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Amokrane-Ferka</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Kahina Amokrane-Ferka"> <meta name="keywords" content="Kahina Amokrane-Ferka"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Kahina Amokrane-Ferka"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Kahina Amokrane-Ferka</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Dairy Products on the Algerian Market: Proportion of Imitation and Degree of Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bentayeb-Ait%20Lounis%20Sa%C3%AFda">Bentayeb-Ait Lounis Saïda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheref%20Zahia"> Cheref Zahia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cherifi%20Thizi"> Cherifi Thizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ri%20Kahina%20Bahmed"> Ri Kahina Bahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kahina%20Hallali%20Yasmine%20Abdellaoui"> Kahina Hallali Yasmine Abdellaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenza%20Adli"> Kenza Adli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Algeria is the leading consumer of dairy products in North Africa. This is a fact. However, the nutritional quality of the latter remains unknown. The aim of this study is to characterise the dairy products available on the Algerian market in order to assess whether they constitute a healthy and safe choice. To do this, it collected data on the labelling of 390 dairy products, including cheese, yoghurt, UHT milk and milk drinks, infant formula and dairy creams. We assessed their degree of processing according to the NOVA classification, as well as the proportion of imitation products. The study was carried out between March 2020 and August 2023. The results show that 88% are ultra-processed; 84% for 'cheese', 92% for dairy creams, 92% for 'yoghurt', 100% for infant formula, 92% for margarines and 36% for UHT milk/dairy drinks. As for imitation/analogue dairy products, the study revealed the following proportions: 100% for infant formula, 78% for butter/margarine, 18% for UHT milk/milk-based drinks, 54% for cheese, 2% for camembert and 75% for dairy cream. The harmful effects of consuming ultra-processed products on long-term health are increasingly documented in dozens of publications. The findings of this study sound the alarm about the health risks to which Algerian consumers are exposed. Various scientific, economic and industrial bodies need to be involved in order to safeguard consumer health in both the short and long term. Food awareness and education campaigns should be organised. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy" title="dairy">dairy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UPF" title=" UPF"> UPF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOVA" title=" NOVA"> NOVA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yoghurt" title=" yoghurt"> yoghurt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cheese" title=" cheese"> cheese</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187439/dairy-products-on-the-algerian-market-proportion-of-imitation-and-degree-of-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187439.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">35</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Determination of the Minimum Time and the Optimal Trajectory of a Moving Robot Using Picard's Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbes%20Lounis">Abbes Lounis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kahina%20Louadj"> Kahina Louadj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Aidene"> Mohamed Aidene</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an optimal control problem applied to a robot; the problem is to determine a command which makes it possible to reach a final state from a given initial state in record time. The approach followed to solve this optimization problem with constraints on the control starts by presenting the equations of motion of the dynamic system then by applying Pontryagin's maximum principle (PMP) to determine the optimal control, and Picard's successive approximation method combined with the shooting method to solve the resulting differential system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotics" title="robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pontryagin%27s%20Maximum%20Principle" title=" Pontryagin's Maximum Principle"> Pontryagin's Maximum Principle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMP" title=" PMP"> PMP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Picard%27s%20method" title=" Picard's method"> Picard's method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shooting%20method" title=" shooting method"> shooting method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-linear%20differential%20systems" title=" non-linear differential systems"> non-linear differential systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130157/determination-of-the-minimum-time-and-the-optimal-trajectory-of-a-moving-robot-using-picards-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130157.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">255</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Extractive Desulfurization of Atmospheric Gasoil with N,N-Dimethylformamide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kahina%20Bedda">Kahina Bedda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boudjema%20Hamada"> Boudjema Hamada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental regulations have been introduced in many countries around the world to reduce the sulfur content of diesel fuel to ultra low levels with the intention of lowering diesel engine’s harmful exhaust emissions and improving air quality. Removal of sulfur containing compounds from diesel feedstocks to produce ultra low sulfur diesel fuel by extraction with selective solvents has received increasing attention in recent years. This is because the sulfur extraction technologies compared to the hydrotreating processes could reduce the cost of desulfurization substantially since they do not demand hydrogen, and are carried out at atmospheric pressure. In this work, the desulfurization of distillate gasoil by liquid-liquid extraction with N, N-dimethylformamide was investigated. This fraction was recovered from a mixture of Hassi Messaoud crude oils and Hassi R'Mel gas-condensate