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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Huawei_ban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huawei_ban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Huawei ban</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huawei_ban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_on_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_on_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Position on the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_on_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="معهد مهندسي الكهرباء والإلكترونيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معهد مهندسي الكهرباء والإلكترونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrotexnika_v%C9%99_Elektronika_M%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisl%C9%99ri_%C4%B0nstitutu" title="Elektrotexnika və Elektronika Mühəndisləri İnstitutu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrotexnika və Elektronika Mühəndisləri İnstitutu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="برق و الکترونیک موهندیس قورومو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برق و الکترونیک موهندیس قورومو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ইনস্টিটিউট অব ইলেকট্রিক্যাল অ্যান্ড ইলেকট্রনিক্স ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইনস্টিটিউট অব ইলেকট্রিক্যাল অ্যান্ড ইলেকট্রনিক্স ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-kh%C3%AC_kap_Ti%C4%81n-ch%C3%BA_Kang-t%C3%AAng-su_Ha%CC%8Dk-h%C5%8De" title="Tiān-khì kap Tiān-chú Kang-têng-su Ha̍k-hōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-khì kap Tiān-chú Kang-têng-su Ha̍k-hōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Інстытут інжынэраў электратэхнікі і электронікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інстытут інжынэраў электратэхнікі і электронікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Институт на инженерите по електротехника и електроника – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Институт на инженерите по електротехника и електроника" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers,_Inc." title="The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri-_ja_Elektroonikainseneride_Instituut" title="Elektri- ja Elektroonikainseneride Instituut – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektri- ja Elektroonikainseneride Instituut" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ινστιτούτο Ηλεκτρολόγων και Ηλεκτρονικών Μηχανικών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινστιτούτο Ηλεκτρολόγων και Ηλεκτρονικών Μηχανικών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniari_Elektriko_eta_Elektroniken_Institutua" title="Ingeniari Elektriko eta Elektroniken Institutua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingeniari Elektriko eta Elektroniken Institutua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مؤسسه مهندسان برق و الکترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مؤسسه مهندسان برق و الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="전기전자공학자협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기전자공학자협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%87_%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" title="Էլեկտրական և Էլեկտրոնիկական ճարտարագետների ինստիտուտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրական և Էլեկտրոնիկական ճարտարագետների ինստիտուտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Электротехника және Электроника Инженерлер Институты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электротехника және Электроника Инженерлер Институты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enst%C3%AEtuya_Endazyar%C3%AAn_Elektr%C3%AEk_%C3%BB_Elektron%C3%AEk" title="Enstîtuya Endazyarên Elektrîk û Elektronîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Enstîtuya Endazyarên Elektrîk û Elektronîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikas_un_Elektrotehnikas_in%C5%BEenieru_instit%C5%ABts" title="Elektronikas un Elektrotehnikas inženieru institūts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektronikas un Elektrotehnikas inženieru institūts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%87" title="ഐ ട്രിപ്പിൾ ഇ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐ ട്രിപ്പിൾ ഇ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Jurutera_Elektrik_dan_Elektronik" title="Institut Jurutera Elektrik dan Elektronik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Institut Jurutera Elektrik dan Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Цахилгааны болон Электроникийн Инженерүүдийн Хүрээлэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгааны болон Электроникийн Инженерүүдийн Хүрээлэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instytut_In%C5%BCynier%C3%B3w_Elektryk%C3%B3w_i_Elektronik%C3%B3w" title="Instytut Inżynierów Elektryków i Elektroników – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Instytut Inżynierów Elektryków i Elektroników" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Engenheiros_Eletricistas_e_Eletr%C3%B4nicos" title="Instituto de Engenheiros Eletricistas e Eletrônicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Instituto de Engenheiros Eletricistas e Eletrônicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutul_Inginerilor_Electrotehnicieni_%C8%99i_Electroni%C8%99ti" title="Institutul Inginerilor Electrotehnicieni și Electroniști – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Institutul Inginerilor Electrotehnicieni și Electroniști" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Институт инженеров электротехники и электроники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Институт инженеров электротехники и электроники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%A1titut_in%C5%BEenirjev_elektrotehnike_in_elektronike" title="Inštitut inženirjev elektrotehnike in elektronike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Inštitut inženirjev elektrotehnike in elektronike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_in%C5%BEenjera_elektrotehnike_i_elektronike" title="Institut inženjera elektrotehnike i elektronike – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Institut inženjera elektrotehnike i elektronike" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%87" title="ஐஇஇஇ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐஇஇஇ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="สถาบันวิชาชีพวิศวกรไฟฟ้าและอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาบันวิชาชีพวิศวกรไฟฟ้าและอิเล็กทรอนิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE" title="IEEE – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IEEE" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B7_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Інститут інженерів з електротехніки та електроніки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інститут інженерів з електротехніки та