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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html lang="en" class="light" dir="ltr"> <head>  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Copy as curl - everything curl</title>  <meta name="description" content="everything there is to know about curl, libcurl and the cURL project"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="icon" href="../favicon.svg"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/variables.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/general.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/chrome.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/print.css" media="print">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../fonts/fonts.css">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../highlight.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../tomorrow-night.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../ayu-highlight.css">  </head> <body class="sidebar-visible no-js"> <div id="body-container">  <script> var path_to_root = "../"; var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light"; </script>  <script> try { var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1)); } if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1)); } } catch (e) { } </script>  <script> var theme; try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { } if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; } var html = document.querySelector('html'); html.classList.remove('light') html.classList.add(theme); var body = document.querySelector('body'); body.classList.remove('no-js') body.classList.add('js'); </script> <input type="checkbox" id="sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden">  <script> var body = document.querySelector('body'); var sidebar = null; var sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle-anchor"); if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) { try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { } sidebar = sidebar || 'visible'; } else { sidebar = 'hidden'; } sidebar_toggle.checked = sidebar === 'visible'; body.classList.remove('sidebar-visible'); body.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar); </script> <nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents"> <div class="sidebar-scrollbox"> <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../how-to-read.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> How to read</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> The cURL project</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> How it started</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/name.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> The name</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/does.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> What does curl do?</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/comm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> Project communication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/etiquette.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Mailing list etiquette</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/maillists.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Mailing lists</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/bugs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Reporting bugs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/support.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Commercial support</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/releases.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Releases</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/security.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> Security</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/trust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.11.</strong> Trust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/coc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.12.</strong> Code of Conduct</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/devel.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.13.</strong> Development</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/devteam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.14.</strong> The development team</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/users.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.15.</strong> Users of curl</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/future.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.16.</strong> Future</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../protocols/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Network and protocols</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../protocols/network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Networking simplified</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../protocols/protocols.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Protocols</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../protocols/curl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> curl protocols</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../protocols/http.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> HTTP basics</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Install curl and libcurl</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Linux</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/windows/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Windows</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/windows/win-msys2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.1.</strong> MSYS2</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/windows/win-vcpkg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.2.</strong> vcpkg</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/macos.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> macOS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/container.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Container</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Source code</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/opensource/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Open Source</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/opensource/license.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.1.</strong> License</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/opensource/copyright.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.2.</strong> Copyright</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/layout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Code layout</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/options.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Handling build options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> Code style</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/contributing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> Contributing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/reportvuln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> Reporting vulnerabilities</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/web.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> Website</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Build curl and libcurl</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/autotools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Autotools</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/cmake.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> CMake</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/separate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> Separate install</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/windows.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> Windows</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/deps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> Dependencies</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/tls.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> TLS libraries</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/boringssl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.1.</strong> BoringSSL</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../cmdline/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Command line concepts</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/differences.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Differences</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/options/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> Command line options</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/options/short.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.1.</strong> Short options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/options/long.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.2.</strong> Long options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/options/args.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.3.</strong> Arguments to options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/options/negative.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.4.</strong> Negative options</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/versions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> Options depend on version</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> URLs</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/scheme.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.1.</strong> Scheme</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.2.</strong> Name and password</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/host.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.3.</strong> Host</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/port.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.4.</strong> Port number</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/path.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.5.</strong> Path</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/query.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.6.</strong> Query</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/ftptype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.7.</strong> FTP type</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/fragment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.8.