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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html lang="en" class="light" dir="ltr"> <head>  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Code layout - everything curl</title>  <meta name="description" content="everything there is to know about curl, libcurl and the cURL project"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="icon" href="../favicon.svg"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/variables.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/general.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/chrome.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/print.css" media="print">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../fonts/fonts.css">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../highlight.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../tomorrow-night.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../ayu-highlight.css">  </head> <body class="sidebar-visible no-js"> <div id="body-container">  <script> var path_to_root = "../"; var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light"; </script>  <script> try { var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1)); } if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) { localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1)); } } catch (e) { } </script>  <script> var theme; try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { } if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; } var html = document.querySelector('html'); html.classList.remove('light') html.classList.add(theme); var body = document.querySelector('body'); body.classList.remove('no-js') body.classList.add('js'); </script> <input type="checkbox" id="sidebar-toggle-anchor" class="hidden">  <script> var body = document.querySelector('body'); var sidebar = null; var sidebar_toggle = document.getElementById("sidebar-toggle-anchor"); if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) { try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { } sidebar = sidebar || 'visible'; } else { sidebar = 'hidden'; } sidebar_toggle.checked = sidebar === 'visible'; body.classList.remove('sidebar-visible'); body.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar); </script> <nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents"> <div class="sidebar-scrollbox"> <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../how-to-read.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> How to read</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> The cURL project</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> How it started</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/name.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> The name</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/does.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> What does curl do?</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/comm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> Project communication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/etiquette.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Mailing list etiquette</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/maillists.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Mailing lists</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/bugs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Reporting bugs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/support.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> Commercial support</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/releases.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> Releases</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/security.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> Security</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/trust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.11.</strong> Trust</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/coc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.12.</strong> Code of Conduct</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/devel.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.13.</strong> Development</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/devteam.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.14.</strong> The development team</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/users.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.15.</strong> Users of curl</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../project/future.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.16.</strong> Future</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../protocols/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Network and protocols</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../protocols/network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Networking simplified</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../protocols/protocols.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Protocols</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../protocols/curl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> curl protocols</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../protocols/http.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> HTTP basics</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Install curl and libcurl</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/linux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Linux</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/windows/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Windows</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/windows/win-msys2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.1.</strong> MSYS2</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/windows/win-vcpkg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.2.</strong> vcpkg</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/macos.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> macOS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../install/container.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Container</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../source/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Source code</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/opensource/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Open Source</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/opensource/license.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.1.</strong> License</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/opensource/copyright.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.2.</strong> Copyright</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../source/layout.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Code layout</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/options.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Handling build options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/style.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> Code style</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/contributing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> Contributing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/reportvuln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> Reporting vulnerabilities</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../source/web.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> Website</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Build curl and libcurl</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/autotools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Autotools</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/cmake.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> CMake</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/separate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> Separate install</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/windows.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> Windows</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/deps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> Dependencies</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/tls.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> TLS libraries</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../build/boringssl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.1.