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Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Vowel diacritics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Old forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjunct_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjunct_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Conjunct consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjunct_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accent_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accent_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Accent marks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accent_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Punctuation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Fonts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transliteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Transliteration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transliteration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transliteration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transliteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunterian_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunterian_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Hunterian system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunterian_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISO_15919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO_15919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 ISO 15919 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO_15919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IAST" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IAST"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 IAST </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IAST-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvard-Kyoto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvard-Kyoto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Harvard-Kyoto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvard-Kyoto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ITRANS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ITRANS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 ITRANS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ITRANS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Velthuis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velthuis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Velthuis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Velthuis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ALA-LC_Romanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALA-LC_Romanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 ALA-LC Romanisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALA-LC_Romanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 WX </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encodings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encodings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Encodings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Encodings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Encodings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISCII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISCII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 ISCII </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISCII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Unicode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devanāgari_keyboard_layouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devanāgari_keyboard_layouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Devanāgari keyboard layouts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Devanāgari_keyboard_layouts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Devanāgari keyboard layouts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Devanāgari_keyboard_layouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-InScript_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#InScript_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 InScript layout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-InScript_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typewriter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typewriter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Typewriter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typewriter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Phonetic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Census_and_catalogues_of_manuscripts_in_Devanāgarī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_and_catalogues_of_manuscripts_in_Devanāgarī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Census and catalogues of manuscripts in Devanāgarī </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_and_catalogues_of_manuscripts_in_Devanāgarī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Devanagari</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" > 117 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ديوناكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديوناكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="দেৱনাগৰী লিপি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দেৱনাগৰী লিপি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Devanágari" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanaqari" title="Devanaqari – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Devanaqari" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="দেবনাগরী লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দেবনাগরী লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewanagari" title="Dewanagari – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Dewanagari" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Дэванагары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэванагары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Devanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9van%C3%A1gar%C3%AD" title="Dévanágarí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dévanágarí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Devanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanaagari_kiri" title="Devanaagari kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Devanaagari kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Δεβαναγαρικό αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεβαναγαρικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagario" title="Nagario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nagario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیواناگری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیواناگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagri" title="Devanagri – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Devanagri" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Devanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Devanágari" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="દેવનાગરી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દેવનાગરી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी लिपी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="देवनागरी लिपी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%B0%94%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="데바나가리 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데바나가리 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Դևանագարի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դևանագարի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_alfabeto" title="Devanagari alfabeto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Devanagari alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Dewanagari" title="Aksara Dewanagari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Dewanagari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagar%C3%AD" title="Devanagarí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Devanagarí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_devanagari" title="Alfabeto devanagari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto devanagari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99" title="כתב דוואנגרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב דוואנגרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_D%C3%A9wanagari" title="Aksara Déwanagari – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Déwanagari" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ದೇವನಾಗರಿ ಲಿಪಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೇವನಾಗರಿ ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan%C3%A1gar%C3%AE" title="Dewanágarî – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Dewanágarî" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დევანაგარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დევანაგარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagar%C3%AE" title="Devanagarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Devanagarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%93van%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Dēvanāgarī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dēvanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Devanagari raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Devanagari raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_devanagari" title="Alfabeta devanagari – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta devanagari" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9van%C3%A1gari_%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Dévanágari írás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dévanágari írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="ദേവനാഗരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദേവനാഗരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="დევანაგარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დევანაგარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Dewanagari" title="Tulisan Dewanagari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulisan Dewanagari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯗꯦꯚꯅꯥꯒꯔꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯗꯦꯚꯅꯥꯒꯔꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Деванагари бичиг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Деванагари бичиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ဒေဝနာဂရီအက္ခရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒေဝနာဂရီအက္ခရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="देवनागरी लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="देवनागरी लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="देवनागरी लिपि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="देवनागरी लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="デーヴァナーガリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デーヴァナーガリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Devanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਦੇਵਨਾਗਰੀ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੇਵਨਾਗਰੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="دیو ناگری لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیو ناگری لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="دېوناگري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دېوناگري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="អក្សរទេវនាគរី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្សរទេវនាគរី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_dewanagari" title="Pismo dewanagari – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo dewanagari" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Devanágari" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devnagr%C4%AB" title="Devnagrī – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Devnagrī" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwanaqri_siq%27i_llumpa" title="Diwanaqri siq'i llumpa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Diwanaqri siq'i llumpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="देवनागरी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="देवनागरी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱜᱽᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیوناگری – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="دیوناگری" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93" title="දේවනාගරී – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේවනාගරී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%BD" title="ديوناگري اسڪرپٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ديوناگري اسڪرپٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9van%C3%A1gar%C3%AD" title="Dévanágarí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dévanágarí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیڤاناگەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیڤاناگەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Devanāgarī – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Devanāgarī" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="தேவநாகரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேவநாகரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Деванагари – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Деванагари" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="దేవనాగరి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దేవనాగరి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="อักษรเทวนาครี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรเทวนาครี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Девоногарӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Девоногарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96" title="Деванаґарі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Деванаґарі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیوناگری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیوناگری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Devanagari" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E9%AB%94" title="天城體 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天城體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天城文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99" title="דעוואנאגארי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דעוואנאגארי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E5%AD%97" title="天城字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天城字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAvenagerki" title="Dêvenagerki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dêvenagerki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天城文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Diwanagori" title="Aksara Diwanagori – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aksara Diwanagori" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38592#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Devanāgari <div style="font-weight:normal">देवनागरी</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Devanagari_letters.svg/220px-Devanagari_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Devanagari_letters.svg/330px-Devanagari_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Devanagari_letters.svg/440px-Devanagari_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="795" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Devanāgarī script (vowels top three rows, consonants below)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11th century to present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38592?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apabhramsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsha">Apabhramsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Angika language">Angika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajjika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajjika language">Bajjika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahari languages">Pahari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a>, and many more.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1996378-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salomon_1995-3">[3]</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brāhmī</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a><a href="#cite_note-daniels-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-masica-5">[5]</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Devanāgari</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nandin%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandināgarī">Nandināgarī</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaithi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaithi script">Kaithi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarātī</a> <a href="/wiki/Mo%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Moḍī script">Moḍī</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>Deva <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">(315), Devanagari (Nagari)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Devanagari</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf">U+0900–U+097F</a> Devanagari, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf">U+A8E0–U+A8FF</a> Devanagari Extended, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11B00.pdf">U+11B00–11B5F</a> Devanagari Extended-A, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdf">U+1CD0–U+1CFF</a> Vedic Extensions</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li>Lik-Tai scripts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="clear:right; float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 85%; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align: center; border-spacing:0px; width:300px; white-space:nowrap; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal;">Part of a series on </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; background:transparent; text-align:center; border-spacing:0px; margin:0px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg/220px-Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg/330px-Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg/440px-Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:100%;">Writing systems used in India </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccff; border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffff;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devanagari script</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia script</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu script</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccff; border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;">Arabic derived scripts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffff;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu script</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccff; border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;">Alphabetical scripts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffff;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccff; border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;">Related </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffff;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Republic of India">Official scripts of the Republic of India</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Writing systems of India</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccff; font-size: 70%; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/24px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/32px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/16px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/24px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/32px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a></li></ul> </div> </th></tr></tbody></table> Devanagari (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌdeɪvəˈnɑːɡəri/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">DAY-və-NAH-gə-ree</a>;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> देवनागरी, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Devanāgarī, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Sanskrit pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[deːʋɐˈnaːɡɐriː]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Indic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic script">Indic script</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Also simply called Nāgari (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: नागरि, Nāgari),<a href="#cite_note-kathleen-7">[7]</a> it is a left-to-right <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> (a type of segmental <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems#Segmental_systems:_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing systems">writing system</a>),<a href="#cite_note-georgec-8">[8]</a> based on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hmi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmi script">Brāhmi</a> script.<a href="#cite_note-gazett-9">[9]</a> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Republic of India">official scripts of the Republic of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. It was developed and in regular use by the 8th century CE<a href="#cite_note-kathleen-7">[7]</a> and achieved its modern form by 1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-salomon1000-10">[10]</a> The Devanāgari script, composed of 48 primary characters, including 14 vowels and 34 consonants,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> is the fourth most widely <a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems_by_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of writing systems by adoption">adopted writing system</a> in the world,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-mostused1-13">[13]</a> being used for over 120 languages.<a href="#cite_note-devasilusa-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of this script reflects the pronunciation of the language.<a href="#cite_note-devasilusa-14">[14]</a> Unlike the Latin alphabet, the script has no concept of <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">letter case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It is written from left to right, has a strong preference for symmetrical rounded shapes within squared outlines, and is recognisable by a horizontal line, known as a शिरोरेखा śirorekhā, that runs along the top of full letters.<a href="#cite_note-georgec-8">[8]</a> In a cursory look, the Devanāgarī script appears different from other <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic scripts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali-Assamese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>, but a closer examination reveals they are very similar except for angles and structural emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-georgec-8">[8]</a> Among the languages using it as a primary or secondary script are <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-george-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsha">Apabhramsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Nagpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Nepal Bhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-devasilusa-14">[14]</a> The Devanāgarī script is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Nandin%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandināgarī">Nandināgarī</a> script commonly found in numerous ancient manuscripts of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and it is distantly related to a number of southeast Asian scripts.<a href="#cite_note-devasilusa-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Devanāgarī is formed by the addition of the word <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">deva</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:देव">देव</a>) to the word <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">nāgarī</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:नागरी">नागरी</a>). Nāgarī is an adjective derived from nagara (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:नगर">नगर</a>), a Sanskrit word meaning "town" or "city," and literally means "urban" or "urbane".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The word Nāgarī (implicitly modifying lipi, "script") was used on its own to refer to a North Indian script, or perhaps a number of such scripts, as Al-Biruni attests in the 11th century; the form Devanāgarī is attested later, at least by the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The name of the <a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandināgarī</a> script is also formed by adding a prefix to the generic script name nāgarī. The precise origin and significance of the prefix deva remains unclear. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_epigraphy" title="Sanskrit epigraphy">Sanskrit epigraphy</a></div> Devanāgarī is part of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic family</a> of scripts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-24">[24]</a> It is a descendant of the 3rd century BCE <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brāhmī script</a>, which evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Nagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagari script">Nagari script</a> which in turn gave birth to Devanāgarī and <a href="/wiki/Nandin%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandināgarī">Nandināgarī</a>. Devanāgarī has been widely adopted across India and Nepal to write <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central Indo-Aryan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro</a>, and various Nepalese languages. Some of the earliest epigraphic evidence attesting to the developing <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī script</a> in ancient India is from the 1st to 4th century CE inscriptions discovered in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gazett-9">[9]</a> Variants of script called nāgarī, recognisably close to Devanāgarī, are first attested from the 1st century CE <a href="/wiki/Rudradaman_I" title="Rudradaman I">Rudradaman</a> inscriptions in Sanskrit, while the modern standardised form of Devanāgarī was in use by about 1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-salomon1000-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Medieval inscriptions suggest widespread diffusion of Nāgarī-related scripts, with <a href="/wiki/Biscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Biscript">biscripts</a> presenting local script along with the adoption of Nāgarī scripts. For example, the mid 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal pillar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> has text in both <a href="/wiki/Siddhamatrka" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhamatrka">Siddha Matrika</a> script, and an early <a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> script; while, the <a href="/wiki/Kangra,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kangra, Himachal Pradesh">Kangra</a> <a href="/wiki/Jawalamukhi" title="Jawalamukhi">Jawalamukhi</a> inscription in <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> is written in both <a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> and Devanāgarī scripts.<a href="#cite_note-richardbiscript-26">[26]</a> The Nāgarī script was in regular use by the 7th century CE, and it was fully developed by about the end of first millennium.<a href="#cite_note-kathleen-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-salomon1000-10">[10]</a> The use of Sanskrit in Nāgarī script in medieval India is attested by numerous pillar and cave-temple inscriptions, including the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" title="Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri inscriptions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and an inscribed brick found in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, dated to be from 1217 CE, which is now held at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The script's prototypes and related versions have been discovered with ancient relics outside India, in places such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. In East Asia, the Siddhaṃ matrika script (considered as the closest precursor to Nāgarī) was in use by <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-george-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Nāgarī has been the <a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a> of the Indic scripts.