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id="toc-Early_Syrian_nationalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Syrian_nationalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early Syrian nationalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Syrian_nationalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foundation and early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SSNP_in_Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SSNP_in_Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>SSNP in Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SSNP_in_Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_confrontation_to_accommodation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_confrontation_to_accommodation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>From confrontation to accommodation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_confrontation_to_accommodation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1961_coup_d'etat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1961_coup_d'etat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>1961 coup d'etat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1961_coup_d'etat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanese_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanese_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Lebanese Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanese_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>After the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SSNP_in_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SSNP_in_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>SSNP in Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SSNP_in_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Role in the Syrian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SSNP_in_Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SSNP_in_Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>SSNP in Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SSNP_in_Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greater_Syria,_natural_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_Syria,_natural_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Greater Syria, natural Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_Syria,_natural_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Syrian people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantic_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Romantic nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Social nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Liberation war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secularism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Secularism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Party form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography_and_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Iconography and symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emblem_and_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emblem_and_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Emblem and flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emblem_and_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideological_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ideological criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Scholarly criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="الحزب السوري القومي الاجتماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب السوري القومي الاجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_Sosial_Milliyy%C9%99t%C3%A7i_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="Suriya Sosial Milliyyətçi Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suriya Sosial Milliyyətçi Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сирийска социална националистическа партия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сирийска социална националистическа партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Social_Nacionalista_Siri%C3%A0" title="Partit Social Nacionalista Sirià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Social Nacionalista Sirià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrsk%C3%A1_soci%C3%A1ln%C4%9B_nacion%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_strana" title="Syrská sociálně nacionální strana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syrská sociálně nacionální strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrische_Soziale_Nationalistische_Partei" title="Syrische Soziale Nationalistische Partei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syrische Soziale Nationalistische Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Social_Nacionalista_Sirio" title="Partido Social Nacionalista Sirio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Social Nacionalista Sirio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="حزب سوسیال ناسیونالیست سوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب سوسیال ناسیونالیست سوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_social_nationaliste_syrien" title="Parti social nationaliste syrien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti social nationaliste syrien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Social_Nacionalista_Sirio" title="Partido Social Nacionalista Sirio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Social Nacionalista Sirio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%EB%8B%B9" title="시리아 사회민족당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시리아 사회민족당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Nasionalis_Sosial_Suriah" title="Partai Nasionalis Sosial Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Nasionalis Sosial Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Nazionalista_Sociale_Siriano" title="Partito Nazionalista Sociale Siriano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Nazionalista Sociale Siriano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הסורית הסוציאלית-לאומית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הסורית הסוציאלית-לאומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAxistina_Sosyal_N%C3%AE%C5%9Ftimanperwer%C3%AAn_S%C3%BBr%C3%AE" title="Rêxistina Sosyal Nîştimanperwerên Sûrî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rêxistina Sosyal Nîştimanperwerên Sûrî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrische_Socialistische_Nationale_Partij" title="Syrische Socialistische Nationale Partij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syrische Socialistische Nationale Partij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%85%9A" title="シリア社会民族党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリア社会民族党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_syriske_sosiale_nasjonale_parti" title="Det syriske sosiale nasjonale parti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det syriske sosiale nasjonale parti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syryjska_Partia_Socjal-Nacjonalistyczna" title="Syryjska Partia Socjal-Nacjonalistyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syryjska Partia Socjal-Nacjonalistyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Social_Nacionalista_S%C3%ADrio" title="Partido Social Nacionalista Sírio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Social Nacionalista Sírio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Social_Na%C8%9Bionalist_Sirian" title="Partidul Social Naționalist Sirian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Social Naționalist Sirian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сирийская социальная националистическая партия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сирийская социальная националистическая партия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="حیزبی سۆشیال ناسیۆنالیستی سووریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیزبی سۆشیال ناسیۆنالیستی سووریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriska_socialnationalistiska_partiet" title="Syriska socialnationalistiska partiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syriska socialnationalistiska partiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriye_Sosyal_Milliyet%C3%A7i_Partisi" title="Suriye Sosyal Milliyetçi Partisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suriye Sosyal Milliyetçi Partisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сирійська соціальна націоналістична партія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сирійська соціальна націоналістична партія" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Syrian nationalist political party</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #000000; border-bottom:2px solid #000000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الحزب السوري القومي الاجتماعي</span></span></span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Logo_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/180px-Logo_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Logo_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/270px-Logo_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Logo_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/360px-Logo_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">SSNP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Rabie Banat<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Antoun Saadeh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">16 November 1932</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (Syria)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> (Lebanon)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Al_Binaa" title="Al Binaa">Al Binaa</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Armed wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eagles_of_the_Whirlwind" title="Eagles of the Whirlwind">Eagles of the Whirlwind</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2016)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">100,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Davis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-am1987_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pipes1992_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pipes1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yamak1966_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamak1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glavin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glavin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Social_nationalism">Social nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-goetz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goetz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria_in_pan-Syrian_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria in pan-Syrian nationalism">Syrian irredentism</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Historical:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Economic_populism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic populism">Economic populism</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pipes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pipes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretic</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a><br /><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF3333; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="People's Assembly of Syria">People's Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 250</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Cabinet of Syria</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 28</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 128</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Lebanon">Cabinet of Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 24</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssnparty.org">www<wbr />.ssnparty<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #000000;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li></ul></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; margin-top:0.2em; padding-top:0.2em; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics of Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Syrian Social Nationalist Party</b> (<b>SSNP</b>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الحزب القومي السوري الإجتماعي</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian nationalist">Syrian nationalist</a> party operating in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>. It advocates the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria">Greater Syrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> spanning the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, including present-day Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, based on geographical boundaries and the common history people within the boundaries share.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been active in the Syrian and Lebanese diaspora, for example in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Baeza_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baeza-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2020 is the second-largest political party in the pro-Assad <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a> (with 3 seats in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="People's Assembly of Syria">People's Assembly</a>, in comparison with the 167 seats for the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Ba'ath Party</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1932<sup id="cite_ref-Baeza_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baeza-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Lebanese intellectual <a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Antoun Saadeh</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an <a href="/wiki/Anticolonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticolonialism">anticolonial</a> political organization hostile to <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate">French colonial rule</a>, the party played a significant role in Lebanese politics. It launched <a href="/wiki/Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coups d'état">coups d'état attempts</a> in 1949 and <a href="/wiki/1961_Lebanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Lebanese coup d'état attempt">1961</a>, following which it was repressed in the country. SSNP was active in the fight against the Israeli military during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon</a> until 2000, while simultaneously supporting the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a> due to its beliefs in Syrian <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a>. </p><p>In Syria, SSNP operated as an <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultranationalist">ultranationalist</a> movement until the 1950s; advocating armed uprising to establish a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>. It participated in the <a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">1949 Syrian coup d'état</a>, which overthrew the democratically elected government of <a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a>. SSNP continued to engage in violent activities throughout the country; and was banned in 1955 after its assassination of a Syrian Ba'athist military officer <a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Malki" title="Adnan al-Malki">Adnan al-Malki</a>. Despite its ban, the party remained organized, and by the late 1990s had allied itself with the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Liberation Organisation">Palestine Liberation Organisation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">Lebanese Communist Party</a>, despite the ideological differences between them. The SSNP was legalized in Syria in 2005, and joined the Syrian Ba'ath Party-led <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a>. From 2012 to 6 May 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the party was part of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party would take the side of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist government</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, where almost 12,000 fighters of its armed branch, the <a href="/wiki/Eagles_of_the_Whirlwind" title="Eagles of the Whirlwind">Eagles of the Whirlwind</a> (dismantled in 2019), fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Syrian_nationalists">Early Syrian nationalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Syrian nationalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Butrus_al-Bustani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Butrus_al-Bustani.