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References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Larry Roberts (computer scientist)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85)" title="لورانس روبرتس (عالم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لورانس روبرتس (عالم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="لارنس رابرت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لارنس رابرت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8" title="লরেন্স রবার্টস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লরেন্স রবার্টস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts" title="Lawrence Roberts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lawrence Roberts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(Ingenieur)" title="Lawrence Roberts (Ingenieur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lawrence Roberts (Ingenieur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_G._Roberts" title="Lawrence G. Roberts – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lawrence G. Roberts" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="لارنس رابرت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لارنس رابرت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientifique)" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientifique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lawrence Roberts (scientifique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_G._Roberts" title="Lawrence G. Roberts – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lawrence G. Roberts" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%BB)" title="ലോറൻസ് റോബർട്ട്സ് (ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോറൻസ് റോബർട്ട്സ് (ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="لورانس روبرتس (عالم كومبيوتر من امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لورانس روبرتس (عالم كومبيوتر من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="ローレンス・ロバーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローレンス・ロバーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts" title="Lawrence Roberts – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lawrence Roberts" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts" title="Lawrence Roberts – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lawrence Roberts" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts" title="Lawrence Roberts – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lawrence Roberts" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts" title="Lawrence Roberts – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lawrence Roberts" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81,_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Робертс, Лоуренс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Робертс, Лоуренс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts" title="Lawrence Roberts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lawrence Roberts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts" title="Lawrence Roberts – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lawrence Roberts" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q92935#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence G. Roberts">Lawrence G. Roberts</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American electrical engineer and Internet pioneer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Lawrence Roberts, see <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lawrence Roberts (disambiguation)">Lawrence Roberts (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Lawrence Roberts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Larry_Roberts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Larry_Roberts.jpg/220px-Larry_Roberts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Larry_Roberts.jpg/330px-Larry_Roberts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Larry_Roberts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Roberts in 2017</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lawrence Gilman Roberts</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1937-12-21</span>)</span>December 21, 1937<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 26, 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-12-26)</span> (aged 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City, California</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">ARPANET, founding father of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a>, 2012</li><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Pioneer_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Computer Pioneer Award">IEEE Computer Pioneer Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/W._Wallace_McDowell_Award" title="W. Wallace McDowell Award">IEEE Computer Society W. Wallace McDowell Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGCOMM" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGCOMM">ACM SIGCOMM</a> Award</li><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Goode_Memorial_Award" title="Harry H. Goode Memorial Award">Harry H. Goode Memorial Award</a></li><li>International Engineering Consortium Fellow award, 2001</li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> of the National Academy of Engineering</li><li>Principe de Asturias Award, 2002</li><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal" title="Defense Meritorious Service Medal"> Secretary of Defense Meritorious Service Medal</a></li><li>Interface Conference Award</li><li>L.M. Ericsson prize for research in data communications, 1982</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Lab">Lincoln Lab</a>, <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://packet.cc">packet<wbr />.cc</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: left;"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1990award_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1990award-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Larry Roberts</b> (December 21, 1937 – December 26, 2018) was an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet pioneer">Internet pioneer</a>. </p><p>As a program manager and later office director at the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>, Roberts and his team created the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> using <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> techniques invented by British computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a> and American engineer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbate2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbate2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ARPANET's principal designer was <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> who worked at <a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt Beranek and Newman</a> (BBN). Roberts asked <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> to apply mathematical methods to model and measure the performance of the network. Subsequent ARPA research on <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a> for <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a> led to the development of the modern <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p><p>Roberts later was CEO of the commercial packet-switching network <a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data network</a> in North America. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrence Gilman Roberts, who was known as Larry, was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_obit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of Elizabeth (Gilman) and Elliott John Roberts, both of whom had doctorates in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. It is said that during his youth, he built a <a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coil</a>, assembled a television, and designed a telephone network built from transistors for his parents' <a href="/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA" title="Girl Scouts of the USA">Girl Scout</a> camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_2001_05_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired_2001_05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roberts attended the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), where he received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> (1960), and <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> (1963),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_2001_05_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired_2001_05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his Ph.D. thesis "Machine Perception of Three-Dimensional Solids"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is known as the father of <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MIT">MIT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: MIT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After receiving his PhD, Roberts continued to work at the MIT <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_2001_05_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired_2001_05-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having read the seminal 1961 paper of the "<a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_Computer_Network" title="Intergalactic Computer Network">Intergalactic Computer Network</a>" by <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>, Roberts developed a research interest in <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> using <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1978_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1978-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ARPA">ARPA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ARPA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, although at first reluctant, he was recruited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a> in the ARPA <a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Techniques_Office" title="Information Processing Techniques Office">Information Processing Techniques Office</a> (IPTO) to become the program manager for the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>. Roberts met <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a> in February 1967, but did not discuss networks.