</strong> BoringSSL</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Command line concepts</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/differences.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Differences</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/options/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> Command line options</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/options/short.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.1.</strong> Short options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/options/long.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.2.</strong> Long options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/options/args.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.3.</strong> Arguments to options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/options/negative.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.4.</strong> Negative options</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/versions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> Options depend on version</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> URLs</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/scheme.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.1.</strong> Scheme</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.2.</strong> Name and password</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/host.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.3.</strong> Host</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/port.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.4.</strong> Port number</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/path.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.5.</strong> Path</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/query.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.6.</strong> Query</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/ftptype.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.7.</strong> FTP type</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/fragment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.8.</strong> Fragment</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/browsers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.9.</strong> Browsers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/options.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.10.</strong> Many options and URLs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/globbing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.11.</strong> URL globbing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/connreuse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.12.</strong> Connection reuse</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/parallel.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.13.</strong> Parallel transfers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/urls/trurl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.14.</strong> trurl</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/listopts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> List options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/configfile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> Config file</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/variables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> Variables</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/passwords.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> Passwords</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/progressmeter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> Progress meter</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/curlver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> Version</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/exitcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.11.</strong> Exit code</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../cmdline/copyas.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.12.</strong> Copy as curl</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Command line transfers</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/verbose/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> Verbose</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/verbose/trace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.1.</strong> Trace options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/verbose/writeout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.2.</strong> Write out</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> Downloads</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/whatis.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.1.</strong> What is downloading?</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/storing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.2.</strong> Storing downloads</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/url-named.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.3.</strong> Download to a file named by the URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/content-disp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.4.</strong> Use the target filename from the server</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/charsets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.5.</strong> HTML and charsets</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/redirects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.6.</strong> Shell redirects</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/multiple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.7.</strong> Multiple downloads</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/browsers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.8.</strong> My browser shows something else</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/max-filesize.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.9.</strong> Maximum filesize</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/metadata-fs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.10.</strong> Storing metadata in file system</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/raw.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.11.</strong> Raw</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/retry.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.12.</strong> Retry</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/downloads/resume.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.13.</strong> Resuming and ranges</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/uploads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> Uploads</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/transfers/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> Transfer controls</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/transfers/tooslow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.1.</strong> Stop slow transfers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/transfers/rate-limiting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.2.</strong> Rate limiting</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/transfers/request-rate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.3.</strong> Request rate limiting</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/transfers/compression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.4.</strong> Compression</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> Connections</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/name.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.1.</strong> Name resolve tricks</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/timeout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.2.</strong> Connection timeout</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/happy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.3.</strong> Happy Eyeballs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/interface.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.4.</strong> Network interface</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/local-port.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.5.</strong> Local port number</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/connections/keepalive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.6.