CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="nl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sociologie - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )nlwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","januari","februari","maart","april","mei","juni","juli","augustus","september","oktober","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"48ea2b6d-7a5d-4e36-9d37-8f01bca21eda","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sociologie","wgTitle":"Sociologie","wgCurRevisionId":67968126,"wgRevisionId":67968126,"wgArticleId":1595,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia:Artikel mist tijdsaanduiding sinds december 2019","Sociologie"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"nl","wgPageContentLanguage":"nl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sociologie","wgRelevantArticleId":1595,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"nl","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"nl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q21201","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.Direct-link-to-Commons","ext.gadget.ProtectionTemplates","ext.gadget.InterProjectLinks","ext.gadget.hoofdbetekenis-titelwijziging","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.OpenStreetMapFrame","ext.gadget.subpages","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=nl&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=nl&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=nl&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sociologie - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Bewerken" href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (nl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom-feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sociologie rootpage-Sociologie skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Naar inhoud springen</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hoofdmenu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofdmenu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofdmenu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" title="Naar de hoofdpagina gaan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hoofdpagina</span></a></li><li id="n-zoekartikel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Navigatie"><span>Vind een artikel</span></a></li><li id="n-today" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/24_november"><span>Vandaag</span></a></li><li id="n-Etalage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recente wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:NieuwePaginas"><span>Nieuwe artikelen</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Willekeurig" title="Een willekeurige pagina bekijken [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Willekeurige pagina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation2" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation2" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Informatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Gebruikersportaal" title="Informatie over het project: wat u kunt doen, waar u dingen kunt vinden"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-Snelcursus" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Snelcursus"><span>Snelcursus</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Hulp_en_beheer" title="Hulpinformatie over deze wiki"><span>Hulp en contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="de vrije encyclopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-nl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Zoeken" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Zoeken</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Doorzoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Doorzoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciaal:Zoeken"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Zoeken</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="De lettergrootte, breedte en kleur van de pagina wijzigen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uiterlijk" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uiterlijk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl" class=""><span>Doneren</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Sociologie" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Sociologie" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Sociologie" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Sociologie" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Algemeen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algemeen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Algemeen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Algemeen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Algemeen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Algemeen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theoretisch_pluralisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretisch_pluralisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Theoretisch pluralisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretisch_pluralisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodologisch_pluralisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodologisch_pluralisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Methodologisch pluralisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodologisch_pluralisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociologische_stromingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociologische_stromingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sociologische stromingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociologische_stromingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deeldisciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deeldisciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deeldisciplines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deeldisciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociologie_in_Nederland_en_Vlaanderen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociologie_in_Nederland_en_Vlaanderen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sociologie in Nederland en Vlaanderen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociologie_in_Nederland_en_Vlaanderen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sociologie in Nederland en Vlaanderen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sociologie_in_Nederland_en_Vlaanderen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studiemogelijkheden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studiemogelijkheden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Studiemogelijkheden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studiemogelijkheden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tijdschriften_en_verenigingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tijdschriften_en_verenigingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tijdschriften en verenigingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tijdschriften_en_verenigingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sociologie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 167 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">167 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologie" title="Sosiologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sosiologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologie" title="Soziologie – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Soziologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%8D_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የባሕል ጥናት – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የባሕል ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioloch%C3%ADa" title="Sociolochía – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sociolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="علم الاجتماع – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الاجتماع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سوسيولوجيا – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سوسيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="সমাজতত্ত্ব – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সমাজতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolox%C3%ADa" title="Socioloxía – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Socioloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologiya" title="Sosiologiya – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosiologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="توپلوم‌بیلیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپلوم‌بیلیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suoc%C4%93luog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Suocēluogėjė – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Suocēluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyolohiya" title="Sosyolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sosyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыялогія – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыялёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сацыялёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_kemasarakatan" title="Èlmu kemasarakatan – Bataviaans" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu kemasarakatan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Bataviaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाजशास्त्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_masarakat" title="Kaji