</strong> Fragment</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/browsers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.9.</strong> Browsers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/options.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.10.</strong> Many options and URLs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/globbing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.11.</strong> URL globbing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/connreuse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.12.</strong> Connection reuse</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/parallel.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.13.</strong> Parallel transfers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/trurl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.14.</strong> trurl</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/listopts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> List options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/configfile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> Config file</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> Variables</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/passwords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> Passwords</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/progressmeter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> Progress meter</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/curlver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> Version</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/exitcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.11.</strong> Exit code</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../cmdline/copyas.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.12.</strong> Copy as curl</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Command line transfers</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/verbose/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> Verbose</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/verbose/trace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.1.</strong> Trace options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/verbose/writeout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.2.</strong> Write out</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> Downloads</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/whatis.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.1.</strong> What is downloading?</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/storing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.2.</strong> Storing downloads</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/url-named.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.3.</strong> Download to a file named by the URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/content-disp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.4.</strong> Use the target filename from the server</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/charsets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.5.</strong> HTML and charsets</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/redirects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.6.</strong> Shell redirects</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/multiple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.7.</strong> Multiple downloads</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/browsers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.8.</strong> My browser shows something else</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/max-filesize.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.9.</strong> Maximum filesize</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/metadata-fs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.10.</strong> Storing metadata in file system</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/raw.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.11.</strong> Raw</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/retry.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.12.</strong> Retry</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/resume.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.13.</strong> Resuming and ranges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/uploads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> Uploads</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/transfers/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> Transfer controls</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/transfers/tooslow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.1.</strong> Stop slow transfers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/transfers/rate-limiting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.2.</strong> Rate limiting</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/transfers/request-rate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.3.</strong> Request rate limiting</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/transfers/compression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.4.</strong> Compression</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> Connections</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/name.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.1.</strong> Name resolve tricks</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/timeout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.2.</strong> Connection timeout</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/happy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.3.</strong> Happy Eyeballs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/interface.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.4.</strong> Network interface</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/local-port.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.5.</strong> Local port number</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/keepalive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.6.</strong> Keep alive</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/timeouts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> Timeouts</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/netrc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> .netrc</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> Proxies</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/discover.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.1.</strong> Discover your proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/pac.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.2.</strong> PAC</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/captive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.3.</strong> Captive portals</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.4.</strong> Proxy type</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/http.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.5.</strong> HTTP proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/socks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.6.</strong> SOCKS proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/mitm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.7.</strong> MITM proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.8.</strong> Proxy authentication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/https.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.9.</strong> HTTPS proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/env.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.10.</strong> Proxy environment variables</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/headers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.11.</strong> Proxy headers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/haproxy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.12.</strong> haproxy</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.</strong> TLS</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/ciphers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.1.</strong> Ciphers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/enable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.2.</strong> Enable TLS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/versions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.3.</strong> TLS versions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/verify.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.4.</strong> Verifying server certificates</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/pinning.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.5.</strong> Certificate pinning</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/stapling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.6.</strong> OCSP stapling</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/clientcert.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.7.</strong> Client certificates</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.8.</strong> TLS auth</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/backends.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.9.</strong> TLS backends</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/sslkeylogfile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.10.</strong> SSLKEYLOGFILE</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/ssh/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.</strong> SCP and SFTP</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/ssh/url.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.1.</strong> URLs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/ssh/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.2.</strong> Authentication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/ssh/knownhosts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.3.</strong> Known hosts</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/reademail.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.11.</strong> Reading email</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/smtp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.12.</strong> Sending email</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/dict.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.13.