</strong> Keep alive</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/timeouts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> Timeouts</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/netrc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> .netrc</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> Proxies</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/discover.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.1.</strong> Discover your proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/pac.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.2.</strong> PAC</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/captive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.3.</strong> Captive portals</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.4.</strong> Proxy type</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/http.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.5.</strong> HTTP proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/socks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.6.</strong> SOCKS proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/mitm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.7.</strong> MITM proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.8.</strong> Proxy authentication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/https.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.9.</strong> HTTPS proxy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/env.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.10.</strong> Proxy environment variables</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/headers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.11.</strong> Proxy headers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/proxies/haproxy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.12.</strong> haproxy</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.</strong> TLS</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/ciphers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.1.</strong> Ciphers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/enable.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.2.</strong> Enable TLS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/versions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.3.</strong> TLS versions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/verify.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.4.</strong> Verifying server certificates</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/pinning.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.5.</strong> Certificate pinning</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/stapling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.6.</strong> OCSP stapling</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/clientcert.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.7.</strong> Client certificates</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.8.</strong> TLS auth</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/backends.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.9.</strong> TLS backends</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tls/sslkeylogfile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.10.</strong> SSLKEYLOGFILE</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/ssh/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.</strong> SCP and SFTP</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/ssh/url.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.1.</strong> URLs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/ssh/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.2.</strong> Authentication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/ssh/knownhosts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.3.</strong> Known hosts</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/reademail.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.11.</strong> Reading email</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/smtp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.12.</strong> Sending email</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/dict.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.13.</strong> DICT</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/ipfs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.14.</strong> IPFS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/mqtt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.15.</strong> MQTT</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/telnet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.16.</strong> TELNET</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../usingcurl/tftp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.17.</strong> TFTP</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Command line HTTP</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> Method</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/response.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> Responses</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> Authentication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/versions/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> HTTP versions</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/versions/http09.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.1.</strong> HTTP/0.9</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/versions/http2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.2.</strong> HTTP/2</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/versions/http3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.3.</strong> HTTP/3</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> HTTP POST</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/simple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.1.</strong> Simple POST</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/content-type.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.2.</strong> Content-Type</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/binary.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.3.</strong> Posting binary</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/json.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.4.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/url-encode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.5.</strong> URL encode data</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/convert-to-get.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.6.</strong> Convert to GET</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/expect100.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.7.</strong> Expect 100-continue</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/chunked.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.8.</strong> Chunked encoded POSTs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/hiddenfields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.9.</strong> Hidden form fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/browsersends.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.10.</strong> Figure out what a browser sends</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/javascript.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.11.</strong> JavaScript and forms</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/multipart.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.12.</strong> Multipart formposts</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/post/postvspost.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.13.</strong> -d vs -F</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/put.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> HTTP PUT</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/redirects.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> Redirects</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.</strong> Customize your HTTP</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/method.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.1.</strong> Request method</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/target.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.2.</strong> Request target</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/fragment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.3.</strong> Fragment</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/headers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.4.