<sup id="cite_ref-:5c_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5c-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asked <a href="/wiki/Franklin_H._Westervelt" title="Franklin H. Westervelt">Frank Westervelt</a> to explore the initial design questions for a network.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts prepared a proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor and <a href="/wiki/Wesley_A._Clark" title="Wesley A. Clark">Wesley Clark</a> disagreed with this design and Clark suggested the use of dedicated computers to create a <a href="/wiki/Message_switching" title="Message switching">message switching</a> network, which were later called <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating System Principles</a> that year, Roberts presented the plan based on Clark's message switching proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he met a member of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a>'s team (<a href="/wiki/Roger_Scantlebury" title="Roger Scantlebury">Roger Scantlebury</a>) who presented their research on <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> and suggested it for use in the ARPANET.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts applied Davies's concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET, and sought input from <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbate200022_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbate200022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roberts' plan for the ARPANET was the first wide area packet-switching network with distributed control, similar to Donald Davies' 1965 design.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ARPA issued a <a href="/wiki/Request_for_quotation" title="Request for quotation">request for quotation</a> (RFQ) to build the system, which was awarded to <a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a> (BBN). Significant aspects of the networks's operation including routing, flow control, software design and network control were developed by the BBN <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">IMP</a> team, which included <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1978_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1978-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts managed its implementation and contracted with <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> in 1968 to carry out mathematical modelling of the packet-switched network's performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbate20002_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbate20002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts engaged Howard Frank to consult on the topological design of the network. Frank made recommendations to increase throughput and reduce costs in a scaled-up network.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Robert Taylor was sent to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> in 1969 and then resigned, Roberts became director of the IPTO. </p><p>In 1970, he proposed to <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">NPL</a>'s Donald Davies that the two organizations connect their networks via a satellite link. This original proposal proved infeasible, but in 1971 <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter Kirstein</a> agreed to Roberts' proposal to connect his research group at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL) instead. UCL provided interconnection with <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">British academic networks</a>, forming the first international <a href="/wiki/Resource_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource sharing">resource sharing</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts proposed in 1973 that it would be possible to use a satellite's 64 kilobit/second link as a medium shared by multiple satellite earth stations within the beam's footprint. This was implemented later by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a>, and resulted in <a href="/wiki/SATNET" title="SATNET">SATNET</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/George_B._Purdy#The_Purdy_Polynomial" title="George B. Purdy">Purdy Polynomial</a> hash algorithm was developed for the ARPANET to protect passwords in 1971 at the request of Roberts. </p><p>Roberts approached AT&T in the early 1970s about taking over the ARPANET to offer a public packet switched service but they declined.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1973, Roberts predicted the network would run out of capacity in nine months. In practice, it was found that the time-sharing host computers ran out of capacity before the network did.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telenet">Telenet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Telenet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, Roberts left ARPA to join BBN's effort to commercialize the nascent packet-switching technology in the form of <a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first FCC-licensed <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data network</a> in the United States. He was its <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> from 1973 to 1980. Roberts joined the international effort to standardize a protocol for packet switching based on <a href="/wiki/Virtual_circuit" title="Virtual circuit">virtual circuits</a> shortly before it was finalized.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telenet converted to the <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol, which was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">PTTs</a> across North America and Europe for <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a> in the mid-late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts promoted this approach over the <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagram</a> approach in <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> being pursued by ARPA, which he described as "oversold" in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1978_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1978-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_career">Later career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching#The_"paternity_dispute"" title="Packet switching">Packet switching § The "paternity dispute"</a></div> <p>In 1983 he joined <a href="/wiki/DHL_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="DHL Express">DHL Corporation</a> as President. At the time, he predicted bandwidths would go down driven by voice compression technology.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was CEO of NetExpress, an <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a> (ATM) equipment company, from 1983 to 1993. Roberts was president of ATM Systems from 1993 to 1998. He was chairman and CTO of Caspian Networks, but left in early 2004; Caspian ceased operation in late 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_2007_10_02_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_2007_10_02-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Roberts was the founder and chairman of Anagran Inc. Anagran continues work in the same area as Caspian: IP flow management with improved <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">quality of service</a> for the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since September 2012, he was CEO of Netmax in <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roberts married and divorced four times. At the time of his death, his partner was physician Tedde Rinker.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_obit_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts died at his California home from a heart attack on December 26, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_obit_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Goode_Memorial_Award" title="Harry H. Goode Memorial Award">Harry H. Goode Memorial Award</a> (1976 ), "In recognition of his contributions to the architectural design of computer-communication systems, his leadership in creating a fertile research environment leading to advances in computer and satellite communications techniques, his role in the establishment of standard international communication protocols and procedures, and his accomplishments in development and demonstration of packet switching technology and the ensuing networks which grew out of this work."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member, National Academy of Engineering (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-NEC_2005_11_17_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEC_2005_11_17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Magnus_Ericsson" title="Lars Magnus Ericsson">L.M. Ericsson</a> Prize (1982) in Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-NEC_2005_11_17_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEC_2005_11_17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Computer Design Hall of Fame Award (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-NEC_2005_11_17_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEC_2005_11_17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>IEEE <a href="/wiki/W._Wallace_McDowell_Award" title="W. Wallace McDowell Award">W. Wallace McDowell Award</a> (1990), "For architecting packet switching technology and bringing it into practical use by means of the ARPA network."