</strong> DICT</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/ipfs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.14.</strong> IPFS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/mqtt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.15.</strong> MQTT</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/telnet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.16.</strong> TELNET</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tftp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.17.</strong> TFTP</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Command line HTTP</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> Method</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/response.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Responses</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> Authentication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/versions/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> HTTP versions</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/versions/http09.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.1.</strong> HTTP/0.9</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/versions/http2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.2.</strong> HTTP/2</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/versions/http3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.3.</strong> HTTP/3</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> HTTP POST</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/simple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.1.</strong> Simple POST</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/content-type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.2.</strong> Content-Type</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/binary.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.3.</strong> Posting binary</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/json.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.4.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/url-encode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.5.</strong> URL encode data</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/convert-to-get.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.6.</strong> Convert to GET</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/expect100.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.7.</strong> Expect 100-continue</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/chunked.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.8.</strong> Chunked encoded POSTs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/hiddenfields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.9.</strong> Hidden form fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/browsersends.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.10.</strong> Figure out what a browser sends</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/javascript.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.11.</strong> JavaScript and forms</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/multipart.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.12.</strong> Multipart formposts</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/postvspost.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.13.</strong> -d vs -F</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/put.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> HTTP PUT</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/redirects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> Redirects</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.</strong> Customize your HTTP</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.1.</strong> Request method</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/target.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.2.</strong> Request target</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/fragment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.3.</strong> Fragment</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/headers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.4.</strong> Customize headers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/referer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.5.</strong> Referer</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/user-agent.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.6.</strong> User-agent</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/ranges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.7.</strong> Ranges</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/conditionals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.8.</strong> Conditionals</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/compression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.9.</strong> Compression</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.</strong> Cookies</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/engine.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.1.</strong> Cookie engine</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/reading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.2.</strong> Reading cookies from file</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/writing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.3.</strong> Writing cookies to file</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/newsession.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.4.</strong> New cookie session</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/fileformat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.5.</strong> Cookie file format</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/https.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.10.</strong> HTTPS</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/https/hsts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.10.1.</strong> HSTS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/https/altsvc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.10.2.</strong> Alternative Services</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/browserlike.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.11.</strong> Scripting browser-like tasks</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Command line FTP</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/dirlist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> FTP Directory listing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/upload.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> Uploading with FTP</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/cmds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> Custom FTP commands</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/twoconnections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> Two connections</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/traversedir.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> Directory traversing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/ftps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> FTPS</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> libcurl</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/headers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> Header files</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/globalinit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> Global initialization</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/api.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> API compatibility</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/--libcurl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> --libcurl</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/threading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> multi-threading</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/curlcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> CURLcode return codes</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/verbose.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.7.</strong> Verbose operations</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/caches.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.8.</strong> Caches</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.9.</strong> Performance</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/cplusplus.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.10.</strong> for C++ programmers</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> libcurl transfers</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/easyhandle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> Easy handle</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> curl easy options</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/num.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.1.</strong> Set numerical options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.2.</strong> Set string options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/tls.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.3.</strong> TLS options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/all.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.4.</strong> All options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/info.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.5.</strong> Get option information</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/drive/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> Drive transfers</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/drive/easy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.1.</strong> Drive with easy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/drive/multi.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.2.</strong> Drive with multi</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/drive/multi-socket.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.3.</strong> Drive with multi_socket</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> Callbacks</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/write.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.1.</strong> Write data</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/read.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.2.</strong> Read data</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/progress.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.3.