</strong> Customize headers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/referer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.5.</strong> Referer</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/user-agent.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.6.</strong> User-agent</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/ranges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.7.</strong> Ranges</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/conditionals.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.8.</strong> Conditionals</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/modify/compression.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.8.9.</strong> Compression</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.</strong> Cookies</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/engine.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.1.</strong> Cookie engine</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/reading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.2.</strong> Reading cookies from file</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/writing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.3.</strong> Writing cookies to file</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/newsession.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.4.</strong> New cookie session</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/cookies/fileformat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.9.5.</strong> Cookie file format</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/https.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.10.</strong> HTTPS</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/https/hsts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.10.1.</strong> HSTS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/https/altsvc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.10.2.</strong> Alternative Services</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../http/browserlike.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.11.</strong> Scripting browser-like tasks</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Command line FTP</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/dirlist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> FTP Directory listing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/upload.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> Uploading with FTP</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/cmds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> Custom FTP commands</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/twoconnections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> Two connections</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/traversedir.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> Directory traversing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../ftp/ftps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> FTPS</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> libcurl</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/headers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> Header files</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/globalinit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> Global initialization</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/api.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> API compatibility</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/--libcurl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> --libcurl</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/threading.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> multi-threading</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/curlcode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> CURLcode return codes</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/verbose.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.7.</strong> Verbose operations</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/caches.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.8.</strong> Caches</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.9.</strong> Performance</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl/cplusplus.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.10.</strong> for C++ programmers</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> libcurl transfers</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/easyhandle.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> Easy handle</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> curl easy options</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/num.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.1.</strong> Set numerical options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/strings.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.2.</strong> Set string options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/tls.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.3.</strong> TLS options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/all.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.4.</strong> All options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/options/info.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.5.</strong> Get option information</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/drive/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> Drive transfers</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/drive/easy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.1.</strong> Drive with easy</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/drive/multi.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.2.</strong> Drive with multi</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/drive/multi-socket.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.3.</strong> Drive with multi_socket</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> Callbacks</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/write.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.1.</strong> Write data</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/read.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.2.</strong> Read data</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/progress.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.3.</strong> Progress information</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/header.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.4.</strong> Header data</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/debug.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.5.</strong> Debug</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/sockopt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.6.</strong> sockopt</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/sslcontext.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.7.</strong> SSL context</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/seek.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.8.</strong> Seek and ioctl</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/conversions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.9.</strong> Network data conversion</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/openclosesocket.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.10.</strong> Opensocket and closesocket</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/sshkey.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.11.</strong> SSH key</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/rtsp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.12.</strong> RTSP interleaved data</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/ftpmatch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.13.</strong> FTP wildcard matching</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/resolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.14.</strong> Resolver start</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/trailers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.15.</strong> Sending trailers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/hsts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.16.</strong> HSTS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/callbacks/prereq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.17.</strong> Prereq</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> Connection control</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/how.