електроніки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="انسٹی ٹیوٹ برائے الیکٹریکل اور الیکٹرانکس انجینئرز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسٹی ٹیوٹ برائے الیکٹریکل اور الیکٹرانکس انجینئرز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_K%E1%BB%B9_s%C6%B0_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_v%C3%A0_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Hội Kỹ sư Điện và Điện tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội Kỹ sư Điện và Điện tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B0%94%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="电气电子工程师学会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电气电子工程师学会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afidimule_awon_Onimose-ero_Onitanna_ati_Ero-aloitanna" title="Afidimule awon Onimose-ero Onitanna ati Ero-aloitanna – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Afidimule awon Onimose-ero Onitanna ati Ero-aloitanna" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="Institution of Electrical Engineers">Institution of Electrical Engineers</a> (IEE) or <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Electronic_Engineers" title="Industrial Electronic Engineers">Industrial Electronic Engineers</a> (IEE).</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IEEE_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/IEEE_logo.svg/220px-IEEE_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/IEEE_logo.svg/330px-IEEE_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/IEEE_logo.svg/440px-IEEE_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">IEEE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">January 1, 1963<span class="noprint">; 61 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1963-01-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13-1656633<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3) organization">501(c)(3)</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data">Electrical, electronics, communications, and computer engineering<sup id="cite_ref-tab_operations_manual_objectives_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tab_operations_manual_objectives-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Origins</th><td class="infobox-data">Merger of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Method</th><td class="infobox-data">Industry standards, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE conferences">conferences</a>, publications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Members </div></th><td class="infobox-data">460,000+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Thomas Coughlin<br />(President & CEO)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revenue </div></th><td class="infobox-data">US$584 million (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee.org/">www<wbr />.ieee<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131566#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</b> (<b>IEEE</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3) organization">501(c)(3)</a> <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional association</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics engineering">electronics engineering</a>, and other related disciplines. </p><p>The IEEE has a corporate office in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and an operations center in <a href="/wiki/Piscataway,_New_Jersey" title="Piscataway, New Jersey">Piscataway, New Jersey</a>. The IEEE was formed in 1963 as an amalgamation of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IEEE traces its founding to 1884 and the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a>. In 1912, the rival <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a> was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the AIEE was initially larger, the IRE attracted more students and was larger by the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AIEE and IRE merged in 1963. </p><p>The IEEE is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, but most business is done at the IEEE Operations Center<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Piscataway,_New_Jersey" title="Piscataway, New Jersey">Piscataway, New Jersey</a>, opened in 1975. </p><p>The Australian Section of the IEEE existed between 1972 and 1985, after which it split into <a href="/wiki/Australian_states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian states and territories">state- and territory-based</a> sections.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, IEEE has over 460,000 members in 190 countries, with more than 66 percent from outside the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_publications" title="List of IEEE publications">List of IEEE publications</a></div> <p>IEEE claims to produce over 30% of the world's literature in the electrical, electronics, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineering</a> fields, publishing approximately 200 <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">peer-reviewed journals</a><sup id="cite_ref-about_IEEE_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about_IEEE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and magazines. IEEE publishes more than 1,700 conference proceedings every year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The published content in these journals as well as the content from several hundred annual <a href="/wiki/IEEE_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE conferences">conferences</a> sponsored by the IEEE are available in the IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> available through <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Xplore" title="IEEE Xplore">IEEE <i>Xplore</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> platform, for subscription-based access and individual publication purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to journals and conference proceedings, the IEEE also publishes tutorials and standards that are produced by its standardization committees. The organization also has its own IEEE paper format.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_societies">Technical societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technical societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEEE has 39 technical societies, each focused on a certain knowledge area, which provide specialized publications, conferences, <a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">business networking</a> and other services.