</strong> Progress information</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/header.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.4.</strong> Header data</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/debug.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.5.</strong> Debug</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/sockopt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.6.</strong> sockopt</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/sslcontext.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.7.</strong> SSL context</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/seek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.8.</strong> Seek and ioctl</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/conversions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.9.</strong> Network data conversion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/openclosesocket.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.10.</strong> Opensocket and closesocket</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/sshkey.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.11.</strong> SSH key</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/rtsp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.12.</strong> RTSP interleaved data</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/ftpmatch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.13.</strong> FTP wildcard matching</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/resolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.14.</strong> Resolver start</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/trailers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.15.</strong> Sending trailers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/hsts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.16.</strong> HSTS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/prereq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.17.</strong> Prereq</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> Connection control</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/how.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.1.</strong> How libcurl connects</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/local.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.2.</strong> Local address and port number</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/reuse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.3.</strong> Connection reuse</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/keepalive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.4.</strong> Keep alive</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/names.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.5.</strong> Name resolving</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/proxies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.6.</strong> Proxies</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> Transfer control</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/stop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.1.</strong> Stop</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/stopslow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.2.</strong> Stop slow transfers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/ratelimit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.3.</strong> Rate limit</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/meter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.4.</strong> Progress meter</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/progress-callback.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.5.</strong> Progress callback</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> Authentication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/cleanup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.</strong> Cleanup</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/getinfo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.9.</strong> Post transfer info</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> libcurl HTTP</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/responses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> Responses</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/requests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> Requests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/versions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Versions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/ranges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> Ranges</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.5.</strong> Authentication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/cookies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.6.</strong> Cookies</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/download.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.7.</strong> Download</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/upload.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.8.</strong> Upload</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/multiplexing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.9.</strong> Multiplexing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/hsts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.10.</strong> HSTS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/alt-svc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.11.</strong> alt-svc</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> libcurl helpers</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/sharing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> Share data between handles</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> URL API</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/include.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.1.</strong> Include files</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/init.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.2.</strong> Create, cleanup, duplicate</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/parse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.3.</strong> Parse a URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/redirect.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.4.</strong> Redirect to URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/get.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.5.</strong> Get a URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/get-part.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.6.</strong> Get URL parts</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/set-part.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.7.</strong> Set URL parts</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/append-query.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.8.</strong> Append to the query</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/setopt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.9.</strong> CURLOPT_CURLU</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> WebSocket</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/support.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.1.</strong> Support</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/urls.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.2.</strong> URLs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/concept.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.3.</strong> Concept</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/options.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.</strong> Options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/read.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.5.</strong> Read</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/meta.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.6.</strong> Meta</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/write.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.7.</strong> Write</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/headerapi/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> Headers API</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/headerapi/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.1.</strong> Header struct</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/headerapi/get.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.2.</strong> Get a header</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/headerapi/iterate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.3.</strong> Iterate over headers</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> libcurl examples</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/get.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> Get a simple HTTP page</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/getinmem.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> Get a response into memory</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/login.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> Submit a login form over HTTP</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/ftplist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> Get an FTP directory listing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/http-ul-nonblock.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.5.</strong> Non-blocking HTTP form-post</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../bindings/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> libcurl bindings</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> libcurl internals</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/easy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> Easy handles and connections</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/multi.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> Everything is multi</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/statemachines.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> State machines</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/handler.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.4.</strong> Protocol handler</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/backends.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.5.</strong> Backends</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/caches.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.6.