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.1.</strong> How libcurl connects</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/local.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.2.</strong> Local address and port number</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/reuse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.3.</strong> Connection reuse</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/keepalive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.4.</strong> Keep alive</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/names.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.5.</strong> Name resolving</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/conn/proxies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.6.</strong> Proxies</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.</strong> Transfer control</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/stop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.1.</strong> Stop</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/stopslow.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.2.</strong> Stop slow transfers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/ratelimit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.3.</strong> Rate limit</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/meter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.4.</strong> Progress meter</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/control/progress-callback.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.6.5.</strong> Progress callback</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.7.</strong> Authentication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/cleanup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.8.</strong> Cleanup</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../transfers/getinfo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.9.</strong> Post transfer info</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> libcurl HTTP</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/responses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> Responses</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/requests.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> Requests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/versions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> Versions</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/ranges.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> Ranges</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/auth.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.5.</strong> Authentication</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/cookies.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.6.</strong> Cookies</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/download.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.7.</strong> Download</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/upload.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.8.</strong> Upload</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/multiplexing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.9.</strong> Multiplexing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/hsts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.10.</strong> HSTS</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../libcurl-http/alt-svc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.11.</strong> alt-svc</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.</strong> libcurl helpers</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/sharing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.1.</strong> Share data between handles</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.</strong> URL API</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/include.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.1.</strong> Include files</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/init.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.2.</strong> Create, cleanup, duplicate</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/parse.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.3.</strong> Parse a URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/redirect.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.4.</strong> Redirect to URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/get.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.5.</strong> Get a URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/get-part.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.6.</strong> Get URL parts</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/set-part.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.7.</strong> Set URL parts</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/append-query.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.8.</strong> Append to the query</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/url/setopt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.2.9.</strong> CURLOPT_CURLU</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.</strong> WebSocket</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/support.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.1.</strong> Support</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/urls.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.2.</strong> URLs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/concept.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.3.</strong> Concept</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/options.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.4.</strong> Options</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/read.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.5.</strong> Read</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/meta.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.6.</strong> Meta</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/ws/write.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.3.7.</strong> Write</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/headerapi/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.</strong> Headers API</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/headerapi/struct.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.1.</strong> Header struct</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/headerapi/get.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.2.</strong> Get a header</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../helpers/headerapi/iterate.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">15.4.3.</strong> Iterate over headers</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.</strong> libcurl examples</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/get.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.1.</strong> Get a simple HTTP page</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/getinmem.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.2.</strong> Get a response into memory</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/login.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.3.</strong> Submit a login form over HTTP</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/ftplist.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.4.</strong> Get an FTP directory listing</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../examples/http-ul-nonblock.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">16.5.</strong> Non-blocking HTTP form-post</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../bindings/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">17.</strong> libcurl bindings</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.</strong> libcurl internals</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/easy.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.1.</strong> Easy handles and connections</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/multi.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.2.</strong> Everything is multi</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/statemachines.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.3.</strong> State machines</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/handler.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.4.</strong> Protocol handler</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/backends.