<a href="#cite_note-george-16">[16]</a> It has long been used traditionally by religiously educated people in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> to record and transmit information, existing throughout the land in parallel with a wide variety of local scripts (such as <a href="/wiki/Mo%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Moḍī script">Moḍī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaithi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaithi script">Kaithi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahajani_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajani script">Mahajani</a>) used for administration, commerce, and other daily uses. Sharada remained in parallel use in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. An early version of Devanāgarī is visible in the <a href="/wiki/Kutila_inscription_of_Bareilly" title="Kutila inscription of Bareilly">Kutila inscription of Bareilly</a> dated to <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">VS</a> 1049 (992 CE), which demonstrates the emergence of the horizontal bar to group letters belonging to a word.<a href="#cite_note-taylor2003-30">[30]</a> One of the oldest surviving Sanskrit texts from the early post-<a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> period consists of 1,413 Nāgarī pages of a commentary by <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>, with a composition date of about 150 BCE, the surviving copy transcribed about 14th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of Devanāgarī manuscripts created between the 18th and 19th centuries</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isha_Upanishad_Verses_1_to_3,_Shukla_Yajurveda,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Isha_Upanishad_Verses_1_to_3%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/387px-Isha_Upanishad_Verses_1_to_3%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Isha_Upanishad_Verses_1_to_3%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/580px-Isha_Upanishad_Verses_1_to_3%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Isha_Upanishad_Verses_1_to_3%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/773px-Isha_Upanishad_Verses_1_to_3%2C_Shukla_Yajurveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="993" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 279.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 277.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4,_page_1_front,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1_front%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg/416px-13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1_front%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1_front%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg/624px-13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1_front%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1_front%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg/832px-13th-century_Shatapatha_Brahmana_14th_Khanda_Prapathaka_3-4%2C_page_1_front%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="792" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yajurveda_44.8,_page_1_front_and_back,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari_lipi_(script).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Yajurveda_44.8%2C_page_1_front_and_back%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_lipi_%28script%29.jpg/237px-Yajurveda_44.8%2C_page_1_front_and_back%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_lipi_%28script%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Yajurveda_44.8%2C_page_1_front_and_back%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_lipi_%28script%29.jpg/356px-Yajurveda_44.8%2C_page_1_front_and_back%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_lipi_%28script%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Yajurveda_44.8%2C_page_1_front_and_back%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_lipi_%28script%29.jpg/474px-Yajurveda_44.8%2C_page_1_front_and_back%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_lipi_%28script%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1597" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 300px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 298px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1593_CE,_Adi_Shankara_bhasya_Aitareya_Upanishad,_Varanasi_Jain_temple_bhandara,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari,_MS_Add.2092.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1593_CE%2C_Adi_Shankara_bhasya_Aitareya_Upanishad%2C_Varanasi_Jain_temple_bhandara%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_MS_Add.2092.jpg/447px-1593_CE%2C_Adi_Shankara_bhasya_Aitareya_Upanishad%2C_Varanasi_Jain_temple_bhandara%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_MS_Add.2092.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1593_CE%2C_Adi_Shankara_bhasya_Aitareya_Upanishad%2C_Varanasi_Jain_temple_bhandara%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_MS_Add.2092.jpg/670px-1593_CE%2C_Adi_Shankara_bhasya_Aitareya_Upanishad%2C_Varanasi_Jain_temple_bhandara%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_MS_Add.2092.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1593_CE%2C_Adi_Shankara_bhasya_Aitareya_Upanishad%2C_Varanasi_Jain_temple_bhandara%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_MS_Add.2092.jpg/894px-1593_CE%2C_Adi_Shankara_bhasya_Aitareya_Upanishad%2C_Varanasi_Jain_temple_bhandara%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari%2C_MS_Add.2092.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="910" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable" width="auto" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Evolution from Brahmi to Gupta, and to Devanagari<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <td>k-</td> <td>kh-</td> <td>g-</td> <td>gh-</td> <td>ṅ-</td> <td>c-</td> <td>ch-</td> <td>j-</td> <td>jh-</td> <td>ñ-</td> <td>ṭ-</td> <td>ṭh-</td> <td>ḍ-</td> <td>ḍh-</td> <td>ṇ-</td> <td>t-</td> <td>th-</td> <td>d-</td> <td>dh-</td> <td>n-</td> <td>p-</td> <td>ph-</td> <td>b-</td> <td>bh-</td> <td>m-</td> <td>y-</td> <td>r-</td> <td>l-</td> <td>v-</td> <td>ś-</td> <td>ṣ-</td> <td>s-</td> <td>h- </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226570325">.mw-parser-output .script-brahmi{font-family:"Noto Sans Brahmi","Segoe UI Historic"}</style>𑀓</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀔 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀕</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀖</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀗 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀘</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀙</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀚 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀛</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀜 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀝 </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀞</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀟 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀠</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀡</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀢 </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀣</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀤</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀥</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀦 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀧</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀨</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀩</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀪</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀫</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀬</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀭</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀮</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀯</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀰</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀱</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀲</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325">𑀳 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_kh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gupta_allahabad_g.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gupta_allahabad_c.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gupta_allahabad_j.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_jh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ny.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_tt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_tth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_nn.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_th.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gupta_allahabad_d.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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<td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gupta_allahabad_l.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_v.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gupta_allahabad_s.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gupta_allahabad_h.svg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devanagari</a> </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear 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<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">झ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ञ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ट </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ठ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ड </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ढ</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ण</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">त </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">थ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">द</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ध</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">न </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">प</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">फ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ब</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">भ</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">म</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">य</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">र</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ल</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">व</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">श</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ष</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">स</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035">ह </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devanāgarī</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Letter A in Devanagari"><img alt="Letter A in Devanagari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/64px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/96px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/128px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="font-size: 100%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">Inherent vowel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="font-size: 100%"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid 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style="font-size: 100%"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #faecc8;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration"> Hunterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" title="National Library at Kolkata romanisation">NLK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velthuis" title="Velthuis">Velthuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLP1" title="SLP1">SLP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX notation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="font-size: 100%"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #faecc8;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> and syllabic consonants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85" class="mw-redirect" title="अ">अ</a> a</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॲ (page does not exist)">ॲ</a> æ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ऄ">ऄ</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86" class="mw-redirect" title="आ">आ</a> (का) ā</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="इ">इ</a> (कि) i</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ई">ई</a> (की) ī</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%89" class="mw-redirect" title="उ">उ</a> (कु) u</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ऊ">ऊ</a> (कू) ū</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॶ (page does not exist)">ॶ</a> (कॖ)</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॷ (page does not exist)">ॷ</a> (कॗ)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ऋ">ऋ</a> (कृ) r̥</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ॠ">ॠ</a> (कॄ) r̥̄</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ऌ">ऌ</a> (कॢ) l̥</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ॡ">ॡ</a> (कॣ) l̥̄</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ए">ए</a> (के) ē</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऍ (page does not exist)">ऍ</a> (कॅ) ê</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ऎ">ऎ</a> (कॆ) e</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ऐ">ऐ</a> (कै) ai</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> (कॕ)</td><td></td><td></td><td> (कॎ)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ओ">ओ</a> (को) ō</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ऑ">ऑ</a> (कॉ) ô</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ऒ">ऒ</a> (कॊ) o</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%94" class="mw-redirect" title="औ">औ</a> (कौ) au</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॳ (page does not exist)">ॳ</a> (कऺ)</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॴ (page does not exist)">ॴ</a> (कऻ)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॵ (page does not exist)">ॵ</a> (कॏ)</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">Schwa deletion</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="font-size: 100%"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #faecc8;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="क">क</a> k</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="क़ (page does not exist)">क़</a> q</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ख">ख</a> kh</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ख़ (page does not exist)">ख़</a> k̲h̲</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ग">ग</a> g</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ग़">ग़</a> ġ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ॻ">ॻ</a> gg</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%98" class="mw-redirect" title="घ">घ</a> gh</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ङ">ङ</a> ṅ</td><td> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="च">च</a> c</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="छ">छ</a> ch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ज">ज</a> j</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ज़">ज़</a> z</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ॼ">ॼ</a> jj</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॹ (page does not exist)">ॹ</a> ž</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="झ">झ</a> jh</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="झ़">झ़</a> zh</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ञ">ञ</a> ñ</td><td> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ट">ट</a> ṭ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ठ">ठ</a> ṭh</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ड">ड</a> ḍ</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ड़ (page does not exist)">ड़</a> ṛ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ॾ">ॾ</a> ḍḍ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ॸ">ॸ</a> ḍ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ढ">ढ</a> ḍh</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ढ़ (page does not exist)">ढ़</a> ṛh</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ण">ण</a> ṇ</td><td> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="त">त</a> t</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="थ">थ</a> th</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="द">द</a> d</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ध">ध</a> dh</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="न">न</a> n</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऩ (page does not exist)">ऩ</a> ṉ </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="प">प</a> p</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="फ">फ</a> ph</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="फ़ (page does not exist)">फ़</a> f</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ब">ब</a> b</td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॿ (page does not exist)">ॿ</a> bb</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="भ">भ</a> bh</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="म">म</a> m</td><td> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="य">य</a> y</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="य़ (page does not exist)">य़</a> ẏ</td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॺ (page does not exist)">ॺ</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="र">र</a> r</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऱ (page does not exist)">ऱ</a> ṟ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ळ">ळ</a> ḷ</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऴ (page does not exist)">ऴ</a> ḻ</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ल">ल</a> l</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="व">व</a> v</td><td></td><td></td><td> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="श">श</a> ś</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ष">ष</a> ṣ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="स">स</a> s</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ह">ह</a> h</td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॽ (page does not exist)">ॽ</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>(<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Conjuncts">Conjuncts</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="font-size: 100%"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #faecc8;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>, symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="अं">अं</a> <a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara"> ṁ</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga"> अः</a> ḥ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu"> अँ</a> m̐</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu"> अऀ</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha"> ऽ</a> ’</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta"> क़</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama"> क्</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pluti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluti"> ३</a> 3</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᳵ (page does not exist)">ᳵ</a> ẖ</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᳶ (page does not exist)">ᳶ</a> ḫ</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_accent" title="Vedic accent"> अ॑ </a> `</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_accent" title="Vedic accent"> अ॒ </a> _</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent"> अ॓</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent"> अ॔</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"> ॐ</a> aum̐</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda"> ।</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda"> ॥</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="॰">॰</a></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॱ (page does not exist)">ॱ</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign"> ₹</a> INR</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>and more (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari_(Unicode_block)" title="Devanagari (Unicode block)">Devanagari (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Extended" title="Devanagari Extended">Devanagari Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Extended-A" title="Devanagari Extended-A">Devanagari Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Extensions" title="Vedic Extensions">Vedic Extensions</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="font-size: 100%"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #faecc8;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Numerals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/0_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)"> ०</a> 0</td><td> <a href="/wiki/1_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (number)"> १</a> 1</td><td> <a href="/wiki/2_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 (number)"> २</a> 2</td><td> <a href="/wiki/3_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (number)"> ३</a> 3</td><td> <a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)"> ४</a> 4</td><td> <a href="/wiki/5_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="5 (number)"> ५</a> 5</td><td> <a href="/wiki/6_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="6 (number)"> ६</a> 6</td><td> <a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)"> ७</a> 7</td><td> <a href="/wiki/8_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="8 (number)"> ८</a> 8</td><td> <a href="/wiki/9_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="9 (number)"> ९</a> 9</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration" title="Āryabhaṭa numeration"> Āryabhaṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksharapalli" title="Aksharapalli"> Akṣarapallī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutasamkhya_system" title="Bhutasamkhya system"> Bhūtasaṃkhyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system"> Kaṭapayādi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #faecc8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Devanagari_abugida_sidebar" title="Template:Devanagari abugida sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Devanagari_abugida_sidebar" title="Template talk:Devanagari abugida sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Devanagari_abugida_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Devanagari abugida sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: East Asia">edit</a>]</div> In the 7th century, under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thonmi_Sambhota" title="Thonmi Sambhota">Thonmi Sambhota</a> was sent to Nepal to open marriage negotiations with a <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Nepali</a> princess and to find a writing system suitable for the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a> language. He then invented the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> based on the Nāgarī used in Kashmir. He added 6 new characters for sounds that did not exist in Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Other scripts closely related to Nāgarī (such as <a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a>) were introduced throughout East and Southeast Asia from the 7th to the 10th centuries CE: notably in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-richard-35">[35]</a> Most of the Southeast Asian scripts have roots in Dravidian scripts, but a few found in south-central regions of Java and isolated parts of southeast Asia resemble Devanāgarī or its prototypes. The <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi script</a> in particular is similar to the Devanāgarī in many respects, though the morphology of the script has local changes. The earliest inscriptions in the Devanāgarī-like scripts are from around the 10th century CE, with many more between the 11th and 14th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Some of the old-Devanāgarī inscriptions are found in Hindu temples of Java, such as the <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temple.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The Ligor and the Kalasan inscriptions of central Java, dated to the 8th century, are also in the Nāgarī script of north India. According to the epigraphist and Asian Studies scholar Lawrence Briggs, these may be related to the 9th century copper plate inscription of Devapaladeva (Bengal) which is also in early Devanāgarī script.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The term kawi in Kawi script is a loan word from <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81vya" title="Kāvya">kāvya</a> (poetry). According to anthropologists and Asian studies scholars <a href="/wiki/John_Norman_Miksic" class="mw-redirect" title="John Norman Miksic">John Norman Miksic</a> and Goh Geok Yian, the 8th century version of early Nāgarī or Devanāgarī script was adopted in Java, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, and Khmer around the 8th–9th centuries, as evidenced by the many contemporaneous inscriptions of this period.<a href="#cite_note-MiksicYian2016p177-40">[40]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 446.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 444.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Falongsibeiye.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra in Siddhaṃ on palm leaf in 609 CE found in Hōryū-ji, Japan. The last line is a complete Sanskrit syllabary in Siddhaṃ script."><img alt="Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra in Siddhaṃ on palm leaf in 609 CE found in Hōryū-ji, Japan. The last line is a complete Sanskrit syllabary in Siddhaṃ script." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Falongsibeiye.png/667px-Falongsibeiye.png" decoding="async" width="445" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Falongsibeiye.png/1000px-Falongsibeiye.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Falongsibeiye.png/1333px-Falongsibeiye.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="718" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3a_Vijaya_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra">Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a> on <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm</a> leaf in 609 CE found in <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a>, Japan. The last line is a complete Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a> in Siddhaṃ script.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Letters">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Collating_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Collating sequence">letter order</a> of Devanāgarī, like nearly all Brāhmic scripts, is based on <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> principles that consider both the <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> of the consonants and vowels they represent. This arrangement is usually referred to as the varṇamālā ("<a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garland</a> of letters").<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The format of Devanāgarī for Sanskrit serves as the prototype for its application, with minor variations or additions, to other languages.