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Referring to Syria, <a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a> adopted "Love of the Homeland is an article of Faith" as a slogan when he founded the periodical Al-Jinan in 1870</figcaption></figure><p>In the mid-nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a> was one of the first to assert the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">natural Syrian nation</a> that should be accommodated in a reformed <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a>, thinkers influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Literary_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Literary Renaissance">Arabic Literary Renaissance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who wished to shape the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms, which were an attempt to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> to reverse the Ottoman state's creeping economic marginalisation<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which would lead to the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a>. </p><p>An influential follower of al-Bustani was the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> historian, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Lammens" title="Henri Lammens">Henri Lammens</a>, ordained as a priest in Beirut in 1893, who claimed that Greater Syria had since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Middle East">ancient times</a> encompassed all the land between the <a href="/wiki/Arab_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab peninsula">Arab peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>, including all the peoples within the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Lammens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Henri_Lammens.jpg/220px-Henri_Lammens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Henri_Lammens.jpg/330px-Henri_Lammens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Henri_Lammens.jpg/440px-Henri_Lammens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>"Syria is the Tunic of Christ" – <a href="/wiki/Henri_Lammens" title="Henri Lammens">Henri Lammens</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> This was also accompanied with the rise of a profoundly idealistic patriotism, largely resembling European <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a>, idealizing the coming of a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">National Revival</a> to the Levant, that would shake off the Ottoman past and propel back what many started to see again as the cradle of civilization into the modern world's front stage. In that aspect, the works of <a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran" title="Kahlil Gibran">Kahlil Gibran</a> who began expressing his belief in Syrian nationalism and patriotism are central. As Gibran said, </p><blockquote><p>"I believe in you, and I believe in your destiny. I believe that you are contributors to this new civilization.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... I believe that it is in you to be good citizens. And what is it to be a good citizen?<span class="nowrap"> </span>... It is to stand before the towers of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> saying in your hearts, "I am the descendent of a people the built <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, and I am here to build with you, and with a will."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_years">Foundation and early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation and early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antun_Saadeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Antun_Saadeh.jpg/220px-Antun_Saadeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Antun_Saadeh.jpg/330px-Antun_Saadeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Antun_Saadeh.jpg/440px-Antun_Saadeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antun_Saadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Antun Saadeh">Antun Saadeh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The SSNP was founded by <a href="/wiki/Antun_Saadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Antun Saadeh">Antun Saadeh</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> journalist and lecturer from a <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> family who had lived in South America from 1919 to 1930<sup id="cite_ref-goetz_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goetz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> who secretly established the first nucleus of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in November 1932, which operated underground for the first three years of its existence;<sup id="cite_ref-goetz_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goetz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1933, he started publishing the monthly journal <i>Al-Majalla</i>, which was distributed in the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> and developed the party's ideology. In 1936, the party's open hostility to colonialism led to the French authorities banning the party and the imprisoning Saadeh for six months for creating a clandestine party,<sup id="cite_ref-goetz_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goetz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although an accusation of having been in contact with the German and Italian <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> movements was dropped after the Germans denied any relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-goetz_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goetz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in prison Saadeh wrote <i>The Genesis of Nations</i> to lay out the SSNP's ideology. At that time, the Party joined ranks with other nationalist and patriotic forces including the <a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Syria)" title="National Bloc (Syria)">National Bloc</a>, whereas it began militating, in secret, for the overthrow of the Mandate. Nonetheless, the alliance between the SSNP and the National Bloc did not last long: The National Bloc refrained from engaging in actual militant activities against the French, deciding instead to cooperate with the High Commissioner. Many SSNP members also felt that the NB refused to cooperate with them because their founder was Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saadeh emigrated again to Brazil in 1938 and afterwards to Argentina, only to return to Lebanon in 1947 following the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Independence_Day" title="Lebanese Independence Day">country's independence from the French in 1943</a>. On his way to Argentina, he visited Italy and Berlin, which increased the suspicions of the French that the SSNP might have been entertaining relations with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>. Coming back shortly to Lebanon in 1939, he was questioned by the French authorities who accused him of plotting with the Germans. The charge was dropped when no evidence of collaboration had been found and after that Saadeh declared that even the French rule to which he was vehemently opposed would be better than German or Italian rule. Having afterwards left for Argentina, Saadeh found out that the Argentinian branch of the SSNP newspaper had been voicing its outright support for <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and to the Axis powers, which led Saadeh to issue a lengthy letter to the editor-in-chef, restating that the SSNP is not a <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist">National Socialist</a> party and that no stance should be taken vis-à-vis the Allies or the Axis.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Syria_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greater_Syria_Map.png/220px-Greater_Syria_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greater_Syria_Map.png/330px-Greater_Syria_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greater_Syria_Map.png/440px-Greater_Syria_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Antoun Saadeh</a>'s map of a "Natural Syria", based on the <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Syria" title="Name of Syria">etymological connection between the name "Syria" and "Assyria"</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> While the Kataeb was committed to the notion of Lebanon as a <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> defined as an entity presiding over the borders outlined first by the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes–Picot agreement">Sykes–Picot agreement</a> in 1916, and afterwards by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">French administrative division</a> of its mandate into six states including the state of Greater Lebanon, and had espoused a <a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">strong bond between the nation and the church</a> as well as outright social ultraconservatism, the SSNP rejected these national claim on the basis that the borders outlining the newly created states were fictitious, resulting from colonialism, and do not reflect any historical and social realities. The party claimed that Greater Syria as defined by Saadeh represents the national ideal encompassing the historical people of Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent, bound together by a clearly defined geography and a common historical, social and cultural development path away from all <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antun_Saadeh_on_Trial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Antun_Saadeh_on_Trial.jpg/220px-Antun_Saadeh_on_Trial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Antun_Saadeh_on_Trial.jpg/330px-Antun_Saadeh_on_Trial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Antun_Saadeh_on_Trial.jpg/440px-Antun_Saadeh_on_Trial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Antoun Saadeh faces his hasty and theatrical <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">Show trial</a> for "high treason and armed rebellion". He was summarily executed shortly afterwards.</figcaption></figure><p>When the Arabs lost the war in 1948, Saadeh propelled the Party into a fully confrontational stance: He deemed <a href="/wiki/Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabism">Arabism</a> as a purely rhetorical gimmick, condemned the incompetence and hypocrisy of the Arab leaders, and asserted that the creation of the State of Israel and the expulsion of the Palestinians was the direct result of this incompetence.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 July 1949, a year after the declaration of the establishment of the state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (the Nakba), and a response to a series of aggressions perpetrated by the Kataeb-backed Lebanese government, the SSNP attempted its first revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Beshara_2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beshara_2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a violent crackdown by government forces, Saadeh traveled to Damascus to meet with <a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im" title="Husni al-Za'im">Husni al-Za'im</a> in an attempt to obtain his support. A decision was taken by <a href="/wiki/King_Farouk" class="mw-redirect" title="King Farouk">King Farouk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riad_el_Solh" class="mw-redirect" title="Riad el Solh">Riad el Solh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im" title="Husni al-Za'im">Husni al-Za'im</a> to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Antoun Saadeh</a>, under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/British_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="British Intelligence">British Intelligence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Al-Za'im handed Saadeh over to Lebanese authorities, who had him executed on 8 July 1949. It was the shortest and most secretive trial given to a political offender.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SSNP_in_Lebanon">SSNP in Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: SSNP in Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon">Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_Social_Nationalist_Party_Flags_Beirut_Lebanon_5-9-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Syria_Social_Nationalist_Party_Flags_Beirut_Lebanon_5-9-08.jpg/220px-Syria_Social_Nationalist_Party_Flags_Beirut_Lebanon_5-9-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Syria_Social_Nationalist_Party_Flags_Beirut_Lebanon_5-9-08.jpg/330px-Syria_Social_Nationalist_Party_Flags_Beirut_Lebanon_5-9-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Syria_Social_Nationalist_Party_Flags_Beirut_Lebanon_5-9-08.jpg/440px-Syria_Social_Nationalist_Party_Flags_Beirut_Lebanon_5-9-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Flags of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> on 9 May during the <a href="/wiki/2008_conflict_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 conflict in Lebanon">2008 conflict in Lebanon</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_confrontation_to_accommodation">From confrontation to accommodation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From confrontation to accommodation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Saadeh was executed and its high-ranking leaders were arrested, the party remained underground <a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">until 1958</a> when it sided with the pro-Western president <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun" title="Camille Chamoun">Camille Chamoun</a> against the Arab nationalist rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOrient_Today_2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1961_coup_d'etat"><span id="1961_coup_d.27etat"></span>1961 coup d'etat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1961 coup d'etat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1961_Lebanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Lebanese coup d'état attempt">1961 Lebanese coup d'état attempt</a></div> <p>On the last day of 1961, two SSNP members, company commanders in the Lebanese army, led an unsuccessful attempted lightning coup against <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Chehab" title="Fouad Chehab">Fouad Chehab</a>, supported by some 200 civilian SSNP members.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Atlantic.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beshara_2013_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beshara_2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the scholarly literature, the coup has been explained as stemming from the party's ideological preference for violence ("bullets over ballots"), its frustration at exclusion from the Lebanese state, and both political and military criticism of the rule of Fouad Chehab.<sup id="cite_ref-Beshara_2013_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beshara_2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advisors of Chehab who allegedly witnessed armed SSNP partisans gathering around the central areas of Beirut rushed to the presidential palace to inform Chehab of the insurrection. This resulted in a renewed proscription and the imprisonment and/or execution of many SSNP leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the party's known activists remained in prison or exile until a general amnesty in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Atlantic.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, the party re-aligned towards Arab nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOrient_Today_2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lebanese_Civil_War">Lebanese Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lebanese Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inaam_Raad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inaam Raad (page does not exist)">Inaam Raad</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdallah_Saadeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdallah Saadeh (page does not exist)">Abdallah Saadeh</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaam_Al_Mahayri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaam Al Mahayri (page does not exist)">Isaam Al Mahayri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Group(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Patriotic_and_National_Parties" title="Front of Patriotic and National Parties">Front of Patriotic and National Parties</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamra_Street" title="Hamra Street">Hamra Street</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amioun</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Governorate" title="North Governorate">North Lebanon</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dhour_El_Choueir" title="Dhour El Choueir">Dhour El Choueir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label">all Lebanon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 fighters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Communist_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Communist_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Communist_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">LCP</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/OACLsymbol.PNG/16px-OACLsymbol.PNG" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/OACLsymbol.PNG/24px-OACLsymbol.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/OACLsymbol.PNG/31px-OACLsymbol.PNG 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="203" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Action_Organization_in_Lebanon" title="Communist Action Organization in Lebanon">Communist Action Organization in Lebanon</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine"><img alt="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg/23px-Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg/35px-Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg/45px-Hand_drawn_PFLP_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_the_Progressive_Socialist_Party.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Progressive_Socialist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_the_Progressive_Socialist_Party.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Progressive_Socialist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_the_Progressive_Socialist_Party.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Progressive_Socialist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">PSP</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/23px-InfoboxHez.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/35px-InfoboxHez.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/InfoboxHez.PNG/45px-InfoboxHez.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Amal_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Mourabitoun.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mourabitoun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Mourabitoun.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mourabitoun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Mourabitoun.