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.5.</strong> Backends</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/caches.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.6.</strong> Caches and state</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/timeouts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.7.</strong> Timeouts</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/windows-vs-unix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.8.</strong> Windows vs Unix</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/memory-debugging.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.9.</strong> Memory debugging</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/content-encoding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.10.</strong> Content Encoding</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/structs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.11.</strong> Structs</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/resolving.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.12.</strong> Resolving hostnames</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.</strong> Tests</a><a class="toggle"><div>❱</div></a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/file-format.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.1.</strong> Test file format</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/build.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.2.</strong> Build tests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/run.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.3.</strong> Run tests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/debug.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.4.</strong> Debug builds</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/servers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.5.</strong> Test servers</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/curl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.6.</strong> curl tests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/libcurl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.7.</strong> libcurl tests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/unit.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.8.</strong> Unit tests</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/valgrind.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.9.</strong> Valgrind</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/ci.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.10.</strong> Continuous Integration</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/autobuilds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.11.</strong> Autobuilds</a></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../internals/tests/torture.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">18.13.12.</strong> Torture</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item "><a href="../bookindex.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">19.</strong> Index</a></li></ol> </div> <div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"> <div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div> </div> </nav>  <script> var sidebarScrollbox = document.querySelector('#sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox'); sidebarScrollbox.addEventListener('click', function(e) { if (e.target.tagName === 'A') { sessionStorage.setItem('sidebar-scroll', sidebarScrollbox.scrollTop); } }, { passive: true }); var sidebarScrollTop = sessionStorage.getItem('sidebar-scroll'); sessionStorage.removeItem('sidebar-scroll'); if (sidebarScrollTop) { // preserve sidebar scroll position when navigating via links within sidebar sidebarScrollbox.scrollTop = sidebarScrollTop; } else { // scroll sidebar to current active section when navigating via "next/previous chapter" buttons var activeSection = document.querySelector('#sidebar .active'); if (activeSection) { activeSection.scrollIntoView({ block: 'center' }); } } </script> <div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper"> <div class="page"> <div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div> <div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky"> <div class="left-buttons"> <label id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" for="sidebar-toggle-anchor" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar"> <i class="fa fa-bars"></i> </label> <button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list"> <i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i> </button> <ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu"> <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light</button></li> <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li> <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li> <li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="navy">Navy</button></li> <li 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(Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar"> <i class="fa fa-search"></i> </button> </div> <h1 class="menu-title">everything curl</h1> <div class="right-buttons"> <a href="../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book"> <i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden"> <form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer"> <input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header"> </form> <div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden"> <div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div> <ul id="searchresults"> </ul> </div> </div>  <script> document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible'); document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible'); Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) { link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1); }); </script> <div id="content" class="content"> <main> <h1 id="code-layout"><a class="header" href="#code-layout">Code layout</a></h1> <p>The curl source code tree is neither large nor complicated. A key thing to remember is that libcurl is the library and that this library is the biggest component of the curl command-line tool.</p> <h2 id="root"><a class="header" href="#root">root</a></h2> <p>We try to keep the number of files in the source tree root to a minimum. You might see a slight difference in files if you check a release archive compared to what is stored in the git repository as several files are generated by the release scripts.</p> <p>Some of the more notable ones include:</p> <ul> <li><code>buildconf</code>: (deprecated) script used to build configure and more when building curl from source out of the git repository.</li> <li><code>buildconf.bat</code>: the Windows version of buildconf. Run this after having checked out the full source code from git.</li> <li><code>CHANGES</code>: generated at release and put into the release archive. It contains the 1000 latest changes to the source repository.</li> <li><code>configure</code>: a generated script that is used on Unix-like systems to generate a setup when building curl.</li> <li><code>COPYING</code>: the license detailing the rules for your using the code.</li> <li><code>GIT-INFO</code>: only present in git and contains information about how to build curl after having checked out the code from git.</li> <li><code>maketgz</code>: the script used to produce release archives and daily snapshots</li> <li><code>README</code>: a short summary of what curl and libcurl are.</li> <li><code>RELEASE-NOTES</code>: contains the changes done for the latest release; when found in git it contains the changes done since the previous release that are destined to end up in the coming release.</li> </ul> <h2 id="lib"><a class="header" href="#lib">lib</a></h2> <p>This directory contains the full source code for libcurl. It is the same source code for all platforms—over one hundred C source files and a few more private header files. The header files used when building applications against libcurl are not stored in this directory; see include/curl for those.</p> <p>Depending on what features are enabled in your own build and what functions your platform provides, some of the source files or portions of the source files may contain code that is not used in your particular build.</p> <h2 id="libvtls"><a class="header" href="#libvtls">lib/vtls</a></h2> <p>The VTLS sub section within libcurl is the home of all the TLS backends libcurl can be built to support. The "virtual" TLS internal API is a backend agnostic API used internally to access TLS and crypto functions without the main code knowing which specific TLS library is used. This allows the person who builds libcurl to select from a wide variety of TLS libraries to build with.