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_societies" title="Category:IEEE societies">IEEE societies</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society</li> <li>Antennas & Propagation Society</li> <li>Broadcast Technology Society</li> <li>Circuits and Systems Society</li> <li>Communications Society</li> <li>Electronics Packaging Society</li> <li>Computational Intelligence Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">Computer Society</a></li> <li>Consumer Technology Society</li> <li>Control Systems Society</li> <li>Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation Society</li> <li>Education Society</li> <li>Electromagnetic Compatibility Society</li> <li>Electron Devices Society</li> <li>Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society</li> <li>Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society</li> <li>Industrial Electronics Society</li> <li>Industry Applications Society</li> <li>Information Theory Society</li> <li>Instrumentation & Measurement Society</li> <li>Intelligent Transportation Systems Society</li> <li>Magnetics Society</li> <li>Microwave Theory and Technology Society</li> <li>Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society</li> <li>Oceanic Engineering Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Photonics_Society" title="IEEE Photonics Society">Photonics Society</a></li> <li>Power Electronics Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Power_%26_Energy_Society" title="IEEE Power & Energy Society">Power & Energy Society</a></li> <li>Product Safety Engineering Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Professional_Communication_Society" title="IEEE Professional Communication Society">Professional Communication Society</a></li> <li>Reliability Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Robotics_and_Automation_Society" title="IEEE Robotics and Automation Society">Robotics and Automation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Signal_Processing_Society" title="IEEE Signal Processing Society">Signal Processing Society</a></li> <li>Society on Social Implications of Technology</li> <li>Solid-State Circuits Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Systems,_Man,_and_Cybernetics_Society" title="IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society">Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society</a></li> <li>Technology and Engineering Management Society</li> <li>Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology Society</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_bodies">Other bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEEE_Global_History_Network">IEEE Global History Network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: IEEE Global History Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2008, the <i>IEEE History Committee</i> founded the <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeghn_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeghn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieeexplore/5385936_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeexplore/5385936-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethw/Oral-Nebeker_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethw/Oral-Nebeker-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which now redirects to <a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Technology_History_Wiki" title="Engineering and Technology History Wiki">Engineering and Technology History Wiki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ethw/About_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethw/About-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieeeghn_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeghn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEEE_Foundation">IEEE Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IEEE Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IEEE Foundation is a charitable foundation established in 1973<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to support and promote technology education, innovation, and excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEEFound_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEEFound-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is incorporated separately from the IEEE, although it has a close relationship to it. Members of the Board of Directors of the foundation are required to be active members of IEEE, and one third of them must be current or former members of the IEEE Board of Directors. </p><p>Initially, the role of the IEEE Foundation was to accept and administer donations for the IEEE Awards program, but donations increased beyond what was necessary for this purpose, and the scope was broadened. In addition to soliciting and administering unrestricted funds, the foundation also administers donor-designated funds supporting particular educational, humanitarian, historical preservation, and peer recognition programs of the IEEE.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEEFound_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEEFound-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the end of 2014, the foundation's total assets were nearly $45 million, split equally between unrestricted and donor-designated funds.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huawei_ban">Huawei ban</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Huawei ban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2019, IEEE restricted <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> employees from peer reviewing papers or handling papers as editors due to the "severe legal implications" of U.S. government sanctions against Huawei.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As members of its standard-setting body, Huawei employees could continue to exercise their voting rights, attend standards development meetings, submit proposals and comment in public discussions on new standards.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ban sparked outrage among Chinese scientists on social media. Some professors in China decided to cancel their memberships.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 3, 2019, IEEE lifted restrictions on Huawei's editorial and peer review activities after receiving clearance from the United States government.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_on_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Position on the Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Position on the Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 26, 2022, the chair of the IEEE Ukraine Section, Ievgen Pichkalov, publicly appealed to the IEEE members to "freeze [IEEE] activities and membership in Russia" and requested "public reaction and strict disapproval of Russia's aggression" from the IEEE and IEEE Region 8.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 17, 2022, an article in the form of Q&A interview with IEEE Russia (Siberia) senior member Roman Gorbunov titled "A Russian Perspective on the War in Ukraine" was published in <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a></i> to demonstrate "the plurality of views among IEEE members" and the "views that are at odds with international reporting on the war in Ukraine".