masarakat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaji masarakat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সমাজবিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমাজবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྤྱི་ཚོགས་རིག་པ། – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤྱི་ཚོགས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sociologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyolohiya" title="Sosyolohiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sosyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کۆمەڵناسی – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suciolugia" title="Suciolugia – Corsicaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Suciolugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsicaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Социологи – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Социологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymdeithaseg" title="Cymdeithaseg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymdeithaseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologi" title="Sociologi – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sociologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologie" title="Soziologie – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyolociye" title="Sosyolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sosyolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κοινωνιολογία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινωνιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolog%C3%ACa" title="Sociologìa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sociologìa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sociology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologio" title="Sociologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sociologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolog%C3%ADa" title="Sociología – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsioloogia" title="Sotsioloogia – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologia" title="Soziologia – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Soziologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جامعه‌شناسی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologia" title="Sosiologia – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsioloogia" title="Sotsioloogia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sotsioloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology – Fijisch" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sociology" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Arpitaans" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosjologii" title="Sosjologii – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sosjologii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologjie" title="Sociologjie – Friulisch" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sociologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosjology" title="Sosjology – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sosjology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socheola%C3%ADocht" title="Socheolaíocht – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Socheolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="社會學 – Ganyu" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="社會學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Ganyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyoloji" title="Sosyoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sosyoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B2las-comainn" title="Eòlas-comainn – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eòlas-comainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolox%C3%ADa" title="Socioloxía – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Socioloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarekokuaaty" title="Avarekokuaaty – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Avarekokuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="સમાજશાસ્ત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સમાજશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheshoaylleeaght" title="Sheshoaylleeaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheshoaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiyar_al%27umma" title="Kimiyar al'umma – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kimiyar al'umma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="סוציולוגיה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוציולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाजशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sociologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyoloji" title="Sosyoloji – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sosyoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szociol%C3%B3gia" title="Szociológia – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szociológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սոցիոլոգիա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիոլոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologio" title="Sociologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sociologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lagsfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Félagsfræði – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Félagsfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suosialaji" title="Suosialaji – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Suosialaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სოციოლოგია – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოციოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Әлеуметтану – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлеуметтану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="សង្គមវិទ្យា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គមវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಮಾಜಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಮಾಜಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%ED%95%99" title="사회학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Karatsjaj-Balkarisch" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karatsjaj-Balkarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civaknas%C3%AE" title="Civaknasî – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Civaknasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия:Сомо/Социология – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Сомо/Социология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiolojiya" title="Sosiolojiya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sosiolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologie" title="Soziologie – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Soziologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiolojia" title="Sosiolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sosiolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2ciologia" title="Sòciologia – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sòciologia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologia" title="Soziologia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Soziologia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sociologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolo%C4%A3ija" title="Socioloģija – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Socioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4si%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Sôsiôlôjia – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sôsiôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Социологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Социологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социологија – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Социологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സമൂഹശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമൂഹശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाजशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%8Bjolo%C4%A1ija" title="Soċjoloġija – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Soċjoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="လူမှုဗေဒ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူမှုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologie" title="Soziologie – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Soziologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosjologie" title="Sosjologie – Nederduits" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sosjologie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाजशास्त्र – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाजशास्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologia" title="Sosiologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sosiologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiwwaasa" title="Xiwwaasa – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiwwaasa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ସମାଜ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସମାଜ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Социологи – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Социологи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਮਾਜ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਜ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologia" title="Sosiologia – Papiaments" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sosiologia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaments" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolodjie" title="Sociolodjie – Picardisch" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sociolodjie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjologia" title="Socjologia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عمرانیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عمرانیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ټولنپوهنه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولنپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціолоґія – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Соціолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="समाजशास्त्रम् – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="समाजशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotziologia" title="Sotziologia – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sotziologia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suciulugg%C3%ACa" title="Suciuluggìa – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Suciuluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sociology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سماجيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سماجيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sociologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnamunt" title="Tasnamunt – Tashelhiyt" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnamunt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tashelhiyt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sociology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociol%C3%B3gia" title="Sociológia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sociologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambanzanga" title="Ruambanzanga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambanzanga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologjia" title="Sociologjia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sociologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социологија – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologi" title="Sociologi – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sociologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosholojia" title="Sosholojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sosholojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சமூகவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூகவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సామాజిక శాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సామాజిక శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ҷомеашиносӣ – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷомеашиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="สังคมวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สังคมวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi%C3%BDa" title="Sosiologiýa – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sosiologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyolohiya" title="Sosyolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sosyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiolosi" title="Sosiolosi – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sosiolosi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyoloji" title="Sosyoloji – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="جەمئىيەتشۇناسلىق – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جەمئىيەتشۇناسلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціологія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عمرانیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمرانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiologiya" title="Sotsiologiya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sotsiologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socio%C5%82ozia" title="Sociołozia – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sociołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Xã hội học – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xã hội học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyolohiya" title="Sosyolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sosyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="社会学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISosioloji" title="ISosioloji – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ISosioloji" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სოციოლოგია – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სოციოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סאציאלאגיע – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאציאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D" title="Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolohie" title="Sociolohie – Zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Sociolohie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94:%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社会学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-ho%C4%93-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Siā-hoē-ha̍k – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-hoē-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="社會學 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社會學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21201#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sociologie" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Overleg:Sociologie" rel="discussion" title="Overleg over deze pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalvariant wijzigen" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nederlands</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergaven"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sociologie"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=history" title="Eerdere versies van deze pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hulpmiddelen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Meer opties" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handelingen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sociologie"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/Sociologie" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/Sociologie" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:SpecialePaginas" title="Lijst met alle speciale pagina's [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciale pagina's</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&oldid=67968126" title="Permanente koppeling naar deze versie van deze pagina"><span>Permanente koppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=info" title="Meer informatie over deze pagina"><span>Paginagegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Citeren&page=Sociologie&id=67968126&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informatie over hoe u deze pagina kunt citeren"><span>Deze pagina citeren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSociologie"><span>Verkorte URL verkrijgen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSociologie"><span>QR-code downloaden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Afdrukken/exporteren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Sociologie"><span>Boek aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sociologie&action=show-download-screen"><span>Downloaden als PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&printable=yes" title="Printvriendelijke versie van deze pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Afdrukversie</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21201" title="Koppeling naar item in verbonden gegevensrepository [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3"><big><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sociologie</a></big> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Social Network Diagram (segment).svg"><img alt="Social Network Diagram (segment).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/264px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/396px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/528px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Basisdisciplines </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Arbeidssociologie" title="Arbeidssociologie">Arbeid</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beleidssociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beleidssociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Beleid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cultuursociologie" title="Cultuursociologie">Cultuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Economische_sociologie" title="Economische sociologie">Economisch</a> · <a href="/wiki/Godsdienstsociologie" title="Godsdienstsociologie">Godsdienst</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historische_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historische sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Historisch</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kennissociologie" title="Kennissociologie">Kennis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Medische_sociologie" title="Medische sociologie">Medisch</a> · <a href="/wiki/Milieusociologie" title="Milieusociologie">Milieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niet-Westerse_sociologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Niet-Westerse sociologie">Niet-Westers</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontwikkelingssociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontwikkelingssociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Ontwikkelings</a> · <a