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mourabitoun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">Al-Mourabitoun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tigers_Militia" title="Tigers Militia">Tigers Militia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars" title="Guardians of the Cedars">Guardians of the Cedars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Unification_Movement" title="Islamic Unification Movement">Islamic Unification Movement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese civil war">Lebanese civil war</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> in 1975, the SSNP formed a military squad that allied with the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a> (LNM), against the <a href="/wiki/Phalangists" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalangists">Phalangists</a> and their allies of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Front" title="Lebanese Front">Lebanese Front</a>. The SSNP saw the Lebanese Civil War as the inevitable result of the divisions of the Syrian nation into small states and away from a <a href="/wiki/Liberation_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation war">liberation war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. In the mid-1970s, there were tensions within the party between "a reformist branch close to the Palestinian factions and another more inclined toward Damascus"; it reunified in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOrient_Today_2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the defeat of anti-Israeli forces in the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>, the SSNP joined a number of the organizations who regrouped to resist the Israeli occupation, including the <a href="/wiki/Wimpy_Operation" title="Wimpy Operation">killing of two Israeli soldiers in a Wimpy Cafe</a> in west Beirut by party member Khalid Alwan. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> blames the SSNP for the assassination, in 1982, of <a href="/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel" title="Bachir Gemayel">Bachir Gemayel</a>, Lebanon's newly elected president supported by the Israelis besieging Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An SSNP member, <a href="/wiki/Habib_Shartouni" title="Habib Shartouni">Habib Shartouni</a>, was arrested for the assassination and eventually convicted for it in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, the party joined the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Salvation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese National Salvation Front">Lebanese National Salvation Front</a>. In 1985, a member of the party, <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_Mehaidli" title="Sana'a Mehaidli">Sana'a Mehaidli</a>, detonated a car bomb next to an Israeli military convoy at <a href="/wiki/Jezzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezzin">Jezzin</a>, South Lebanon. She killed two Israeli soldiers and become one of the first known female <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombers">suicide bombers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricolfi_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricolfi-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_the_Civil_War">After the Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a></div> <p>The SSNP in Lebanon was broadly supportive of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a> and was allied to pro-Syrian parties (including the <a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a>) in the aftermath of the occupation. </p><p>The SSNP participated in a number of general elections in Lebanon, winning six seats in <a href="/wiki/1992_Lebanese_general_election" title="1992 Lebanese general election">1992</a>, although seeing a decline in subsequent elections winning two seats in both <a href="/wiki/2005_Lebanese_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Lebanese general elections">2005</a> and <a href="/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election" title="2009 Lebanese general election">2009</a>. The SSNP were involved in the <a href="/wiki/2008_conflict_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 conflict in Lebanon">2008 conflict in Lebanon</a>, with gunmen attacking an SSNP office.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hawke_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawke-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Assaad_Hardan" title="Assaad Hardan">Assaad Hardan</a> was party leader for two terms. Hardan was succeeded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabih_Banat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabih Banat (page does not exist)">Rabih Banat</a> in 2020, but with a growing split in the party between Hardan's followers, who are closer to the Syrian government and the March 8 Alliance, and Banat's followers, who are closer to the administration of <a href="/wiki/Saad_Hariri" title="Saad Hariri">Saad Hariri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOrient_Today_2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">2022 Lebanese elections</a>, the party did not win any seat and currently has no representation in the Lebanese Parliament. </p><p>During clashes in the context of the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Israel-Hamas_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hamas War">Israel-Hamas War</a> and border clashes between Israel and Hezbollah, the PSNS-L took part in the conflict and lost one of its members.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SSNP_in_Syria">SSNP in Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: SSNP in Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_Adnan_al-Malki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Colonel_Adnan_al-Malki.jpg/220px-Colonel_Adnan_al-Malki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Colonel_Adnan_al-Malki.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Malki" title="Adnan al-Malki">Adnan al-Malki</a>, Deputy Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a>, who was killed by SSNP agents on 22 April 1955. The SSNP was banned in Syria after Malki's assassination.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saadeh had intended SSNP to be an organization that created an Italian-style <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a> which would bring about his project for "<a href="/wiki/Greater_syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater syria">Greater Syria</a>". The party promoted <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> conspiratorial rhetoric and believed in the formation of an all-encompassing, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> state. Throughout the 1950s, the party acted as an <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalist</a> entity which plotted violent insurrections and committed <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> attacks, political assassinations, and other criminal acts. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> were its principal rivals, both of which denounced SSNP as a Western-backed <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> project aimed at undermining <a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab unity</a> and aiding Western interests in the region. After the SSNP's assassination of a high-ranking Syrian military officer and <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Malki" title="Adnan al-Malki">Adnan al-Malki</a>, in 1955, Syrian authorities banned the party and organized a witch hunt against its members under pressure from the Ba'ath and Communist parties. Throughout the 1950s, SSNP members were captured and put on trial, imprisoned, or killed, ending the party's status as a political force in the country. The SSNP remained an outlawed group in Syria for decades, with the party's image being tarnished by the Malki affair as well as its alignment with Western interests and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arabism">anti-Arab</a> stances resented by the Syrian populace.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glazer_1045_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glazer_1045-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SSNP's stance during the Lebanese civil war and in Lebanese politics—where it has become a close ally of <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a><sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—was consistent with that of Syria, which facilitated a rapprochement between the party and the Syrian government. During the latter years of <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">presidency</a>, the party was increasingly tolerated. After the succession of his son <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> in 2000, this process continued. In 2001, while still officially banned, the party was permitted to attend meetings of the Ba'ath-led <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a> coalition of legal parties as an observer. In spring 2005, the party was legalised in Syria, in what has been described as "an attempt to allow a limited form of political activity".<sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the SSNP and the Syrian Ba'athist regime experienced a dramatic turnaround in their historical relationship, from enemies to allies. The process started as the party reckoned that Hafez al-Assad's regional goals, such as consolidating Syria's control over Lebanon and the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a>, were consistent with the SSNP's goal of establishing Greater Syria,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Atlantic.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the SSNP reciprocated by acting as a Syrian proxy in Lebanon. The alliance has strengthened in the face of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2007_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Syrian parliamentary election">22 April 2007 election</a> for the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">People's Council of Syria</a>, the party gained three out of 250 seats in the parliament. In 2015, journalist Terry Glavin wrote, "But for a brief and friendly interregnum during the Baathist regime's phoney <a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">national elections of 2012</a>, the SSNP has been a member of Bashar al-Assad's ruling coalition since 2005."<sup id="cite_ref-Glavin_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glavin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Syrian leader is <a href="/wiki/Ali_Haidar_(politician)" title="Ali Haidar (politician)">Ali Haidar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who has been one of the two non-Ba'ath party minister's in the Damascus government since 2012, as Minister of State for National Reconciliation Affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War">Role in the Syrian Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role in the Syrian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eagles_of_the_Whirlwind" title="Eagles of the Whirlwind">Eagles of the Whirlwind</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/L%27Orient_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Orient Today"><i>L'orient Today</i></a> reported in 2021 that the Syrian uprising/civil war "was an opportunity for the SSNP to take on a new dimension". According to Syrian analyst Samir Akil, SSNP cadres mostly came from the Christian, Alawite, and Shi'ite communities, posing a direct threat to the Assad regime, which was seeking to monopolise control over minorities by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOrient_Today_2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Syrian Revolution">Syrian revolution protests</a>, the SSNP participated in counter-demonstrations in support of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Akhbar_English_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Akhbar_English-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> broke out, the government reciprocated, providing weaponry and training.<sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, SSNP officials had become a target for rebel militants and were kidnapped and assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Akhbar_English_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Akhbar_English-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bashar al-Yazigi, head of the political SSNP bureau in Syria, stated that the "opposition is seeking to create sharp sectarian rifts and fragment Syrian society",<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Akhbar_English_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Akhbar_English-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the party regarding both the ongoing Syrian Civil War and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> as attempts to partition those countries—and, eventually, Lebanon—along ethno-sectarian lines.<sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, estimates of the number of SSNP fighters in Syria ranged from 6,000 to 8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lebanese fighters were included in their ranks, even though the party claims that "their proportion within the group's total fighting force has decreased steadily, as more Syrians sign up".<sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By February 2014, SSNP fighters were primarily deployed in the governorates of <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Governorate" title="Damascus Governorate">Damascus</a> and were said to be the most formidable military force other than the Syrian army in <a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Suwayda Governorate">Suwayda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Akhbar_English_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Akhbar_English-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SSNP fighters have participated in the battles <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">of Sadad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ma%27loula" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ma'loula">of Ma'loula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(March%E2%80%93April_2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (March–April 2016)">of al-Qaryatayn</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Akhbar_English_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Akhbar_English-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, party officials claimed that its membership had increased "by the thousands" since the start of the war as a result of its alleged "reputation as an effective fighting force in Syria".<sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party was allowed a larger role in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Syria" title="People's Assembly of Syria">Syrian People's Assembly</a>: it fielded thirty candidates for the <a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a>, winning seven seats.<sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, starting from 2018, these gains began to be reversed, as Bashar al-Assad initiated an intense <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athification</a> programme in regime-held territories, which sought the stronger amalgamation of the Ba'athist-state nexus and the tightening of the grip of the state. As part of its attempts to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/One-party_system" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party system">one-party state</a>, the Ba'ath party has also cemented its monopoly over military forces, student activism, trade unions, youth organizations, and other social associations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new campaign also purged those Ba'ath cadres deemed insufficiently loyal from all levels of party organizations and promoted the re-structuring of Syrian society along the lines of <a href="/wiki/Assadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Assadism">Ba'athist ideology</a>, characterized by absolute loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">Assad dynasty</a>, which is portrayed as the founding fathers of the Syrian state.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SSNP was one of the biggest losers in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 Syrian parliamentary elections</a>, with its allotted seats being reduced from seven to three. The elections showcased the absolute dominance of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath party in the political system by increasing the Ba'athist share to two-thirds of the total, or 167 seats. This was also part of the Assad regime's wider clampdown on SSNP activities to curb its influence in Syria that was gained during the civil war. The Ba'athist government also dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Eagles_of_the_Whirlwind" title="Eagles of the Whirlwind">Eagles of the Whirlwind</a>, the SSNP's paramilitary wing in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anti-SSNP clampdown was also part of Bashar al-Assad's feud with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a>, who headed the SSNP (Amana) faction and was widely reviled as a symbol of corruption in the regime. Bashar al-Assad had banned the SSNP (Amana) faction on 10 October 2019 and ordered the confiscation of his cousin's business assets. Makhlouf's private militias, which fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Armed Forces">Syrian military</a>, were also disbanded by the government. SSNP leaders criticized their sidelining in the 2020 parliamentary elections as a betrayal, with many party cadres viewing the authoritarian measures of the government with dismay.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the SSNP announced their support for <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas attack on Israel">Hamas attack on Israel</a>, congratulating <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> for launching the <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensive</a> and asking for the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> to join the fight.