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 30, 2022, activist Anna Rohrbach created an open letter to the IEEE in an attempt to have them directly address the article, stating that the article used "common narratives in Russian propaganda" on the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and requesting the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a> to acknowledge "that they have unwittingly published a piece furthering misinformation and Russian propaganda."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days later a note from the editors was added on April 6<sup id="cite_ref-A_Note_From_The_Editors_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Note_From_The_Editors-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an apology "for not providing adequate context at the time of publication", though the editors did not revise the original article.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Software_Development_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Software Development Professional">Certified Software Development Professional</a> (CSDP) program of the IEEE Computer Society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Technology_History_Wiki" title="Engineering and Technology History Wiki">Engineering and Technology History Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Kappa_Nu" title="Eta Kappa Nu">Eta Kappa Nu</a> – IEEE HKN Honor society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">Institution of Engineering and Technology</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_awards" title="List of IEEE awards">List of IEEE awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_conferences" title="List of IEEE conferences">List of IEEE conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_fellows" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE fellows">List of IEEE fellows</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usually pronounced as "I triple-E"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/corporate-communications/IRS-forms-990/2019-ieee-irs-form-990-final.pdf">"Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324152602/https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/corporate-communications/IRS-forms-990/2019-ieee-irs-form-990-final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Technical+Activities+Board+Operations+Manual&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fieee-org%2Fieee%2Fweb%2Forg%2Fvoluntr%2Ftab%2Ftab-operations-manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span>, section 1.3 Technical activities objectives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/contact.html">"IEEE – IEEE Contact & Support"</a>. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609054001/https://www.ieee.org/about/contact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+%E2%80%93+IEEE+Contact+%26+Support&rft.pub=Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fabout%2Fcontact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeeannualreport.org/2023/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2023-IEEE-annual-report.pdf"><i>IEEE Annual Report 2023</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acronymfinder.com/Institute-of-Radio-Engineers-(old-name-for-IEEE)-(IRE).html">"IRE – Institute of Radio Engineers (old name for IEEE)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AcronymFinder" class="mw-redirect" title="AcronymFinder">AcronymFinder</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021081128/https://www.acronymfinder.com/Institute-of-Radio-Engineers-(old-name-for-IEEE)-(IRE).html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-22</span></span>. <q>IRE is defined as Institute of Radio Engineers (old name for IEEE) ... Engineers (AIEE) and the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) in 1963</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRE+%E2%80%93+Institute+of+Radio+Engineers+%28old+name+for+IEEE%29&rft.pub=AcronymFinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acronymfinder.com%2FInstitute-of-Radio-Engineers-%28old-name-for-IEEE%29-%28IRE%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorning2013" class="citation book cs1">Horning, Susan Schmidt (2013-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wS6cAQAAQBAJ"><i>Chasing Sound: Technology, Culture, and the Art of Studio Recording from Edison to the LP</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1023-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1023-4"><bdi>978-1-4214-1023-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chasing+Sound%3A+Technology%2C+Culture%2C+and+the+Art+of+Studio+Recording+from+Edison+to+the+LP&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1023-4&rft.aulast=Horning&rft.aufirst=Susan+Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwS6cAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/Formation_of_IEEE_by_the_Merger_of_AIEE_and_IRE">"Formation of IEEE by the Merger of AIEE and IRE"</a>. <i>Engineering and Technology History Wiki</i>. 17 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181903/https://ethw.org/Formation_of_IEEE_by_the_Merger_of_AIEE_and_IRE">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki&rft.atitle=Formation+of+IEEE+by+the+Merger+of+AIEE+and+IRE&rft.date=2019-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FFormation_of_IEEE_by_the_Merger_of_AIEE_and_IRE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/IEEE_Operations_Center_in_Piscataway">"IEEE Operations Center"</a>. 4 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523014253/https://ethw.org/IEEE_Operations_Center_in_Piscataway">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki&rft.atitle=History+of+IEEE+in+Australia&rft.date=1939-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FHistory_of_IEEE_in_Australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/at-a-glance.html">"IEEE At a Glance"</a>. <i>IEEE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=IEEE+At+a+Glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fabout%2Fat-a-glance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about_IEEE-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-about_IEEE_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/index.html">"About"</a>. IEEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513172004/https://www.ieee.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee.org/conferences/xplore-conference-proceedings.html"><i>Conference Proceedings.</i></a> ieee.org. Retrieved August 6, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/overview-of-ieee-xplore/about-ieee-xplore">"IEEE Xplore Help"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812204950/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/overview-of-ieee-xplore/about-ieee-xplore">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=IEEE+Xplore+Help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2FXplorehelp%2Foverview-of-ieee-xplore%2Fabout-ieee-xplore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp">"IEEE Xplore"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603145002/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=IEEE+Xplore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2FXplore%2Fhome.