href="/wiki/Onderwijssociologie" title="Onderwijssociologie">Onderwijs</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politieke_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politieke sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Politiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rechtssociologie" title="Rechtssociologie">Recht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rurale_sociologie" title="Rurale sociologie">Ruraal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sociometrie" title="Sociometrie">Sociometrie</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociale_ruimte_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociale ruimte sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Sociale ruimte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sportsociologie" title="Sportsociologie">Sport</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taalsociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taalsociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Taal</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbane_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbane sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Urbaan</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verzorgingssociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verzorgingssociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Verzorging</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wetenschapssociologie" title="Wetenschapssociologie">Wetenschap</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiskundige_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiskundige sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Wiskundig</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Gerelateerde disciplines: </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sociobiologie" title="Sociobiologie">Sociobiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sociale_filosofie" title="Sociale filosofie">Sociale filosofie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sociale_geografie" title="Sociale geografie">Sociale geografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sociale_psychologie" title="Sociale psychologie">Sociale psychologie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Gerelateerde onderwerpen </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_sociologie" title="Geschiedenis van de sociologie">Geschiedenis van de sociologie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_sociologen" title="Lijst van sociologen">Lijst van sociologen</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie_van_A_tot_Z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociologie van A tot Z (de pagina bestaat niet)">Sociologie van A tot Z</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Sociologie</b> is de studie van de <a href="/wiki/Maatschappij_(sociologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maatschappij (sociologie)">sociale</a> relaties tussen mensen, en in het bijzonder van de <a href="/wiki/Politiek" title="Politiek">politieke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur">culturele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">religieuze</a> en <a href="/wiki/Economie_(systeem)" title="Economie (systeem)">economische</a> aspecten van menselijke <a href="/wiki/Samenleving" title="Samenleving">samenlevingen</a>. Daarbij staan vooral de inrichting en <a href="/wiki/Sociale_verandering" title="Sociale verandering">veranderingen</a> daarvan, alsmede sociale problemen centraal. Belangrijke vragen zijn hoe <a href="/wiki/Sociale_cohesie" title="Sociale cohesie">sociale cohesie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociale_ongelijkheid" title="Sociale ongelijkheid">sociale ongelijkheid</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sociale_identiteit" title="Sociale identiteit">identiteit</a> tot stand komen. De sociologie als <a href="/wiki/Vakwetenschap" title="Vakwetenschap">wetenschappelijk vakgebied</a> ontstond aan het begin van de <a href="/wiki/20e_eeuw" title="20e eeuw">20e eeuw</a>, hoewel de term zelf al in de <a href="/wiki/Negentiende_eeuw" class="mw-redirect" title="Negentiende eeuw">negentiende eeuw</a> door een aantal denkers, waaronder <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, werd gebezigd. De huidige <a href="/wiki/Vakwetenschap" title="Vakwetenschap">academische discipline</a> wordt gekenmerkt door een theoretisch en <a href="/wiki/Methodologie" title="Methodologie">methodologisch</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluralisme_(filosofie)" title="Pluralisme (filosofie)">pluralisme</a> en kent dus niet één juiste theorie en methode, maar is onder te verdelen in verschillende theoretische en methodologische scholen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algemeen">Algemeen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Algemeen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Algemeen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sociologen bestuderen <a href="/wiki/Mens_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mens (hoofdbetekenis)">mensen</a> en hun <a href="/wiki/Gedrag" title="Gedrag">gedrag</a> in hun <a href="/wiki/Sociale_omgeving" title="Sociale omgeving">sociale omgeving</a>, in relatie tot de heersende <a href="/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur">cultuur</a>, de bestaande maatschappelijke structuren en aanwezige <a href="/wiki/Macht_(sociale_wetenschappen)" title="Macht (sociale wetenschappen)">machtsstructuren</a>. Praktisch gezien betekent dat de bestudering van het dagelijkse leven van mensen en het functioneren van mensen in hun omgeving, sociale verbanden, <a href="/wiki/Gezin" title="Gezin">gezinsstructuren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">religieuze</a> verbanden, <a href="/wiki/Wet_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet (hoofdbetekenis)">wetten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normen_en_waarden" title="Normen en waarden">normen en waarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolpatroon" title="Rolpatroon">rolpatronen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur">culturele</a> verbanden. Afgestudeerde sociologen werken bijvoorbeeld als onderzoekers in grote bedrijven en onderzoeksinstellingen, als journalisten, als beleidsmedewerkers, en in veel andere beroepen waarin zij de sociologische denkwijze en onderzoeksmethoden toepassen. </p><p>Sociologie is een <a href="/wiki/Sociale_wetenschap" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociale wetenschap">sociale wetenschap</a>, dat wil zeggen een wetenschap die de mens in zijn relatie tot anderen bestudeert. Deze tak van wetenschap staat tegenover de <a href="/wiki/Natuurwetenschap" title="Natuurwetenschap">natuurwetenschappen</a> die de wetten van de dode en de levende <a href="/wiki/Materie" title="Materie">materie</a> onderzoeken. Sociologie is verwant aan wetenschappelijke disciplines als <a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis" title="Geschiedenis">geschiedenis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aardrijkskunde" title="Aardrijkskunde">aardrijkskunde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politicologie" title="Politicologie">politicologie</a>, vergelijkende cultuurwetenschappen, <a href="/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie">psychologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">filosofie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economie_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economie (hoofdbetekenis)">economie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antropologie" title="Antropologie">antropologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminologie" title="Criminologie">criminologie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Demografie" title="Demografie">demografie</a>. Sociologie is een theoretisch-empirische wetenschap, die theorievorming combineert met empirische studies en experimenten. Zowel op vlak van theorie als op vlak van methodologie wordt ze echter gekenmerkt door een <a href="/wiki/Pluralisme_(filosofie)" title="Pluralisme (filosofie)">pluralisme</a>, dat wil zeggen: een veelvoud van theoretische benaderingen en methodologische insteken die naast elkaar gebruikt worden.