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SSNP further claimed that <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> is a "tool for the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a>" rather than for Hamas.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SSNP_in_Jordan">SSNP in Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: SSNP in Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">King Hussein</a> had his security services sent into action to eradicate the SSNP from Jordan. The party had been active among the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Jordan" title="Palestinians in Jordan">Palestinian population</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Atlantic.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013 followers of the party established the "Movement of Syrian Social Nationalists in Jordan".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Scholars and analysts have debated how the SSNP's ideology should be described. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Orient-Le_Jour" title="L'Orient-Le Jour">L'Orient-Le Jour</a></i> write that Saadeh's "national vision was based on belonging to one's geographical milieu, rather than one's race. His supporters insist that their leader chose the party's emblem long before he learned of Nazism."<sup id="cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOrient_Today_2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Solomon states that SSNP's persistent backing of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist regime">Ba'athist government</a> since its <a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">occupation of Lebanon</a>, has positioned the party in the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> side of political spectrum. Other sources are less definitive. Political rivals of SSNP have commonly labelled <a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Antoun Saadeh</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> ideologue who formed relations with <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saadeh was aware of accusations of fascism, and he responded to them during his speech of 1 June 1935:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The system of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party is not a Hitlerite or a Fascist system, but that it is purely a Syrian system which does not stand on unprofitable imitation, but on basic originality which is one of the characteristics of our people.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Antun_Saadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Antun Saadeh">Antun Saadeh</a>, June 1935<sup id="cite_ref-goetz_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goetz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssnp.com_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssnp.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Saadeh was rumoured to have close contacts with officials of <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2001_149–150_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2001_149–150-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have made comparisons of SSNP's ideological and organizational resemblances with European fascism, and of its external symbols to those of German Nazism, although these criticisms are not accepted by the party itself.<sup id="cite_ref-am1987_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pipes1992_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pipes1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yamak1966_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamak1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glavin_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glavin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a> calls its a "rabidly <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a>, fascist organization [with] international ties to the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar</a> Arab nationalism was influenced by European fascism, with the creation of at least seven Arab nationalist shirt movements similar to the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">brown shirt</a> movement by 1939, with the most influenced ones being the SSNP, the Iraqi Futawa youth movement and the <a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-payne_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three movements would share characteristics like being territorially expansionist, with the SSNP wanting the complete control of Syria, belief in the superiority of their own people (with Saadeh theorizing a "distinct and naturally superior" Syrian race), being "nonrationalist, anti-intellectual, and highly emotional" and "[emphasizing] military virtues and power [and stressing] self-sacrifice".<sup id="cite_ref-payne_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also according to Payne, all these movements received strong influence from European fascism and praised the Italian and German fascism but "[they never became] fully developed fascist movements, and none reproduced the full characteristics of European fascism"; the influence in Arab nationalism remained long after 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-payne_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Saadeh's superior race was not a pure one, but a fusion of all races in Syrian history.<sup id="cite_ref-payne_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SSNP would be "[an] elite group, with little structure for mobilization".<sup id="cite_ref-payne_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to researcher Wissam Samia, Saadeh defined the policy of the SSNP in a newspaper he founded in 1947 called 'Suriah al-jadida' (New Syria) in a letter to its board of directors. He defined the party's policy as "Syrian nationalist policy that is not mixed with any foreign policy", and emphasized that the party's policy is not fascist, Nazi, or "democratic", and that the party's politics is not communist or Bolshevik.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism">Nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greater_Syria,_natural_Syria"><span id="Greater_Syria.2C_natural_Syria"></span>Greater Syria, natural Syria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Greater Syria, natural Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> While in jail from early February to early May 1936, Saadeh completed <i>The Genesis of Nations</i> which he had started writing three months before the French authorities in Lebanon discovered the secret organization and arrested its leader and his assistants. In his book, Saadeh formulated his belief in the existence of a Syrian nation in a homeland defined as embracing all historic Syria extended to the Suez Canal in the south, and that includes modern Syria, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait. The boundaries of the historic environment in which the Syrian nation evolved went much beyond the scope usually ascribed to Syria, extending from the Taurus range in the north-east and the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros mountains">Zagros mountains</a> in the north-west to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in the south and includes the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai peninsula">Sinai peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in the west, including the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, to the arch of the Arabian desert and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources"><span title="This claim needs a reference to a independent, third-party source. (January 2012)">third-party source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Saadeh, this region is also called the Syrian Fertile Crescent, the island Cyprus being its star.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SSNP_members.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SSNP_members.jpg/220px-SSNP_members.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SSNP_members.jpg/330px-SSNP_members.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SSNP_members.jpg/440px-SSNP_members.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>SSNP members at Saadeh's return from exile in 1947.</figcaption></figure> <p>These natural geographical factors hence create the societal framework in which man establishes his existence, beliefs, habits, and value systems. Saadeh's critique of ethnic nationalisms led him to hence develop a framework of geographical nationalism, the idea of the "natural homeland". When he applied this model to the case of the Fertile Crescent, the conclusion he reached was straightforward: the natural geographical factors of the basin lying east of the Mediterranean is what has allowed it to become the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradle of civilizations</a>, what has driven throughout the course of human history movements seeking to unify it, what has allowed it to establish, through ethnic, religious and cultural assimilation and mixing, a high culture and civilization, and what has made it the prize coveted by all imperialist powers. Saadeh advocated for all ethnoreligious groups to consider themselves as descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">pre-Christian era</a> empires of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> and the kings of <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aram</a>, then of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic empires">Islamic empires</a>, all the way up until the present.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Atlantic.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SSNP claimed that the Greater Syria is the natural home of the Syrian people with clearly defined geographic boundaries, yet that its people are suffering from what Saadeh described as a "woe" (<i>al-wail</i>) owing to an <a href="/wiki/Identity_crisis" title="Identity crisis">identity crisis</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> occupation, colonialism, and sectarianism. Saadeh claimed that the <i>renaissance</i> of the Syrian nation is inevitably linked to the purge of these "decadent" forces through the reinforcing of national solidarity, resistance against colonialism, and adoption of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>. </p><p>In Saadeh's vision of "harmony" among the country's ethnic and religious communities through a return to a so-called Syrian "racial unity" which was itself in fact a mixture of races, neither Islam nor pan-Arabism was important, and therefore religion wasn't either.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Atlantic.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saadeh's concept of the nation was shaped mainly by historical concrete interactions amongst people over the centuries in a given geography, rather than being based on ethnic origins, race, language or religion. This led him also to conclude that the Arabs could not form one nation, but many nations could be called Arab.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syrian_people">Syrian people</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Syrian people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike other militant nationalist parties in the Arab World, Syrian Social Nationalist Party was unique in its espousal of an exclusive form of nationalism which glorified the pre-Christian era, advocating the union of all Syrian peoples under a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater syria">Greater Syria</a>". The party admitted Christians, Muslims and Druzites into its ranks, but denied the Jews in Syria any membership, even if they were opposed to Zionism.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2001_149–150_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2001_149–150-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romantic_nationalism">Romantic nationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Romantic nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The attitude of the party and its founder towards minority <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and movements calling for ethnically separate homelands was one of outright hostility. Saadeh was also hostile to all religiously motivated political movements, or movements that did not call for the separation between Church (or Mosque) and State. The incoming <a href="/wiki/Jewish_immigration_to_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish immigration to Palestine">Jewish migrants</a> to Southern Syria (Palestine) and the Jewish communities were criticized for their "foreign and racial loyalties", their unwillingness to assimilate, and their active willingness to create an ethnically <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> in Palestine, with Saadeh deeming the Jews as the community unable and unwilling to assimilate, and having criticized the notion that Jewishness can be a cornerstone for a nation-state. For the SSNP, the Jews do not constitute a nation as they are a heterogeneous mixture of peoples in a similar sense that Muslims and Christians do not constitute a nation.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> were criticized for their <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communitarianism</a> and their disposition to establish a Kurdish state in the north. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_nationalism">Social nationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Social nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Renaissance is underlined as a romanticized notion of spiritual, intellectual, and patriotic elevation, the SSNP elaborated a simple yet straightforward doctrine pertaining to how the Syrian People ought to organize itself once the Renaissance has begun, albeit the fact that Saadeh had not developed the idea completely. The social-nationalist model elaborated by Saadeh is reflected in the "Communiqué of the First Social Nationalist Revolution of 1949". </p><p>The first of these principles is the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and of the rule of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Notables" class="mw-redirect" title="Notables">notables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landowners" class="mw-redirect" title="Landowners">landowners</a>, which the Party deems responsible for the "desolate state of things to which the country had gotten to", including maintaining educational levels at an all-time low and being instrumental in the loss of Palestine. The second principle is "<a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">opposing capitalist tyranny</a>". Despite its belief in the necessity of private property, the SSNP declared defending workers' rights and establishing a framework that guarantees these rights as an inalienable right. This is coupled with the need to establish <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory education">mandatory education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universal healthcare</a>, the nationalization of vital areas of the economy such as the production of raw materials, and a strong centralized state that is able to give <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">economic directions</a>. The third principle stated is <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">combating communism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberation_war">Liberation war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Liberation war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front.jpg/220px-Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front.jpg/330px-Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a>, a coalition of armed groups that assembled to fight off the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949, it declared the "First Renaissance Revolution" against the Lebanese government, an armed confrontation with the Lebanese and Syrian security forces that ended in a disaster and the execution of Antun Saadeh by the Lebanese authorities on 8 July. Not too long later, party members assassinated the Lebanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Solh" class="mw-redirect" title="Riad al-Solh">Riad al-Solh</a> who was instrumental in Saadeh's death penalty. To avoid being caught, the assailants committed suicide. When one of the assailants survived and woke up in the hospital, he completed his suicide attempt by tearing up his wounds and falling from the bed. The assassination of the general prosecutor who judged Saadeh was also conducted by a Party cell, and Party members are believed to have been involved in the assassination of Husni al-Zaim, the Syrian dictator who captured Saadeh and handed him over to the Lebanese authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, party member <a href="/wiki/Habib_Shartouni" title="Habib Shartouni">Habib al-Shartouni</a> assassinated the Lebanese President <a href="/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel" title="Bachir Gemayel">Bachir Gemayel</a>, seen as betraying the country in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon_in_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982">Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOrient_Today_2021-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party also undertook many operations against Israeli presence in Lebanon, including a military operation in broad daylight against Israeli officers stationed in Beirut, which triggered the beginning of the generalized armed struggle for Lebanese liberation. Party member <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_Mehaidli" title="Sana'a Mehaidli">Sana'a Mehaidli</a>, known as the first <a href="/wiki/Female_suicide_bomber" title="Female suicide bomber">female suicide bomber</a>, detonated herself in her car along with an Israeli convoy in south Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-Lebanon's_women_warriors_2010_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebanon's_women_warriors_2010-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party joined arms with the Communists, the PLO, the Arab nationalists, and other groups to fight against the Israeli invasion – see <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a>. </p><p>Today, the party's military wing fights alongside the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secularism">Secularism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Secularism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SSNP's ideology was an entirely secular form of nationalism; indeed, it posited the complete separation of religion and politics as one of the two fundamental conditions for real national unity, alongside economic and social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Hourani,_p._326_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hourani,_p._326-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_form">Party form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Party form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SSNP was organised with a hierarchical structure and a powerful leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Hourani,_p._326_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hourani,_p._326-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography_and_symbolism">Iconography and symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Iconography and symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emblem_and_flag">Emblem and flag</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Emblem and flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party's emblem is the whirlwind (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زوبعة</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zawba'a</i></span>). It was designed by the SSNP students at the American University of Beirut while the party was still clandestine and before the French authorities had uncovered it in 1936. Saadeh stated the whirlwind was found engraved on ancient Syrian artifacts, and it is known from for example Sumerian art. The SSNP emblem has been said to be a combination of the Islamic crescent and the Christian cross.