<sup id="cite_ref-NEC_2005_11_17_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEC_2005_11_17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGCOMM Award">SIGCOMM Award</a> (1998), for "visionary contributions and advanced technology development of computer communication networks".<sup id="cite_ref-NEC_2005_11_17_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEC_2005_11_17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Award" title="IEEE Internet Award">IEEE Internet Award</a> (2000) For "early, preeminent contributions in conceiving, analyzing and demonstrating packet-switching networks, the foundation technology of the Internet."<sup id="cite_ref-NEC_2005_11_17_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEC_2005_11_17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Engineering Consortium Fellow Award (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-NEC_2005_11_17_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEC_2005_11_17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> (2001), <i>"for the development of the Internet"</i> <sup id="cite_ref-NAE_Draper_Citation_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAE_Draper_Citation-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Awards">Principe de Asturias Award</a> 2002 in Spain "for designing and implementing a system that is changing the world by providing previously unthought of opportunities for social and scientific progress."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> C&C Award (2005) in Japan "For Contributions to Establishing the Foundation of Today's Internet Technology through ... the Design and Development of ARPANET and Other Early Computer Networks that were Part of the Initial Internet."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2012, Roberts was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=BIC1&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CK2424100099&userGroupName=fairfax_main&jsid=14e93b1cb6a78dba08b6c17d2ee11705">"Lawrence Gilman Roberts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(fee, via <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Public_Library" title="Fairfax County Public Library">Fairfax County Public Library</a>)</span>. <i>World of Computer Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. 2006. Gale Document Number GALE|K2424100099<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lawrence+Gilman+Roberts&rft.btitle=World+of+Computer+Science&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.galegroup.com%2Fic%2Fbic1%2FReferenceDetailsPage%2FReferenceDetailsWindow%3FfailOverType%3D%26query%3D%26prodId%3DBIC1%26windowstate%3Dnormal%26contentModules%3D%26mode%3Dview%26displayGroupName%3DReference%26limiter%3D%26currPage%3D%26disableHighlighting%3Dfalse%26displayGroups%3D%26sortBy%3D%26source%3D%26search_within_results%3D%26action%3De%26catId%3D%26activityType%3D%26scanId%3D%26documentId%3DGALE%257CK2424100099%26userGroupName%3Dfairfax_main%26jsid%3D14e93b1cb6a78dba08b6c17d2ee11705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span> Gale Biography In Context <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2003/eecs-time-0521.html">"Big achievements included room-size computers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_News" title="MIT News">MIT News</a></i>. May 21, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+News&rft.atitle=Big+achievements+included+room-size+computers&rft.date=2003-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2003%2Feecs-time-0521.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1990award-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1990award_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402201119/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/roberts-wallace">"Lawrence G. Roberts: 1990 W. Wallace McDowell Award Recipient"</a>. IEEE Computer Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/roberts-wallace">the original</a> on April 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lawrence+G.+Roberts%3A+1990+W.+Wallace+McDowell+Award+Recipient&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fawards%2Froberts-wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbate2000-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbate2000_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate1999" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Jane (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA3"><i>Inventing the Internet</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262261333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262261333"><bdi>978-0262261333</bdi></a>. <q>The manager of the ARPANET project, Lawrence Roberts, assembled a large team of computer scientists ... and he drew on the ideas of network experimenters in the United States and the United Kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0262261333&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BfZxFZpElwC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">"A Flaw In The Design"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. May 30, 2015. <q>Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Flaw+In+The+Design&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F05%2F30%2Fnet-of-insecurity-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_obit-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_obit_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_obit_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_obit_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafner2018" class="citation web cs1">Hafner, Katie (December 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/obituaries/lawrence-g-roberts-dies-at-81.html">"Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies of a heart attack at 81"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lawrence+Roberts%2C+Who+Helped+Design+Internet%27s+Precursor%2C+Dies+of+a+heart+attack+at+81&rft.date=2018-12-30&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F30%2Fobituaries%2Flawrence-g-roberts-dies-at-81.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wired_2001_05-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wired_2001_05_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wired_2001_05_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wired_2001_05_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_McHugh2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Josh McHugh (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.05/caspian.html?pg=3&topic=&topic_set=">"The n -Dimensional Superswitch"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired Magazine">Wired Magazine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+n+-Dimensional+Superswitch&rft.date=2001-05&rft.au=Josh+McHugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F9.05%2Fcaspian.html%3Fpg%3D3%26topic%3D%26topic_set%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Lawrence Gillman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/11589/33959125-MIT.pdf">"Machine Perception of Three-Dimensional Solids"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Machine+Perception+of+Three-Dimensional+Solids&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Gillman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F11589%2F33959125-MIT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor2021" class="citation web cs1">Mayor, Dana (January 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history-computer.com/people/larry-roberts-complete-biography/">"Larry Roberts - Complete Biography, History and Inventions"</a>. <i>History-Computer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History-Computer&rft.atitle=Larry+Roberts+-+Complete+Biography%2C+History+and+Inventions&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory-computer.com%2Fpeople%2Flarry-roberts-complete-biography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349289585_Seminar_about_Computer_Vision">"Seminar about Computer Vision"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seminar+about+Computer+Vision&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F349289585_Seminar_about_Computer_Vision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1978-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1978_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1978_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1978_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1978">Roberts 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5c-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5c_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldrop2018" class="citation book cs1">Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRnBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT285"><i>The Dream Machine</i></a>. Stripe Press. pp. 285–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0"><bdi>978-1-953953-36-0</bdi></a>. <q>Oops. Roberts knew Baran slightly and had in fact had lunch with him during a visit to RAND the previous February. But he certainly didn't remember any discussion of networks. How could he have missed something like that?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Machine&rft.pages=285-6&rft.pub=Stripe+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-953953-36-0&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRnBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill1990" class="citation web cs1">O'Neill, Judy (March 5, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/107101/oh182pb.