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretisch_pluralisme">Theoretisch pluralisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Theoretisch pluralisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Theoretisch pluralisme"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Binnen de sociologie zijn er verscheidene theoretische denkrichtingen ('scholen'), sommige met een grote aanhang, andere met een aanhang van enkelingen. Deze diversiteit van theorieën kenmerkt de sociologie al vanaf het begin. </p><p>Een eerste twistpunt tussen verschillende scholen betreft de vraag of het individu de maatschappelijke structuren vormgeeft of dat het juist de maatschappelijke structuren zijn die het doen en laten van het individu bepalen. Dit staat bekend als de <a href="/wiki/Structure-agency-debat" title="Structure-agency-debat">tegenstelling tussen handelingsvermogen (<i>agency</i>) en structuur (<i>structure</i>)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_(socioloog)" title="Max Weber (socioloog)">Max Weber</a> bijvoorbeeld, een van de grondleggers van de sociologie, legt in zijn werk de nadruk op individuen en de achterliggende intenties van hun gedrag. Slechts vanuit de observatie van het individu kan men de bestaande sociale relaties begrijpen. Onder de noemer van deze zogeheten <a href="/wiki/Interpretatieve_sociologie" title="Interpretatieve sociologie">interpretatieve sociologie</a> kan men ook stromingen als de <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologische_sociologie" title="Fenomenologische sociologie">fenomenologische sociologie</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Etnomethodologie" title="Etnomethodologie">etnomethodologie</a> en het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolisch_interactionisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolisch interactionisme (de pagina bestaat niet)">symbolisch interactionisme</a> plaatsen. Daartegenover staat <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, een andere grondlegger van de sociologie, die stelt dat de socioloog moet uitgaan van <a href="/wiki/Sociaal_feit" title="Sociaal feit">sociale feiten</a> die het individu overstijgen. Deze sociale feiten hebben een <a href="/wiki/Dwang" title="Dwang">dwingend</a> karakter en gaan aan het individu vooraf. Wil men het gedrag van individuen verklaren, dan moet men met andere woorden kijken naar de aanwezige sociale feiten en structuren, en hoe deze het gedrag van het individu sturen. Binnen deze denkrichting vallen tevens het (<a href="/wiki/Structureel_functionalisme" title="Structureel functionalisme">structureel</a>) <a href="/wiki/Functionalisme_(sociologie)" title="Functionalisme (sociologie)">functionalisme</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Systeemtheorie#Sociale_systeemtheorie" title="Systeemtheorie">systeemtheorieën</a> van <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a> en <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a>, en het <a href="/wiki/Structuralisme_(sociale_wetenschappen)" title="Structuralisme (sociale wetenschappen)">structuralisme</a>. </p><p>Een tweede breuklijn is die tussen sociologen die <a href="/wiki/Sociale_cohesie" title="Sociale cohesie">sociale cohesie</a> en sociale orde benadrukken (harmoniemodel), en sociologen die juist maatschappelijke conflicten centraal stellen (conflictmodel). Tot de eerste groep behoren sociologen als Durkheim en Parsons, die de rol van gedeelde <a href="/wiki/Normen_en_waarden" title="Normen en waarden">normen en waarden</a> en een <a href="/wiki/Collectief_bewustzijn" title="Collectief bewustzijn">collectief bewustzijn</a> benadrukken, bij het verklaren van de <a href="/wiki/Sociale_structuur" title="Sociale structuur">sociale orde</a>. Daar tegenover staan de aanhangers van de <a href="/wiki/Conflictsociologie" title="Conflictsociologie">conflictsociologie</a> die zich laten inspireren door <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. Deze auteurs benadrukken de rol van asymmetrische (onevenwichtige) machtsrelaties binnen de maatschappij: hoe de sociale orde een product is van <a href="/wiki/Sociale_reproductie" title="Sociale reproductie">sociale reproductie</a> (doorgeven van generatie op generatie) van die machtsrelaties en hoe er steeds conflicten ontstaan tussen de verschillende groepen binnen die samenleving. Dit <a href="/wiki/Klassenstrijd" title="Klassenstrijd">conflictmodel</a> kan worden toegepast op de verschillende economische klassen, zoals gebeurt bij Marx, <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf" title="Ralf Dahrendorf">Ralf Dahrendorf</a> of de <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Schule" title="Frankfurter Schule">Frankfurter Schule</a></i>, maar ook op maatschappelijke strijdvelden als <a href="/wiki/Racisme" title="Racisme">racisme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vrouwenemancipatie" title="Vrouwenemancipatie">vrouwenemancipatie</a> waar auteurs als <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall" title="Stuart Hall">Stuart Hall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> over publiceren. Ook <a href="/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme">postmoderne</a> sociologen, als <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a> en <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>, gaan uit van dit conflictmodel. </p><p>De laatste decennia zijn er pogingen gedaan om deze breuklijnen te overbruggen, en theorieën te ontwikkelen waarin zowel <i>agency</i> (individueel handelen) als <i>structure</i> (maatschappelijke omgeving), en consensus (harmonie) naast conflict, een plaats krijgen. Dit geldt bijvoorbeeld voor <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, voor de <a href="/wiki/Structuratietheorie" title="Structuratietheorie">structuratietheorie</a> van <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a>, voor de theorie van het communicatieve handelen van <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> en voor de <a href="/wiki/Actor-netwerktheorie" title="Actor-netwerktheorie">actor-netwerktheorie</a> van <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Bruno Latour</a>. Vaak wordt erop gewezen dat <i>agency</i> en <i>structure</i> elkaar in zekere zin veronderstellen, dan wel dat de begrippen zelf problematisch zijn en opnieuw tegen het licht gehouden moeten worden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodologisch_pluralisme">Methodologisch pluralisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Methodologisch pluralisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Methodologisch pluralisme"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Behalve de theoretische diversiteit is er binnen de sociologie ook sprake van verschillende <a href="/wiki/Methodologie" title="Methodologie">methodologieën</a>, samengevat in twee hoofdgroepen: kwalitatief en kwantitatief onderzoek. Aanhangers van kwantitatief onderzoek suggereren dat hun methodologie wetenschappelijker zou zijn dan kwalitatief onderzoek. Deze <a href="/wiki/Framing" title="Framing">framing</a> van het methodologisch landschap is van recente datum<sup class="noprint nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tijdsaanduiding" title="Wikipedia:Tijdsaanduiding"><span title="Voor deze uitspraak is sinds 06 december 2019 een preciezere tijdsaanduiding gewenst.">[(sinds) wanneer?]</span></a></sup>, oorspronkelijk stonden deze methodes naast elkaar. Andere auteurs benadrukken de gelijkenissen tussen beide benaderingen, en nog steeds wordt er op basis van een gerichte onderzoeksvraag een methodologie gekozen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kwantitatief</i> onderzoek maakt vooral gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek">statistiek</a>. De sociologische statistiek gebruikt grote <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>, zoals <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> of <a href="/wiki/PISA_(onderwijs)" title="PISA (onderwijs)">PISA</a>, om sociologisch-wetenschappelijke <a href="/wiki/Hypothese_(statistiek)" title="Hypothese (statistiek)">hypothesen</a> te testen. Deze gegevensbanken bevatten de resultaten van grootschalige <a href="/wiki/Steekproef" title="Steekproef">steekproeven</a> die een uitgebreide reeks <a href="/wiki/Stochastische_variabele" title="Stochastische variabele">variabelen</a> <a href="/wiki/Meten" title="Meten">meten</a>. Via statistiek kan men dan onderzoeken of er bepaalde <a href="/wiki/Significantie" title="Significantie">significante</a> verbanden bestaan tussen bepaalde variabelen, bijvoorbeeld via een <a href="/wiki/Regressie-analyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Regressie-analyse">regressie-analyse</a>. Er moet steeds theoretisch beargumenteerd worden waarom een bepaalde steekproef van de databank geschikt is voor het onderzoek en of men best een <a href="/wiki/Synchronisch_versus_diachronisch" title="Synchronisch versus diachronisch">longitudinale of dwarsdoorsnede-studie</a> maakt. Ook <a href="/wiki/Datareductie" title="Datareductie">datareductie</a>, het reduceren van een grote hoeveelheid gegevens tot een kleiner aantal kernvariabelen, wordt veel toegepast, bijvoorbeeld in de <a href="/wiki/Hoofdcomponentenanalyse" title="Hoofdcomponentenanalyse">hoofdcomponentenanalyse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redundantieanalyse" title="Redundantieanalyse">redundantieanalyse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Correspondentieanalyse" title="Correspondentieanalyse">correspondentieanalyse</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Factoranalyse" title="Factoranalyse">factoranalyse</a>. Tegenwoordig zijn er computerprogramma's die veel van het rekenwerk overnemen, zoals <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAS_(programmeertaal)" title="SAS (programmeertaal)">SAS</a> of CANOCO. </p><p>Problemen die zich voordoen bij kwantitatief onderzoek zijn zaken als <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-respons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-respons (de pagina bestaat niet)">non-respons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruis_(communicatie)" title="Ruis (communicatie)">ruis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fout_(statistiek)" title="Fout (statistiek)">statistische fouten</a> of een bepaalde gekleurde selectie van respondenten (<i>selection bias</i>). Zulke problemen zijn gelinkt met de vraag in welke mate de steekproef die men heeft genomen wel echt representatief is voor de populatie waarover men uitspraken wil doen. Verbonden daarmee kan men ook steeds de vraag stellen of wel alle relevante <a href="/wiki/Variabele_(onderzoek)" title="Variabele (onderzoek)">variabelen</a> opgenomen zijn. Daarnaast zijn er meer fundamentele bezwaren, zoals de vraag in hoeverre men alle relevante data kan omzetten in <a href="/wiki/Kwantitatief" title="Kwantitatief">kwantitatieve</a> data (waar men een getal op kan plakken). </p><p>Meer <i>kwalitatief</i> gerichte methodes zijn onder meer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diepte-interview&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diepte-interview (de pagina bestaat niet)">diepte-interviews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Focusgroep" title="Focusgroep">focusgroepen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Participerende_observatie" title="Participerende observatie">participerende observatie</a>. De kwalitatieve steekproef gebeurt op veel kleinere schaal, maar elke respondent binnen de steekproef zal wel tot in groter detail worden onderzocht. Men krijgt met andere woorden méér informatie over een kleiner aantal cases. Vaak is kwalitatief onderzoek sterker verbonden met een achterliggende theoretische benadering. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn <a href="/wiki/Gefundeerde_theorie" title="Gefundeerde theorie">gefundeerde theorie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etnografie" title="Etnografie">etnografie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytische_inductie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytische inductie (de pagina bestaat niet)">analytische inductie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narratologie" title="Narratologie">narratologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologie" title="Fenomenologie">fenomenologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructivisme_(filosofie)" title="Constructivisme (filosofie)">sociaal constructivisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systematische_kwalitatieve_vergelijkende_analyse" title="Systematische kwalitatieve vergelijkende analyse">systematische kwalitatieve vergelijkende analyse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Actor-netwerktheorie" title="Actor-netwerktheorie">actor-netwerktheorie</a>. </p><p>Kwalitatief sociologisch onderzoek heeft zijn eigen methodologische vraagstukken. Zo dringt zich hier nog sterker de vraag op of de steekproef wel representatief is: de vraag of men de resultaten van de steekproef kan <a href="/wiki/Inductie_(filosofie)" title="Inductie (filosofie)">veralgemenen</a>. <i>Kwantitatief</i> onderzoek selecteert zijn respondenten op willekeurige basis, waardoor het op basis van de wetten van de <a href="/wiki/Kansverdeling" title="Kansverdeling">kansverdeling</a> representatief is. Binnen <i>kwalitatief</i> onderzoek is de steekproef te klein om statistisch representatief te zijn. Om dit bezwaar te verhelpen kan de sociologische onderzoeker kiezen voor een theoretisch gefundeerde steekproef, waar men de respondenten weliswaar actief selecteert, maar op theoretisch verantwoorde gronden. Bovendien zijn er technieken om kleuring van respondentselectie tegen te gaan, zoals <a href="/wiki/Toevalsbeweging" title="Toevalsbeweging">random walk</a>. Vervolgens is er het probleem van de interpretatie van kwalitatieve data, die uiteenlopender en minder duidelijk zijn dan kwantitatieve data. Kwalitatief onderzoek is (net als kwantitatief onderzoek) wetenschappelijk, als de interpretatie door de aanvankelijke onderzoeker van de data <a href="/wiki/Reproduceerbaarheid" title="Reproduceerbaarheid">gereproduceerd</a> kan worden door andere onderzoekers. Een correcte interpretatie door de aanvankelijke onderzoeker zorgt ervoor dat latere onderzoekers, die dezelfde data onderzoeken, tot dezelfde conclusie zouden moeten komen. Om aan deze vraagstukken tegemoet te komen bestaat er voor kwalitatief onderzoek assisterende software, zoals Tosmana (voor <i>qualitative comparative analysis</i> - QCA), en <a href="/w/index.php?title=NVivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVivo (de pagina bestaat niet)">NVivo</a> (om teksten te coderen). </p><p>Aangaande de methodologie zijn er verzoeningspogingen gedaan en er zijn genoeg onderzoekers die beide methodologische insteken combineren. Vaak wordt dit samengevat onder de noemer van <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mixed_methods_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mixed methods research (de pagina bestaat niet)">mixed methods research</a></i>. Men probeert dan de zwaktes van beide insteken te compenseren door zowel representativiteit alsook diepgang en begrip van de context na te streven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_sociologie" title="Geschiedenis van de sociologie">geschiedenis van de sociologie</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_sociologie" title="Geschiedenis van de sociologie">geschiedenis van de sociologie</a> als academische discipline gaat terug tot in de 19e eeuw. Er zijn echter al veel langer denkers die zich met gelijkaardige onderwerpen hebben beziggehouden. Ook de term 'sociologie' is al ouder dan de discipline zelf en gaat terug tot de <a href="/wiki/Verlichting_(stroming)" title="Verlichting (stroming)">Verlichting</a>, waarin na de <a href="/wiki/Franse_Revolutie" title="Franse Revolutie">Franse Revolutie</a> de sociologie werd voorgesteld als een <a href="/wiki/Positivisme" title="Positivisme">positivistische</a> wetenschap van de <a href="/wiki/Maatschappij_(sociale_wetenschappen)" title="Maatschappij (sociale wetenschappen)">maatschappij</a>. Haar ontstaansgeschiedenis is beïnvloed door verschillende stromingen in de <a href="/wiki/Wetenschapsfilosofie" title="Wetenschapsfilosofie">wetenschapsfilosofie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Kennistheorie" title="Kennistheorie">epistemologie</a>. De sociale analyse in een bredere zin heeft echter zijn oorsprong in de <a href="/wiki/Sociale_filosofie" title="Sociale filosofie">sociale filosofie</a>, en is dan ook van veel vroegere datum. De moderne academische sociologie is ontstaan als een reactie op <a href="/wiki/Modernisering" title="Modernisering">modernisering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verstedelijking" title="Verstedelijking">verstedelijking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationalisering_(sociologie)" title="Rationalisering (sociologie)">rationalisatie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Secularisering" title="Secularisering">secularisering</a>; meer specifiek de opkomst van de moderne <a href="/wiki/Natiestaat" title="Natiestaat">natiestaat</a>, zijn <a href="/wiki/Sociale_institutie" title="Sociale institutie">sociale instituties</a>, het proces van <a href="/wiki/Socialisatie_(sociale_wetenschappen)" title="Socialisatie (sociale wetenschappen)">socialisatie</a>, en de middelen van <a href="/wiki/Beveiliging_en_bewaking" title="Beveiliging en bewaking">toezicht</a>. De focus op het concept van de modernisering, in plaats van de Verlichting, onderscheidt het sociologische <a href="/wiki/Vertoog" title="Vertoog">discours</a> van dat van de klassieke <a href="/wiki/Politieke_filosofie" title="Politieke filosofie">politieke filosofie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/260px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/390px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/520px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> en <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> in 1965 in Heidelberg</figcaption></figure> <p>Binnen een relatief korte tijdsperiode is de discipline sterk uitgebreid en gediversifieerd, zowel thematisch als <a href="/wiki/Methodologie" title="Methodologie">methodologisch</a>, met name als gevolg van de vele reacties tegen <a href="/wiki/Empirisme" title="Empirisme">empirisme</a>. Een van de historische sleutelproblemen van de sociologie<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is het debat over de relatie tussen structuur en handelen, in het Engels <i>structure and agency</i>. Hedendaagse sociale theorie is er meer naar geneigd te pogen om deze dilemma's met elkaar te verzoenen. Met de komst van het <a href="/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme">postmodernisme</a> is er een toename van zeer geabstraheerde theorieën gezien, en daarnaast zijn nieuwe kwantitatieve methoden voor gegevensverzameling naar voren gekomen, die dienst kunnen doen als gemeenschappelijke instrumenten voor overheden, bedrijven en organisaties. </p><p>Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek is voortgekomen uit de sociologie maar heeft inmiddels een zekere mate van autonomie verworven, daar beoefenaars van andere disciplines zich daar ook in verdiepen. Het begrip <a href="/wiki/Sociale_wetenschappen" title="Sociale wetenschappen">sociale wetenschappen</a> is opgekomen als overkoepelende term voor de verschillende disciplines, die de maatschappij of de menselijke cultuur bestuderen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociologische_stromingen">Sociologische stromingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Sociologische stromingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Sociologische stromingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68175564">.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst ul,.