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee.org/publications/subscriptions/index.html">"IEEE Xplore Digital Library Subscriptions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813014314/https://www.ieee.org/publications/subscriptions/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=IEEE+Says+It+May+Have+Gone+about+Things+the+Wrong+Huawei%2C+Lifts+Ban+after+US+Govt+Clearance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2019%2F06%2F03%2Fieee_uturns_huawei_sanctions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieee.org.ua/2022/02/26/urgent-action-call-for-support-of-ukraine/">"[URGENT ACTION] Call for Support of Ukraine"</a>. 26 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601061655/https://ieee.org.ua/2022/02/26/urgent-action-call-for-support-of-ukraine/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Russian+Perspective+on+the+War+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fstories-of-the-war-in-ukraine-roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@anna.rohrbach/open-letter-ieee-spectrum-editors-apparently-fell-for-russian-propaganda-327ea1b66a29">"Open Letter: IEEE Spectrum editors apparently fell for Russian propaganda"</a>. 30 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306064954/https://medium.com/@anna.rohrbach/open-letter-ieee-spectrum-editors-apparently-fell-for-russian-propaganda-327ea1b66a29">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Letter%3A+IEEE+Spectrum+editors+apparently+fell+for+Russian+propaganda&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40anna.rohrbach%2Fopen-letter-ieee-spectrum-editors-apparently-fell-for-russian-propaganda-327ea1b66a29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Note_From_The_Editors-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Note_From_The_Editors_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/note-from-the-editors">"A Note From The Editors"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Note+From+The+Editors&rft.pub=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fnote-from-the-editors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@anna.rohrbach/ieee-spectrum-responds-with-words-but-no-actions-on-the-issue-of-furthering-russian-propaganda-4bf56ad2a550">"IEEE Spectrum responds with words but no actions on the issue of furthering Russian propaganda"</a>. 8 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306064954/https://medium.com/@anna.rohrbach/ieee-spectrum-responds-with-words-but-no-actions-on-the-issue-of-furthering-russian-propaganda-4bf56ad2a550">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GlobalSpec" title="GlobalSpec">GlobalSpec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical<br />councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Biometrics_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Biometrics Council">Biometrics Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Council_on_Electronic_Design_Automation" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Council on Electronic Design Automation">Council on Electronic Design Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Council_on_Superconductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Council on Superconductivity">Council on Superconductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Nanotechnology_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Nanotechnology Council">Nanotechnology Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Sensors_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Sensors Council">Sensors Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Systems_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Systems Council">Systems Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Technical_Activities_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Technical Activities Board">Technical Activities Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Technical<br />societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Aerospace_and_Electronic_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society">Aerospace and Electronic Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Antennas_%26_Propagation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society">Antennas and Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Broadcast_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Broadcast Technology Society">Broadcast Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Circuits_and_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Circuits and Systems Society">Circuits and Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Communications_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Communications Society">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Components,_Packaging_%26_Manufacturing_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Components, Packaging & Manufacturing Technology Society">Components Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computational_Intelligence_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Computational Intelligence Society">Computational Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Consumer_Electronics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Consumer Electronics Society">Consumer Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Control_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Control Systems Society">Control Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Dielectrics_%26_Electrical_Insulation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation Society">Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Education_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Education Society">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Electromagnetic_Compatibility_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society">Electromagnetic Compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Electron_Devices_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Electron Devices Society">Electron Devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Engineering_in_Medicine_and_Biology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society">Engineering in Medicine and Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">Geoscience and Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Industrial_Electronics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Industrial Electronics Society">Industrial Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Industry_Applications_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Industry Applications