">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇擦音">β</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齒擦音">f</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁唇齒擦音">v</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清舌唇擦音">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁舌唇擦音">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒擦音">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒擦音">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齿龈无咝擦音">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="浊齿龈无咝擦音">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦後無噝擦音">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦後無噝擦音">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E6%97%A0%E5%92%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊卷舌无咝擦音">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭擦音">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊硬腭擦音">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭擦音">x</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭擦音">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌擦音">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁小舌擦音">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%92%BD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清咽擦音">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%92%BD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊咽擦音">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清會厭擦音">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="濁會厭顫音">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁聲門擦音">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齒近音">ʋ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒近音">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦近音">ɹ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦近音">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌近音">ɻ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌近音">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清硬腭近音（页面不存在）">j̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清軟腭近音（页面不存在）">ɰ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭近音">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B1%E5%98%8E%E9%9F%B3%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="吱嘎音聲門近音">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="闪音">闪音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇閃音">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒閃音">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%94%87%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="舌唇閃音">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦閃音">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦閃音">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌閃音">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="卷舌闪音">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌閃音">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E5%8E%8C%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="会厌闪音">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6)" title="颤音 (语音学)">顫音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇顫音">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇顫音">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齿龈颤音">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌顫音">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌顫音">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌顫音">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌顫音">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="边音">邊</a>塞擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿龈边塞擦音">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦邊塞擦音">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌邊塞擦音">ʈɭ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭邊塞擦音">cʎ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭邊塞擦音">kʟ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭邊塞擦音">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦邊擦音">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦邊擦音">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌邊擦音">ɭ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌邊擦音">ɭ˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭邊擦音">ʎ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭邊擦音">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭邊擦音">ʟ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭邊擦音">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊近音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿龈边近音">l̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌邊近音">ɭ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="卷舌边近音">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭邊近音">ʎ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭边音">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭邊近音">ʟ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭邊音">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌邊近音">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊闪音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦邊閃音">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌邊閃音">ɭ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭邊閃音">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭邊閃音">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">國際音標說明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E8%A1%A8" title="国际音标表">国际音标表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">模板</a></li></ul> </div> <p>當符號成對出現時，左邊的是清音，右邊的是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁音</a>。<span style="display: inline-block;">陰影區域表示被認為是不可能的發音。</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="非肺部气流音">非肺部气流音</a></b> <table class="" style="font-size: 114%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="双唇音">雙唇</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齒</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齒齦</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦後音">齦後</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌音">捲舌</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟腭</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌音">小舌</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="會厭音">会厌</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%A4%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="挤喉音">挤喉音</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E6%8C%A4%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="双唇挤喉塞音">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉音">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌擠喉音">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭擠喉音">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉音">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌擠喉音">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="會厭擠喉音">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒擠喉塞擦音">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉塞擦音">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="腭齦擠喉塞擦音">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌擠喉塞擦音">ʈʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉塞擦音">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌擠喉塞擦音">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇擠喉擦音">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒擠喉擦音">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒擠喉擦音">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉擦音">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="腭齦擠喉擦音">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌擠喉擦音">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭擠喉擦音">çʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉擦音">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌擠喉擦音">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="边音">邊</a>塞擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉邊塞擦音">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭擠喉邊塞擦音">cʎ̝̊ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭擠喉邊塞擦音">kʟ̝̊ʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">邊擦音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A0%E5%96%89%E9%82%8A%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦擠喉邊擦音">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="搭嘴音">搭嘴音</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="不送氣">不送氣音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣雙唇搭嘴音">ʘ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%BD%92%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣齒搭嘴音">ǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣齒齦搭嘴音">ǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣捲舌搭嘴音">𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="不送氣硬腭搭嘴音">ǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟腭搭嘴音">ʞ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁音</a> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇搭嘴音">ʘ̬</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒搭嘴音">ǀ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦搭嘴音">ǃ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌搭嘴音">𝼊̬</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭搭嘴音">ǂ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鼻搭嘴音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nasal click"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻搭嘴音（页面不存在）">鼻搭嘴音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_click" class="extiw" title="en:Nasal click"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nasal click</span></a></span>）</span></span> </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻搭嘴音">ʘ̃</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齒鼻搭嘴音">ǀ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻搭嘴音">ǃ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌鼻搭嘴音">𝼊̃</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭鼻搭嘴音">ǂ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">不送氣<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边搭嘴音">邊音</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3%E9%82%8A%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="不送氣邊搭嘴音">ǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">濁邊音 </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%82%8A%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="濁邊搭嘴音">ǁ̬</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%82%8A%E9%BC%BB%E6%90%AD%E5%98%B4%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦邊鼻搭嘴音">ǁ̃</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="內爆音">內爆音</a> </th> <th scope="row">濁音 </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊双唇内爆音">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊齿龈内爆音">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌內爆音">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="濁硬腭內爆音">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊软腭内爆音">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="濁小舌內爆音">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">清音 </th> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E5%86%85%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="浊双唇内爆音">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦內爆音">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清捲舌內爆音">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清硬腭內爆音">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭內爆音">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%85%A7%E7%88%86%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌內爆音">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">國際音標說明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E8%A1%A8" title="国际音标表">国际音标表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">模板</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3" title="协同调音">协同调音</a></b> <table class="" style="font-size: 114%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n͡m</span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E8%88%8C%E5%86%A0%E9%9F%B3" title="唇舌冠音">唇舌冠音</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="唇软腭鼻音">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="唇软腭鼻音">唇软腭鼻音</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齦音">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齦音">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇齒齦塞音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇软腭塞音">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁唇軟腭塞音">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇軟腭塞音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">q͡ʡ</span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E6%9C%83%E5%8E%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌會厭音">小舌會厭音</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɧ</span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%C9%A7" title="ɧ">Sj音</a></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清圓唇硬腭近音">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="圓唇硬腭近音">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="唇硬腭音">唇硬腭音</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%86%E5%94%87%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清圆唇软腭近音">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁圓唇軟腭近音">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇軟腭音</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭化齿龈边音">邊近音</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭化齿龈边音">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" title="軟腭化">軟腭化</a>齒齦音</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="鼻音化">鼻化</a>近音</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻硬腭近音（页面不存在）">j̃</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">硬腭音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻化圓唇軟腭近音（页面不存在）">w̃</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">唇軟腭音</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="清鼻化声门近音">h̃</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">聲門音</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">國際音標說明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E8%A1%A8" title="国际音标表">国际音标表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">模板</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="元音" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table class="" style="margin: auto; font-size: 114%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="央元音">央</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="後元音">後</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉元音">閉</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -o-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -o-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -ms-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -o-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-26px, 8px); transform: translate(-26px, 8px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -o-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉央不圓唇元音">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -o-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -ms-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -o-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(-6px, 8px); transform: translate(-6px, 8px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉央圓唇元音">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後不圓唇元音">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 8px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 8px); transform: translate(13px, 8px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉元音">次閉</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -o-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉前不圓唇元音">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -o-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -ms-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -o-transform: translate(30px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(30px, 6px); transform: translate(30px, 6px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉前圓唇元音">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(4px, 6px); -ms-transform: translate(4px, 6px); -o-transform: translate(4px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(4px, 6px); transform: translate(4px, 6px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%97%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%86%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次闭央不圆唇元音">ɨ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(4px, 6px); -ms-transform: translate(4px, 6px); -o-transform: translate(4px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(4px, 6px); transform: translate(4px, 6px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(4px, 6px); -ms-transform: translate(4px, 6px); -o-transform: translate(4px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(4px, 6px); transform: translate(4px, 6px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉央圓唇元音">ʉ̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -o-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉後不圓唇元音">ɯ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -o-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -ms-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -o-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); -webkit-transform: translate(-22px, 6px); transform: translate(-22px, 6px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次閉後圓唇元音">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉元音">半閉</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -o-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -o-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -ms-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -o-transform: translate(14px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(14px, 4px); transform: translate(14px, 4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前圓唇元音">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -o-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉央不圓唇元音">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -o-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -ms-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -o-transform: translate(12px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(12px, 4px); transform: translate(12px, 4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉央圓唇元音">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後不圓唇元音">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 4px); transform: translate(13px, 4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中元音">中</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -o-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%86%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中前不圆唇元音">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -o-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -ms-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -o-transform: translate(37px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(37px, 2px); transform: translate(37px, 2px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中前圓唇元音">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-single" style="-moz-transform: translate(25px, 2px); -ms-transform: translate(25px, 2px); -o-transform: translate(25px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(25px, 2px); transform: translate(25px, 2px);"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中央元音">ə</a></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中後不圓唇元音">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 2px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 2px); transform: translate(13px, 2px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中後圓唇元音">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開元音">半開</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -o-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -o-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -ms-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -o-transform: translate(59px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(59px, 0px); transform: translate(59px, 0px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前圓唇元音">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -o-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開央不圓唇元音">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -o-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -ms-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -o-transform: translate(34px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(34px, 0px); transform: translate(34px, 0px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開央圓唇元音">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開後不圓唇元音">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -o-transform: translate(13px, 0px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, 0px); transform: translate(13px, 0px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開後圓唇元音">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次開元音">次開</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -o-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次開前不圓唇元音">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -o-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -ms-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -o-transform: translate(80px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(80px, -2px); transform: translate(80px, -2px);"></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-single" style="-moz-transform: translate(46px, -2px); -ms-transform: translate(46px, -2px); -o-transform: translate(46px, -2px); -webkit-transform: translate(46px, -2px); transform: translate(46px, -2px);"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="次開央元音">ɐ</a></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開元音">開</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -o-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -o-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -ms-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -o-transform: translate(102px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(102px, -4px); transform: translate(102px, -4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前圓唇元音">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -ms-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -o-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(57px, -4px); transform: translate(57px, -4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開央不圓唇元音">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -ms-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -o-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(57px, -4px); transform: translate(57px, -4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -ms-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -o-transform: translate(57px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(57px, -4px); transform: translate(57px, -4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開央圓唇元音">ɒ̈</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container"><div class="IPA-vowels-container-left" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -o-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, -4px); transform: translate(13px, -4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開後不圓唇元音">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -o-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, -4px); transform: translate(13px, -4px);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-right" style="-moz-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -ms-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -o-transform: translate(13px, -4px); -webkit-transform: translate(13px, -4px); transform: translate(13px, -4px);"><span><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開後圓唇元音">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:國際音標">國際音標說明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87%E8%A1%A8" title="国际音标表">国际音标表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_vowels" title="Template:IPA vowels">模板</a></li></ul> </div> <p><span class="nowrap">表內成對的元音分別為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%BA%A6" title="元音圓唇度">不圓唇／圓唇</a>。</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=清齒齦擦音&oldid=73375818#清齒齦無噝擦音">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=清齒齦擦音&oldid=73375818#清齒齦無噝擦音</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E6%9C%89%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:有噝擦音（页面不存在）">有噝擦音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:齒齦音">齒齦音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:清音">清音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:口腔輔音">口腔輔音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:中央輔音">中央輔音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:肺部气流音">肺部气流音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%99%9D%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:噝音">噝音</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="Category:擦音">擦音</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8Phonos%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用Phonos的页面">使用Phonos的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89Phonos%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:有Phonos渲染错误的页面">有Phonos渲染错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2018%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2018年7月带有失效链接的条目">自2018年7月带有失效链接的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:条目有永久失效的外部链接">条目有永久失效的外部链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向多个目标错误的页面">含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向多个目标错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFwayback%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板wayback链接">Webarchive模板wayback链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%97%A0%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%A1%8C%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%A1%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:使用无数据行信息框模板的条目">使用无数据行信息框模板的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5hAudio%E5%BE%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:嵌入hAudio微格式的條目">嵌入hAudio微格式的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E9%9F%B3%E9%A0%BB%E8%AE%80%E9%9F%B3%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:有音頻讀音的條目">有音頻讀音的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有拉丁語的條目">含有拉丁語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(it)" title="Category:CS1意大利语来源 (it)">CS1意大利语来源 (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(sv)" title="Category:CS1瑞典语来源 (sv)">CS1瑞典语来源 (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2022年8月26日 (星期五) 03:04。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#清齒齦無噝擦音" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-tq7cj","wgBackendResponseTime":203,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.228","walltime":"3.514","ppvisitednodes":{"value":91424,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1309449,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":223664,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":314857,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3005.183 1 -total"," 47.90% 1439.372 7 Template:IPA_common"," 39.90% 1199.082 465 Template:IPAlink/core"," 29.74% 893.658 323 Template:IPA_link"," 29.03% 872.344 2 Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants"," 28.22% 847.917 2 Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants/table"," 27.40% 823.307 1 Template:IPA_navigation"," 27.29% 820.120 2 Template:Navbox"," 27.18% 816.883 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 26.70% 802.337 1 Template:Consonants"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.197","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17135659,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArvaniti2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxundov1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasbøll2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertinettoLoporcaro2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuizza2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanepari1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarbonellLlisterri1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChew2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsMees2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruz-Ferreira1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngstrand1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngstrand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFougeronSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrønnum2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGussenhoven1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickey1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoneybone2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerzy_Treder\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKara2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKara2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlagstad_Jr.1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozintseva1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKress1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadefoged2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeZee2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoakesMcDougall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunt1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddieson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangold2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarottaBarth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNau1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObaid1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkada1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvidiu_Drăghici\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadluzhny1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalková1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandeliEskaBallRahilly1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPretnarTokarz1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuppelNawrocka-FisiakKrassowska1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPétursson1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRecasensPallarès2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocławski1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._BukJ._MačutekA._Rovenchak2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShostedChikovani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSipma1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSjoberg1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkaug2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuniti_Kumar_Chatterji1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuomiToivanenYlitalo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzende1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThelwall1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1959\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorborg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorreblanca1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerOrgun1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠewc-Schuster1984\"] = 1,\n [\"Voiceless_dental_sibilant\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"Audio-IPA\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Consonants\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Example needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 6,\n [\"IPA\"] = 133,\n [\"IPA navigation\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 6,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox IPA\"] = 5,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Phoible\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SOWL\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 106,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"中央輔音\"] = 1,\n [\"口腔輔音\"] = 1,\n [\"尖括号\"] = 2,\n [\"有噝擦音\"] = 1,\n [\"清音\"] = 1,\n [\"肺部氣流音\"] = 1,\n [\"齒齦音\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","1380","60.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.5"],["(for generator)","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.6"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","60","2.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","2.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","1.8"],["[others]","140","6.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-mkjq9","timestamp":"20241128123236","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u6e05\u9f52\u9f66\u64e6\u97f3","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3#\u6e05\u9f52\u9f66\u7121\u565d\u64e6\u97f3","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q334723","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q334723","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-08-16T16:28:12Z","dateModified":"2022-08-26T03:04:06Z"}</script> </body> </html>