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.5714285em}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.6em}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-2 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-2 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .kolommen-lijst{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst figure{break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst{clear:both}}</style><div class="kolommen-lijst" style="column-width:15em; column-count:2; max-width:31em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolisch_interactionisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolisch interactionisme (de pagina bestaat niet)">Symbolisch interactionisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etnomethodologie" title="Etnomethodologie">Etnomethodologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structureel_functionalisme" title="Structureel functionalisme">Structureel functionalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicale_sociologie" title="Radicale sociologie">Radicale sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflictsociologie" title="Conflictsociologie">Conflictsociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretatieve_sociologie" title="Interpretatieve sociologie">Interpretatieve sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenomenologische_sociologie" title="Fenomenologische sociologie">Fenomenologische sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figuratiesociologie" title="Figuratiesociologie">Figuratiesociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verklarende_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verklarende sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Verklarende sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actor-netwerktheorie" title="Actor-netwerktheorie">Actor-netwerktheorie</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deeldisciplines">Deeldisciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Deeldisciplines" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Deeldisciplines"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68175564"><div class="kolommen-lijst" style="column-width:15em; column-count:4; max-width:63em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeidssociologie" title="Arbeidssociologie">Arbeidssociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beleidssociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beleidssociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Beleidssociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultuursociologie" title="Cultuursociologie">Cultuursociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economische_sociologie" title="Economische sociologie">Economische sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godsdienstsociologie" title="Godsdienstsociologie">Godsdienstsociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gezinssociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gezinssociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gezinssociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historische_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historische sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Historische sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennissociologie" title="Kennissociologie">Kennissociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunstsociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunstsociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kunstsociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medische_sociologie" title="Medische sociologie">Medische sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieusociologie" title="Milieusociologie">Milieusociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militaire_sociologie" title="Militaire sociologie">Militaire sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturele_antropologie" title="Culturele antropologie">Niet-westerse sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontwikkelingssociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontwikkelingssociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Ontwikkelingssociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onderwijssociologie" title="Onderwijssociologie">Onderwijssociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politieke_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politieke sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Politieke sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechtssociologie" title="Rechtssociologie">Rechtssociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurale_sociologie" title="Rurale sociologie">Rurale sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiologie" title="Sociobiologie">Sociobiologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociometrie" title="Sociometrie">Sociometrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociale_filosofie" title="Sociale filosofie">Sociale filosofie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociale_geografie" title="Sociale geografie">Sociale geografie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociale_psychologie" title="Sociale psychologie">Sociale psychologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociale_ruimte_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociale ruimte sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Sociale ruimte sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsociologie" title="Sportsociologie">Sportsociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taalsociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taalsociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Taalsociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbane_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbane sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Urbane sociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verzorgingssociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verzorgingssociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Verzorgingssociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetenschapssociologie" title="Wetenschapssociologie">Wetenschapssociologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiskundige_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiskundige sociologie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Wiskundige sociologie</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociologie_in_Nederland_en_Vlaanderen">Sociologie in Nederland en Vlaanderen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Sociologie in Nederland en Vlaanderen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Sociologie in Nederland en Vlaanderen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67833815">.mw-parser-output .kolommen{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:1em;row-gap:0.3em;margin-top:0.3em;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .kolom{flex:1 1 15em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .kolom,.mw-parser-output .thumbcaption .kolom{flex-basis:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-auto>.kolom{flex-basis:auto}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-compact>.kolom{flex-grow:0}.mw-parser-output .kolom h1,.mw-parser-output .kolom h2,.mw-parser-output .kolom h3,.mw-parser-output .kolom h4{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .kolom h1:first-of-type,.mw-parser-output .kolom h2:first-of-type,.mw-parser-output .kolom h3:first-of-type,.mw-parser-output .kolom h4:first-of-type{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolom .mw-editsection{margin:0 0 0.5em 0;line-height:unset}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .kolom h1,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .kolom h2,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .kolom h3,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .kolom h4{display:inherit;padding:inherit}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .kolom .mw-editsection{margin:inherit}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .kolommen:not(.kolommen-compact){flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .kolom{flex:1 1 auto!important}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-compact>.kolom{flex:0 1 auto!important}.mw-parser-output .kolom .wikitable{display:table;min-width:100%;table-layout:fixed}}</style><div class="kolommen kolommen-auto"> <div class="kolom"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studiemogelijkheden">Studiemogelijkheden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Studiemogelijkheden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Studiemogelijkheden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67833815"><div class="kolommen kolommen-auto kolommen-compact"> <div class="kolom"> <dl><dt>Vlaanderen</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universiteit_Antwerpen" title="Universiteit Antwerpen">Universiteit Antwerpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiteit_Gent" title="Universiteit Gent">Universiteit Gent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiteit_Hasselt" title="Universiteit Hasselt">Universiteit Hasselt</a></li></ul> </div><div class="kolom"> <dl><dt>Nederland</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universiteit_Utrecht" title="Universiteit Utrecht">Universiteit Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Universiteit_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam">Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radboud_Universiteit" title="Radboud Universiteit">Radboud Universiteit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen">Rijksuniversiteit Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Amsterdam" title="Universiteit