<a href="#cite_note-Salomon_2003_75-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> The vowels and their arrangement are:<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; border: none; text-align:center; width:75%"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <td rowspan="10"> </td> <th>Independent form </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>As diacritic with प (<a href="#Barakhadi">Barakhadi</a>) </th> <td rowspan="10"> </td> <th>Independent form </th> <th>IAST </th> <th>ISO </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>As diacritic with प (Barakhadi) </th></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhya (<a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">Guttural</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">अ </td> <td colspan="2">a </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">प </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">आ </td> <td colspan="2">ā </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पा </td></tr> <tr> <th>tālavya (<a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">Palatal</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">इ </td> <td colspan="2">i </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पि </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ई </td> <td colspan="2">ī </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पी </td></tr> <tr> <th>oṣṭhya (<a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">उ </td> <td colspan="2">u </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पु 6 </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ऊ </td> <td colspan="2">ū </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पू 6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>mūrdhanya (<a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ऋ </td> <td>ṛ </td> <td>r̥ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">r̩</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पृ </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ॠ 4 </td> <td>ṝ </td> <td>r̥̄ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">r̩ː</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पॄ </td></tr> <tr> <th>dantya (<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ऌ 4 </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td>l̥ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">l̩</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पॢ </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ॡ 4, 5 </td> <td>ḹ </td> <td>l̥̄ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">l̩ː</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पॣ </td></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhatālavya (Palatoguttural) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ए </td> <td>e </td> <td>ē </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पे </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ऐ </td> <td colspan="2">ai </td> <td>[ɑj] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पै </td></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhoṣṭhya (Labioguttural) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ओ </td> <td>o </td> <td>ō </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पो </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">औ </td> <td colspan="2">au </td> <td>[ɑw] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पौ </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">अं / <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ं">ं</a> 1,2 </td> <td>ṃ </td> <td>ṁ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">◌̃</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पं </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">अः / <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ः">ः</a> 1 </td> <td colspan="2">ḥ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पः </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ॲ / ऍ 7 </td> <td> </td> <td>ê </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पॅ </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ऑ 7 </td> <td> </td> <td>ô </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">पॉ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a>, the final <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal</a> <a href="/wiki/Anusv%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anusvāra">anusvāra</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ं">ं</a> ṃ and the final <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ः">ः</a> ḥ (called <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="अं">अं</a> aṃ and <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="अः">अः</a> aḥ). <a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:146) notes of the anusvāra in Sanskrit that "there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal stop</a> <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr>, a <a href="/wiki/Nasalized_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalized vowel">nasalised vowel</a>, a nasalised <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a>, or all these according to context". The visarga represents post-vocalic <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">voiceless glottal fricative</a> [h], in Sanskrit an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of s, or less commonly r, usually in word-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> after the breath:<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> इः [ihi]. <a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:146) considers the visarga along with letters ङ ṅa and ञ ña for the "largely predictable" <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">palatal nasals</a> to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the system".</li> <li>Another diacritic is the <a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">candrabindu</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anun%C4%81sika" class="mw-redirect" title="Anunāsika">anunāsika</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ँ">ँ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="अँ (page does not exist)">अँ</a>. <a href="#CITEREFSalomon2003">Salomon (2003</a>:76–77) describes it as a "more emphatic form" of the anusvāra, "sometimes <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> used to mark a true [vowel] nasalization". In a new Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi the distinction is formal: the candrabindu indicates <a href="/wiki/Nasalized_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalized vowel">vowel nasalisation</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> while the anusvār indicates a homorganic <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal</a> preceding another consonant:<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> e.g., हँसी [ɦə̃si] "<a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</a>", गंगा [ɡəŋɡɑ] "the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>". When an akṣara has a vowel diacritic above the top line, that leaves no room for the candra ("moon") stroke candrabindu, which is dispensed with in favour of the lone dot:<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> हूँ [ɦũ] "am", but हैं [ɦɛ̃] "are". Some writers and typesetters dispense with the "moon" stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ऽ">ऽ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="अऽ (page does not exist)">अऽ</a>) (usually <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>) is a Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">punctuation mark</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>: एकोऽयम् eko'yam ( ← एकस् ekas + अयम् ayam) ("this one"). An original <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a> lost to coalescence is sometimes marked with a double avagraha: सदाऽऽत्मा sadā'tmā ( ← सदा sadā + आत्मा ātmā) "always, the self".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In Hindi, <a href="#CITEREFSnell2000">Snell (2000</a>:77) states that its "main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout": आईऽऽऽ! āīīī!. In Madhyadeshi languages like Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, etc. which have "quite a number of verbal forms that end in that inherent vowel",<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> the avagraha is used to mark the non-elision of word-final inherent a, which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: बइठऽ baiṭha "sit" versus बइठ baiṭh</li> <li>The syllabic consonants ॠ ṝ, ऌ ḷ, and ॡ ḹ are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the varṇamālā of other languages. The sound represented by ṛ has also been largely lost in the modern languages, and its pronunciation now ranges from [ɾɪ] (Hindi) to [ɾu] (Marathi).</li> <li>ḹ is not an actual <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of short–long pairs of letters.<a href="#cite_note-Salomon_2003_75-42">[42]</a></li> <li>There are non-regular formations of रु ru, रू rū, and हृ hṛ.</li> <li>There are two more vowels in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, ॲ and ऑ, that respectively represent [æ], similar to the <a href="/wiki/Received_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Received pronunciation">RP</a> English pronunciation of ⟨a⟩ in act, and [ɒ], similar to the RP pronunciation of ⟨o⟩ in cot. These vowels are sometimes used in Hindi too, as in डॉलर dôlar ("dollar").<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> IAST transliteration is not defined. In <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>, the transliteration is ê and ô, respectively.</li> <li>Kashmiri Devanagari uses letters like ॳ, ॴ, ॶ, ॷ, ऎ, ऒ, औ, ॵ to represent its vowels (see <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Devanagari" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri language#Devanagari</a>).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> The table below shows the consonant letters (in combination with <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a> a) and their arrangement. To the right of the Devanāgarī letter it shows the Latin script transliteration using <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and the phonetic value (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; border: none; text-align:center; width:95%"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">Phonetics</a> → </th> <th colspan="8">sparśa (<a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a>) </th> <th colspan="2">anunāsika (<a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a>) </th> <th colspan="2">antastha (<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a>) </th> <th colspan="4">ūṣman/saṃgharṣī (<a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voicing</a> → </th> <td colspan="4">aghoṣa </td> <td colspan="8" style="background:beige;">saghoṣa </td> <td colspan="2">aghoṣa </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:beige;">saghoṣa </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Aspiration</a> → </th> <td colspan="2">alpaprāṇa </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:beige;">mahāprāṇa </td> <td colspan="2">alpaprāṇa </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:beige;">mahāprāṇa </td> <td colspan="4">alpaprāṇa </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:beige;">mahāprāṇa </td></tr> <tr> <th>kaṇṭhya (<a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">क</td> <td>ka [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ख</td> <td>kha [<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ग</td> <td>ga [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">घ</td> <td>gha [<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ङ</td> <td>ṅa [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ह</td> <td>ha [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th>tālavya (<a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">च</td> <td>ca [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">छ</td> <td>cha [tʃʰ] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ज</td> <td>ja [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">झ</td> <td>jha [dʒʱ] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ञ</td> <td>ña [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">य</td> <td>ya [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">श</td> <td>śa [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>mūrdhanya (<a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ट</td> <td>ṭa [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ठ</td> <td>ṭha [ʈʰ] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ड</td> <td>ḍa [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ढ</td> <td>ḍha [ɖʱ] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ण</td> <td>ṇa [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">र</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ra_(Indic)" title="Ra (Indic)">ra</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ष</td> <td>ṣa [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th>dantya (<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">त</td> <td>ta [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">थ</td> <td>tha [t̪ʰ] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">द</td> <td>da [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ध</td> <td>dha [d̪ʱ] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">न</td> <td>na [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ल</td> <td>la [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">स</td> <td>sa [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th>oṣṭhya (<a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">प</td> <td>pa [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">फ</td> <td>pha [pʰ] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ब</td> <td>ba [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">भ</td> <td>bha [bʱ] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">म</td> <td>ma [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">व</td> <td>va [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>] </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Additionally, there is ळ ḷa (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">ɭ̆</a>]), the intervocalic <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral flap">lateral flap</a> allophone of the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex stop">voiced retroflex stop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>Beyond the Sanskritic set, new shapes have rarely been formulated. <a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:146) offers the following, "In any case, according to some, all possible sounds had already been described and provided for in this system, as Sanskrit was the original and perfect language. Hence it was difficult to provide for or even to conceive other sounds, unknown to the <a href="/wiki/Phonetician" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetician">phoneticians</a> of Sanskrit". Where foreign borrowings and internal developments did inevitably accrue and arise in New Indo-Aryan languages, they have been ignored in writing, or dealt through means such as <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> (ignored in recitation). <ul><li>The most prolific diacritic has been the <a href="/wiki/Subscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscript">subscript</a> dot (<a href="/wiki/Nukta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukta">nuqtā</a>) ़. <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> uses it for the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and English sounds क़ qa <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">/q/</a>, ख़ xa <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">/x/</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ग़">ग़</a> ġa <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">/ɣ/</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ज़">ज़</a> za <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">/z/</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="झ़">झ़</a> zha <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">/ʒ/</a>, and फ़ fa <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">/f/</a>, and for the <a href="/wiki/Allophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophonic">allophonic</a> developments ड़ ṛa <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">/ɽ/</a> and ढ़ ṛha /ɽʱ/.<a href="#cite_note-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013-56">[56]</a> (Although ऴ ḻa /ɻ/ could also exist, it is not used in Hindi.)</li> <li>Devanagari used to write Mahl dialect of Dhivehi uses nukta on च़, त़, द़, ल़, श़, स़, ह़ to represent other Perso-Arabic phonemes (see <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems#Devanagari_script_for_Mahl" title="Maldivian writing systems">Maldivian writing systems#Devanagari script for Mahl</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosive">implosives</a> are accommodated with a line attached below: <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ॻ</a> [ɠə], <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ॼ</a> [ʄə], <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ॾ</a> [ɗə], <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ॿ</a> [ɓə].</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> may be represented as conjuncts/<a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> with ह ha: म्ह mha, न्ह nha, ण्ह ṇha, व्ह vha, ल्ह lha, ळ्ह ḷha, र्ह rha.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:147) notes <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a> as using ॸ for ḍa [ɗə] (while ड represents [ɽə]).</li> <li>When used to write <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>, Devanagari uses letters like ॹ /ʒ/ to represent its sounds.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_diacritics">Vowel diacritics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowel diacritics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_matras.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Devanagari_matras.svg/730px-Devanagari_matras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="730" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Devanagari_matras.svg/1095px-Devanagari_matras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Devanagari_matras.svg/1460px-Devanagari_matras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Vowel <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> on क</figcaption></figure> The table below shows consonants with common vowel diacritics and their <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> transliteration. Vowels in their independent form on the top and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant 'k' on the bottom. 'ka' is without any added vowel sign, where the vowel 'a' is <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent</a>. <table class="wikitable Unicode" style="text-align:center; width:100%"> <tbody><tr lang="inc-Latn"> <th>a</th> <th>ā</th> <th>i</th> <th>ī</th> <th>u</th> <th>ū</th> <th>e</th> <th>ê</th> <th>ē</th> <th>ai</th> <th>o</th> <th>ô</th> <th>ō</th> <th>au</th> <th>r̥</th> <th>r̥̄</th> <th>l̥</th> <th>l̥̄</th> <th>ṁ</th> <th>ḥ</th> <th></th> <th>m̐ </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 150%; line-height: 150%;" lang="inc-Deva"> <td>अ</td> <td>आ</td> <td>इ</td> <td>ई</td> <td>उ</td> <td>ऊ</td> <td>ऎ</td> <td>ॲ</td> <td>ए</td> <td>ऐ</td> <td>ऒ</td> <td>ऑ</td> <td>ओ</td> <td>औ</td> <td>ऋ</td> <td>ॠ</td> <td>ऌ</td> <td>ॡ</td> <td>अं</td> <td>अः</td> <td></td> <td>अँ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 150%; line-height: 150%;" lang="inc-Deva"> <td></td> <td>ा</td> <td>ि</td> <td>ी</td> <td>ु</td> <td>ू</td> <td>ॆ</td> <td>ॅ</td> <td>े</td> <td>ै</td> <td>ॊ</td> <td>ॉ</td> <td>ो</td> <td>ौ</td> <td>ृ</td> <td>ॄ</td> <td>ॢ</td> <td>ॣ</td> <td>ं</td> <td>ः</td> <td>्</td> <td>ँ </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Latn"> <th>ka</th> <th>kā</th> <th>ki</th> <th>kī</th> <th>ku</th> <th>kū</th> <th>ke</th> <th>kê</th> <th>kē</th> <th>kai</th> <th>ko</th> <th>kô</th> <th>kō</th> <th>kau</th> <th>kr̥</th> <th>kr̥̄</th> <th>kl̥</th> <th>kl̥̄</th> <th>kaṁ</th> <th>kaḥ</th> <th>k</th> <th>kam̐ </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 150%; line-height: 150%;" lang="inc-Deva"> <td>क</td> <td>का</td> <td>कि</td> <td>की</td> <td>कु</td> <td>कू</td> <td>कॆ</td> <td>कॅ</td> <td>के</td> <td>कै</td> <td>कॊ</td> <td>कॉ</td> <td>को</td> <td>कौ</td> <td>कृ</td> <td>कॄ</td> <td>कॢ</td> <td>कॣ</td> <td>कं</td> <td>कः</td> <td>क्</td> <td>कँ </td></tr></tbody></table> A vowel combines with a consonant in their diacritic form. For example, the vowel आ (ā) combines with the consonant क् (k) to form the syllabic letter का (kā), with <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">halant (cancel sign)</a> removed and added vowel sign which is indicated by <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. The vowel अ (a) combines with the consonant क् (k) to form क (ka) with halant removed. But the diacritic series of क, ख, ग, घ (ka, kha, ga, gha, respectively) is without any added vowel sign, as the vowel अ (a) is <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1765_Saka,_1843_CE,_Jnanesvari_Jnandeva_Dnyaneshwar_manuscript_page_1_and_2,_Devanagari_Marathi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1765_Saka%2C_1843_CE%2C_Jnanesvari_Jnandeva_Dnyaneshwar_manuscript_page_1_and_2%2C_Devanagari_Marathi.jpg/330px-1765_Saka%2C_1843_CE%2C_Jnanesvari_Jnandeva_Dnyaneshwar_manuscript_page_1_and_2%2C_Devanagari_Marathi.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1765_Saka%2C_1843_CE%2C_Jnanesvari_Jnandeva_Dnyaneshwar_manuscript_page_1_and_2%2C_Devanagari_Marathi.jpg/495px-1765_Saka%2C_1843_CE%2C_Jnanesvari_Jnandeva_Dnyaneshwar_manuscript_page_1_and_2%2C_Devanagari_Marathi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/1765_Saka%2C_1843_CE%2C_Jnanesvari_Jnandeva_Dnyaneshwar_manuscript_page_1_and_2%2C_Devanagari_Marathi.jpg/660px-1765_Saka%2C_1843_CE%2C_Jnanesvari_Jnandeva_Dnyaneshwar_manuscript_page_1_and_2%2C_Devanagari_Marathi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption> The Jñānēśvarī is a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, dated to 1290 CE. It is in written in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> using the Devanāgarī script.</figcaption></figure> The combinations of all <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> consonants and vowels, each in alphabetical order, are laid out in the bārākhaḍī (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:बाराखडी">बाराखडी</a>) or bārahkhaṛī (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:बारहखड़ी">बारहखड़ी</a>) table. In the following barakhadi table, the <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> transliteration of each combination will appear on mouseover: <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 120%; line-height: 120%; border: none; text-align: center; margin: 0; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption style="font-size: 83%;">Barakhadi table </caption> <tbody><tr style="background: white; font-size: 83%; line-height: 83%;" lang="inc-Latn"> <td style="border: none;"> </td> <td style="border: none;">a </td> <td style="border: none;">ā </td> <td style="border: none;">i </td> <td style="border: none;">ī </td> <td style="border: none;">u </td> <td style="border: none;">ū </td> <td style="border: none;">e </td> <td style="border: none;">ai </td> <td style="border: none;">o </td> <td style="border: none;">au </td> <td style="border: none;">aṁ </td> <td style="border: none;">aḥ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%;"> </td> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>अ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">आ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">इ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ई </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">उ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ऊ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ए </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ऐ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ओ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">औ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">अं </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">अः </th></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">k- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">क </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">का </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">कि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">की </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">कु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">कू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">के </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">कै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">को </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">कौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">कं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">कः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">kh- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ख </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">खः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">g- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ग </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">गः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">gh- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">घः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ṅ- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ङः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">c- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">च </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">चा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">चि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ची </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">चु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">चू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">चे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">चै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">चो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">चौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">चं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">चः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ch- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">छः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">j- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ज </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">जः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">jh- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">झः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ñ- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ञः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ṭ- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ट </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">टः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ṭh- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ठः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ḍ- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ड </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">डः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ḍh- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ढः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ṇ- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ण </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">णः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">t- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">त </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ता </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ति </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ती </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">तु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">तू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ते </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">तै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">तो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">तौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">तं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">तः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">th- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">था </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">थः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">d- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">द </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">दः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">dh- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ध </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">धः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">n- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">न </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ना </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">नि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">नी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">नु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">नू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ने </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">नै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">नो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">नौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">नं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">नः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">p- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">प </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">पः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ph- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">फः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">b- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ब </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">बः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">bh- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">भः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">m- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">म </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">मः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">y- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">य </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">या </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">यि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">यी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">यु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">यू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ये </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">यै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">यो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">यौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">यं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">यः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">r- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">र </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">रा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">रि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">री </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">रु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">रू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">रे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">रै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">रो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">रौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">रं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">रः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">l- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ल </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ला </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">लि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ली </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">लु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">लू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ले </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">लै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">लो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">लौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">लं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">लः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">v- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">व </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">वः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ś- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">श </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">शः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">ṣ- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ष </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">षः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">s- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">स </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">सा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">सि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">सी </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">सु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">सू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">से </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">सै </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">सो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">सौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">सं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">सः </td></tr> <tr lang="inc-Deva"> <td style="border: none;background: white; font-size: 83%; text-align: right;" lang="inc-Latn">h- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ह </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">हा </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">हि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ही </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">हु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">हू </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">हे </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">है </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">हो </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">हौ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">हं </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">हः </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_forms">Old forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Old forms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10th_century_college_foundation_grant_Devanagari_inscription_in_Sanskrit_on_stone,_Kaladgi_Karnataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/10th_century_college_foundation_grant_Devanagari_inscription_in_Sanskrit_on_stone%2C_Kaladgi_Karnataka.jpg/260px-10th_century_college_foundation_grant_Devanagari_inscription_in_Sanskrit_on_stone%2C_Kaladgi_Karnataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/10th_century_college_foundation_grant_Devanagari_inscription_in_Sanskrit_on_stone%2C_Kaladgi_Karnataka.jpg/390px-10th_century_college_foundation_grant_Devanagari_inscription_in_Sanskrit_on_stone%2C_Kaladgi_Karnataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/10th_century_college_foundation_grant_Devanagari_inscription_in_Sanskrit_on_stone%2C_Kaladgi_Karnataka.jpg/520px-10th_century_college_foundation_grant_Devanagari_inscription_in_Sanskrit_on_stone%2C_Kaladgi_Karnataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>A mid-10th century Sanskrit land grant for a college, written in Devanāgarī, and discovered on a stone buried in north Karnataka. Parts of the inscription are written in <a href="/wiki/Canarese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarese script">Canarese script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> The following letter variants are also in use, particularly in older texts and in specific regions:<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0; margin-left: 3em; border: none;"> <caption>Letter variants </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: small;"> <th>Standard</th> <th>Ancient </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/15px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/23px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%85.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_a_old.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Devanagari_a_old.svg/15px-Devanagari_a_old.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Devanagari_a_old.svg/23px-Devanagari_a_old.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Devanagari_a_old.svg/30px-Devanagari_a_old.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg/15px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg/23px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%9D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_jh_old.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/15px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/23px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Devanagari_jh_old.svg/30px-Devanagari_jh_old.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg/15px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg/23px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%A3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_(old).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg/15px-Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg/23px-Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E1%B9%86_%28old%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg/15px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg/23px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg/30px-Devanagari_%E0%A4%B2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_l_old.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Devanagari_l_old.svg/15px-Devanagari_l_old.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Devanagari_l_old.svg/23px-Devanagari_l_old.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Devanagari_l_old.svg/30px-Devanagari_l_old.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjunct_consonants">Conjunct consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conjunct consonants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_conjuncts" title="Devanagari conjuncts">Devanagari conjuncts</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_ligatures_Monier-Williams_1846.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Devanagari_ligatures_Monier-Williams_1846.png/300px-Devanagari_ligatures_Monier-Williams_1846.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Devanagari_ligatures_Monier-Williams_1846.png/450px-Devanagari_ligatures_Monier-Williams_1846.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Devanagari_ligatures_Monier-Williams_1846.png/600px-Devanagari_ligatures_Monier-Williams_1846.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Picture with conjuncts from An Elementary Grammar of the Sanscrit Language, page 25, <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a> (1846).</figcaption></figure> As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join as a <a href="/wiki/Conjunct_consonant" title="Conjunct consonant">conjunct consonant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligature</a>. When Devanāgarī is used for writing languages other than Sanskrit, conjuncts are used mostly with Sanskrit words and loan words. Native words typically use the basic consonant and native speakers know to suppress the vowel when it is conventional to do so. For example, the native Hindi word karnā is written करना (ka-ra-nā).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. While standardised for the most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> used on this page is just one scheme. The following are a number of rules: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_letter_forms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Complete made by CB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Devanagari_letter_forms.svg/200px-Devanagari_letter_forms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Devanagari_letter_forms.svg/300px-Devanagari_letter_forms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Devanagari_letter_forms.svg/400px-Devanagari_letter_forms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Few examples of श consonant clusters.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>24 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke (य ya, न na, ग ga etc.). As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster (when letters are to be written as half pronounced), they lose that stroke. e.g. त् + व = त्व tva, ण् + ढ = ण्ढ ṇḍha, स् + थ = स्थ stha. In Unicode, as in Hindi, these consonants without their vertical stems are called "half forms".<a href="#cite_note-Unicode_ch._9-60">[60]</a> श śa appears as a different, simple ribbon-shaped fragment preceding व va, न na, च ca, ल la, and र ra, causing these second members to be shifted down and reduced in size. Thus श्व śva, श्न śna, श्च śca, श्ल śla, श्र śra, and शृ śṛi.</li> <li>र ra as a first member takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its ā- diacritic. e.g. र्व rva, र्वा rvā, र्स्प rspa, र्स्पा rspā. In Marathi and Nepali, र ra as a first member of a conjunct also takes on an eyelash form when in front of glides and semivowels. e.g. र्‍य rya, र्‍व rva. As a final member with ट ṭa, ठ ṭha, ड ḍa, ढ ḍha, ड़ ṛa, छ cha, it is two lines together below the character pointed downwards. Thus ट्र ṭra, ठ्र ṭhra, ड्र ḍra, ढ्र ḍhra, ड़्र ṛra, छ्र chra. Elsewhere as a final member it is a diagonal stroke extending leftwards and down. e.g. क्र ग्र भ्र ब्र. त ta is shifted up to make the conjunct त्र tra.</li> <li>As first members, remaining characters lacking vertical strokes such as द da and ह ha may have their second member, reduced in size and lacking its horizontal stroke, placed underneath. क ka, छ cha, and फ pha shorten their right hooks and join them directly to the following member.</li> <li>The conjuncts for kṣa and jña are not clearly derived from the letters making up their components. The conjunct for kṣa is क्ष (क् + ष) and for jña it is ज्ञ (ज् + ञ).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accent_marks">Accent marks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Accent marks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vedic_accent#Notation" title="Vedic accent">Vedic accent § Notation</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> is written with various symbols depending on <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">shakha</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, anudātta is written with a bar below the line (◌॒), svarita with a stroke above the line (◌॑) while udātta is unmarked. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Punctuation">edit</a>]</div> The end of a sentence or half-verse may be marked with the "।" symbol (called a <a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda">daṇḍa</a>, meaning "bar", or called a pūrṇa virām, meaning "full stop/pause"). The end of a full verse may be marked with a double-daṇḍa, a "॥" symbol. A comma (called an alpa virām, meaning "short stop/pause") is used to denote a natural pause in speech.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-ijetr-62">[62]</a> Punctuation marks of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> origin, such as the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> have been in use in Devanāgarī script since at least the 1900s,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] matching their use in European languages.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonts">Fonts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fonts">edit</a>]</div> A variety of Unicode fonts are in use for Devanāgarī. These include Akshar,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Annapurna,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arial" title="Arial">Arial</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> CDAC-Gist Surekh,<a href="#cite_note-surekhfont-67">[67]</a> CDAC-Gist Yogesh,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Chandas,<a href="#cite_note-hindimeguide-69">[69]</a> Gargi,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Gurumaa,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Jaipur,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Jana,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Kalimati,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Kanjirowa,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Lohit Devanagari, Mangal,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Kokila,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> ,Preeti,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Raghu,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Sanskrit2003,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Santipur OT,<a href="#cite_note-harvard-81">[81]</a> Siddhanta, and Thyaka.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The form of Devanāgarī fonts vary with function. According to Harvard College for Sanskrit studies:<a href="#cite_note-harvard-81">[81]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Uttara [companion to <a href="/wiki/Chandas_(typeface)" title="Chandas (typeface)">Chandas</a>] is the best in terms of ligatures but, because it is designed for Vedic as well, requires so much vertical space that it is not well suited for the "user interface font" (though an excellent choice for the "original field" font). Santipur OT is a beautiful font reflecting a very early [medieval era] typesetting style for Devanagari. Sanskrit 2003<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> is a good all-around font and has more ligatures than most fonts, though students will probably find the spacing of the CDAC-Gist Surekh<a href="#cite_note-surekhfont-67">[67]</a> font makes for quicker comprehension and reading.</blockquote> The Google Fonts project has a number of Unicode fonts for Devanāgarī in a variety of typefaces in serif, sans-serif, display and handwriting categories. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian numerals">Indian numerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī numerals">Brāhmī numerals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; border: none;"> <caption>Devanāgarī digits </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size:14pt;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="०">०</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="१">१</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="२">२</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="३">३</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="४">४</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="५">५</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="६">६</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="७">७</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="८">८</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="९">९</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4 </td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transliteration">Transliteration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transliteration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari transliteration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Examples_of_complex_text_rendering.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Examples_of_complex_text_rendering.png" decoding="async" width="283" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Indic scripts share common features, and along with Devanāgarī, all major Indic scripts have been historically used to preserve Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts.</figcaption></figure> There are several methods of <a href="/wiki/Romanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisation">Romanisation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> from Devanāgarī to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Roman script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ref17yebif-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunterian_system">Hunterian system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hunterian system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian transliteration</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian system</a> is the national system of romanisation in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, officially adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ref04xufam-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref48luvep-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref65puqac-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO_15919">ISO 15919</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: ISO 15919">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></div> A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brāhmic graphemes to the Latin script. The Devanāgarī-specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard for Sanskrit, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scriptsource-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IAST">IAST</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: IAST">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST)</a> is the academic standard for the romanisation of Sanskrit. IAST is the de facto standard used in printed publications, like books, magazines, and electronic texts with Unicode fonts. It is based on a standard established by the Congress of Orientalists at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> in 1912. The ISO 15919 standard of 2001 codified the transliteration convention to include an expanded standard for sister scripts of Devanāgarī.<a href="#cite_note-scriptsource-88">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" title="National Library at Kolkata romanisation">National Library at Kolkata romanisation</a>, intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts, is an extension of IAST. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Harvard-Kyoto">edit</a>]</div> Compared to IAST, <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a> looks much simpler. It does not contain all the diacritic marks that IAST contains. It was designed to simplify the task of putting large amount of Sanskrit textual material into machine readable form, and the inventors stated that it reduces the effort needed in transliteration of Sanskrit texts on the keyboard.<a href="#cite_note-translitwijastyk-89">[89]</a> This makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than IAST. Harvard-Kyoto uses <a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">capital letters</a> that can be difficult to read in the middle of words. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ITRANS">ITRANS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: ITRANS">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a> is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanāgarī into <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> that is widely used on <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>. It is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a> scheme. In ITRANS, the word devanāgarī is written "devanaagarii" or "devanAgarI". ITRANS is associated with an application of the same name that enables typesetting in <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmic family">Indic scripts</a>. The user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS pre-processor translates the Roman letters into Devanāgarī (or other Indic languages). The latest version of <a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a> is version 5.30 released in July 2001. It is similar to Velthuis system and was created by Avinash Chopde to help print various Indic scripts with personal computers.<a href="#cite_note-translitwijastyk-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Velthuis">Velthuis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Velthuis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Velthuis" title="Velthuis">Velthuis</a></div> The disadvantage of the above <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> schemes is case-sensitivity, implying that transliterated names may not be capitalised. This difficulty is avoided with the system developed in 1996 by Frans Velthuis for <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>, loosely based on IAST, in which case is irrelevant. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ALA-LC_Romanisation">ALA-LC Romanisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: ALA-LC Romanisation">edit</a>]</div> ALA-LC<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> romanisation is a transliteration scheme approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association, and widely used in North American libraries. Transliteration tables are based on languages, so there is a table for Hindi,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> one for Sanskrit and Prakrit,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WX">WX</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: WX">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX notation</a></div> WX is a Roman transliteration scheme for Indian languages, widely used among the <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> community in India. It originated at <a href="/wiki/IIT_Kanpur" title="IIT Kanpur">IIT Kanpur</a> for computational processing of Indian languages. The salient features of this transliteration scheme are as follows. <ul><li>Every consonant and every vowel has a single mapping into Roman. Hence it is a <a href="/wiki/Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">prefix code</a>, advantageous from computation point of view.</li> <li>Lower-case letters are used for unaspirated consonants and short vowels, while capital letters are used for aspirated consonants and long vowels. While the retroflex stops are mapped to 't, T, d, D, N', the dentals are mapped to 'w, W, x, X, n'. Hence the name 'WX', a reminder of this idiosyncratic mapping.