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"An Interview with PAUL BARAN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 37. <q>On Tuesday, 28 February 1967 I find a notation on my calendar for 12:00 noon Dr. L. Roberts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+PAUL+BARAN&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1990-03-05&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11299%2F107101%2Foh182pb.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation web cs1">Pelkey, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223230647/https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/4.7/planning-the-arpanet-1967-1968/">"4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968"</a>. <i>The History of Computer Communications</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/4.7/planning-the-arpanet-1967-1968/">the original</a> on December 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Computer+Communications&rft.atitle=4.7+Planning+the+ARPANET%3A+1967-1968+in+Chapter+4+-+Networking%3A+Vision+and+Packet+Switching+1959+-+1968&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofcomputercommunications.info%2Fsection%2F4.7%2Fplanning-the-arpanet-1967-1968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress2015" class="citation web cs1">Press, Gil (January 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2015/01/02/a-very-short-history-of-the-internet-and-the-web-2/">"A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109145400/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2015/01/02/a-very-short-history-of-the-internet-and-the-web-2/">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Roberts' proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly ... was not endorsed ... Wesley Clark ... suggested to Roberts that the network be managed by identical small computers, each attached to a host computer. Accepting the idea, Roberts named the small computers dedicated to network administration 'Interface Message Processors' (IMPs), which later evolved into today's routers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=A+Very+Short+History+Of+The+Internet+And+The+Web&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fgilpress%2F2015%2F01%2F02%2Fa-very-short-history-of-the-internet-and-the-web-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202062940/https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html">"SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings).[1967]"</a>. <i>web.stanford.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html">the original</a> on February 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2020</span>. <q>W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967 to Engelbart)were reviewed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=SRI+Project+5890-1%3B+Networking+%28Reports+on+Meetings%29.%5B1967%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FSUL%2Flibrary%2Fextra4%2Fsloan%2Fmousesite%2FEngelbartPapers%2FB1_F20_CompuMtg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2015" class="citation book cs1">Naughton, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbonCgAAQBAJ&q=they+lacked+one+vital+ingredient"><i>A Brief History of the Future: The origins of the Internet</i></a>. Hachette. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474602778" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474602778"><bdi>978-1474602778</bdi></a>. <q>they lacked one vital ingredient. Since none of them had heard of Paul Baran they had no serious idea of how to make the system work. And it took an English outfit to tell them. ... Larry Roberts paper was the first public presentation of the ARPANET concept as conceived with the aid of Wesley Clark ... Looking at it now, Roberts paper seems extraordinarily, well, vague.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Future%3A+The+origins+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1474602778&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbonCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthey%2Blacked%2Bone%2Bvital%2Bingredient&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaumWetherall2011" class="citation book cs1">Tanenbaum, Andrew S.; Wetherall, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csc-knu.github.io/sys-prog/books/Andrew%20S.%20Tanenbaum%20-%20Computer%20Networks.pdf"><i>Computer networks</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (5th ed.). Boston Amsterdam: Prentice Hall. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-212695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-212695-3"><bdi>978-0-13-212695-3</bdi></a>. <q>Roberts bought the idea and presented a some what vague paper about it at the ACM SIGOPS Symposium on Operating System Principles held in Gatlinburg, Tennessee in late 1967</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+networks&rft.place=Boston+Amsterdam&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-13-212695-3&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft.au=Wetherall%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsc-knu.github.io%2Fsys-prog%2Fbooks%2FAndrew%2520S.%2520Tanenbaum%2520-%2520Computer%2520Networks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1967" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Lawrence (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/arpanet.pdf">"Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communications</i>. pp. 3.1–3.6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800001.811680">10.1145/800001.811680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17409102">17409102</a>. <q>Thus the set of IMP's, plus the telephone lines and data sets would constitute a message switching network</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Multiple+computer+networks+and+intercomputer+communication&rft.btitle=Multiple+Computer+Networks+and+Intercomputer+Communications&rft.pages=3.1-3.6&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800001.811680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17409102%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.mpi-sws.org%2F~gummadi%2Fteaching%2Fsp07%2Fsys_seminar%2Farpanet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafnerLyon1996" class="citation book cs1">Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj"><i>Where wizards stay up late: the origins of the Internet</i></a>. Internet Archive. Simon & Schuster. pp. 76–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81201-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81201-4"><bdi>978-0-684-81201-4</bdi></a>. <q>Roger Scantlebury ... from Donald Davies' team ... presented a detailed design study for a packet switched network. It was the first Roberts had heard of it. ... Roberts also learned from Scantlebury, for the first time, of the work that had been done by Paul Baran at RAND a few years earlier.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+wizards+stay+up+late%3A+the+origins+of+the+Internet&rft.pages=76-78&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81201-4&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Lyon%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwherewizardsstay00haf_vgj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Harris,_University_of_Wales2009" class="citation journal cs1">Trevor Harris, University of Wales (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010001438/https://www.academia.edu/378261">"Who is the Father of the Internet?"</a>. <i>Variety in Mass Communication Research</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/378261">the original</a> on October 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety+in+Mass+Communication+Research&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+Father+of+the+Internet%3F&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Trevor+Harris%2C+University+of+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F378261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbate200022-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbate200022_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abbate" title="Janet Abbate">Abbate, Jane</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&q=packet+switching&pg=PA125"><i>Inventing the Internet</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 37–8, 58–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262261333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262261333"><bdi>978-0262261333</bdi></a>. <q>The NPL group influenced a number of American computer scientists in favor of the new technique, and they adopted Davies's term "packet switching" to refer to this type of network. Roberts also adopted some specific aspects of the NPL design.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.pages=37-8%2C+58-9&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0262261333&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2BdY6WQo4AC%26q%3Dpacket%2Bswitching%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA245"><i>The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 237–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476708690" title="Special:BookSources/9781476708690"><bdi>9781476708690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innovators%3A+How+a+Group+of+Hackers%2C+Geniuses%2C+and+Geeks+Created+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pages=237-246&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476708690&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V9koAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatie_Hefner2001" class="citation cs2">Katie Hefner (November 8, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/technology/a-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html?pagewanted=all">"A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers"</a>, <i>New York Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Paternity+Dispute+Divides+Net+Pioneers&rft.date=2001-11-08&rft.au=Katie+Hefner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F08%2Ftechnology%2Fa-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Taylor2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a> (November 22, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/22/technology/l-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html">"Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, <q>Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Birthing+the+Internet%3A+Letters+From+the+Delivery+Room%3B+Disputing+a+Claim&rft.date=2001-11-22&rft.au=Robert+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F22%2Ftechnology%2Fl-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627133802/https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Archive/Post68/ARPANETMeeting1167.html">"Shapiro: Computer Network Meeting of October 9–10, 1967"</a>. <i>stanford.