</strong> Caches and state</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/timeouts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.7.</strong> Timeouts</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/windows-vs-unix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.8.</strong> Windows vs Unix</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/memory-debugging.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.9.</strong> Memory debugging</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/content-encoding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.10.</strong> Content Encoding</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.11.</strong> Structs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/resolving.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.12.</strong> Resolving hostnames</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.</strong> Tests</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/file-format.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.1.</strong> Test file format</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/build.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.2.</strong> Build tests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/run.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.3.</strong> Run tests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/debug.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.4.</strong> Debug builds</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/servers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.5.</strong> Test servers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/curl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.6.</strong> curl tests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/libcurl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.7.</strong> libcurl tests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/unit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.8.</strong> Unit tests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/valgrind.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.9.</strong> Valgrind</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.10.</strong> Continuous Integration</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/autobuilds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.11.</strong> Autobuilds</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/torture.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.12.</strong> Torture</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../bookindex.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> Index</a></li></ol> </div> <div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"> <div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div> </div> </nav>  <script> var sidebarScrollbox = document.querySelector('#sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox'); sidebarScrollbox.addEventListener('click', function(e) { if (e.target.tagName === 'A') { sessionStorage.setItem('sidebar-scroll', sidebarScrollbox.scrollTop); } }, { passive: true }); var sidebarScrollTop = sessionStorage.getItem('sidebar-scroll'); sessionStorage.removeItem('sidebar-scroll'); if (sidebarScrollTop) { // preserve sidebar scroll position when navigating via links within sidebar sidebarScrollbox.scrollTop = sidebarScrollTop; } else { // scroll sidebar to current active section when navigating via "next/previous chapter" buttons var activeSection = document.querySelector('#sidebar .active'); if (activeSection) { activeSection.scrollIntoView({ block: 'center' }); } } </script> <div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper"> <div class="page"> <div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div> <div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky"> <div class="left-buttons"> <label id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar"> <i class="fa fa-bars"></i> </label> <button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list"> <i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i> </button> <ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu"> <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light</button></li> <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li> <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li> <li 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(Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar"> <i class="fa fa-search"></i> </button> </div> <h1 class="menu-title">everything curl</h1> <div class="right-buttons"> <a href="../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book"> <i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden"> <form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer"> <input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header"> </form> <div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden"> <div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div> <ul id="searchresults"> </ul> </div> </div>  <script> document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible'); document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible'); Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) { link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1); }); </script> <div id="content" class="content"> <main> <h1 id="copy-as-curl"><a class="header" href="#copy-as-curl">Copy as curl</a></h1> <p>Using curl to reproduce an operation a user just managed to do with his or her browser is a common request and area people ask for help about.</p> <p>How do you get a curl command line to get a resource, just like the browser would get it, nice and easy? Chrome, Firefox, Edge and Safari all have this feature.</p> <h2 id="from-firefox"><a class="header" href="#from-firefox">From Firefox</a></h2> <p>You get the site shown with Firefox's network tools. You then right-click on the specific request you want to repeat in the "Web Developer->Network" tool when you see the HTTP traffic, and in the menu that appears you select "Copy as cURL". Like this screenshot below shows. The operation then generates a curl command line to your clipboard and you can then paste that into your favorite shell window. This feature is available by default in all Firefox installations.</p> <p><img src="firefox-copy-as-curl.png" alt="copy as curl with Firefox" /></p> <h2 id="from-chrome-and-edge"><a class="header" href="#from-chrome-and-edge">From Chrome and Edge</a></h2> <p>When you pop up the More tools->Developer mode in Chrome or Edge, and you select the Network tab you see the HTTP traffic used to get the resources of the site. On the line of the specific resource you are interested in, you right-click with the mouse and you select "Copy as cURL" and it generates a command line for you in your clipboard. Paste that in a shell to get a curl command line that makes the transfer. This feature is available by default in all Chrome and Chromium installations. <em>(Note: Chromium browsers in Windows may generate an incorrect command line that is misquoted due to a</em> <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1242803"><em>bug</em></a> <em>in Chromium).</em></p> <p><img src="chrome-copy-as-curl.png" alt="copy as curl with Chrome" /></p> <h2 id="from-safari"><a class="header" href="#from-safari">From Safari</a></h2> <p>In Safari, the "development" menu is not visible until you go into <strong>preferences->Advanced</strong> and enable it. Once you have done that, you can select <strong>Show web inspector</strong> in that development menu and get to see a new console pop up that is similar to the development tools of Firefox and Chrome.</p> <p>Select the network tab, reload the webpage and then you can right click the particular resources that you want to fetch with curl, as if you did it with Safari..</p> <p><img src="safari-copy-as-curl.png" alt="copy as curl with Safari" /></p> <h2 id="on-firefox-without-using-the-devtools"><a class="header" href="#on-firefox-without-using-the-devtools">On Firefox, without using the devtools</a></h2> <p>If this is something you would like to get done more often, you probably find using the developer tools a bit inconvenient and cumbersome to pop up just to get the command line copied. Then <a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/cliget/">cliget</a> is the perfect add-on for you as it gives you a new option in the right-click menu, so you can get a quick command line generated really quickly, like this example when I right-click an image in Firefox:</p> <p><img src="firefox-cliget.png" alt="cliget with Firefox" /></p> <h2 id="not-perfect"><a class="header" href="#not-perfect">Not perfect</a></h2> <p>These methods all give you a command line to reproduce their HTTP transfers. They are often not the perfect solution to your problems. Why? Well mostly because these tools are written to rerun the <em>exact</em> same request that you copied, while you often want to rerun the same logic but not send an exact copy of the same cookies and file contents etc.</p> <p>These tools give you command lines with static and fixed cookie contents to send in the request, because that is the contents of the cookies that were sent in the browser's requests. You most likely want to rewrite the command line to dynamically adapt to whatever the content is in the cookie that the server told you in a previous response. Etc.</p> <p>The copy as curl functionality is also often notoriously bad at using <code>-F</code> and instead they provide handcrafted <code>--data-binary</code> solutions including the mime separator strings etc.</p> </main> <nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">  <a rel="prev" href="../cmdline/exitcode.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i> </a> <a rel="next prefetch" href="../usingcurl/index.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> </a> <div style="clear: both"></div> </nav> </div> </div> <nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation"> <a rel="prev" href="../cmdline/exitcode.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i> </a> <a rel="next prefetch" href="../usingcurl/index.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> </a> </nav> </div> <script> window.playground_copyable = true; </script> <script src="../elasticlunr.min.js"></script> <script src="../mark.min.js"></script> <script src="../searcher.js"></script> <script src="../clipboard.min.js"></script> <script src="../highlight.js"></script> <script src="../book.js"></script>  </div> </body> </html>