Society">Industry Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Information_Theory_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Information Theory Society">Information Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Instrumentation_%26_Measurement_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Society">Instrumentation and Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society">Intelligent Transportation Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Magnetics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Magnetics Society">Magnetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Nuclear_and_Plasma_Sciences_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society">Nuclear and Plasma Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Oceanic_Engineering_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society">Oceanic Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Photonics_Society" title="IEEE Photonics Society">Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Power_%26_Energy_Society" title="IEEE Power & Energy Society">Power and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Power_Electronics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Power Electronics Society">Power Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Product_Safety_Engineering_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society">Product Safety Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Professional_Communication_Society" title="IEEE Professional Communication Society">Professional Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Reliability_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Reliability Society">Reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Robotics_and_Automation_Society" title="IEEE Robotics and Automation Society">Robotics and Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Signal_Processing_Society" title="IEEE Signal Processing Society">Signal Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Society_on_Social_Implications_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology">Social Implications of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Solid-State_Circuits_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society">Solid-State Circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Systems,_Man,_and_Cybernetics_Society" title="IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society">Systems, Man, and Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Technology_and_Engineering_Management_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society">Technology Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Ultrasonics,_Ferroelectrics,_and_Frequency_Control_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society">Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Software_Development_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Software Development Professional">Certified Software Development Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-Aided_Design_Technical_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-Aided Design Technical Committee">Computer-Aided Design Technical Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Technology_History_Wiki" title="Engineering and Technology History Wiki">Engineering and Technology History Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_for_Change" title="Engineering for Change">Engineering for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Kappa_Nu" title="Eta Kappa Nu">Eta Kappa Nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Access" title="IEEE Access">IEEE Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Cloud_Computing" title="IEEE Cloud Computing">IEEE Cloud Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE conferences">IEEE conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEEXtreme" title="IEEEXtreme">IEEEXtreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEEmadC" title="IEEEmadC">IEEEmadC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Rebooting_Computing" title="IEEE Rebooting Computing">IEEE Rebooting Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Xplore" title="IEEE Xplore">IEEE Xplore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Technical_Committee" title="Internet Technical Committee">Internet Technical Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Life_Sciences" title="IEEE Life Sciences">IEEE Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_awards" title="List of IEEE awards">List of IEEE awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">List of IEEE milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_publications" title="List of IEEE publications">List of IEEE publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Registration_Authority" title="IEEE Registration Authority">IEEE Registration Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Smart_Grid" title="IEEE Smart Grid">IEEE Smart Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_style" title="IEEE style">IEEE style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Committee_on_VLSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Committee on VLSI">Technical Committee on VLSI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131566#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131566#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121063391">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123926298">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/532614/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1692-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79053217">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118663931">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118663931">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00743250">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35223024">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20050163649&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX101789">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/330837">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5086048">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000326826&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000162274&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202008571">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/118654">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810565548405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299450405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000001247">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512755706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00739948?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/181675">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026412217">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f51bm5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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