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encodings">Encodings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Encodings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISCII">ISCII</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: ISCII">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/ISCII" class="mw-redirect" title="ISCII">ISCII</a> is an 8-bit encoding. The lower 128 codepoints are plain <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, the upper 128 codepoints are ISCII-specific. It has been designed for representing not only Devanāgarī but also various other <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic scripts</a> as well as a Latin-based script with diacritic marks used for transliteration of the Indic scripts. ISCII has largely been superseded by Unicode, which has, however, attempted to preserve the ISCII layout for its Indic language blocks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Unicode">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_(Unicode_block)" title="Devanagari (Unicode block)">Devanagari (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Extended" title="Devanagari Extended">Devanagari Extended (Unicode block)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Extended-A" title="Devanagari Extended-A">Devanagari Extended-A (Unicode block)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Extensions" title="Vedic Extensions">Vedic Extensions (Unicode block)</a></div> The Unicode Standard defines four blocks for Devanāgarī: Devanagari (U+0900–U+097F), Devanagari Extended (U+A8E0–U+A8FF), Devanagari Extended-A (U+11B00–11B5F), and Vedic Extensions (U+1CD0–U+1CFF). <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_(Unicode_block)" title="Devanagari (Unicode block)">Devanagari</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_U0900_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+090x </td> <td title="U+0900: DEVANAGARI SIGN INVERTED CANDRABINDU">ऀ </td> <td title="U+0901: DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">ँ</a> </td> <td title="U+0902: DEVANAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">ं</a> </td> <td title="U+0903: DEVANAGARI SIGN VISARGA"><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">ः</a> </td> <td title="U+0904: DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT A">ऄ </td> <td title="U+0905: DEVANAGARI LETTER A">अ </td> <td title="U+0906: DEVANAGARI LETTER AA">आ </td> <td title="U+0907: DEVANAGARI LETTER I">इ </td> <td title="U+0908: DEVANAGARI LETTER II">ई </td> <td title="U+0909: DEVANAGARI LETTER U">उ </td> <td title="U+090A: DEVANAGARI LETTER UU">ऊ </td> <td title="U+090B: DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R">ऋ </td> <td title="U+090C: DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC L">ऌ </td> <td title="U+090D: DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA E">ऍ </td> <td title="U+090E: DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT E">ऎ </td> <td title="U+090F: DEVANAGARI LETTER E">ए </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+091x </td> <td title="U+0910: DEVANAGARI LETTER AI">ऐ </td> <td title="U+0911: DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA O">ऑ </td> <td title="U+0912: DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT O">ऒ </td> <td title="U+0913: DEVANAGARI LETTER O">ओ </td> <td title="U+0914: DEVANAGARI LETTER AU">औ </td> <td title="U+0915: DEVANAGARI LETTER KA">क </td> <td title="U+0916: DEVANAGARI LETTER KHA">ख </td> <td title="U+0917: DEVANAGARI LETTER GA">ग </td> <td title="U+0918: DEVANAGARI LETTER GHA">घ </td> <td title="U+0919: DEVANAGARI LETTER NGA">ङ </td> <td title="U+091A: DEVANAGARI LETTER CA">च </td> <td title="U+091B: DEVANAGARI LETTER CHA">छ </td> <td title="U+091C: DEVANAGARI LETTER JA">ज </td> <td title="U+091D: DEVANAGARI LETTER JHA">झ </td> <td title="U+091E: DEVANAGARI LETTER NYA">ञ </td> <td title="U+091F: DEVANAGARI LETTER TTA">ट </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+092x </td> <td title="U+0920: DEVANAGARI LETTER TTHA">ठ </td> <td title="U+0921: DEVANAGARI LETTER DDA">ड </td> <td title="U+0922: DEVANAGARI LETTER DDHA">ढ </td> <td title="U+0923: DEVANAGARI LETTER NNA">ण </td> <td title="U+0924: DEVANAGARI LETTER TA">त </td> <td title="U+0925: DEVANAGARI LETTER THA">थ </td> <td title="U+0926: DEVANAGARI LETTER DA">द </td> <td title="U+0927: DEVANAGARI LETTER DHA">ध </td> <td title="U+0928: DEVANAGARI LETTER NA">न </td> <td title="U+0929: DEVANAGARI LETTER NNNA">ऩ </td> <td title="U+092A: DEVANAGARI LETTER PA">प </td> <td title="U+092B: DEVANAGARI LETTER PHA">फ </td> <td title="U+092C: DEVANAGARI LETTER BA">ब </td> <td title="U+092D: DEVANAGARI LETTER BHA">भ </td> <td title="U+092E: DEVANAGARI LETTER MA">म </td> <td title="U+092F: DEVANAGARI LETTER YA">य </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+093x </td> <td title="U+0930: DEVANAGARI LETTER RA">र </td> <td title="U+0931: DEVANAGARI LETTER RRA">ऱ </td> <td title="U+0932: DEVANAGARI LETTER LA">ल </td> <td title="U+0933: DEVANAGARI LETTER LLA">ळ </td> <td title="U+0934: DEVANAGARI LETTER LLLA">ऴ </td> <td title="U+0935: DEVANAGARI LETTER VA">व </td> <td title="U+0936: DEVANAGARI LETTER SHA">श </td> <td title="U+0937: DEVANAGARI LETTER SSA">ष </td> <td title="U+0938: DEVANAGARI LETTER SA">स </td> <td title="U+0939: DEVANAGARI LETTER HA">ह </td> <td title="U+093A: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN OE">ऺ </td> <td title="U+093B: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN OOE">ऻ </td> <td title="U+093C: DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA">़ </td> <td title="U+093D: DEVANAGARI SIGN AVAGRAHA"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">ऽ</a> </td> <td title="U+093E: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA">ा </td> <td title="U+093F: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN I">ि </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+094x </td> <td title="U+0940: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN II">ी </td> <td title="U+0941: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN U">ु </td> <td title="U+0942: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN UU">ू </td> <td title="U+0943: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R">ृ </td> <td title="U+0944: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR">ॄ </td> <td title="U+0945: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E">ॅ </td> <td title="U+0946: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN SHORT E">ॆ </td> <td title="U+0947: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN E">े </td> <td title="U+0948: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AI">ै </td> <td title="U+0949: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O">ॉ </td> <td title="U+094A: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN SHORT O">ॊ </td> <td title="U+094B: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN O">ो </td> <td title="U+094C: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AU">ौ </td> <td title="U+094D: DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA">् </td> <td title="U+094E: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN PRISHTHAMATRA E">ॎ </td> <td title="U+094F: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AW">ॏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+095x </td> <td title="U+0950: DEVANAGARI OM"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"> ॐ</a> </td> <td title="U+0951: DEVANAGARI STRESS SIGN UDATTA">॑ </td> <td title="U+0952: DEVANAGARI STRESS SIGN ANUDATTA">॒ </td> <td title="U+0953: DEVANAGARI GRAVE ACCENT">॓ </td> <td title="U+0954: DEVANAGARI ACUTE ACCENT">॔ </td> <td title="U+0955: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN CANDRA LONG E">ॕ </td> <td title="U+0956: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN UE">ॖ </td> <td title="U+0957: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN UUE">ॗ </td> <td title="U+0958: DEVANAGARI LETTER QA">क़ </td> <td title="U+0959: DEVANAGARI LETTER KHHA">ख़ </td> <td title="U+095A: DEVANAGARI LETTER GHHA">ग़ </td> <td title="U+095B: DEVANAGARI LETTER ZA">ज़ </td> <td title="U+095C: DEVANAGARI LETTER DDDHA">ड़ </td> <td title="U+095D: DEVANAGARI LETTER RHA">ढ़ </td> <td title="U+095E: DEVANAGARI LETTER FA">फ़ </td> <td title="U+095F: DEVANAGARI LETTER YYA">य़ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+096x </td> <td title="U+0960: DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC RR">ॠ </td> <td title="U+0961: DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC LL">ॡ </td> <td title="U+0962: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L">ॢ </td> <td title="U+0963: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL">ॣ </td> <td title="U+0964: DEVANAGARI DANDA"><a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda">।</a> </td> <td title="U+0965: DEVANAGARI DOUBLE DANDA"><a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda">॥</a> </td> <td title="U+0966: DEVANAGARI DIGIT ZERO">० </td> <td title="U+0967: DEVANAGARI DIGIT ONE">१ </td> <td title="U+0968: DEVANAGARI DIGIT TWO">२ </td> <td title="U+0969: DEVANAGARI DIGIT THREE">३ </td> <td title="U+096A: DEVANAGARI DIGIT FOUR">४ </td> <td title="U+096B: DEVANAGARI DIGIT FIVE">५ </td> <td title="U+096C: DEVANAGARI DIGIT SIX">६ </td> <td title="U+096D: DEVANAGARI DIGIT SEVEN">७ </td> <td title="U+096E: DEVANAGARI DIGIT EIGHT">८ </td> <td title="U+096F: DEVANAGARI DIGIT NINE">९ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+097x </td> <td title="U+0970: DEVANAGARI ABBREVIATION SIGN"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="॰">॰</a> </td> <td title="U+0971: DEVANAGARI SIGN HIGH SPACING DOT">ॱ </td> <td title="U+0972: DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA A">ॲ </td> <td title="U+0973: DEVANAGARI LETTER OE">ॳ </td> <td title="U+0974: DEVANAGARI LETTER OOE">ॴ </td> <td title="U+0975: DEVANAGARI LETTER AW">ॵ </td> <td title="U+0976: DEVANAGARI LETTER UE">ॶ </td> <td title="U+0977: DEVANAGARI LETTER UUE">ॷ </td> <td title="U+0978: DEVANAGARI LETTER MARWARI DDA">ॸ </td> <td title="U+0979: DEVANAGARI LETTER ZHA">ॹ </td> <td title="U+097A: DEVANAGARI LETTER HEAVY YA">ॺ </td> <td title="U+097B: DEVANAGARI LETTER GGA">ॻ </td> <td title="U+097C: DEVANAGARI LETTER JJA">ॼ </td> <td title="U+097D: DEVANAGARI LETTER GLOTTAL STOP">ॽ </td> <td title="U+097E: DEVANAGARI LETTER DDDA">ॾ </td> <td title="U+097F: DEVANAGARI LETTER BBA">ॿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U0900_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Extended" title="Devanagari Extended">Devanagari Extended</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_UA8E0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+A8Ex </td> <td title="U+A8E0: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT ZERO">꣠ </td> <td title="U+A8E1: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT ONE">꣡ </td> <td title="U+A8E2: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT TWO">꣢ </td> <td title="U+A8E3: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT THREE">꣣ </td> <td title="U+A8E4: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT FOUR">꣤ </td> <td title="U+A8E5: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT FIVE">꣥ </td> <td title="U+A8E6: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT SIX">꣦ </td> <td title="U+A8E7: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT SEVEN">꣧ </td> <td title="U+A8E8: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT EIGHT">꣨ </td> <td title="U+A8E9: COMBINING DEVANAGARI DIGIT NINE">꣩ </td> <td title="U+A8EA: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER A">꣪ </td> <td title="U+A8EB: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER U">꣫ </td> <td title="U+A8EC: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER KA">꣬ </td> <td title="U+A8ED: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER NA">꣭ </td> <td title="U+A8EE: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER PA">꣮ </td> <td title="U+A8EF: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER RA">꣯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+A8Fx </td> <td title="U+A8F0: COMBINING DEVANAGARI LETTER VI">꣰ </td> <td title="U+A8F1: COMBINING DEVANAGARI SIGN AVAGRAHA">꣱ </td> <td title="U+A8F2: DEVANAGARI SIGN SPACING CANDRABINDU">ꣲ </td> <td title="U+A8F3: DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU VIRAMA">ꣳ </td> <td title="U+A8F4: DEVANAGARI SIGN DOUBLE CANDRABINDU VIRAMA">ꣴ </td> <td title="U+A8F5: DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU TWO">ꣵ </td> <td title="U+A8F6: DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU THREE">ꣶ </td> <td title="U+A8F7: DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU AVAGRAHA">ꣷ </td> <td title="U+A8F8: DEVANAGARI SIGN PUSHPIKA">꣸ </td> <td title="U+A8F9: DEVANAGARI GAP FILLER">꣹ </td> <td title="U+A8FA: DEVANAGARI CARET">꣺ </td> <td title="U+A8FB: DEVANAGARI HEADSTROKE">ꣻ </td> <td title="U+A8FC: DEVANAGARI SIGN SIDDHAM">꣼ </td> <td title="U+A8FD: DEVANAGARI JAIN OM">ꣽ </td> <td title="U+A8FE: DEVANAGARI LETTER AY">ꣾ </td> <td title="U+A8FF: DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AY">ꣿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_UA8E0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Extended-A" title="Devanagari Extended-A">Devanagari Extended-A</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U11B00_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U11B00_grey">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11B00.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11B0x </td> <td title="U+11B00: DEVANAGARI HEAD MARK">𑬀 </td> <td title="U+11B01: DEVANAGARI HEAD MARK WITH HEADSTROKE">𑬁 </td> <td title="U+11B02: DEVANAGARI SIGN BHALE">𑬂 </td> <td title="U+11B03: DEVANAGARI SIGN BHALE WITH HOOK">𑬃 </td> <td title="U+11B04: DEVANAGARI SIGN EXTENDED BHALE">𑬄 </td> <td title="U+11B05: DEVANAGARI SIGN EXTENDED BHALE WITH HOOK">𑬅 </td> <td title="U+11B06: DEVANAGARI SIGN WESTERN FIVE-LIKE BHALE">𑬆 </td> <td title="U+11B07: DEVANAGARI SIGN WESTERN NINE-LIKE BHALE">𑬇 </td> <td title="U+11B08: DEVANAGARI SIGN REVERSED NINE-LIKE BHALE">𑬈 </td> <td title="U+11B09: DEVANAGARI SIGN MINDU">𑬉 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11B1x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11B2x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11B3x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11B4x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+11B5x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U11B00_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U11B00_grey">^</a> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Extensions" title="Vedic Extensions">Vedic Extensions</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U1CD0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U1CD0_grey">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1CDx </td> <td title="U+1CD0: VEDIC TONE KARSHANA">᳐ </td> <td title="U+1CD1: VEDIC TONE SHARA">᳑ </td> <td title="U+1CD2: VEDIC TONE PRENKHA">᳒ </td> <td title="U+1CD3: VEDIC SIGN NIHSHVASA">᳓ </td> <td title="U+1CD4: VEDIC SIGN YAJURVEDIC MIDLINE SVARITA">᳔ </td> <td title="U+1CD5: VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC AGGRAVATED INDEPENDENT SVARITA">᳕ </td> <td title="U+1CD6: VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC INDEPENDENT SVARITA">᳖ </td> <td title="U+1CD7: VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC KATHAKA INDEPENDENT SVARITA">᳗ </td> <td title="U+1CD8: VEDIC TONE CANDRA BELOW">᳘ </td> <td title="U+1CD9: VEDIC TONE YAJURVEDIC KATHAKA INDEPENDENT SVARITA SCHROEDER">᳙ </td> <td title="U+1CDA: VEDIC TONE DOUBLE SVARITA">᳚ </td> <td title="U+1CDB: VEDIC TONE TRIPLE SVARITA">᳛ </td> <td title="U+1CDC: VEDIC TONE KATHAKA ANUDATTA">᳜ </td> <td title="U+1CDD: VEDIC TONE DOT BELOW">᳝ </td> <td title="U+1CDE: VEDIC TONE TWO DOTS BELOW">᳞ </td> <td title="U+1CDF: VEDIC TONE THREE DOTS BELOW">᳟ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1CEx </td> <td title="U+1CE0: VEDIC TONE RIGVEDIC KASHMIRI INDEPENDENT SVARITA">᳠ </td> <td title="U+1CE1: VEDIC TONE ATHARVAVEDIC INDEPENDENT SVARITA">᳡ </td> <td title="U+1CE2: VEDIC SIGN VISARGA SVARITA">᳢ </td> <td title="U+1CE3: VEDIC SIGN VISARGA UDATTA">᳣ </td> <td title="U+1CE4: VEDIC SIGN REVERSED VISARGA UDATTA">᳤ </td> <td title="U+1CE5: VEDIC SIGN VISARGA ANUDATTA">᳥ </td> <td title="U+1CE6: VEDIC SIGN REVERSED VISARGA ANUDATTA">᳦ </td> <td title="U+1CE7: VEDIC SIGN VISARGA UDATTA WITH TAIL">᳧ </td> <td title="U+1CE8: VEDIC SIGN VISARGA ANUDATTA WITH TAIL">᳨ </td> <td title="U+1CE9: VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA ANTARGOMUKHA">ᳩ </td> <td title="U+1CEA: VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA BAHIRGOMUKHA">ᳪ </td> <td title="U+1CEB: VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA VAMAGOMUKHA">ᳫ </td> <td title="U+1CEC: VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA VAMAGOMUKHA WITH TAIL">ᳬ </td> <td title="U+1CED: VEDIC SIGN TIRYAK">᳭ </td> <td title="U+1CEE: VEDIC SIGN HEXIFORM LONG ANUSVARA">ᳮ </td> <td title="U+1CEF: VEDIC SIGN LONG ANUSVARA">ᳯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1CFx </td> <td title="U+1CF0: VEDIC SIGN RTHANG LONG ANUSVARA">ᳰ </td> <td title="U+1CF1: VEDIC SIGN ANUSVARA UBHAYATO MUKHA">ᳱ </td> <td title="U+1CF2: VEDIC SIGN ARDHAVISARGA">ᳲ </td> <td title="U+1CF3: VEDIC SIGN ROTATED ARDHAVISARGA">ᳳ </td> <td title="U+1CF4: VEDIC TONE CANDRA ABOVE">᳴ </td> <td title="U+1CF5: VEDIC SIGN JIHVAMULIYA"> ᳵ  </td> <td title="U+1CF6: VEDIC SIGN UPADHMANIYA"> ᳶ  </td> <td title="U+1CF7: VEDIC SIGN ATIKRAMA">᳷ </td> <td title="U+1CF8: VEDIC TONE RING ABOVE">᳸ </td> <td title="U+1CF9: VEDIC TONE DOUBLE RING ABOVE">᳹ </td> <td title="U+1CFA: VEDIC SIGN DOUBLE ANUSVARA ANTARGOMUKHA">ᳺ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U1CD0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U1CD0_grey">^</a> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devanāgari_keyboard_layouts">Devanāgari keyboard layouts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Devanāgari keyboard layouts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of Devanāgari input tools and fonts, please see <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">Help:Multilingual support (Indic)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%96.ogv/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%96.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="614" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Introduction to Inscript Key board</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="InScript_layout">InScript layout</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: InScript layout">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/InScript" class="mw-redirect" title="InScript">InScript</a> is the standard <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard (computing)">keyboard</a> layout for Devanāgarī as standardized by the Government of India. It is inbuilt in all modern major <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> supports the InScript layout, which can be used to input unicode Devanāgarī characters. InScript is also available in some touchscreen mobile phones. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devanagari_INSCRIPT_Keyboard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Devanagari_INSCRIPT_Keyboard.JPG/880px-Devanagari_INSCRIPT_Keyboard.JPG" decoding="async" width="880" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Devanagari_INSCRIPT_Keyboard.JPG/1320px-Devanagari_INSCRIPT_Keyboard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Devanagari_INSCRIPT_Keyboard.JPG/1760px-Devanagari_INSCRIPT_Keyboard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Devanāgarī INSCRIPT bilingual keyboard layout</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typewriter">Typewriter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Typewriter">edit</a>]</div> This layout was used on manual typewriters when computers were not available or were uncommon. For backward compatibility some typing tools like Indic IME still provide this layout. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic">Phonetic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Phonetic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AKphonetic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/AKphonetic.jpg/260px-AKphonetic.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/AKphonetic.jpg/390px-AKphonetic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/AKphonetic.jpg/520px-AKphonetic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>Devanāgari Phonetic Keyboard Layout</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm/260px--Devanagari_ULS_input.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="36" data-mwtitle="Devanagari_ULS_input.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Devanagari_ULS_input.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm/Devanagari_ULS_input.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADevanagari_ULS_input.webm&lang=en-gb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en-GB" label="British English ‪(en-gb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>One can use ULS "लिप्यंतरण" (<a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a>) or "इनस्क्रिप्ट" (<a href="/wiki/InScript_keyboard" title="InScript keyboard">Inscript</a>) typing options to search or edit Devanagari-script articles as shown in this video clip example. CC instructions are available for British English.</figcaption></figure> Such tools work on phonetic transliteration. The user writes in the Latin alphabet and the <a href="/wiki/Input_method_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Input method editor">IME</a> automatically converts it into Devanāgarī. Some popular phonetic typing tools are Akruti, <a href="/wiki/Baraha" title="Baraha">Baraha</a> IME and <a href="/wiki/Google_IME" title="Google IME">Google IME</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> operating system includes two different <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layouts</a> for Devanāgarī: one resembles the INSCRIPT/KDE Linux, while the other is a phonetic layout called "Devanāgarī QWERTY". Any one of the Unicode fonts input systems is fine for the Indic language Wikipedia and other wikiprojects, including Hindi, Bhojpuri, Marathi, and Nepali Wikipedia. While some people use <a href="/wiki/InScript_keyboard" title="InScript keyboard">InScript</a>, the majority uses either <a href="/wiki/Google_transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Google transliteration">Google phonetic transliteration</a> or the input facility <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Universal_Language_Selector" class="extiw" title="mw:Universal Language Selector">Universal Language Selector</a> provided on Wikipedia. On Indic language wikiprojects, the phonetic facility provided initially was java-based, and was later supported by Narayam extension for phonetic input facility. Currently Indic language Wiki projects are supported by <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Universal_Language_Selector" class="extiw" title="mw:Universal Language Selector">Universal Language Selector (ULS)</a>, that offers both phonetic keyboard (Aksharantaran, Marathi: अक्षरांतरण, Hindi: लिप्यंतरण, बोलनागरी) and <a href="/wiki/InScript_keyboard" title="InScript keyboard">InScript keyboard</a> (Marathi: मराठी लिपी). The <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu Linux">Ubuntu Linux</a> operating system supports several <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard layouts">keyboard layouts</a> for Devanāgarī, including Harvard-Kyoto, <a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX notation</a>, Bolanagari and phonetic. The 'remington' typing method in Ubuntu IBUS is similar to the Krutidev typing method, popular in Rajasthan. The 'itrans' method is useful for those who know English (and the English keyboard) well but are not familiar with typing in Devanāgarī. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/25px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/38px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/51px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_font" title="Clip font">Clip font</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanāgarī transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanāgarī Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCII" class="mw-redirect" title="ISCII">ISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagari_Pracharini_Sabha" title="Nagari Pracharini Sabha">Nagari Pracharini Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> study of sound, focusing on the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> alphabet</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (January/February 2000): 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalomon1996378-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalomon1996378_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon1996">Salomon 1996</a>, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-Salomon_1995-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Salomon_1995_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSalomon" class="citation cs2">Salomon, Richard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522210705/https://www.indology.info/papers/salomon/">On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts: A Review Article. Journal of the American Oriental Society 115.2 (1995), 271–279</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indology.info/papers/salomon/">the original</a> on 22 May 2019, retrieved 27 March 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+The+Origin+Of+The+Early+Indian+Scripts%3A+A+Review+Article.+Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society+115.2+%281995%29%2C+271%E2%80%93279&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findology.info%2Fpapers%2Fsalomon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-daniels-4"><a href="#cite_ref-daniels_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, P.T. (January 2008). "Writing systems of major and minor languages". In B. Kachru; Y. Kachru; S. Sridhar (eds.). Language in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 285–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511619069.017">10.1017/CBO9780511619069.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521786539" title="Special:BookSources/9780521786539"><bdi>9780521786539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+systems+of+major+and+minor+languages&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=285-308&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511619069.017&rft.isbn=9780521786539&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=P.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-masica-5"><a href="#cite_ref-masica_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1993" class="citation book cs1">Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.pages=143&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Devanagari" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Devanagari">"Devanagari"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devanagari&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DDevanagari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-kathleen-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kathleen_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kathleen_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kathleen_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper2010" class="citation book cs1">Kuiper, Kathleen (2010). The Culture of India. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615301492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1615301492"><bdi>978-1615301492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1615301492&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgec-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-georgec_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgec_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-georgec_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Salomon, Richard (26 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">"Writing systems of the Indo-Aryan languages"</a>. In Cardona, George; Jain, Danesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79710-2"><bdi>978-1-135-79710-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 July 2023. <q>Each Brāhmī-derived script has a characteristic stylistic format or ductus, which tends to exaggerate their apparent differences and mask their underlying similarities. For example, Nagari has a strong preference for symmetrical shapes, especially squared outlines and right angles...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+systems+of+the+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79710-2&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtCPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazett-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazett_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazett_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Rudradaman's inscription from 1st through 4th century CE found in Gujarat, India". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ">Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency</a>. Stanford University Archives. pp. 30–45, particularly Devanāgarī inscription on Jayadaman's coins (pp. 33–34).