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Archive/Post68/ARPANETMeeting1167.html">the original</a> on June 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Shapiro%3A+Computer+Network+Meeting+of+October+9%E2%80%9310%2C+1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FSUL%2Flibrary%2Fextra4%2Fsloan%2Fmousesite%2FArchive%2FPost68%2FARPANETMeeting1167.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1978">Roberts 1978</a> "In nearly all respects, Davies’ original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbate20002-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbate20002_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Jane (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA37"><i>Inventing the Internet</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 37–8, 58–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262261332" title="Special:BookSources/0262261332"><bdi>0262261332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.pages=37-8%2C+58-9&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0262261332&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BfZxFZpElwC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321221214/https://www.internethalloffame.org/blog/2016/04/25/howard-frank-looks-back-his-role-arpanet-designer">"Howard Frank Looks Back on His Role as an ARPAnet Designer"</a>. <i>Internet Hall of Fame</i>. April 25, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internethalloffame.org/blog/2016/04/25/howard-frank-looks-back-his-role-arpanet-designer">the original</a> on March 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Howard+Frank+Looks+Back+on+His+Role+as+an+ARPAnet+Designer&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internethalloffame.org%2Fblog%2F2016%2F04%2F25%2Fhoward-frank-looks-back-his-role-arpanet-designer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirstein1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kirstein, P.T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092443/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf">"Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 38–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.759368">10.1109/85.759368</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1558618">1558618</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Early+experiences+with+the+Arpanet+and+Internet+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-44&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1558618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.759368&rft.aulast=Kirstein&rft.aufirst=P.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F4773%2Ff19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1978">Roberts 1978</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeartMcKenzieMcQuillianWalden1978" class="citation techreport cs1">Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (January 4, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527095942/https://walden-family.com/bbn/arpanet-completion-report.pdf"><i>Arpanet Completion Report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). 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Wallace McDowell Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/portal/site/ieeecs/menuitem.c5efb9b8ade9096b8a9ca0108bcd45f3/index.jsp?&pName=ieeecs_level1&path=ieeecs/about/awards&file=WallaceMcD_recipients.xml&xsl=generic.xsl&;jsessionid=H3CQpNFv6QyzpHGF883QFQ3p1MGLLr25rRPQcrQ6LQsqpxsgQxVs!-822946952">the original</a> on November 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W.+Wallace+McDowell+Award&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fportal%2Fsite%2Fieeecs%2Fmenuitem.c5efb9b8ade9096b8a9ca0108bcd45f3%2Findex.jsp%3F%26pName%3Dieeecs_level1%26path%3Dieeecs%2Fabout%2Fawards%26file%3DWallaceMcD_recipients.xml%26xsl%3Dgeneric.xsl%26%3Bjsessionid%3DH3CQpNFv6QyzpHGF883QFQ3p1MGLLr25rRPQcrQ6LQsqpxsgQxVs%21-822946952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigcomm.org/awards.html">"SIGCOMM Awards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> <a href="/wiki/SIGCOMM" title="SIGCOMM">SIGCOMM</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIGCOMM+Awards&rft.pub=ACM+SIGCOMM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigcomm.org%2Fawards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210023036/http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/pr/internet.html">"IEEE Internet Award Recipients"</a>. IEEE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/pr/internet.html">the original</a> on February 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Internet+Award+Recipients&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fportal%2Fpages%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fpr%2Finternet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAE_Draper_Citation-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAE_Draper_Citation_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nae.edu/Activities/Projects/Awards/DraperPrize/DraperWinners/page2001/55045.aspx">"Lawrence G. Roberts Lawrence G. Roberts – Draper Award"</a>. NAE Website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lawrence+G.+Roberts+Lawrence+G.+Roberts+%E2%80%93+Draper+Award&rft.pub=NAE+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nae.edu%2FActivities%2FProjects%2FAwards%2FDraperPrize%2FDraperWinners%2Fpage2001%2F55045.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB982004616905008338">"Draper Prize Honors Four 'Fathers of the Internet'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. February 12, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Draper+Prize+Honors+Four+%27Fathers+of+the+Internet%27&rft.date=2001-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB982004616905008338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Internet is one of the most eloquent examples of the benefits that accrue from scientific research and a commitment to technological innovation. A myriad of people and institutions were involved in this work. The jury wishes to acknowledge them all in awarding the prize to the four leaders of so extraordinary a development."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Luis_Álvarez_MargarideErnesto_Carmona_Guzmán2002" class="citation web cs1">José Luis Álvarez Margaride; Ernesto Carmona Guzmán; et al. (May 23, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121085530/http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premios/premios7_2002.html">"Minutes of the Jury – Technical and Scientific Research 2002"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Awards">Fundación Príncipe de Asturias</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premios/premios7_2002.html">the original</a> on November 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+the+Jury+%E2%80%93+Technical+and+Scientific+Research+2002&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Pr%C3%ADncipe+de+Asturias&rft.date=2002-05-23&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Luis+%C3%81lvarez+Margaride&rft.au=Ernesto+Carmona+Guzm%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org%2Fing%2F04%2Fpremios%2Fpremios7_2002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The great success and popularity of the Internet are due to the efforts of a great many people, but it was the three members of Group B who truly created the technological foundation for its success ... Dr. Roberts, at ARPA, was responsible for creating the first computer network, the ARPANET, and for its architecture and overall management." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/0511/1701.html">"Foundation for C&C Promotion Announces Recipients of 2005 C&C Prize – Mr. Kei-ichi Enoki, Mr. Takeshi Natsuno, Ms. Mari Matsunaga, Dr. Robert E. Kahn, Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts, & Professor Leonard Kleinrock"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>. November 17, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foundation+for+C%26C+Promotion+Announces+Recipients+of+2005+C%26C+Prize+%E2%80%93+Mr.+Kei-ichi+Enoki%2C+Mr.+Takeshi+Natsuno%2C+Ms.+Mari+Matsunaga%2C+Dr.+Robert+E.+Kahn%2C+Dr.+Lawrence+G.