</p> <p>We also maintain a <a href="https://curl.se/docs/ssl-compared.html">SSL comparison table</a> on the website to aid users.</p> <ul> <li>AmiSSL: an OpenSSL fork made for AmigaOS (uses <code>openssl.c</code>)</li> <li>BearSSL</li> <li>BoringSSL: an OpenSSL fork maintained by Google. (uses <code>openssl.c</code>)</li> <li>GnuTLS</li> <li>LibreSSL: an OpenSSL fork maintained by the OpenBSD team. (uses <code>openssl.c</code>)</li> <li>mbedTLS</li> <li>OpenSSL</li> <li>rustls: a TLS library written in rust</li> <li>Schannel: the native TLS library on Windows.</li> <li>Secure Transport: the native TLS library on macOS</li> <li>wolfSSL</li> </ul> <h2 id="src"><a class="header" href="#src">src</a></h2> <p>This directory holds the source code for the curl command-line tool. It is the same source code for all platforms that run the tool.</p> <p>Most of what the command-line tool does is to convert given command line options into the corresponding libcurl options or set of options and then makes sure to issue them correctly to drive the network transfer according to the user's wishes.</p> <p>This code uses libcurl just as any other application would.</p> <h2 id="includecurl"><a class="header" href="#includecurl">include/curl</a></h2> <p>Here are the public header files that are provided for libcurl-using applications. Some of them are generated at configure or release time so they do not look identical in the git repository as they do in a release archive.</p> <p>With modern libcurl, all an application is expected to include in its C source code is <code>#include <curl/curl.h></code></p> <h2 id="docs"><a class="header" href="#docs">docs</a></h2> <p>The main documentation location. Text files in this directory are typically plain text files. We have slowly started to move towards Markdown format so a few (but growing number of) files use the <code>.md</code> extension to signify that.</p> <p>Most of these documents are also shown on the curl website automatically converted from text to a web friendly format/look.</p> <ul> <li><code>BINDINGS</code>: lists all known libcurl language bindings and where to find them</li> <li><code>BUGS</code>: how to report bugs and where</li> <li><code>CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md</code>: how we expect people to behave in this project</li> <li><code>CONTRIBUTE</code>: what to think about when contributing to the project</li> <li><code>curl.1</code>: the curl command-line tool man page, in nroff format</li> <li><code>curl-config.1</code>: the curl-config man page, in nroff format</li> <li><code>FAQ</code>: frequently asked questions about various curl-related subjects</li> <li><code>FEATURES</code>: an incomplete list of curl features</li> <li><code>HISTORY</code>: describes how the project started and has evolved over the years</li> <li><code>HTTP2.md</code>: how to use HTTP/2 with curl and libcurl</li> <li><code>HTTP-COOKIES</code>: how curl supports and works with HTTP cookies</li> <li><code>index.html</code>: a basic HTML page as a documentation index page</li> <li><code>INSTALL</code>: how to build and install curl and libcurl from source</li> <li><code>INSTALL.cmake</code>: how to build curl and libcurl with CMake</li> <li><code>INSTALL.devcpp</code>: how to build curl and libcurl with devcpp</li> <li><code>INTERNALS</code>: details curl and libcurl internal structures</li> <li><code>KNOWN_BUGS</code>: list of known bugs and problems</li> <li><code>LICENSE-MIXING</code>: describes how to combine different third party modules and their individual licenses</li> <li><code>MAIL-ETIQUETTE</code>: this is how to communicate on our mailing lists</li> <li><code>MANUAL</code>: a tutorial-like guide on how to use curl</li> <li><code>mk-ca-bundle.1</code>: the mk-ca-bundle tool man page, in nroff format</li> <li><code>README.cmake</code>: CMake details</li> <li><code>README.netware</code>: Netware details</li> <li><code>README.win32</code>: win32 details</li> <li><code>RELEASE-PROCEDURE</code>: how to do a curl and libcurl release</li> <li><code>RESOURCES</code>: further resources for further reading on what, why and how curl does things</li> <li><code>ROADMAP.md</code>: what we want to work on in the future</li> <li><code>SECURITY</code>: how we work on security vulnerabilities</li> <li><code>SSLCERTS</code>: TLS certificate handling documented</li> <li><code>SSL-PROBLEMS</code>: common SSL problems and their causes</li> <li><code>THANKS</code>: thanks to this extensive list of friendly people, curl exists today.</li> <li><code>TheArtOfHttpScripting</code>: a tutorial into HTTP scripting with curl</li> <li><code>TODO</code>: things we or you can work on implementing</li> <li><code>VERSIONS</code>: how the version numbering of libcurl works</li> </ul> <h2 id="docslibcurl"><a class="header" href="#docslibcurl">docs/libcurl</a></h2> <p>All libcurl functions have their own man pages in individual files with .3 extensions, using nroff format, in this directory. There are also a few other files that are described below.</p> <ul> <li><code>ABI</code></li> <li><code>index.html</code></li> <li><code>libcurl.3</code></li> <li><code>libcurl-easy.3</code></li> <li><code>libcurl-errors.3</code></li> <li><code>libcurl.m4</code></li> <li><code>libcurl-multi.3</code></li> <li><code>libcurl-share.3</code></li> <li><code>libcurl-thread.3</code></li> <li><code>libcurl-tutorial.3</code></li> <li><code>symbols-in-versions</code></li> </ul> <h2 id="docslibcurlopts"><a class="header" href="#docslibcurlopts">docs/libcurl/opts</a></h2> <p>This directory contains the man pages for the individual options for three different libcurl functions.</p> <p><code>curl_easy_setopt()</code> options start with <code>CURLOPT_</code>, <code>curl_multi_setopt()</code> options start with <code>CURLMOPT_</code> and <code>curl_easy_getinfo()</code> options start with <code>CURLINFO_</code>.</p> <h2 id="docsexamples"><a class="header" href="#docsexamples">docs/examples</a></h2> <p>Contains around 100 stand-alone examples that are meant to help readers understand how libcurl can be used.</p> <p>See also the <a href="../examples/">libcurl examples</a> section of this book.</p> <h2 id="scripts"><a class="header" href="#scripts">scripts</a></h2> <p>Handy scripts.</p> <ul> <li><code>contributors.sh</code>: extracts all contributors from the git repository since a given hash/tag. The purpose is to generate a list for the RELEASE-NOTES file and to allow manually added names to remain in there even on updates. The script uses the <code>THANKS-filter</code> file to rewrite some names.</li> <li><code>contrithanks.sh</code>: extracts contributors from the git repository since a given hash/tag, filters out all the names that are already mentioned in <code>THANKS</code>, and then outputs <code>THANKS</code> to stdout with the list of new contributors appended at the end; it is meant to allow easier updates of the THANKS document. The script uses the <code>THANKS-filter</code> file to rewrite some names.</li> <li><code>log2changes.pl</code>: generates the <code>CHANGES</code> file for releases, as used by the release script. It simply converts git log output.</li> <li><code>zsh.pl</code>: helper script to provide curl command-line completions to users of the zsh shell.</li> </ul> </main> <nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">  <a rel="prev" href="../source/opensource/copyright.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i> </a> <a rel="next prefetch" href="../source/options.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> </a> <div style="clear: both"></div> </nav> </div> </div> <nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation"> <a rel="prev" href="../source/opensource/copyright.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left"> <i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i> </a> <a rel="next prefetch" href="../source/options.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right"> <i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i> </a> </nav> </div> <script> window.playground_copyable = true; </script> <script src="../elasticlunr.min.js"></script> <script src="../mark.min.js"></script> <script src="../searcher.js"></script> <script src="../clipboard.min.js"></script> <script src="../highlight.js"></script> <script src="../book.js"></script>  </div> </body> </html>