in Algiers refinery. The sulfur content of this cut is 281 ppm. Experiments were performed in six-stage with a ratio of solvent:feed equal to 3:1. The effect of the extraction temperature was investigated in the interval 30 ÷ 110°C. At 110°C the yield of refined gas oil was 82% and its sulfur content was 69 ppm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desulfurization" title="desulfurization">desulfurization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasoil" title=" gasoil"> gasoil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N" title=" N"> N</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N-dimethylformamide" title="N-dimethylformamide">N-dimethylformamide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulfur%20content" title=" sulfur content"> sulfur content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9332/extractive-desulfurization-of-atmospheric-gasoil-with-nn-dimethylformamide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Anthropomorphic Interfaces For User Trust in a Highly Automated Driving</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clarisse%20Lawson-Guidigbe">Clarisse Lawson-Guidigbe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolas%20Louveton"> Nicolas Louveton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kahina%20Amokrane-Ferka"> Kahina Amokrane-Ferka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Marc%20Andre"> Jean-Marc Andre</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trust in automated driving systems is receiving growing attention in the research community. Anthropomorphism has been identified by past research as a trust-building factor. In this paper, we consider three anthropomorphic interfaces integrating three versions of a virtual assistant. We attempt to measure the impact of each of these interfaces on trust in the automated driving system. An experiment following a between-subject design was conducted in a driving simulator (N = 36) to evaluate participants’ performance and experience in two handover situations (a simple one and a critical one). Perception of anthropomorphism and trust was measured using scales, while participants’ experience was measured during elicitation interviews. We found no significant difference between the three interfaces regarding the perception of anthropomorphism, trust levels, or experience. However, regarding participants’ performance, we found a significant difference between the three interfaces in the simple handover situations but not the critical one. Learnings from anthropomorphism and trust measurement scales are discussed and suggestions for further research are proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highly%20automated%20driving" title="highly automated driving">highly automated driving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trust" title=" trust"> trust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anthropomorphic%20design" title=" anthropomorphic design"> anthropomorphic design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mindful%20anthropomorphism" title=" mindful anthropomorphism"> mindful anthropomorphism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mindless%20anthropomorphism" title=" mindless anthropomorphism"> mindless anthropomorphism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146868/anthropomorphic-interfaces-for-user-trust-in-a-highly-automated-driving" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Sugar Extraction from Phoenix dactylifera L.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lila%20Boulekbache-Makhlouf">Lila Boulekbache-Makhlouf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kahina%20Djaoud"> Kahina Djaoud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Myriam%20Tazarourte"> Myriam Tazarourte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samir%20Hadjal"> Samir Hadjal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khodir%20Madani"> Khodir Madani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Algeria, important quantities of secondary date variety (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are generated in each campaign; their chemical composition is similar to that of commercial dates. The present work aims to valorize this common date variety (Degla-Beida) which is often poorly exploited. In this context, we tried to prepare syrup from the secondary date variety and to evaluate the effect of conventional extraction (CE) or water bath extraction (WBE) and alternative extraction (microwaves assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasounds assisted extraction (UAE)) on its total sugar content (TSC), using response surface methodology (RSM). Then, the analysis of individual sugars was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Maximum predicted TSC recoveries under the optimized conditions for MAE, UAE and CE were 233.248 ± 3.594 g/l, 202.889 ± 5.797 g/l, and 233.535 ± 5.412 g/l, respectively, which were close to the experimental values: 233.796 ± 1.898 g/l; 202.037 ± 3.401 g/l and 234.380 ± 2.425 g/l. HPLC analysis revealed high similarity in the sugar composition of date juices obtained by MAE (60.11% sucrose, 16.64% glucose and 23.25% fructose) and CE (50.78% sucrose, 20.67% glucose and 28.55% fructose), although a large difference was detected for that obtained by UAE (0.00% sucrose, 46.94% glucose and 53.06% fructose). Microwave-assisted extraction was the best method for the preparation of date syrup with an optimal recovery of total sugar content. However, ultrasound-assisted extraction was the best one for the preparation of date syrup with high content of reducing sugars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dates" title="dates">dates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title=" extraction"> extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RSM" title=" RSM"> RSM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sugars" title=" sugars"> sugars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syrup" title=" syrup"> syrup</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104783/response-surface-methodology-for-the-optimization-of-sugar-extraction-from-phoenix-dactylifera-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104783.