+Roberts%2C+%26+Professor+Leonard+Kleinrock&rft.pub=NEC&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nec.co.jp%2Fpress%2Fen%2F0511%2F1701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012">2012 Inductees</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121213033309/http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012">Archived</a> December 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame" title="Internet Hall of Fame">Internet Hall of Fame</a> website. Last accessed April 24, 2012</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (1978). "The evolution of packet switching". <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>66</b> (11): 1307–1313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141">10.1109/PROC.1978.11141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26876676">26876676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+packet+switching&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1307-1313&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26876676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarry+Roberts+%28computer+scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Roberts_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkD4HVRnGJE">Larry Roberts, "The ARPANET and Computer Networks"</a>, Computer History Museum, 1986</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111025036/http://packet.cc/">Personal website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107608">Oral history interview with Lawrence G. Roberts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Roberts directed the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) during 1968–1973 and was later chief operating officer of Network Express. The interview focuses on IPTO and the Advanced Research Projects Agency. Much of Roberts's description of the work of ARPA and IPTO is set within the context of his interactions with Congress on budget matters. Topics include J. C. R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lukasik" title="Stephen J. Lukasik">Stephen J. Lukasik</a>, Wesley Clark, ARPA and IPTO support of research in computer science, computer networks, and artificial intelligence, the ARPANET, the involvement of universities with ARPA and IPTO.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107387">Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Kahn discusses the work of various DARPA and IPTO personnel including J. C. R. Licklider, Vinton Cerf, and Larry Roberts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetevolution.com/bloggers.asp#Lawrence_G_Roberts">Lawrence G. Roberts's</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110618071354/http://www.internetevolution.com/bloggers.asp#Lawrence_G_Roberts">Archived</a> June 18, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> profile on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetevolution.com/">Internet Evolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110329073654/http://www.internetevolution.com/">Archived</a> March 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "the macrosite for news, analysis, & opinion about the future of the internet."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/obituaries/lawrence-g-roberts-dies-at-81.html">"Obituary: Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet’s Precursor, Dies at 81"</a>, Katie Hafner, <i>New York Times</i>, December 30, 2018.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Feinler">Elizabeth J. Feinler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Herzfeld" title="Charles M. Herzfeld">Charles Herzfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Robert Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter T. Kirstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Klensin" title="John Klensin">John Klensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Lawrence Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">David Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Farber" title="David J. Farber">David Farber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Frank_(network_engineer)" title="Howard Frank (network engineer)">Howard Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchana_Kanchanasut" title="Kanchana Kanchanasut">Kanchana Kanchanasut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Bob Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Murai" title="Jun Murai">Jun Murai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_Neggers" title="Kees Neggers">Kees Neggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii_Quaynor" title="Nii Quaynor">Nii Quaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Ricart" title="Glenn Ricart">Glenn Ricart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolff" title="Stephen Wolff">Stephen Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Zorn" title="Werner Zorn">Werner Zorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Estrada" title="Susan Estrada">Susan Estrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Heart" title="Frank Heart">Frank Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Jennings_(Internet_pioneer)" title="Dennis Jennings (Internet pioneer)">Dennis Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Nordhagen_(physicist)" title="Rolf Nordhagen (physicist)">Rolf Nordhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Global_connectors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Global connectors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Bush_(scientist)" title="Randy Bush (scientist)">Randy Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilnam_Chon" title="Kilnam Chon">Kilnam Chon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hafkin" title="Nancy Hafkin">Nancy Hafkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Huston_(scientist)" title="Geoff Huston (scientist)">Geoff Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Karrenberg" title="Daniel Karrenberg">Daniel Karrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru_Takahashi_(Internet)" title="Toru Takahashi (Internet)">Toru Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Tin_Wee" title="Tan Tin Wee">Tan Tin Wee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Banks" title="Karen Banks">Karen Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gihan_Dias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gihan Dias (page does not exist)">Gihan Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anriette_Esterhuysen" title="Anriette Esterhuysen">Anriette Esterhuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Goldstein_(NSF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Goldstein (NSF) (page does not exist)">Steve Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teus_Hagen" title="Teus Hagen">Teus Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Holz" title="Ida Holz">Ida Holz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiheng" title="Hu Qiheng">Qiheng Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruhisa_Ishida" title="Haruhisa Ishida">Haruhisa Ishida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Leiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Leiner (page does not exist)">Barry Leiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sadowsky" title="George Sadowsky">George Sadowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Davies_(internet_pioneer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Davies (internet pioneer) (page does not exist)">Dai Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi_Getschko" title="Demi Getschko">Demi Getschko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masaki_Hirabaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masaki Hirabaru (page does not exist)">Masaki Hirabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Huizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Huizer (page does not exist)">Erik Huizer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Huter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Huter (page does not exist)">Steve Huter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhaya_Induruwa" title="Abhaya Induruwa">Abhaya Induruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_Muthoni" title="Dorcas Muthoni">Dorcas Muthoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabir_Pun" title="Mahabir Pun">Mahabir Pun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srinivasan_Ramani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srinivasan Ramani (page does not exist)">Srinivasan Ramani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(internet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Roberts (internet) (page does not exist)">Michael Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Segal_(computer_scientist)" title="Ben Segal (computer scientist)">Ben Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Van_Houweling" title="Douglas Van Houweling">Douglas Van Houweling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabil_Bukhalid" title="Nabil Bukhalid">Nabil Bukhalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Fuchs" title="Ira Fuchs">Ira Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shigeki_Goto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shigeki Goto (page does not exist)">Shigeki Goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jensen_(internet_pioneer)" title="Mike Jensen (internet pioneer)">Mike Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermanno_Pietrosemoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ermanno Pietrosemoli (page does not exist)">Ermanno Pietrosemoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadao_Takahashi" title="Tadao Takahashi">Tadao Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florencio_Utreras" title="Florencio Utreras">Florencio Utreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jianping" title="Wu Jianping">Wu Jianping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Innovators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Innovators</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Baker" title="Mitchell Baker">Mitchell Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Jacobson" title="Van Jacobson">Van Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Landweber" title="Lawrence Landweber">Lawrence Landweber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mockapetris" title="Paul Mockapetris">Paul Mockapetris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Newmark" title="Craig