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party flag features a red hurricane, called the <i>Zawba'a</i>, within a white disc on a black background. Each arm symbolizes one of the four virtues of the party's mission: freedom, duty, discipline and power.<sup id="cite_ref-goetz_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goetz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> According to SSNP lore, the black color symbolizes the Dark Ages of Ottoman rule, colonialism, sectarian division, national division, and backwardness. The <i>Zawba'a</i> represents the blood of the SSNP <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a> bound together as Muslims and Christians through freedom, duty, discipline and power as a hurricane to purge the Dark Ages and spark their nation's rejuvenation and renaissance. Critics and scholars claim that the symbol was modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a><sup id="cite_ref-am1987_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-am1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pipes1992_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pipes1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yamak1966_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamak1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johnson2001_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson2001-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-becker1984_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-becker1984-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a claim that the party vehemently denies.<sup id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_criticism">Ideological criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ideological criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arab nationalist thinker <a href="/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri" title="Sati' al-Husri">Sati' al-Husri</a> considered that Saadeh "misrepresented" Arab nationalism, incorrectly associating it with a <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> image of the Arab and with Muslim sectarianism. Palestinian historian <a href="/wiki/Maher_Charif" title="Maher Charif">Maher Charif</a> sees Saadeh's theory as a response to the religious diversity of Syria, and points to his later extension of his vision of the Syrian nation to include Iraq, a country also noted for its religious diversity, as further evidence for this.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party also accepted that due to "religious and political considerations", the separate existence of Lebanon was necessary for the time being.<sup id="cite_ref-Hourani,_p._326_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hourani,_p._326-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1945 onward, the party adopted a more nuanced stance regarding Arab nationalism, seeing Syrian unity as a potential first step towards an Arab union led by Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Hourani,_p._326_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hourani,_p._326-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> and his team were assaulted in February 2009 by SSNP paramilitaries in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> before being rescued by a crowd. The attack left Hitchens with body injuries and a limp in his leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reporting to <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> in May 2009, Hitchens described SSNP as a "<a href="/wiki/Suicide_Bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide Bomber">suicide-bomber</a> front" that carries out terrorist operations in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a>. He asserted that SSNP was a violent <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> movement; noting its <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> ambitions of creating "<a href="/wiki/Greater_syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater syria">Greater Syria</a>", a project that sought the annexation or partial conquest of numerous nation-states in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recounting the events of the assault, Hitchens stated: </p><blockquote><p>"What shook me is how nearly it could have got fantastically nasty. We could have been hurt or taken away. These militias have their own private dungeons. I wouldn't fancy spending time in one of those."<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_criticism">Scholarly criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Scholarly criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lebanese historian <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Kamal Salibi</a> gives a somewhat contrasting interpretation, pointing to the position of the Greek Orthodox community as a large minority in both Syria and Lebanon for whom "the concept of pan-Syrianism was more meaningful than the concept of Arabism" while at the same time they resented <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a> dominance in Lebanon. According to Salibi, </p> <blockquote><p> Saadeh found a ready following among his co-religionists. His idea of secular pan-Syrianism also proved attractive to many Druzes and Shiites; to Christians other than the Greek Orthodox, including some Maronites who were disaffected by both Lebanism and Arabism; and also to many Sunnite Muslims who set a high value on secularism, and who felt that they had far more in common with their fellow Syrians of whatever religion or denomination than with fellow Sunnite or Muslim Arabs elsewhere. Here again, an idea of nationalism had emerged which had sufficient credit to make it valid. In the Lebanese context, however, it became ready cover for something more archaic, which was essentially Greek Orthodox particularism.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Prof. Salibi remarks on the beginnings of Saadeh's party in the 1930s: "[A]mong its first members were students and young graduates of the American University of Beirut." This early party was "mainly Greek Orthodox and Protestants with some Shi'ites and Druzes<span class="nowrap"> </span>... ." In Lebanon as a whole the party was not popular. "Christians were generally opposed to their Syrian unionism, while Moslems were suspicious of their reservations with regard to pan-Arabism. The Lebanese authorities were able to suppress them without difficulty."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Antoun Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">Lebanese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Lebanon">Secularism in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party_%E2%80%93_Intifada_Wing" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party – Intifada Wing">Syrian Social Nationalist Party – Intifada Wing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the past, the party or elements of its ideology or membership have been referred to as belonging to both the political <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pipes_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pipes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes being labeled <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssnparty.org/1march/">"كلمة رئيس الحزب السّوريّ القوميّ الاجتماعيّ الأمين ربيع بنات لمناسبة الأول من آذار"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%91%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%91+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%91+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%91+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9+%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A2%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssnparty.org%2F1march%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Davis2019" class="citation web cs1">Charles Davis (30 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2019/09/30/pro-assad-lobby-group-rewards-bloggers-on-both-the-left-and-the-right/">"Pro-Assad Lobby Group Rewards Bloggers On Both The Left And The Right"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pro-Assad+Lobby+Group+Rewards+Bloggers+On+Both+The+Left+And+The+Right&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.au=Charles+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellingcat.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2F30%2Fpro-assad-lobby-group-rewards-bloggers-on-both-the-left-and-the-right%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-am1987-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-am1987_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-am1987_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-am1987_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYa'ari1987" class="citation news cs1">Ya'ari, Ehud (June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/87jun/yaari.htm">"Behind the Terror"</a>. <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>. <q>[The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria," to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Terror&rft.date=1987-06&rft.aulast=Ya%27ari&rft.aufirst=Ehud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fissues%2F87jun%2Fyaari.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pipes1992-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pipes1992_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pipes1992_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pipes1992_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pipes" title="Daniel Pipes">Pipes, Daniel</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3PsAb1uV94C"><i>Greater Syria</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506022-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506022-9"><bdi>0-19-506022-9</bdi></a>. <q>The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (<i>zawba'a</i>), points to the party's fascistic origins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Syria&rft.pages=100-101&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-506022-9&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3PsAb1uV94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yamak1966-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yamak1966_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamak1966_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamak1966_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamak1966" class="citation book cs1">Yamak, Labib Zuwiyya (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=98tBAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party:+An+Ideological+Analysis"><i>The Syrian Social Nationalist Party: An Ideological Analysis</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674862364" title="Special:BookSources/9780674862364"><bdi>9780674862364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party%3A+An+Ideological+Analysis&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780674862364&rft.aulast=Yamak&rft.aufirst=Labib+Zuwiyya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D98tBAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BSyrian%2BSocial%2BNationalist%2BParty%3A%2BAn%2BIdeological%2BAnalysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glavin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glavin_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glavin_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glavin_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Glavin2015" class="citation web cs1">Terry Glavin (26 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/glavin-a-liberal-conundrum-in-nepean">"A Liberal Conundrum In Nepean"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Liberal+Conundrum+In+Nepean&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft.au=Terry+Glavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fglavin-a-liberal-conundrum-in-nepean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goetz-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goetz_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goetz_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goetz_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goetz_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goetz_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goetz_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goetz_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordbruch_Goetz2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordbruch_Goetz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordbruch Goetz (page does not exist)">Nordbruch Goetz</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAWBkDAv4TkC&q=Syrian+social+nationalist+nazi+fascist&pg=PA45"><i>Nazism in Syria and Lebanon: The Ambivalence of the German Option, 1933–1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-88856-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-88856-8"><bdi>978-0-203-88856-8</bdi></a>. <q>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>during his speech of 1 June 1935<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Antun Saadeh declared<span class="nowrap"> </span>... '...<span class="nowrap"> </span>The Syrian Social Nationalist Party is neither a Hitlerite nor a Fascist one, but a pure social nationalist one. It is not based on useless imitation, but is the result of an authentic invention.<span class="nowrap"> </span>...'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazism+in+Syria+and+Lebanon%3A+The+Ambivalence+of+the+German+Option%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-88856-8&rft.au=Nordbruch+Goetz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAWBkDAv4TkC%26q%3DSyrian%2Bsocial%2Bnationalist%2Bnazi%2Bfascist%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antun Saadeh, The Genesis of Nations, (Dar al-Fikr, Beirut)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antun Saadeh, "The Explanation of the Principles". URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ssnp.com/new/library/saadeh/principles/">http://www.ssnp.com/new/library/saadeh/principles/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527070203/http://www.ssnp.com/new/library/saadeh/principles/">Archived</a> 27 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aijac.org.au/australia-israel-review/syrian-nazis-on-the-air/">"Syrian Nazis on the Air"</a>. <i>AIJAC</i>. 27 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIJAC&rft.atitle=Syrian+Nazis+on+the+Air&rft.date=2009-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faijac.org.au%2Faustralia-israel-review%2Fsyrian-nazis-on-the-air%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeshara2007" class="citation book cs1">Beshara, Adel (2007). <i>Antun Sa'adeh: The Man, His Thought: an Anthology</i>. DK/Prima Games, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. pp. 267–315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1465453136" title="Special:BookSources/978-1465453136"><bdi>978-1465453136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antun+Sa%27adeh%3A+The+Man%2C+His+Thought%3A+an+Anthology&rft.pages=267-315&rft.pub=DK%2FPrima+Games%2C+a+division+of+Penguin+Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1465453136&rft.aulast=Beshara&rft.aufirst=Adel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pipes_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pipes_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanial_Pipes1988" class="citation web cs1">Danial Pipes (August 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danielpipes.org/5788/radical-politics-and-the-syrian-social-nationalist-party">"Radical Politics and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radical+Politics+and+the+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party&rft.date=1988-08&rft.au=Danial+Pipes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danielpipes.org%2F5788%2Fradical-politics-and-the-syrian-social-nationalist-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrison, J., Woog, A. (2009). Syria. United States: Facts On File, Incorporated, Page 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeshara2013" class="citation book cs1">Beshara, Adel (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8hQeirqerEC&q=ssnp+left+wing&pg=PA160"><i>Lebanon: The Politics of Frustration – The Failed Coup of 1961</i></a>. Routledge. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00614-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00614-2"><bdi>978-1-136-00614-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+The+Politics+of+Frustration+%E2%80%93+The+Failed+Coup+of+1961&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-136-00614-2&rft.aulast=Beshara&rft.aufirst=Adel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8hQeirqerEC%26q%3Dssnp%2Bleft%2Bwing%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z55WAAAAYAAJ&q=ssnp+left+wing"><i>MEED</i></a>. Economic East Economic Digest, Limited. April 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MEED.&rft.pub=Economic+East+Economic+Digest%2C+Limited&rft.date=1983-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz55WAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dssnp%2Bleft%2Bwing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2022" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Christopher (2022). "1:Introduction". <i>In Search of Greater Syria: The History and Politics of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party</i>. New York, NY 10018, USA: I.B. Tauris. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8386-0640-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8386-0640-4"><bdi>978-1-8386-0640-4</bdi></a>. <q>It survived and made itself useful during Syria's occupation of Lebanon by relying on its militia, unique ideology, and adopting a politically pragmatic approach that brought the SSNP from the right side of the political spectrum to its current place in the camp of the left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3AIntroduction&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Greater+Syria%3A+The+History+and+Politics+of+the+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+10018%2C+USA&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-8386-0640-4&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeshara2013" class="citation book cs1">Beshara, Adel (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8hQeirqerEC&q=ssnp+left+wing&pg=PA160"><i>Lebanon: The Politics of Frustration – The Failed Coup of 1961</i></a>. Routledge. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00614-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00614-2"><bdi>978-1-136-00614-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+The+Politics+of+Frustration+%E2%80%93+The+Failed+Coup+of+1961&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-136-00614-2&rft.aulast=Beshara&rft.aufirst=Adel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8hQeirqerEC%26q%3Dssnp%2Bleft%2Bwing%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/in-search-of-greater-syria-the-history-and-politics-of-the-syrian-social-nationalist-party/">"In Search of Greater Syria: Book Summary"</a>. <i>Bloomsbury Collections</i>. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomsbury+Collections&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Greater+Syria%3A+Book+Summary&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsburycollections.com%2Fbook%2Fin-search-of-greater-syria-the-history-and-politics-of-the-syrian-social-nationalist-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZambelis2014" class="citation web cs1">Zambelis, Chris (26 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034906/https://www.refworld.org/docid/5332b9e44.html">"Assad's Hurricane: A Profile of the Paramilitary Wing of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party"</a>. <i>refworld</i>. 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Syrian Social Nationalist Party. 17 May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssnp.com/new/about.htm">the original</a> on 17 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Our Syria has distinct natural boundaries…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssnp.com&rft.atitle=About&rft.date=2004-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssnp.com%2Fnew%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baeza-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baeza_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baeza_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecilia_Baeza2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cecilia Baeza (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arab-reform.net/publication/arabism-and-its-repercussions-forms-of-solidarity-among-syrians-in-latin-america/">"Arabism and its Repercussions: Forms of Solidarity among Syrians in Latin America"</a>. <i>Arab Reform Initiative</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Berlin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-072909-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-072909-2"><bdi>978-3-11-072909-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1248759109">1248759109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Greater+Syria+%3A+a+Political+History+of+the+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1248759109&rft.isbn=978-3-11-072909-2&rft.aulast=Yonker&rft.aufirst=Carl+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1248759109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030837/http://sana.sy/eng/21/2014/05/06/542876.htm">"Syrian Arab news agency – SANA – Syria : Syria news ::"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sana.sy/eng/21/2014/05/06/542876.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Arab+news+agency+%E2%80%93+SANA+%E2%80%93+Syria+%3A+Syria+news+%3A%3A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Feng%2F21%2F2014%2F05%2F06%2F542876.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&idioma=1&id=2652361&Itemid=1">"Noticias de Prensa Latina"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noticias+de+Prensa+Latina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prensa-latina.cu%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26idioma%3D1%26id%3D2652361%26Itemid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412053314/http://www.ssnp.com/new/ssnp/en/ssnp.htm">"IDEOLOGY"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssnp.com/new/ssnp/en/ssnp.htm">the original</a> on 12 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IDEOLOGY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssnp.com%2Fnew%2Fssnp%2Fen%2Fssnp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamaha2016" class="citation web cs1">Samaha, Nour (28 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/28/the-eagles-of-the-whirlwind/">"The Eagles of the Whirlwind"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Eagles+of+the+Whirlwind&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft.aulast=Samaha&rft.aufirst=Nour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2016%2F03%2F28%2Fthe-eagles-of-the-whirlwind%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Hourani, <i>Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983) 100–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Suzanne Kassab, <i>Contemporary Arab Thought, Cultural Critique in Comparative Perspective</i> (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Salem, <i>Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>, 1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asher Kaufman, "Henri Lammens and Syrian Nationalism," in Adel Beshara, <i>The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers and Identity</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalil Gibran, "To Young Americans of Syrian Origin". URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.alhewar.com/gibran_to_young_americans.htm">http://www.alhewar.com/gibran_to_young_americans.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Youssef al-Debs, "In the Convoy of the Renaissance"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nordbrush, <i>Nazism in Syria and Lebanon</i>, 85–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genesis-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genesis_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genesis_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Saadeh. <i>The Genesis of Nations</i>. Translated and Reprinted. Dar Al-Fikr. Beirut, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: "The Rise of the Revolutionaries" in Patrick Seale, <i>The Struggle for Arab Independence</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beshara_2013-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beshara_2013_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beshara_2013_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beshara_2013_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeshara2013" class="citation book cs1">Beshara, Adel (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8hQeirqerEC&q=ssnp+left+wing&pg=PA160"><i>Lebanon: The Politics of Frustration – The Failed Coup of 1961</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00614-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00614-2"><bdi>978-1-136-00614-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+The+Politics+of+Frustration+%E2%80%93+The+Failed+Coup+of+1961&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-136-00614-2&rft.aulast=Beshara&rft.aufirst=Adel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8hQeirqerEC%26q%3Dssnp%2Bleft%2Bwing%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daharchives.alhayat.com/issue_archive/Hayat%20INT/2000/7/7/من-قتل-أنطون-سعاده-وثائق-جديدة-تكشف-خلفيات-انقلاب-حسني-الزعيم.html.">"The Wayback Machine has not archived that URL"</a>. <i>daharchives.alhayat.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=daharchives.alhayat.com&rft.atitle=The+Wayback+Machine+has+not+archived+that+URL.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaharchives.alhayat.com%2Fissue_archive%2FHayat%2520INT%2F2000%2F7%2F7%2F%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85.html.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adel beshara (2010). <i>Outright Assassination: The Trial and Execution of Antun Sa'adeh</i>, 1949. Ithaca Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86372-348-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86372-348-3">978-0-86372-348-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOrient_Today_2021-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOrient_Today_2021_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1263235/what-is-left-of-lebanons-syrian-social-nationalist-party.html">"What is left of Lebanon's Syrian Social Nationalist Party?"</a>. <i>L'Orient Today</i>. 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Orient+Today&rft.atitle=What+is+left+of+Lebanon%27s+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party%3F&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.lorientlejour.com%2Farticle%2F1263235%2Fwhat-is-left-of-lebanons-syrian-social-nationalist-party.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Atlantic.com-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Atlantic.com_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1987/06/behind-the-terror/376326/">"Behind the Terror"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. June 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Terror&rft.date=1987-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1987%2F06%2Fbehind-the-terror%2F376326%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Department of State, <i>Foreign Relations of the United States Volume 17, Near East,1961–1963,</i> (Washington, DC: GPO 1993), 383–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_A._Lewis1988" class="citation news cs1">Neil A. Lewis (18 May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6D81039F93BA25756C0A96E948260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/B/Bombs%20and%20Explosives">"U.S. Links Men in Bomb Case To Lebanon Terrorist Group"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Links+Men+in+Bomb+Case+To+Lebanon+Terrorist+Group&rft.date=1988-05-18&rft.au=Neil+A.+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D940DE6D81039F93BA25756C0A96E948260%26n%3DTop%2FReference%2FTimes%2520Topics%2FSubjects%2FB%2FBombs%2520and%2520Explosives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-politics-trial-idUSKBN1CP22E">"Lebanese court issues death sentence over 1982 Gemayel assassination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Lebanese+court+issues+death+sentence+over+1982+Gemayel+assassination&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-lebanon-politics-trial-idUSKBN1CP22E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricolfi-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricolfi_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricolfi, L., & Campana, P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prio.org/Global/upload/CSCW/Violence%20in%20civil%20war/suicide_missions.pdf">Suicide missions in the Palestinian area: a new database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628134041/https://www.prio.org/Global/upload/CSCW/Violence%20in%20civil%20war/suicide_missions.pdf">Archived</a> 28 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/aussies-death-sparks-lebanon-alert/2008/05/12/1210444296256.html">"Aussie's death sparks Lebanon alert"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 12 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Aussie%27s+death+sparks+Lebanon+alert&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Faussies-death-sparks-lebanon-alert%2F2008%2F05%2F12%2F1210444296256.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2008" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Andra (12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/man-killed-in-lebanon-was-on-holiday/2008/05/12/1210444292099.html">"Melbourne man killed in Lebanon 'was on holiday'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eaworldview.com/2021/02/how-assad-regime-tightened-syrias-one-party-rule/">the original</a> on 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EA+Worldview&rft.atitle=How+Assad+Regime+Tightened+Syria%27s+One-Party+Rule&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feaworldview.com%2F2021%2F02%2Fhow-assad-regime-tightened-syrias-one-party-rule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul-Jalil,_Moghrabi2020" class="citation web cs1">Abdul-Jalil, Moghrabi, Murad, Yamen (3 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706222249/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2020/07/al-assad-attempts-to-boost-baath-vigor-to-tighten-control/">"Al-Assad attempts to boost "Ba'ath" vigor to tighten control"</a>. <i>Enab Baladi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2020/07/al-assad-attempts-to-boost-baath-vigor-to-tighten-control/">the original</a> on 6 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=Al-Assad+attempts+to+boost+%22Ba%27ath%22+vigor+to+tighten+control&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft.aulast=Abdul-Jalil%2C+Moghrabi&rft.aufirst=Murad%2C+Yamen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2020%2F07%2Fal-assad-attempts-to-boost-baath-vigor-to-tighten-control%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaar,_Akil2021" class="citation web cs1">Shaar, Akil, Karam, Samy (28 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128162146/https://www.mei.edu/publications/inside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-2020-parliamentary-elections">"Inside Syria's Clapping Chamber: Dynamics of the 2020 Parliamentary Elections"</a>. <i>Middle East Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/inside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-2020-parliamentary-elections#footnote-14">the original</a> on 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Inside+Syria%27s+Clapping+Chamber%3A+Dynamics+of+the+2020+Parliamentary+Elections&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.aulast=Shaar%2C+Akil&rft.aufirst=Karam%2C+Samy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Finside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-2020-parliamentary-elections%23footnote-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaar,_Akil2021" class="citation web cs1">Shaar, Akil, Karam, Samy (28 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128162146/https://www.mei.edu/publications/inside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-2020-parliamentary-elections">"Inside Syria's Clapping Chamber: Dynamics of the 2020 Parliamentary Elections"</a>. <i>Middle East Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/inside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-2020-parliamentary-elections#footnote-14">the original</a> on 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Inside+Syria%27s+Clapping+Chamber%3A+Dynamics+of+the+2020+Parliamentary+Elections&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.aulast=Shaar%2C+Akil&rft.aufirst=Karam%2C+Samy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Finside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-2020-parliamentary-elections%23footnote-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2022" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Christopher (2022). "10: Invisible Leaders: Future of the SSNP". <i>In Search of Greater Syria: The History and Politics of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party</i>. New York, NY 10018, USA: I.B. Tauris. pp. 156–158, 160–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8386-0640-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8386-0640-4"><bdi>978-1-8386-0640-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Invisible+Leaders%3A+Future+of+the+SSNP&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Greater+Syria%3A+The+History+and+Politics+of+the+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+10018%2C+USA&rft.pages=156-158%2C+160-161&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-8386-0640-4&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307234409/https://newlinesinstitute.org/syria/the-intractable-roots-of-assad-makhlouf-drama-in-syria/">"The Intractable Roots of Assad-Makhlouf Drama in Syria"</a>. <i>Newslines Institute</i>. 