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Antioxidant Activity of the Methanolic Extract and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Grown in Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nassim%20Belkacem">Nassim Belkacem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amina%20Azzam"> Amina Azzam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dalila%20Haouchine"> Dalila Haouchine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kahina%20Bennacer"> Kahina Bennacer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samira%20Soufit"> Samira Soufit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract along with the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Rosmarinus officinalis L. collected in the region of Bejaia (northern center of Algeria). Materials and methods: The polyphenols and flavonoids contents of the methanolic extract were measured. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using two methods: the ABTS method and DPPH assay. The antimicrobial activity was studied by the agar diffusion method against five bacterial strains (Three Gram positive strains and two Gram negative strains) and one fungus. Results: The total polyphenol and flavonoid content was about 43.8 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram (GA Eq/g) and 7.04 mg quercetin equivalent per gram (Q Eq/g), respectively. In the ABTS assay, the rosemary extract has shown an inhibition of 98.02% at the concentration of 500ug/ml with a half maximal inhibitory concentration value (IC50) of 194.92ug/ml. The results of DPPH assay have shown that the rosemary extract has an inhibition of 94.67 % with an IC50 value of 17.87ug/ml, which is lower than that of Butylhydroxyanisol (BHA) about 6.03ug/ml and ascorbic acid about 1.24μg/ml. The yield in essential oil of rosemary obtained by hydrodistillation was 1.42%. Based on the determination of the diameter of inhibition, different antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was revealed against the six tested microbes. Escherichia coli from the University Hospital (UH), Streptococcus aureus (UH) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC have a minimum inhibitory concentration value (MIC) of 62.5µl/ml. However, Bacillus sp (UH) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC have an MIC value of 125μl/ml. The inhibition zone against Candida sp was about 24 mm. The aromatograms showed that the essential oil of rosemary exercises an antifungal activity more important than the antibacterial one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosmarinus%20officinalis%20L." title="Rosmarinus officinalis L.">Rosmarinus officinalis L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maceration" title=" maceration"> maceration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20oil" title=" essential oil"> essential oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20activity" title=" antimicrobial activity"> antimicrobial activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22071/antioxidant-activity-of-the-methanolic-extract-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-the-essential-oil-of-rosmarinus-officinalis-l-grown-in-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22071.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">522</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Urban Renewal, Social Housing, Relocation, and Violence in Algiers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kahina%20Amal%20Djiar">Kahina Amal Djiar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mouna%20Gharbi"> Mouna Gharbi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maha%20Messaoudene"> Maha Messaoudene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oumelkheir%20Chareb"> Oumelkheir Chareb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the last decade, Algerian authorities have implemented an ambitious program of urban renewal, which includes important relocation operations. The objectives behind such strategic interventions are on the one hand, to carry out an incremental approach aiming at eradicating precarious housing and on the other hand, to diversify alternative housing options for families requiring better living spaces. It is precisely for these same purposes that the Djenan el-Hassan and Carrières Jaubert estates, which are both located in Algiers, have undergone major urban transformations. These dwelling sites were built as part of the famous "Battle of Housing", which was launched by French colonial administration in the 1950s just before the independence of Algeria in 1962. Today, the Djenan el-Hassan estate is almost entirely demolished following the relocation of 171 families. The Carrières Jaubert estate, for its part, has seen two kinds of operations. The first has been shaped by a process of urban requalification and redevelopment, which allowed some of the residents to stay on site after the transformation of most housing cells into larger apartments. The second operation has required the relocation of over 300 families to entirely newly built dwellings. Such projects of urban renewal are supposed to create new opportunities, not only in terms of local urban development, but also in terms of social perspectives for those families who are involved, either directly or indirectly, in the process of relocation. In fact, the percentage of urban violence in Algiers has increased instead. Recent events in the newly built estates show that residents are repeatedly experiencing and even instigating episodes of brutality, hostility and aggression. The objective of this paper is to examine the causes that have engendered such rise in urban violence in newly built housing estates in Algiers. This paper aims to present the findings of a recent qualitative research and highlight the way that poorly designed neighbourhood, combined with a relocation process that leaves little room for community participation, create inevitably severe social tensions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relocation" title="relocation">relocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20housing" title=" social housing"> social housing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algiers" title=" Algiers"> Algiers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24146/urban-renewal-social-housing-relocation-and-violence-in-algiers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">541</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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