Newmark">Craig Newmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Zimmermann" title="Phil Zimmermann">Phil Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Perry_Barlow" title="John Perry Barlow">John Perry Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fl%C3%BCckiger" title="François Flückiger">François Flückiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kent_(network_security)" title="Stephen Kent (network security)">Stephen Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Eklund_L%C3%B6winder" title="Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder">Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Schulzrinne" title="Henning Schulzrinne">Henning Schulzrinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allman" title="Eric Allman">Eric Allman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bina" title="Eric Bina">Eric Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Brandenburg" title="Karlheinz Brandenburg">Karlheinz Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cioffi" title="John Cioffi">John Cioffi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hualin_Qian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hualin Qian (page does not exist)">Hualin Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Paul Vixie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Akkerhuis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Akkerhuis (page does not exist)">Jaap Akkerhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Andres" title="Yvonne Andres">Yvonne Marie Andres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Emtage" title="Alan Emtage">Alan Emtage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Krol" title="Ed Krol">Ed Krol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_LaQuey_Parker" title="Tracy LaQuey Parker">Tracy LaQuey Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Partridge" title="Craig Partridge">Craig Partridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inductees_since_2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees since 2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiel_Akplogan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiel Akplogan (page does not exist)">Adiel Akplogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KC_Claffy" title="KC Claffy">Kimberly Claffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Comer" title="Douglas Comer">Douglas Comer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elise_Gerich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elise Gerich (page does not exist)">Elise Gerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Irving" title="Larry Irving">Larry Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Lynch" title="Daniel C. Lynch">Dan Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Armour_Polly" title="Jean Armour Polly">Jean Armour Polly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Soriano_(internet_pioneer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Soriano (internet pioneer) (page does not exist)">José Soriano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Stanton_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Stanton (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Michael Stanton</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stanton" class="extiw" title="pt:Michael Stanton">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaas_Wierenga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaas Wierenga (page does not exist)">Klaas Wierenga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suguru_Yamaguchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suguru Yamaguchi (page does not exist)">Suguru Yamaguchi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3%E8%8B%B1" class="extiw" title="ja:山口英">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Afonso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Afonso (page does not exist)">Carlos Afonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Blokzijl" title="Rob Blokzijl">Rob Blokzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_Braun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Werner Braun (page does not exist)">Hans-Werner Braun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Werner_Braun" class="extiw" title="de:Hans-Werner Braun">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frode_Greisen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frode Greisen (page does not exist)">Frode Greisen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Gruntorad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Gruntorad (page does not exist)">Jan Gruntorad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Hahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saul Hahn (page does not exist)">Saul Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Hubbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Hubbard (page does not exist)">Kim Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Ibarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Ibarra (page does not exist)">Rafael Ibarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xing_Li_(computer_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xing Li (computer scientist) (page does not exist)">Xing Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvar_G._Lundh" title="Yngvar G. Lundh">Yngvar Lundh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky" title="Dan Kaminsky">Dan Kaminsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DaeYoung_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DaeYoung Kim (page does not exist)">DaeYoung Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Klingenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Klingenstein (page does not exist)">Kenneth Klingenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_Pisanty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alejandro Pisanty (page does not exist)">Alejandro Pisanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Rekhter" title="Yakov Rekhter">Yakov Rekhter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Smith_(network_engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Smith (network engineer) (page does not exist)">Philip Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Spilling" title="Pål Spilling">Pål Spilling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liane_Tarouco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liane Tarouco (page does not exist)">Liane Tarouco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liane_Margarida_Rockenbach_Tarouco" class="extiw" title="pt:Liane Margarida Rockenbach Tarouco">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Travers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Travers (page does not exist)">Virginia Travers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Varghese" title="George Varghese">George Varghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixia_Zhang" title="Lixia Zhang">Lixia Zhang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_Bhushan" title="Abhay Bhushan">Abhay Bhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Breeden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Breeden (page does not exist)">Laura Breeden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Moura_Campos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Moura Campos (page does not exist)">Ivan Moura Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Cisler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Cisler (page does not exist)">Steve Cisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Eckersley_(computer_scientist)" title="Peter Eckersley (computer scientist)">Peter Eckersley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartmut_Richard_Glaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartmut Richard Glaser (page does not exist)">Hartmut Richard Glaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_S._Lam" title="Simon S. Lam">Simon S. Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Schrader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Schrader (page does not exist)">William Schrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_T%C3%A9ramond_Peralta" title="Guy de Téramond Peralta">Guy de Téramond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Template:Charles Stark Draper Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Template talk:Charles Stark Draper Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Stark Draper Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus </a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Rosen" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold A. Rosen">Harold A. Rosen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Maurer" title="Robert D. Maurer">Robert D. Maurer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_B._MacChesney" title="John B. MacChesney">John B. MacChesney</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence G. Roberts">Lawrence G. Roberts</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert Langer</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Getting" title="Ivan Getting">Ivan Getting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Parkinson" title="Bradford Parkinson">Bradford Parkinson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay </a> / <a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Charles P. Thacker</a> (2004)</li> <li>Minoru S. Araki / Francis J. Madden / Edward A. Miller / <a href="/wiki/James_W._Plummer" title="James W. Plummer">James W. Plummer</a> / Don H. Schoessler (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dennard" title="Robert H. Dennard">Robert H. Dennard</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willem_P._C._Stemmer" title="Willem P. C. Stemmer">Willem