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rudradaman%27s+inscription+from+1st+through+4th+century+CE+found+in+Gujarat%2C+India&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency&rft.pages=30-45%2C+particularly+Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB+inscription+on+Jayadaman%27s+coins+%28pp.+33-34%29&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bkMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-salomon1000-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salomon1000_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salomon1000_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salomon1000_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2014" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (2014). Indian Epigraphy. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195356663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195356663"><bdi>978-0195356663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy&rft.pages=40-42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0195356663&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/devanagari#:~:text=Devanagari%20has%2048%20letters:%2034,vowel%20in%20the%20spoken%20language.">"Devanagari – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Devanagari+%E2%80%93+an+overview+%7C+ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fbiochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology%2Fdevanagari%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDevanagari%2520has%252048%2520letters%3A%252034%2Cvowel%2520in%2520the%2520spoken%2520language.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan" class="citation web cs1">Vaughan, Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/list/the-worlds-5-most-commonly-used-writing-systems">"The World's 5 Most Commonly Used Writing Systems"</a>. britannica.com. Retrieved 15 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=The+World%E2%80%99s+5+Most+Commonly+Used+Writing+Systems&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Flist%2Fthe-worlds-5-most-commonly-used-writing-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mostused1-13"><a href="#cite_ref-mostused1_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemplin" class="citation web cs1">Templin, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/devanagari.htm">"Devanagari script"</a>. omniglot.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401062015/https://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/devanagari.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Devanagari+script&rft.aulast=Templin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Flanguage%2Farticles%2Fdevanagari.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-devasilusa-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-devasilusa_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-devasilusa_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-devasilusa_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-devasilusa_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702003440/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Deva">Devanagari (Nagari), Script Features and Description</a>, United States: <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>, 2013, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Deva">the original</a> on 2 July 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devanagari+%28Nagari%29%2C+Script+Features+and+Description&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3Dscript_detail%26key%3DDeva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakanishi" class="citation book cs1">Nakanishi, Akira. Writing systems of the World. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804816540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804816540"><bdi>978-0804816540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+systems+of+the+World&rft.pages=48&rft.isbn=978-0804816540&rft.aulast=Nakanishi&rft.aufirst=Akira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-george-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-george_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-george_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-george_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardonaJain2003" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, George; Jain, Danesh (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 75–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415772945" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415772945"><bdi>978-0415772945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=75-77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415772945&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Jain%2C+Danesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528075558/https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm">"Hindi"</a>. Omniglot Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm">the original</a> on 28 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindi&rft.pub=Omniglot+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems+and+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fhindi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell1991" class="citation book cs1">Snell, Rupert (1991). The Hindi classical tradition : a Braj Bhāṣā reader. London: School of Oriental and African studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7286-0175-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7286-0175-3"><bdi>0-7286-0175-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24794163">24794163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindi+classical+tradition+%3A+a+Braj+Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%C4%81+reader&rft.place=London&rft.pub=School+of+Oriental+and+African+studies&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24794163&rft.isbn=0-7286-0175-3&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardonaJain2003" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, George; Jain, Danesh (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415772945" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415772945"><bdi>978-0415772945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415772945&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Jain%2C+Danesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünendahl2001" class="citation book cs1">Grünendahl, Reinhold (2001). South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. xxii, 201–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447045049" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447045049"><bdi>978-3447045049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Scripts+in+Sanskrit+Manuscripts+and+Prints&rft.pages=xxii%2C+201-210&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3447045049&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnendahl&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (1899). "nagara". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/index.php">A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 525. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/685239912">685239912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=nagara&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary%3A+Etymologically+and+Philologically+Arranged+with+Special+Reference+to+Cognate+Indo-European+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=525&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F685239912&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2F2020%2Fweb%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurer1976" class="citation journal cs1">Maurer, Walter H. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599893">"On the Name Devanāgarī"</a>. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 96 (1): 101–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599893">10.2307/599893</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599893">599893</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522070843/https://www.jstor.org/stable/599893">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Name+Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-104&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599893%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599893&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=Walter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardonaJain2003" class="citation book cs1">Cardona, George; Jain, Danesh (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415772945" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415772945"><bdi>978-0415772945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415772945&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Jain%2C+Danesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fischer2004-24"><a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2004" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Steven Roger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC">A History of Writing</a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-167-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-167-9"><bdi>978-1-86189-167-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307151643/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ywo0M9OpbXoC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2015. <q>(p. 110) "<abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> an early branch of this, as of the fourth century CE, was the Gupta script, Brahmi's first main daughter. <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> The Gupta alphabet became the ancestor of most Indic scripts (usually through later Devanagari). <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> Beginning around AD 600, Gupta inspired the important Nagari, Sarada, Tibetan and Pāḷi scripts. Nagari, of India's northwest, first appeared around AD 633. Once fully developed in the eleventh century, Nagari had become Devanagari, or "heavenly Nagari", since it was now the main vehicle, out of several, for Sanskrit literature."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Writing&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-167-9&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Steven+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwo0M9OpbXoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagar1993" class="citation book cs1">Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1993). Foreign Influence on Ancient India. South Asia Books. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172110284" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172110284"><bdi>978-8172110284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Influence+on+Ancient+India&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-8172110284&rft.aulast=Sagar&rft.aufirst=Krishna+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-richardbiscript-26"><a href="#cite_ref-richardbiscript_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2014" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (2014). Indian Epigraphy. Oxford University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195356663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195356663"><bdi>978-0195356663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0195356663&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2001" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, Michael (2001). "Inscriptions from Udayagiri: locating domains of devotion, patronage and power in the eleventh century". South Asian Studies. 17 (1): 41–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666030.2001.9628591">10.1080/02666030.2001.9628591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161258027">161258027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Inscriptions+from+Udayagiri%3A+locating+domains+of+devotion%2C+patronage+and+power+in+the+eleventh+century&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-53&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02666030.2001.9628591&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161258027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019091410/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/b/brick_with_sanskrit_inscriptio.aspx">"Brick with Sanskrit inscription in Nāgarī script, 1217 CE, found in Uttar Pradesh, India (British Museum)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/b/brick_with_sanskrit_inscriptio.aspx">the original</a> on 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brick+with+Sanskrit+inscription+in+N%C4%81gar%C4%AB+script%2C+1217+CE%2C+found+in+Uttar+Pradesh%2C+India+%28British+Museum%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fasia%2Fb%2Fbrick_with_sanskrit_inscriptio.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdika2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ardika, Wayan (2009). Hermann, Elfriede; et al. (eds.). Form, Macht, Differenz: Motive und Felder ethnologischen Forschens (in German). Universitätsverlag Göttingen. pp. 251–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3940344809" title="Special:BookSources/978-3940344809"><bdi>978-3940344809</bdi></a>. <q>Nagari script and Sanskrit language in the inscription at Blangjong suggests that Indian culture was already influencing Bali (Indonesia) by the 10th century CE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Form%2C+Macht%2C+Differenz%3A+Motive+und+Felder+ethnologischen+Forschens&rft.pages=251-252&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3940344809&rft.aulast=Ardika&rft.aufirst=Wayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor2003-30"><a href="#cite_ref-taylor2003_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1883" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Isaac (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/alphabet00unkngoog#page/n348/mode/2up/">History of the Alphabet: Aryan Alphabets, Part 2</a>. Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. pp. 324, 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-5847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-5847-4"><bdi>978-0-7661-5847-4</bdi></a>. <q><abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> In the Kutila this develops into a short horizontal bar, which, in the Devanagari, becomes a continuous horizontal line <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> three cardinal inscriptions of this epoch, namely, the Kutila or Bareli inscription of 992, the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> or Kistna inscription of 945, and a Kawi inscription of 919 <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> the Kutila inscription is of great importance in Indian epigraphy, not only from its precise date, but from its offering a definite early form of the standard Indian alphabet, the Devanagari <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Alphabet%3A+Aryan+Alphabets%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=324%2C+333&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench+%26+Co&rft.date=1883&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-5847-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Falphabet00unkngoog%23page%2Fn348%2Fmode%2F2up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Witzel, Michael</a> (2006). "17. Brahmanical Reactions to Foreign Influences and to Social and Religious Change". In <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a> (ed.). Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford University Press. pp. 477–480 with footnote 60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195305326.003.0017">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305326.003.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195305326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195305326"><bdi>978-0195305326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.+Brahmanical+Reactions+to+Foreign+Influences+and+to+Social+and+Religious+Change&rft.btitle=Between+the+Empires%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE&rft.pages=477-480+with+footnote+60&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195305326.003.0017&rft.isbn=978-0195305326&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988">; Original manuscript, dates in Saka Samvat, and uncertainties associated with it: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKielhorn1880" class="citation cs2">Kielhorn, F., ed. (1880), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vykaraamahbhshy00kielgoog#page/n8/mode/2up">Mahabhasya of Patanjali</a>, Bombay, Government central Book depôt</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahabhasya+of+Patanjali&rft.pub=Bombay%2C+Government+central+Book+dep%C3%B4t&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvykaraamahbhshy00kielgoog%23page%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Brahmi_script_consonants_according_to_James_Prinsep_March_1838.jpg" title="File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg">Evolutionary chart</a>, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockhill" class="citation book cs1">Rockhill, William Woodville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avFDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA671">Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution</a>. United States National Museum. p. 671.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Board+of+Regents+of+the+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.pages=671&rft.pub=United+States+National+Museum&rft.aulast=Rockhill&rft.aufirst=William+Woodville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavFDAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinter2015" class="citation book cs1">Quinter, David (2015). From Outcasts to Emperors: Shingon Ritsu and the Mañjuśrī Cult in Medieval Japan. Brill. pp. 63–65 with discussion on <a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3a_Vijaya_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra">Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004293397" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004293397"><bdi>978-9004293397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Outcasts+to+Emperors%3A+Shingon+Ritsu+and+the+Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB+Cult+in+Medieval+Japan&rft.pages=63-65+with+discussion+on+U%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3a+Vijaya+Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB+S%C5%ABtra&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9004293397&rft.aulast=Quinter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-richard-35"><a href="#cite_ref-richard_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2014" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (2014). Indian Epigraphy. Oxford University Press. pp. 157–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195356663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195356663"><bdi>978-0195356663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy&rft.pages=157-160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0195356663&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeselkin1972" class="citation book cs1">Teselkin, Avenir S. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ1kAAAAMAAJ">Old Javanese (Kawi)</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 9–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126234553/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ1kAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Javanese+%28Kawi%29&rft.pages=9-14&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Teselkin&rft.aufirst=Avenir+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJ1kAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Casparis1975" class="citation book cs1">de Casparis, J. G. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLUfAAAAIAAJ">Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to c. AD 1500</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 35–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04172-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04172-9"><bdi>90-04-04172-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313164916/https://books.google.com/books?id=cLUfAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Palaeography%3A+A+History+of+Writing+in+Indonesia+from+the+Beginnings+to+c.+AD+1500&rft.pages=35-43&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-04-04172-9&rft.aulast=de+Casparis&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcLUfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurbuchen1976" class="citation book cs1">Zurbuchen, Mary S. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4kOAAAAYAAJ">Introduction to Old Javanese Language and Literature: A Kawi Prose Anthology</a>. Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan. pp. xi–xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89148-053-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89148-053-2"><bdi>978-0-89148-053-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227150848/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4kOAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Old+Javanese+Language+and+Literature%3A+A+Kawi+Prose+Anthology&rft.pages=xi-xii&rft.pub=Center+for+South+and+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-89148-053-2&rft.aulast=Zurbuchen&rft.aufirst=Mary+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy4kOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1950" class="citation journal cs1">Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1950). "The Origin of the Sailendra Dynasty: Present Status of the Question". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 70 (2). JSTOR: 79–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F595536">10.2307/595536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/595536">595536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Sailendra+Dynasty%3A+Present+Status+of+the+Question&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-81&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F595536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F595536&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiksicYian2016p177-40"><a href="#cite_ref-MiksicYian2016p177_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksicYian2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic, John Norman</a>; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ">Ancient Southeast Asia</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 177–179, 314–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27904-4"><bdi>978-1-317-27904-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306072439/https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=177-179%2C+314-322&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27904-4&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+Norman&rft.au=Yian%2C+Goh+Geok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzjklDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon2003">Salomon (2003</a>:71) </li> <li id="cite_note-Salomon_2003_75-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salomon_2003_75_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salomon_2003_75_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon2003">Salomon (2003</a>:75) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWikner1996">Wikner (1996</a>:13, 14) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWikner1996">Wikner (1996</a>:6) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnell2000">Snell (2000</a>:44–45) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnell2000">Snell (2000</a>:64) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnell2000">Snell (2000</a>:45) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnell2000">Snell (2000</a>:46) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalomon2003">Salomon (2003</a>:77) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerma2003">Verma (2003</a>:501) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-hindi/dollar">"Hindi Translation of "dollar""</a>. Collins English-Hindi Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040722/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-hindi/dollar">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English-Hindi+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hindi+Translation+of+%22dollar%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish-hindi%2Fdollar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWikner1996">Wikner (1996</a>:73) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandahl2000" class="citation book cs1">Sandahl, Stella (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm0aAQAAIAAJ">A Hindi reference grammar</a>. Peeters. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042908802" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042908802"><bdi>978-9042908802</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427114134/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm0aAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hindi+reference+grammar&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9042908802&rft.aulast=Sandahl&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHm0aAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia1987" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Tej K. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C">A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 51–63, 77–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07924-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07924-6"><bdi>90-04-07924-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610230915/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hindi+Grammatical+Tradition&rft.pages=51-63%2C+77-94&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-04-07924-6&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Tej+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJOXzRXsSK0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991</a>:97) </li> <li id="cite_note-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013-56"><a href="#cite_ref-PandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Dipti; Mondal, Tapabrata; Agrawal, S. S.; Bangalore, Srinivas (2013). "Development and suitability of Indian languages speech database for building watson based ASR system". 2013 International Conference Oriental COCOSDA held jointly with 2013 Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE). p. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICSDA.2013.6709861">10.1109/ICSDA.2013.6709861</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-2378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-2378-6"><bdi>978-1-4799-2378-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26461938">26461938</a>. <q>Only in Hindi 10 Phonemes व /v/ क़ /q/ ञ /ɲ/ य /j/ ष /ʂ/ ख़ /x/ ग़ /ɣ/ ज़ /z/ झ़ /ʒ/ फ़ /f/</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+and+suitability+of+Indian+languages+speech+database+for+building+watson+based+ASR+system&rft.btitle=2013+International+Conference+Oriental+COCOSDA+held+jointly+with+2013+Conference+on+Asian+Spoken+Language+Research+and+Evaluation+%28O-COCOSDA%2FCASLRE%29&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26461938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICSDA.2013.6709861&rft.isbn=978-1-4799-2378-6&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Dipti&rft.au=Mondal%2C+Tapabrata&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Bangalore%2C+Srinivas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandit1872" class="citation book cs1">Pandit, S.P. (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheIndianAntiquaryVol.1/The-Indian-Antiquary%2CVol.%201#page/n219/mode/2up">"Salotgi Inscription"</a>. The Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research. pp. 205–211. <q>The inscription of which a translation is given below, is engraved on a stone pillar about 4 feet 10 inches in height, 1 foot 2 inches thick, and 1 foot 9 inches broad. It is cut in Devanagari characters on three of its four sides, and <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salotgi+Inscription&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Antiquary%3A+A+Journal+of+Oriental+Research&rft.pages=205-211&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Pandit&rft.aufirst=S.