15 May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newlinesinstitute.org/syria/the-intractable-roots-of-assad-makhlouf-drama-in-syria/">the original</a> on 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newslines+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Intractable+Roots+of+Assad-Makhlouf+Drama+in+Syria&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewlinesinstitute.org%2Fsyria%2Fthe-intractable-roots-of-assad-makhlouf-drama-in-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKataw2019" class="citation news cs1">Kataw, Nawwar (14 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428181027/https://arabicpost.net/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/2019/10/14/%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/">"هل هي خطوة انتقامية من آل مخلوف؟ كل ما تريد معرفته عن الحزب القومي السوري الاجتماعي وحل النظام له"</a> [Is it a revenge move from the Makhlouf family? All you need to know about the Syrian National Social Party and the regime's solution to it]. <i>Arab Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabicpost.net/%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a9/2019/10/14/%d8%ad%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%88%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a/">the original</a> on 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Post&rft.atitle=%D9%87%D9%84+%D9%87%D9%8A+%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A2%D9%84+%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%9F+%D9%83%D9%84+%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%84%D9%87&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.aulast=Kataw&rft.aufirst=Nawwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farabicpost.net%2F%25d8%25ab%25d9%2582%25d8%25a7%25d9%2581%25d8%25a9%2F2019%2F10%2F14%2F%25d8%25ad%25d9%2584-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25ad%25d8%25b2%25d8%25a8-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2582%25d9%2588%25d9%2585%25d9%258a-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b3%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a7%25d8%25ac%25d8%25aa%25d9%2585%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b9%25d9%258a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssnparty.org/%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b1%d9%82%d9%85-2-%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%82%d8%b5%d9%89-%d8%b9%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3/">"بيان رقم 2: "طوفان الأقصى" عزة فلسطين والأمة"</a>. <i>الحزب السوري القومي الاجتماعي</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85+2%3A+%22%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89%22+%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssnparty.org%2F%25d8%25a8%25d9%258a%25d8%25a7%25d9%2586-%25d8%25b1%25d9%2582%25d9%2585-2-%25d8%25b7%25d9%2588%25d9%2581%25d8%25a7%25d9%2586-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a3%25d9%2582%25d8%25b5%25d9%2589-%25d8%25b9%25d8%25b2%25d8%25a9-%25d9%2581%25d9%2584%25d8%25b3%25d8%25b7%25d9%258a%25d9%2586-%25d9%2588%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssnparty.org/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b2%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%87%d9%88%d8%af%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a7/">"الحزب: الارهاب اداة للمشروع اليهودي لاستهداف أجيالنا الجديدة"</a>. <i>الحزب السوري القومي الاجتماعي</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81+%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssnparty.org%2F%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25ad%25d8%25b2%25d8%25a8-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b1%25d9%2587%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a8-%25d8%25a7%25d8%25af%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a9-%25d9%2584%25d9%2584%25d9%2585%25d8%25b4%25d8%25b1%25d9%2588%25d8%25b9-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%258a%25d9%2587%25d9%2588%25d8%25af%25d9%258a-%25d9%2584%25d8%25a7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammon News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleno=164834">اطلاق تيار السوريين القوميين الاجتماعيين في الأردن</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Hadath News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alhadathnews.net/archives/71545">السوريون القوميون في الاردن يحتفلون بذكرى ميلاد انطون سعادة</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171221084249/http://www.alhadathnews.net/archives/71545">Archived</a> 21 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2022" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Christopher (2022). <i>In Search of Greater Syria: The History and Politics of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party</i>. New York, NY 10018, USA: I.B. Tauris. pp. 3, 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8386-0640-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8386-0640-4"><bdi>978-1-8386-0640-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Greater+Syria%3A+The+History+and+Politics+of+the+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+10018%2C+USA&rft.pages=3%2C+11-12&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-8386-0640-4&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssnp.com-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssnp.com_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052238/http://www.ssnp.com/new/library/saadeh/misc/en/june_1_35.htm">"Saadeh"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssnp.com/new/library/saadeh/misc/en/june_1_35.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saadeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssnp.com%2Fnew%2Flibrary%2Fsaadeh%2Fmisc%2Fen%2Fjune_1_35.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_2001_149–150-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2001_149–150_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2001_149–150_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2001" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Michael (2001). "4: Patriarchy and Surveillance". <i>All Honourable Men: The Social Origins of War in Lebanon</i>. New York, USA: I.B. Tauris. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860647154" title="Special:BookSources/9781860647154"><bdi>9781860647154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Patriarchy+and+Surveillance&rft.btitle=All+Honourable+Men%3A+The+Social+Origins+of+War+in+Lebanon&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781860647154&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-payne-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-payne_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-payne_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-payne_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-payne_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-payne_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_G._Payne1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wHNrF7nFecC&q=Antun+Saadeh+fascism&pg=PA353"><i>A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 352–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857285956" title="Special:BookSources/9781857285956"><bdi>9781857285956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=352-354&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781857285956&rft.au=Stanley+G.+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wHNrF7nFecC%26q%3DAntun%2BSaadeh%2Bfascism%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamia2020" class="citation journal cs1">Samia, Wissam (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://u-picardie.hal.science/hal-03832132v1/document">"Antun Saadeh's Social-Nationalist Doctrine. Presenting and Reconstructing an Original Economic and Social Theory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Alternatives économiques">Alternatives économiques</a></i> (3): 496 – via <a href="/wiki/HAL_(open_archive)" title="HAL (open archive)">HAL (open archive)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternatives+%C3%A9conomiques&rft.atitle=Antun+Saadeh%27s+Social-Nationalist+Doctrine.+Presenting+and+Reconstructing+an+Original+Economic+and+Social+Theory&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=496&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Samia&rft.aufirst=Wissam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fu-picardie.hal.science%2Fhal-03832132v1%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSa'ade2004" class="citation book cs1">Sa'ade, Anoun (2004). <i>The Genesis of Nations</i>. Department of Culture of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+Nations&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Department+of+Culture+of+the+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sa%27ade&rft.aufirst=Anoun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Adel Beshara, "Where we Stand", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ssnp.com/old/ourstand.htm">http://www.ssnp.com/old/ourstand.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826090041/http://www.ssnp.com/old/ourstand.htm">Archived</a> 26 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Adel Beshara, <i>Outright Assassination, the Trial and Execution of Antun Saadeh</i> (Ithaca, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebanon's_women_warriors_2010-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lebanon's_women_warriors_2010_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125000646/https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2010/04/24/lebanons-women-warriors/">"Lebanon – Al Jazeera"</a>. <i>Lebanon's women warriors</i>. 24 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2010/04/24/lebanons-women-warriors/">the original</a> on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lebanon%27s+women+warriors&rft.atitle=Lebanon+%E2%80%93+Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2010-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fvideos%2F2010%2F04%2F24%2Flebanons-women-warriors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hourani,_p._326-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hourani,_p._326_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hourani,_p._326_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hourani,_p._326_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hourani,_p._326_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hourani, p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714144039/http://ssnp.net/content/view/378/100">"SSNP website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssnp.net/content/view/378/100">the original</a> on 14 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SSNP+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssnp.net%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F378%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_McDonald2017" class="citation web cs1">Jesse McDonald (4 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/24853-2/">"The SSNP's Military: The Eagles of the Whirlwind & Their Emblem"</a>. <i>joshualandis.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=joshualandis.com&rft.atitle=The+SSNP%27s+Military%3A+The+Eagles+of+the+Whirlwind+%26+Their+Emblem&rft.date=2017-06-04&rft.au=Jesse+McDonald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joshualandis.com%2Fblog%2F24853-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson2001-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnson2001_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2001" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zydtz0dDntQC"><i>All Honourable Men</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-715-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-715-4"><bdi>1-86064-715-4</bdi></a>. <q>Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to <i>Deutschland über alles</i>, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christian past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Honourable+Men&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86064-715-4&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZydtz0dDntQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-becker1984-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-becker1984_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1984" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Jillian (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgu7AAAAIAAJ&q=SSNP+swastika"><i>The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization</i></a>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78547-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-78547-8"><bdi>0-297-78547-8</bdi></a>. <q>[The SSNP] had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+PLO%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Palestine+Liberation+Organization&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-297-78547-8&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsgu7AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DSSNP%2Bswastika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_W._Suleiman1965" class="citation book cs1">Michael W. Suleiman (1965). <i>Political parties in Lebanon</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. p. 134. <q>The flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party has a black background with a red hurricane (reversed swastika) in the middle, encircled by a white rim<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+parties+in+Lebanon&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Michael+W.+Suleiman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span> also pages 111–112 in the edition of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 1967: "Thus, the Syrian national anthem for the PPS sang "Syria, Syria uber alles" to the same familiar tune of "Deutschland, Deutschland uber alles" (176) The hand gestures in saluting and the "long live the leader" bore striking resemblances to the Nazi practice. The swastika was replaced with a hurricane as a PPS symbol, (177) while the storm or combat troops were present in both. Both Hitler and Saadeh, in addition to having the same title of 'the leader', held and exercised all legislative and executive authority."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charif, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, James (19 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925175830/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/feb/19/christopher-hitchens-beirut-attack">"Christopher Hitchens on Beirut attack: 'they kept coming. Six or seven at first'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/feb/19/christopher-hitchens-beirut-attack">the original</a> on 25 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Christopher+Hitchens+on+Beirut+attack%3A+%27they+kept+coming.+Six+or+seven+at+first%27&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F19%2Fchristopher-hitchens-beirut-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808220034/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/05/christopher-hitchens200905">"The Swastika and the Cedar"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/05/christopher-hitchens200905">the original</a> on 8 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=The+Swastika+and+the+Cedar&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F05%2Fchristopher-hitchens200905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamal Salibi (1988, 1998), pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. S. Salibi, <i>The Modern History of Lebanon</i> (New York: Praeger 1965) at 180.