van Amsterdam">Universiteit van Amsterdam</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilburg_University" title="Tilburg University">Tilburg University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div><div class="kolom"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tijdschriften_en_verenigingen">Tijdschriften en verenigingen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Tijdschriften en verenigingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Tijdschriften en verenigingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Tijdschriften</dt></dl> <ul><li>SocioSite (1996-heden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdams_Sociologisch_Tijdschrift" title="Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdschrift">Amsterdams Sociologisch Tijdschrift</a> (1974-2004)</li> <li>Mens en Maatschappij (1925-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociologie_(tijdschrift)" title="Sociologie (tijdschrift)">Sociologie (tijdschrift)</a> (2005-)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sociologische Gids (1953-2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijdschrift_voor_Sociologie" title="Tijdschrift voor Sociologie">Tijdschrift voor Sociologie</a> (1980-)</li> <li>Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken</li> <li>Tijdschrift voor Beleid, Politiek en Maatschappij</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociologie_Magazine" title="Sociologie Magazine">Sociologie Magazine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Verenigingen</dt></dl> <ul><li>Nederlandse Sociologische Vereniging (NSV)</li> <li>(Vlaamse) <a href="/wiki/Vereniging_voor_Sociologie" title="Vereniging voor Sociologie">Vereniging voor Sociologie</a> (VVS)</li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_sociologen" title="Lijst van sociologen">Lijst van sociologen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J.A.A._van_Doorn" title="J.A.A. van Doorn">J.A.A. van Doorn</a>, <i>Moderne sociologie en analyse</i>. Utrecht, Het Spectrum, 1968, 9e druk</li> <li>J.J. van Hoof, <i>J.A.A. van Doorn en de Nederlandse sociologie: de erfenis, het debat en de toekomst</i>. Amsterdam, Pallas Publications, 2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_Schuyt" title="Kees Schuyt">Kees Schuyt</a>, <i>Steunberen van de samenleving: sociologische essays</i>. Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2009</li> <li>Jan Vranken, Erik Henderickx, Geert Van Hootegem, <i>Het speelveld, de spelregels en de spelers: handboek sociologie</i>. Leuven / Den Haag, Acco, 2017</li> <li>Jurre van den Berg, Marcel Ham, Rie Bosman, Godfried Engbersen (red.), <i>Raadselen van de maatschappij: honderd jaar sociologie in Nederland</i>. Amsterdam, Van Gennep, 2022</li> <li>Kees Schuyt, <i>Begrensde tolerantie: over verdraagzaamheid, onverdraagzaamheid en het ondraaglijke</i>. Amsterdam, Boom, 2023</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Laermans" title="Rudi Laermans">Laermans, R.</a></span> (2012) <i>De maatschappij van de sociologie</i>. Amsterdam: Boom.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">King, G.</span>, <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Keohane, R. O.</span>, <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Verba, S.</span> (1994). <i>Designing Social Inquiry - Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research.</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Harriss, J.</span> (1922). "The Second Great Transformation? Capitalism at the End of the Twentieth Century". In Allen, T. and Thomas, Alan (red.) <i>Poverty and Development in the 21st Century</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford. p.325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tacq, J.</span> (red.) (2003). <i>Het oeuvre van Pierre Bourdieu</i>. Antwerpen/Apeldoorn: Garant. p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uva.nl/en/disciplines/sociology">http://www.uva.nl/en/disciplines/sociology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aup/soc">http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aup/soc</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r63829521">.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten{padding:0;font-size:90%;clear:both;margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-klein{padding-bottom:5px;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-kop{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-lijst{display:inline;margin-left:0;padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-kop,.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten li,.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-klein li{display:inline-block;margin:0.4em 0.6em;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.4em;width:12.5em}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-klein li{width:17.5em;max-height:20px}.mw-parser-output .zuster-logo{display:inline-block;text-align:center;width:34px}.mw-parser-output .zuster-tekst{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-klein .zuster-op{display:inline}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten li,.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-klein li{max-height:initial;line-height:inherit}}</style> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot zusterprojecten toccolours noprint"> <div class="zusterprojecten-kop"><b>Op andere <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia</a>-projecten</b></div><br /> <ul class="zusterprojecten-lijst"> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sociology">Mediabestanden</a></div><li><div class="zuster-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="zuster-tekst"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sociology#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sociology"><i><b>Media</b></i></a><div class="zuster-op"> op Commons</div></div></li><div class="interProject wiktionary mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/sociologie" class="extiw" title="wikt:sociologie">WikiWoordenboek</a></div><li><div class="zuster-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="zuster-tekst"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/sociologie" class="extiw" title="wikt:sociologie"><i><b>Definitie</b></i></a><div class="zuster-op"> op WikiWoordenboek</div></div></li> </ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&oldid=67968126">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&oldid=67968126</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Sociologie" title="Categorie:Sociologie">Sociologie</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Artikel_mist_tijdsaanduiding_sinds_december_2019" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Artikel mist tijdsaanduiding sinds december 2019">Wikipedia:Artikel mist tijdsaanduiding sinds december 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 15 aug 2024 om 11:19.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. Zie de <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/nl">gebruiksvoorwaarden</a> voor meer informatie.<br /> Wikipedia® is een geregistreerd handelsmerk van de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, een organisatie zonder winstoogmerk.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacybeleid</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia">Over Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Algemeen_voorbehoud">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Gedragscode</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Ontwikkelaars</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/nl.wikipedia.org">Statistieken</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookieverklaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//nl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociologie&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobiele weergave</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7gxbk","wgBackendResponseTime":200,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.160","walltime":"0.215","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1130,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":11060,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4009,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":9291,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 132.424 1 -total"," 21.10% 27.947 2 Sjabloon:BeginKolommen"," 19.60% 25.955 2 Sjabloon:Kolommen_lijst"," 18.94% 25.075 1 Sjabloon:Appendix"," 16.90% 22.386 1 Sjabloon:References"," 14.54% 19.252 1 Sjabloon:Zusterproject"," 10.03% 13.287 1 Sjabloon:Zijbalk_sociologie"," 6.16% 8.163 1 Sjabloon:Zijbalk_generiek"," 3.92% 5.187 1 Sjabloon:Zie_hoofdartikel"," 3.63% 4.805 4 Sjabloon:IsNum"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.002","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":586293,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-59856bd7d8-jc26h","timestamp":"20241119180025","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sociologie","url":"https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sociologie","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21201","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21201","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Bijdragers aan Wikimedia-projecten"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-12T01:25:47Z","dateModified":"2024-08-15T10:19:38Z","headline":"wetenschap over sociale relaties tussen mensen"}</script> </body> </html>