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheIndianAntiquaryVol.1%2FThe-Indian-Antiquary%252CVol.%25201%23page%2Fn219%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahri2004" class="citation book cs1">Bahri, Harder (2004). Hindi-Angrezi Shabdkosh. p. xiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi-Angrezi+Shabdkosh&rft.pages=xiii&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bahri&rft.aufirst=Harder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaloman2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Saloman, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170021/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/9640">"Typological Observations on the Indic Scripts"</a>. The Indic Scripts: Paleographic and Linguistic Perspectives. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld Ltd. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-812460406-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-812460406-9"><bdi>978-812460406-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/9640">the original</a> on 4 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Typological+Observations+on+the+Indic+Scripts&rft.btitle=The+Indic+Scripts%3A+Paleographic+and+Linguistic+Perspectives&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=D.K.+Printworld+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-812460406-9&rft.aulast=Saloman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ideals.illinois.edu%2Fhandle%2F2142%2F9640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode_ch._9-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_ch._9_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch09.pdf">"The Unicode Standard, chapter 9, South Asian Scripts I"</a> (PDF). The Unicode Standard, v. 6.0. Unicode, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803120834/https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch09.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+v.+6.0&rft.atitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+chapter+9%2C+South+Asian+Scripts+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode6.0.0%2Fch09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_Consortium2000" class="citation cs2">Unicode Consortium (2000), The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0, Volume 1, Addison-Wesley, pp. 221–223, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201616330" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201616330"><bdi>978-0201616330</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+3.0%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=221-223&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0201616330&rft.au=Unicode+Consortium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ijetr-62"><a href="#cite_ref-ijetr_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWathamVimal2013" class="citation cs2">Watham; Vimal (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206062848/https://www.ijetr.org/finalpdf/1386305476.pdf">Transliteration from Hindi Script to Meetei Mayek</a> (PDF), IJETR, p. 550, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijetr.org/finalpdf/1386305476.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 February 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transliteration+from+Hindi+Script+to+Meetei+Mayek&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=IJETR&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Watham&rft.au=Vimal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijetr.org%2Ffinalpdf%2F1386305476.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shapiro, Michael (2014). "The Devanagari Writing System". A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120805088" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120805088"><bdi>978-8120805088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Devanagari+Writing+System&rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Modern+Standard+Hindi&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8120805088&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/akshar.shtml">Akshar Unicode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709144453/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/akshar.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.sil.org/annapurna/">Annapurna SIL Unicode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160930/https://software.sil.org/annapurna/">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SIL International (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/arialunicode.shtml">Arial Unicode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709131928/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/arialunicode.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-surekhfont-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-surekhfont_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-surekhfont_67-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/surekh.shtml">CDAC-GIST Surekh Unicode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709135457/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/surekh.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/yogesh.shtml">CDAC-GIST Yogesh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709154256/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/yogesh.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-hindimeguide-69"><a href="#cite_ref-hindimeguide_69-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hindimeguide.blogspot.com/keyword=k21214&pageid=icb.page104271">Sanskrit Devanagari Fonts</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Harvard University (2010); see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/">Chanda and Uttara ttf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310144046/https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/">Archived</a> 10 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2010 archive (Accessed: July 8, 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/gargi.shtml">Gargi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709150622/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/gargi.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kde-look.org/content/show.php?content=16645">Gurumaa Unicode – a sans font</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711005342/https://kde-look.org/content/show.php?content=16645">Archived</a> 11 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> KDE (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/jaipur.shtml">Jaipur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709143501/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/jaipur.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/janahindi.shtml">Jana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709140706/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/janahindi.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kalimati.shtml">Kalimati</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709143109/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kalimati.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kanjirowa.shtml">Kanjirowa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709125349/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/kanjirowa.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/mangal.shtml">Mangal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709143607/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/mangal.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFalib-ms" class="citation web cs1">alib-ms. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/kokila">"Kokila font family – Typography"</a>. Microsoft Learn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003042113/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/kokila">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=Kokila+font+family+%E2%80%93+Typography&rft.au=alib-ms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Ftypography%2Ffont-list%2Fkokila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shikshasanjal.com/preeti-to-unicode-converter">"Preeti Font"</a>. shikshasanjal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shikshasanjal&rft.atitle=Preeti+Font&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshikshasanjal.com%2Fpreeti-to-unicode-converter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/raghindi.shtml">Raghu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709145319/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/raghindi.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/sanskrit2003.shtml">Sanskrit Ashram</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709131926/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/sanskrit2003.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_81-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k21214&pageid=icb.page104271">Sanskrit Devanagari Fonts</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Harvard University (2010); see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/">Chanda and Uttara ttf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310144046/https://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/">Archived</a> 10 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2010 archive (Accessed: July 8, 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/thyakarabison.shtml">Thyaka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709125244/https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/available/hindi/thyakarabison.shtml">Archived</a> 9 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Asia Language Resource, University of Chicago (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf">Devanagari font</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113210320/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf">Archived</a> 13 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Unicode Standard 8.0 (2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-ref17yebif-84"><a href="#cite_ref-ref17yebif_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1972" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Daya Nand (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWJJAAAAYAAJ">Transliteration into Roman and Devanagari of the languages of the Indian group</a>. Survey of India, 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603120418/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWJJAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015. <q><abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> With the passage of time there has emerged a practically uniform system of transliteration of Devanagari and allied alphabets. Nevertheless, no single system of Romanisation has yet developed <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transliteration+into+Roman+and+Devanagari+of+the+languages+of+the+Indian+group&rft.pub=Survey+of+India%2C+1972&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Daya+Nand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHWJJAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref04xufam-85"><a href="#cite_ref-ref04xufam_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names,_United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2007" class="citation cs2">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC">Technical reference manual for the standardisation of geographical names</a>, United Nations Publications, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-161500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-161500-5"><bdi>978-92-1-161500-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424091625/https://books.google.com/books?id=mh8u32ANQxAC">archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015, <q><abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> ISO 15919 <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanisation in India <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+reference+manual+for+the+standardisation+of+geographical+names&rft.pub=United+Nations+Publications%2C+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-1-161500-5&rft.au=United+Nations+Group+of+Experts+on+Geographical+Names%2C+United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh8u32ANQxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref48luvep-86"><a href="#cite_ref-ref48luvep_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs1955" class="citation cs2">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKsvAAAAYAAJ">United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2</a>, United Nations, 1955, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427154047/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKsvAAAAYAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015, <q><abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Regional+Cartographic+Conference+for+Asia+and+the+Far+East%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=United+Nations%2C+1955&rft.date=1955&rft.au=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKsvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref65puqac-87"><a href="#cite_ref-ref65puqac_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Library_(India)1960" class="citation cs2">National Library (India) (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VYEAQAAIAAJ">Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography</a>, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427232617/https://books.google.com/books?id=8VYEAQAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015, <q><abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+scientific+%26+technical+publications%2C+exhibition+1960%3A+a+bibliography&rft.pub=Council+of+Scientific+%26+Industrial+Research%2C+Government+of+India%2C+1960&rft.date=1960&rft.au=National+Library+%28India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VYEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scriptsource-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scriptsource_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scriptsource_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScript_Source2009" class="citation web cs1">Script Source (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151114045204/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail_sort&key=Deva">"Devanagari IAST conventions"</a>. United States: SIL International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail_sort&key=Deva">the original</a> on 14 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devanagari+IAST+conventions&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Script+Source&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3Dscript_detail_sort%26key%3DDeva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-translitwijastyk-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-translitwijastyk_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-translitwijastyk_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk1996" class="citation web cs1">Wujastyk, D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606204758/https://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/">"Transliteration of Devanāgarī"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/">the original</a> on 6 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transliteration+of+Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findology.info%2Femail%2Fmembers%2Fwujastyk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html">"LOC.gov"</a>. LOC.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232607/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LOC.gov&rft.pub=LOC.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Froman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf">"0001.eps"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217052605/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/hindi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=0001.eps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Fhindi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/sanskrit.pdf">"LOC.gov"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413080838/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/sanskrit.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=LOC.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Fsanskrit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: General sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1953" class="citation cs2">Lambert, Hester Marjorie (1953), Introduction to the Devanagari Script: For Students of Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati and Bengali, London: Geoffrey Cumberlege (Oxford University Press)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Devanagari+Script%3A+For+Students+of+Sanskrit%2C+Hindi%2C+Marathi%2C+Gujarati+and+Bengali&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Geoffrey+Cumberlege+%28Oxford+University+Press%29&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Hester+Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasica1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Masica" title="Colin Masica">Masica, Colin</a> (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages">The Indo-Aryan Languages</a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29944-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29944-2&rft.aulast=Masica&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3RSHWePhXwC%26q%3Dindo-aryan%2Blanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell2000" class="citation cs2">Snell, Rupert (2000), Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script, Hodder & Stoughton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-141984-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-141984-0"><bdi>978-0-07-141984-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Beginner%27s+Hindi+Script&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-07-141984-0&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1996" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1996). "Brahmi and Kharoshthi". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Writing_Systems" title="The World's Writing Systems">The World's Writing Systems</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507993-0"><bdi>0-19-507993-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brahmi+and+Kharoshthi&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-507993-0&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon2003" class="citation cs2">Salomon, Richard (2003), "Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 67–103, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+Systems+of+the+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=67-103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerma2003" class="citation cs2">Verma, Sheela (2003), "Magahi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 498–514, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magahi&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=498-514&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Sheela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikner1996" class="citation cs2">Wikner, Charles (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html">A Practical Sanskrit Introductory</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Sanskrit+Introductory&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wikner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Flearning_tutorial_wikner%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_and_catalogues_of_manuscripts_in_Devanāgarī">Census and catalogues of manuscripts in Devanāgarī</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Census and catalogues of manuscripts in Devanāgarī">edit</a>]</div> Thousands of manuscripts of ancient and medieval era Sanskrit texts in Devanāgarī have been discovered since the 19th century. Major catalogues and census include: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjxFAAAAYAAJ">A Catalogue of Sanskrit Manuscripts in Private Libraries</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Medical Hall Press, Princeton University Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QD-Qmb2XIr8C">A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Vol 1: Upanishads, Friedrich Otto Schrader (Compiler), University of Michigan Library Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/preliminarylisto00adya#page/n3/mode/2up">A preliminary list of the Sanskrit and Prakrit manuscripts</a>, Vedas, Sastras, Sutras, Schools of Hindu Philosophies, Arts, Design, Music and other fields, Friedrich Otto Schrader (Compiler), (Devanagiri manuscripts are identified by Character code De.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/p1a4catalogueofs01greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts</a>, Part 1: Vedic Manuscripts, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanāgarī)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofsansk04wind#page/n15/mode/2up">Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts</a>, Part 4: Manuscripts of Hindu schools of Philosophy and Tantra, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanāgarī)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofsansk04wind#page/n15/mode/2up">Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts</a>, Part 5: Manuscripts of Medicine, Astronomy and Mathematics, Architecture and Technical Science Literature, Julius Eggeling (Compiler), Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanāgarī)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6nooAAAAYAAJ">Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Part 6: Poetic, Epic and Purana Literature, Harvard University Archives (mostly Devanāgarī)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">David Pingree</a> (1970–1981), Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit: Volumes 1 through 5, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dianepublishing.net/SearchResults.asp?Search=david+pingree&Search.x=0&Search.y=0">American Philosophical Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211124520/https://www.dianepublishing.net/SearchResults.asp?Search=david+pingree&Search.x=0&Search.y=0">Archived</a> 11 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Manuscripts in various Indic scripts including Devanāgarī</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Devanagari" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Devanagari">Devanagari</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Devanagari" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Devanagari">Devanagari</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Learning_Devanagari#Q38592" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Learning Devanagari">Learning Devanagari</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hindi-store.tipsadda.com/search/label/tools">Devnagari Unicode Legacy Font Converters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927051525/http://hindi-store.tipsadda.com/search/label/tools">Archived</a> 27 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salrc.uchicago.edu/resources/fonts/">Digital Nāgarī fonts</a>, University of Chicago</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318134358/https://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Devanagari.html">Devanāgarī in different fonts</a>, Wazu, Japan (Alternate collection: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luc.devroye.org/indic.html">Luc Devroye's comprehensive Indic Fonts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125175027/http://luc.devroye.org/indic.html">Archived</a> 25 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, McGill University)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA30">Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency</a>, p. 30, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Rudradaman's inscription in Sanskrit Nāgarī script from 1st through 4th century CE (coins and epigraphy), found in Gujarat, India, pages 30–45</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/100/02/0150.pdf">Numerals and Text in Devanāgarī</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122093529/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/cs/Volumes/100/02/0150.pdf">Archived</a> 22 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 9th century temple in Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, India, Current Science</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurer1976" class="citation journal cs1">Maurer, Walter H. (1976). "On the Name Devanāgarī". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 96 (1): 101–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599893">10.2307/599893</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599893">599893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Name+Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-104&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599893%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=Walter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevanagari" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and more</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Transliteration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration"> Hunterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" title="National Library at Kolkata romanisation"> National Library at Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velthuis" title="Velthuis">Velthuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLP1" title="SLP1">SLP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX notation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic consonants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85" class="mw-redirect" title="अ">अ</a> a</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॲ (page does not exist)">ॲ</a> æ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ऄ">ऄ</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86" class="mw-redirect" title="आ">आ</a> (का) ā</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="इ">इ</a> (कि) i</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ई">ई</a> (की) ī</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%89" class="mw-redirect" title="उ">उ</a> (कु) u</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ऊ">ऊ</a> (कू) ū</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॶ (page does not exist)">ॶ</a> (कॖ)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॷ (page does not exist)">ॷ</a> (कॗ)</td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ऋ">ऋ</a> (कृ) r̥</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ॠ">ॠ</a> (कॄ) r̥̄</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ऌ">ऌ</a> (कॢ) l̥</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ॡ">ॡ</a> (कॣ) l̥̄</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ए">ए</a> (के) ē</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऍ (page does not exist)">ऍ</a> (कॅ) ê</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ऎ">ऎ</a> (कॆ) e</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ऐ">ऐ</a> (कै) ai</td><td> (कॕ)</td><td> (कॎ)</td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ओ">ओ</a> (को) ō</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ऑ">ऑ</a> (कॉ) ô</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ऒ">ऒ</a> (कॊ) o</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%94" class="mw-redirect" title="औ">औ</a> (कौ) au</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॳ (page does not exist)">ॳ</a> (कऺ)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॴ (page does not exist)">ॴ</a> (कऻ)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॵ (page does not exist)">ॵ</a> (कॏ)</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95" class="mw-redirect" title="क">क</a> k</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="क़ (page does not exist)">क़</a> q</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ख">ख</a> kh</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ख़ (page does not exist)">ख़</a> k̲h̲</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ग">ग</a> g</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ग़">ग़</a> ġ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ॻ">ॻ</a> gg</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%98" class="mw-redirect" title="घ">घ</a> gh</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ङ">ङ</a> ṅ</td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="च">च</a> c</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="छ">छ</a> ch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ज">ज</a> j</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ज़">ज़</a> z</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ॼ">ॼ</a> jj</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॹ (page does not exist)">ॹ</a> ž</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="झ">झ</a> jh</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="झ़">झ़</a> zh</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ञ">ञ</a> ñ</td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ट">ट</a> ṭ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ठ">ठ</a> ṭh</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ड">ड</a> ḍ</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ड़ (page does not exist)">ड़</a> ṛ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ॾ">ॾ</a> ḍḍ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ॸ">ॸ</a> ḍ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ढ">ढ</a> ḍh</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ढ़ (page does not exist)">ढ़</a> ṛh</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ण">ण</a> ṇ</td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="त">त</a> t</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="थ">थ</a> th</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="द">द</a> d</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ध">ध</a> dh</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="न">न</a> n</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऩ (page does not exist)">ऩ</a> ṉ</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="प">प</a> p</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="फ">फ</a> ph</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="फ़ (page does not exist)">फ़</a> f</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ब">ब</a> b</td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॿ (page does not exist)">ॿ</a> bb</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="भ">भ</a> bh</td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="म">म</a> m</td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="य">य</a> y</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="य़ (page does not exist)">य़</a> ẏ</td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॺ (page does not exist)">ॺ</a></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="र">र</a> r</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऱ (page does not exist)">ऱ</a> ṟ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ळ">ळ</a> ḷ</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ऴ (page does not exist)">ऴ</a> ḻ</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ल">ल</a> l</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="व">व</a> v</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="श">श</a> ś</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ष">ष</a> ṣ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="स">स</a> s</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ह">ह</a> h</td><td></td><td></td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॽ (page does not exist)">ॽ</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_conjuncts" title="Devanagari conjuncts">Consonant conjuncts</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and other symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="अं">अं</a> ṁ (<a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvāra</a>)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga"> अः</a> ḥ (visarga)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu"> अँ</a> m̐ (candrabindu)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu"> अऀ</a> (inverted candrabindu)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha"> ऽ</a> ’ (avagraha)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta"> क़</a> (nuqta)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama"> क्</a> (virāma)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pluti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluti"> ३</a> 3 (pluta)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B3%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᳵ (page does not exist)">ᳵ</a> ẖ (jihvāmūlīya)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᳶ (page does not exist)">ᳶ</a> ḫ (upadhmānīya)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_accent" title="Vedic accent"> अ॑</a> ` (svarita)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_accent" title="Vedic accent"> अ॒</a> (anudātta)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent"> अ॓</a> (grave)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent"> अ॔</a> (acute)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"> ॐ</a> aum̐</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda"> ।</a> (daṇḍa)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda"> ॥</a> (double daṇḍa)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="॰">॰</a> (lāghava cihna)</td><td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ॱ (page does not exist)">ॱ</a> (high spacing dot)</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign"> ₹</a> INR (Indian rupee sign)</td></tr></tbody></table> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_(Unicode_block)" title="Devanagari (Unicode block)">Devanagari (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Extended" title="Devanagari Extended">Devanagari Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Extended-A" title="Devanagari Extended-A">Devanagari Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Extensions" title="Vedic Extensions">Vedic Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari Braille</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Numerals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/0_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)"> ०</a> 0</td><td> <a href="/wiki/1_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (number)"> १</a> 1</td><td> <a href="/wiki/2_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 (number)"> २</a> 2</td><td> <a href="/wiki/3_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (number)"> ३</a> 3</td><td> <a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)"> ४</a> 4</td><td> <a href="/wiki/5_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="5 (number)"> ५</a> 5</td><td> <a href="/wiki/6_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="6 (number)"> ६</a> 6</td><td> <a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)"> ७</a> 7</td><td> <a href="/wiki/8_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="8 (number)"> ८</a> 8</td><td> <a href="/wiki/9_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="9 (number)"> ९</a> 9</td></tr></tbody></table> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration" title="Āryabhaṭa numeration">Āryabhaṭa numeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksharapalli" title="Aksharapalli"> Akṣarapallī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutasamkhya_system" title="Bhutasamkhya system"> Bhūtasaṃkhyā system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system"> Kaṭapayādi system</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Other_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sanskrit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sanskrit_language_topics" title="Template:Sanskrit language topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sanskrit_language_topics" title="Template talk:Sanskrit language topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sanskrit_language_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sanskrit language topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sanskrit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">Mandala political model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mode of spread</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritisation (sociology)">Sanskritisation (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritisation (language)">Sanskritisation (language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritism" title="Sanskritism">Sanskritism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_pronouns_and_determiners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit pronouns and determiners">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_compound" title="Sanskrit compound">Compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_verbs" title="Sanskrit verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Prosody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Later development <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagari script">Nagari script</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Spread of usage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangla alphabet">Bangla script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyat" title="Suyat">Suyat family of scripts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Buddhist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_drama" title="Indian classical drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Indian_texts" title="List of historic Indian texts">Historic Sanskrit texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_in_Hindu_mythology" title="List of legendary creatures in Hindu mythology">Legendary creatures in Sanskrit Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_poets" title="List of Sanskrit poets">Sanskrit poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_and_college_mottos#India" title="List of university and college mottos">Sanskrit mottos of universities in India</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Loanwords <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Sanskrit_origin" title="List of English words of Sanskrit origin">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_and_Persian_roots_in_Hindi" title="List of Sanskrit and Persian roots in Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_loanwords_in_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sanskrit loanwords in Indonesian">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Sanskrit" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_inscriptions_in_the_Malay_world" title="Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world">Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_revival" title="Sanskrit revival">Sanskrit revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_studies" title="Sanskrit studies">Sanskrit studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_revival#Revival_outside_India" title="Sanskrit revival">Sanskrit academic institutes outside India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_universities_in_India" title="List of Sanskrit universities in India">Sanskrit universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Wikipedia" title="Sanskrit Wikipedia">Sanskrit Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sanskrit_Day" title="World Sanskrit Day">World Sanskrit Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sanskrit_Conference" title="World Sanskrit Conference">World Sanskrit Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindi_topics" title="Template:Hindi topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindi_topics" title="Template talk:Hindi topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindi_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindi topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_pronouns" title="Hindi pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_verbs" title="Hindustani verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_numerals" title="Hindustani numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_kinship_terms" title="Hindustani kinship terms">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindi">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_etymology" title="Hindustani etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages#Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansiboli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sansiboli">Sansi Boli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages#Eastern_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Language politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Karnataka" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka">Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_West_Bengal" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal">Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_imposition" title="Hindi imposition">Hindi imposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_boycott_of_Hindi_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutva boycott of Hindi films">Hindutva boycott of Hindi films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Official_Language" title="Department of Official Language">Department of Official Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Secretariat" title="World Hindi Secretariat">World Hindi Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hindi_Conference" title="World Hindi Conference">World Hindi Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi-language authors">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi-language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindi-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Awards" title="Indian literature">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marathi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marathi_language_topics" title="Template:Marathi language topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marathi_language_topics" title="Template talk:Marathi language topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marathi_language_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marathi language topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marathi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_poetry" title="Marathi poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Samiti" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti">Samyukta Maharashtra Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra State</a></li> <li><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mr:">Marathi Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi dialects">Marathi dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathic languages">Marathic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharastri_Prakrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharastri Prakrit">Maharastri Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Marathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Marathi">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Marathi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Marathi language">East Indian (Mumbai dialect)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvani_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvani Konkani">Malvani Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvedi language">Samvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_dialect" title="Thanjavur Marathi dialect">Thanjavur Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a> (Varhadi-Nagpuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathi scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Balbodh style</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Cinema">Marathi Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_theatre" title="Marathi theatre">Marathi theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi_people" title="List of Marathi people">List</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Awards" title="Indian literature">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Marathi" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Marathi">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Marathi writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi-language_poets" title="List of Marathi-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Marathi_Feature_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film">National Film Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nepali_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepali_language" title="Template:Nepali language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepali_language" title="Template talk:Nepali language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepali_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepali language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepali_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Nepali" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Nepali">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_kinship_terms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepali kinship terms (page does not exist)">Kinship terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nepali language">History</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_etymology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepali etymology (page does not exist)">Etymology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Pahari">Eastern Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpa_language_(Indo-Aryan)" title="Palpa language (Indo-Aryan)">Palpa language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Nepali" title="Signed Nepali">Signed Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali English">Nepali English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_manual_alphabet" title="Nepali manual alphabet">Nepali manual alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_politics" title="Language politics">Language politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language_movement" title="Nepali language movement">Nepali language movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventy-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_movement" title="Nepal Bhasa movement">Nepal Bhasa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland_movement" title="Gorkhaland movement">Gorkhaland movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Literary movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aswikrit_Sahitya_Andolan" title="Aswikrit Sahitya Andolan">Aswikrit Sahitya Andolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpha" title="Ralpha">Ralpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srijanshil_Arajakta" title="Srijanshil Arajakta">Srijanshil Arajakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesro_Aayam" title="Tesro Aayam">Tesro Aayam</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sahitya_Sammelan,_Darjeeling" title="Nepali Sahitya Sammelan, Darjeeling">Nepali Sahitya Sammelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sahitya_Parishad_Sikkim" title="Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim">Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajha_Publications" title="Sajha Publications">Sajha Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Puraskar_Pustakalaya" title="Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya">Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarohan_Gurukul" title="Aarohan Gurukul">Aarohan Gurukul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Nepal#Nepali_literature" title="Literature of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Nepali_literature" title="Bhutanese Nepali literature">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Nepali_literature" title="Indian literature">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepalese_literary_awards" title="Category:Nepalese literary awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akademi Award</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali">Recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Translation_Prize_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Nepali">Translation Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuva_Puraskar_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Nepali">Yuva Puraskar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Puraskar" title="Madan Puraskar">Madan Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadamba_Shree_Puraskar" title="Jagadamba Shree Puraskar">Jagadamba Shree Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepali-language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nepali-language authors">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepali-language_poets" title="List of Nepali-language poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Wikipedia" title="Nepali Wikipedia">Nepali Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanu_Jayanti" title="Bhanu Jayanti">Bhanu Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Literature_Festival" title="Nepal Literature Festival">Nepal Literature Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" title="Category:Nepali language">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nepali language">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Nepali language">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li>Danish</li> <li>Finnish</li> <li>Greenlandic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li>Norwegian</li> <li>Swedish</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese semi-syllabaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38592#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4149407-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85037334">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12652802w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12652802w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550790305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&oldid=1259503006#Vowels">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devanagari&oldid=1259503006#Vowels</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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1 Template:Infobox"," 6.30% 204.288 1 Template:Brahmi-Gupta-Devanagari"," 5.18% 167.742 225 Template:IAST"," 5.05% 163.719 243 Template:Transliteration"," 5.00% 161.931 66 Template:Script"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.542","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20650911,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Barakhadi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArdika2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahri2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhatia1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardonaJain2003\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrünendahl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKielhorn1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuiper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasica1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasica1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurer1976\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMiksicYian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakanishi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Library_(India)1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandeyMondalAgrawalBangalore2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandit1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinter2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRockhill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagar1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaloman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalomon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalomon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalomon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalomon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalomon2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSandahl2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScript_Source2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnell1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemplin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeselkin1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnicode_Consortium2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names,_United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaughan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerma2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWathamVimal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWikner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWujastyk1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZurbuchen1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFalib-ms\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Casparis1975\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Brahmi-Gupta-Devanagari\"] = 1,\n [\"Brahmic\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 14,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Columnslist\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Devanagari abugida\"] = 1,\n [\"Devanagari abugida sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Font\"] = 10,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 18,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindi topics\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 224,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 29,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 43,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Indic\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writing system\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 246,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 2,\n [\"List of writing systems\"] = 1,\n [\"MWSD\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Marathi language topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nepali language\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Omission\"] = 20,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Sanskrit language topics\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tooltip\"] = 408,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 18,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Devanagari\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Devanagari Extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Devanagari Extended-A\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Vedic Extensions\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 22,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Writing systems in India\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","300","17.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","15.9"],["?","220","12.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.5"],["type","60","3.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","2.3"],["[others]","360","20.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5695644f9d-8smgg","timestamp":"20241128015720","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Devanagari","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Devanagari#Vowels","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38592","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38592","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-01T00:44:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T15:03:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Devanagari_letters.svg","headline":"writing system used to write most North Indian and Nepalese languages"}</script> </body> </html>