P. C. Stemmer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Helfrich" title="Wolfgang Helfrich">Wolfgang Helfrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schadt" title="Martin Schadt">Martin Schadt</a> / <a href="/wiki/T._Peter_Brody" title="T. Peter Brody">T. Peter Brody</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Haug" title="Thomas Haug">Thomas Haug</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yoshihisa_Okumura" title="Yoshihisa Okumura">Yoshihisa Okumura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Frenkiel" title="Richard H. Frenkiel">Richard H. Frenkiel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joel_S._Engel" title="Joel S. Engel">Joel S. Engel</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / Yoshio Nishi / <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Yazami" title="Rachid Yazami">Rachid Yazami</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._George_Craford" title="M. George Craford">George Craford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russell_Dupuis" title="Russell Dupuis">Russell Dupuis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fr%C3%A9chet" title="Jean Fréchet">Jean Fréchet</a> / C. Grant Willson (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Furber" title="Steve Furber">Steve Furber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(computer_scientist)" title="David Patterson (computer scientist)">David Patterson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Wilson" title="Sophie Wilson">Sophie Wilson</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Sols" title="Alberto Sols">Alberto Sols</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ballester" title="Manuel Ballester">Manuel Ballester</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Santal%C3%B3" title="Luis Santaló">Luis Antonio Santaló Sors</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garcia-Bellido" title="Antonio Garcia-Bellido">Antonio Garcia-Bellido</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_V%C3%A1zquez_Mart%C3%ADnez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Vázquez Martínez (page does not exist)">David Vázquez Martínez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Rosenblueth" title="Emilio Rosenblueth">Emilio Rosenblueth</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio González González (chemist) (page does not exist)">Antonio González González</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Convit" title="Jacinto Convit">Jacinto Convit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Rudom%C3%ADn_Zevnovaty" title="Pablo Rudomín Zevnovaty">Pablo Rudomín</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardona" title="Manuel Cardona">Manuel Cardona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Moshinsky" title="Marcos Moshinsky">Marcos Moshinsky</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Guido_M%C3%BCnch" title="Guido Münch">Guido Münch</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Grisol%C3%ADa,_1st_Marquess_of_Grisol%C3%ADa" title="Santiago Grisolía, 1st Marquess of Grisolía">Santiago Grisolía</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Moncada" title="Salvador Moncada">Salvador Moncada</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bol%C3%ADvar_Zapata" title="Francisco Bolívar Zapata">Francisco Bolívar Zapata</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Moliner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico García Moliner (page does not exist)">Federico García Moliner</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Amable_Li%C3%B1%C3%A1n" title="Amable Liñán">Amable Liñán</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Elkin_Patarroyo" title="Manuel Elkin Patarroyo">Manuel Patarroyo</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Losada_Villasante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Losada Villasante (page does not exist)">Manuel Losada Villasante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Biodiversidad" title="Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad">Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad</a> of Costa Rica</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Fuster" title="Valentín Fuster">Valentín Fuster</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site_of_Atapuerca" title="Archaeological site of Atapuerca">Atapuerca</a> research team</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_M%C3%A9ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Emilio Méndez Pérez">Emilio Méndez Pérez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Miguel_Etxenike" title="Pedro Miguel Etxenike">Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Miledi" title="Ricardo Miledi">Ricardo Miledi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Moreno_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Enrique Moreno González">Enrique Moreno González</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">Craig Venter</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John Sulston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Weissenbach" title="Jean Weissenbach">Jean Weissenbach</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Lawrence Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Robert E. Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman">Judah Folkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_R._Hunter" title="Anthony R. Hunter">Tony Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Massagu%C3%A9" title="Joan Massagué">Joan Massagué</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Anthony_Lawrence" title="Peter Anthony Lawrence">Peter Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_Morata" title="Ginés Morata">Ginés Morata</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Sumio_Iijima" title="Sumio Iijima">Sumio Iijima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert Langer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin Marks</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Raymond Tomlinson</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Minke" title="Baruch Minke">Baruch Minke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linda_R._Watkins" title="Linda R. Watkins">Linda Watkins</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Altman" title="Joseph Altman">Joseph Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Alvarez-Buylla" title="Arturo Alvarez-Buylla">Arturo Álvarez-Buylla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lerner" title="Richard Lerner">Richard A. Lerner</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Avel%C2%B7l%C3%AD_Corma_Can%C3%B3s" title="Avel·lí Corma Canós">Avelino Corma Canós</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Davis" title="Mark E. Davis">Mark E. Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galen_D._Stucky" title="Galen D. Stucky">Galen D. Stucky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Herr" title="Hugh Herr">Hugh Herr</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip S. Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry C. Barish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> Scientific Collaboration</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Chory" title="Joanne Chory">Joanne Chory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandra_D%C3%ADaz_(ecologist)" title="Sandra Díaz (ecologist)">Sandra Myrna Díaz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Yves_Meyer" title="Yves Meyer">Yves Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Cand%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Candès">Emmanuel Candès</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Felgner" title="Philip Felgner">Philip Felgner</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C5%9Eahin" title="Uğur Şahin">Uğur Şahin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zlem_T%C3%BCreci" title="Özlem Türeci">Özlem Türeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Rossi" title="Derrick Rossi">Derrick Rossi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert" title="Sarah Gilbert">Sarah Gilbert</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_I._Gordon" title="Jeffrey I. Gordon">Jeffrey I. Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Peter_Greenberg" title="Everett Peter Greenberg">Everett Peter Greenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bassler" title="Bonnie Bassler">Bonnie Bassler</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Drucker" title="Daniel J. Drucker">Daniel J. Drucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Friedman" title="Jeffrey M. Friedman">Jeffrey M. Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Habener" title="Joel Habener">Joel F. Habener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Juul_Holst" title="Jens Juul Holst">Jens Juul Holst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Mojsov" title="Svetlana Mojsov">Svetlana Mojsov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92935#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92935#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92935#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000419346933">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3423149108565168780008">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1532951/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB8qw9MkP7gvB9pt6Vt8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97023211">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=61083">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100585520">Association for Computing Machinery</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/95/5395">DBLP</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1143180">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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