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Charif, Maher, <i>Rihanat al-nahda fi'l-fikr al-'arabi</i>, Damascus, Dar al-Mada, 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hourani" title="Albert Hourani">Hourani, Albert</a>, <i>La Pensée Arabe et l'Occident</i> (French translation of <i>Arab Thought in the Liberal Age</i>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Irwin, Robert (3 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/arab-surrealist/">"An Arab Surrealist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(U.S._periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation (U.S. periodical)">The Nation</a></i>. pp. 23–24, 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=An+Arab+Surrealist&rft.pages=23-24%2C+37-38&rft.date=2005-01-03&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Farab-surrealist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Salibi, K. S., <i>The Modern History of Lebanon</i> (New York: Praeger 1965)</li> <li>Salibi, Kamal, <i>A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered</i>, University of California, Berkeley, 1988; reprint: London, <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-912-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-912-2">1-86064-912-2</a></li> <li>Seale, Patrick, <i>Asad: the Struggle for the Middle East</i>, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06976-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06976-5">0-520-06976-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2021" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Christopher (2021). <i>In Search of Greater Syria: The History and Politics of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party</i> (1st ed.). London, UK: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1838606404" title="Special:BookSources/978-1838606404"><bdi>978-1838606404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Greater+Syria%3A+The+History+and+Politics+of+the+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1838606404&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonker2021" class="citation book cs1">Yonker, Carl C. (2021). <i>The Rise and Fall of Greater Syria: A Political History of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party</i>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110728477" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110728477"><bdi>978-3110728477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Greater+Syria%3A+A+Political+History+of+the+Syrian+Social+Nationalist+Party&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3110728477&rft.aulast=Yonker&rft.aufirst=Carl+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Social+Nationalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alqawmi.com/">SSNP website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esaadah.com/">SSNP School</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201110450/http://esaadah.com/">Archived</a> 1 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051219034355/http://www.tahawolat.com/">Tahawolat Magazine</a> Articles about society and culture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&perpetrator=2186&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes#results-table">Attacks attributed to the SSNP</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pan-Arab organization</a>) (167</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Syrian Communist Party (Unified)</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant_Party" title="National Covenant Party">National Covenant Party</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Union_Party" title="Arab Democratic Union Party">Arab Democratic Union Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Unionist Party">Democratic Socialist Unionist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Unionists" title="Social Democratic Unionists">Social Democratic Unionists</a> (0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement_(Damascus_branch)" title="Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)">Arab Socialist Movement</a> (0)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Will_Party" title="People's Will Party">People's Will Party</a> (0)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Unrepresented</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_People%27s_Party" title="Syrian Democratic People's Party">Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Assembly" title="Syrian Turkmen Assembly">Syrian Turkmen Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Turkmen Bloc">Syrian Turkmen Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Turkmen_Movement" title="Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement">Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Arab_Socialist_Union" title="Democratic Arab Socialist Union">Democratic Arab Socialist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_and_Development_in_Syria" title="Movement for Justice and Development in Syria">Movement for Justice and Development in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Youth_Party" title="Syrian National Youth Party">National Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Syria" title="Reform Party of Syria">Reform Party of Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bloc_(Syria)" title="National Bloc (Syria)">National Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Syria)" title="National Party (Syria)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Egypt)" title="National Union (Egypt)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nationalist_Action" title="League of Nationalist Action">League of Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_National_Party_(historical)" title="Arab National Party (historical)">Arab National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party">Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Movement" title="Arab Liberation Movement">Arab Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Cooperation_Party" title="Socialist Cooperation Party">Socialist Cooperation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Communist_Party" title="Arab Communist Party">Arab Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_(Syria)" title="Communist Labour Party (Syria)">Communist Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banned Islamist parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Future_Movement_in_Syria" title="Kurdish Future Movement in Syria">Kurdish Future Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party">Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assyrian parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Party" title="Assyrian Democratic Party">Assyrian Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Political_parties_in_Lebanon" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Template:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Template talk:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Political_parties_in_Lebanon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties in Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Ministers</a> (24)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> (16)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Democratic_Party" title="Lebanese Democratic Party">Lebanese Democratic Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">Others (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>PM's share (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">National Assembly</a> (128)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> (60)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Ba'ath Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_Movement" title="Dignity Movement">Dignity Movement</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization" title="Popular Nasserist Organization">Popular Nasserist Organization</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Union Party (Lebanon)">Union Party</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a> (38)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Movement_(Lebanon)" title="Independence Movement (Lebanon)">Independence Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)" title="National Liberal Party (Lebanon)">National Liberal Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Group_(Lebanon)" title="Islamic Group (Lebanon)">Islamic group</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/17_October_Revolution" title="17 October Revolution">17 October Revolution</a> (13)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taqaddom_(Lebanon)" title="Taqaddom (Lebanon)">Taqaddom</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">Lebanese Communist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut_Tuqawem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beirut Tuqawem (page does not exist)">Beirut Tuqawem</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahalof_Watani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahalof Watani (page does not exist)">Tahalof Watani</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatt_Ahmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatt Ahmar (page does not exist)">Khatt Ahmar</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lana_(political_party)" title="Lana (political party)">Lana</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osos_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osos Lebanon (page does not exist)">Osos Lebanon</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReLebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ReLebanon (page does not exist)">ReLebanon</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">Others (10)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization" title="Popular Nasserist Organization">Popular Nasserist Organization</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Dialogue_Party" title="National Dialogue Party">National Dialogue Party</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics of Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Socialist_Ba&#039;ath_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Template:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Template talk:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27ath_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'ath Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Socialist_Ba&#039;ath_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;;background:#017B48;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraqi-dominated faction</span></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syrian-dominated faction</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="History of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Pre-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Revolutionary_Command" title="National Council for the Revolutionary Command">National Council for the Revolutionary Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rashid_revolt" title="Ar-Rashid revolt">Ar-Rashid revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Post-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Revolutionary_Command_Council_under_Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="List of members of the Revolutionary Command Council under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Belt">Arab Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_northern_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq">Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives" title="Ba'ath Party archives">Ba'ath Party archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Pre-split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraqi-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Al-Mukhtar" title="Salah Al-Mukhtar">Salah Al-Mukhtar</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syrian-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar <small><i>(de facto)</i></small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Regional Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Jordan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Homsi" title="Akram al-Homsi">Akram al-Homsi</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assem_Qanso" title="Assem Qanso">Assem Qanso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Majid_al-Rafei" title="Abd al-Majid al-Rafei">Abd al-Majid al-Rafei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isam_al-Qadi" title="Isam al-Qadi">Isam al-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakad_Salem" title="Rakad Salem">Rakad Salem</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Members</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Command_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="National Command of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">National Command</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Atrash" title="Mansur al-Atrash">Mansur al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Farah" title="Elias Farah">Elias Farah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakem_Al-Fayez" title="Hakem Al-Fayez">Hakem Al-Fayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_al-Hawrani" title="Akram al-Hawrani">Akram al-Hawrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuheir_Mohsen" title="Zuheir Mohsen">Zuheir Mohsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munif_Razzaz" title="Munif Razzaz">Munif Razzaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Yashruti" title="Khaled Yashruti">Khaled Yashruti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Members of the Regional Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humam_Abd_al-Khaliq_Abd_al-Ghafur" title="Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur">Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanim_Abdul-Jalil" title="Ghanim Abdul-Jalil">Ghanim Abdul-Jalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_Abdul-Majid" title="Saad Abdul-Majid">Saad Abdul-Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Mustafa_Abdullah" title="Jamal Mustafa Abdullah">Jamal Mustafa Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Younis_al-Ahmed" title="Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed">Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Omar_al-Ali" title="Salah Omar al-Ali">Salah Omar al-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash">Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Salih Mahdi Ammash">Salih Mahdi Ammash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Al-Awadi" title="Hussein Al-Awadi">Hussein Al-Awadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Abdullah_Mahdi_Al-Douri" title="Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri">Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadoun_Ghaidan" title="Saadoun Ghaidan">Saadoun Ghaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadil_Mahmud_Gharib" title="Fadil Mahmud Gharib">Fadil Mahmud Gharib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latif_Nassif_Jassim" title="Latif Nassif Jassim">Latif Nassif Jassim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Taan_Kazim" title="Rashid Taan Kazim">Rashid Taan Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Khayr_Allah" title="Adnan Khayr Allah">Adnan Khayr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyi_Abdul-Hussein_Mashhadi" title="Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi">Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Saleh_Al-Numan" title="Aziz Saleh Al-Numan">Aziz Saleh Al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Hamoud_Al-Obaidi" title="Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi">Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Yassin_Ramadan" title="Taha Yassin Ramadan">Taha Yassin Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawzi_Mutlaq_al-Rawi" title="Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi">Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Rifai" title="Rashid al-Rifai">Rashid al-Rifai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salih_al-Sa%27di" title="Ali Salih al-Sa'di">Ali Salih al-Sa'di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Al-Baqi_Abd_Karim_Al-Sadun" title="Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun">Abd Al-Baqi Abd Karim Al-Sadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zimam_al-Sadun" title="Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun">Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Khaliq_al-Samarra%27i" title="Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i">Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Sallum_al-Samarra%27i" title="Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i">Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talib_El-Shibib" title="Talib El-Shibib">Talib El-Shibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayef_Shindakh_Thamer" title="Nayef Shindakh Thamer">Nayef Shindakh Thamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Sirhan" title="Khamis Sirhan">Khamis Sirhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardan_al-Tikriti" title="Hardan al-Tikriti">Hardan al-Tikriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Abdallah_al-Ubaydi" title="Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi">Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Tahir Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Shuaib" title="Musa Shuaib">Musa Shuaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Khalaf_Abbas" title="Hadiya Khalaf Abbas">Hadiya Khalaf Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah al-Ahmar">Abdullah al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_al-Aysami" title="Shibli al-Aysami">Shibli al-Aysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Ayyoub" title="Ali Abdullah Ayyoub">Ali Abdullah Ayyoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Saeed_Bekheitan" title="Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan">Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsen_Bilal" title="Muhsen Bilal">Muhsen Bilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Dakhlallah" title="Mahdi Dakhlallah">Mahdi Dakhlallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Diyab" title="Ahmad Diyab">Ahmad Diyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Duba" title="Ali Duba">Ali Duba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Habash" title="Marwan Habash">Marwan Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Hadid" title="Ibrahim al-Hadid">Ibrahim al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">Muhammad Ali al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Badr_Hassan" title="Adnan Badr Hassan">Adnan Badr Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Hatum" title="Salim Hatum">Salim Hatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilal_Hilal" title="Hilal Hilal">Hilal Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_al-Hussein" title="Mohammad al-Hussein">Mohammad al-Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_Ikhtiyar" title="Hisham Ikhtiyar">Hisham Ikhtiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_al-Jundi" title="Abdul-Karim al-Jundi">Abdul-Karim al-Jundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Jundi" title="Sami al-Jundi">Sami al-Jundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">Abdul Rauf al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">Ahmad al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Abdul Rahman Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Jihad_al-Laham" title="Mohammad Jihad al-Laham">Mohammad Jihad al-Laham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Makhous" title="Ibrahim Makhous">Ibrahim Makhous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhair_Masharqa" title="Zuhair Masharqa">Zuhair Masharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Muhammad Mustafa Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Qaddura" title="Abdul Qadir Qaddura">Abdul Qadir Qaddura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Sabbagh" title="Hammouda Sabbagh">Hammouda Sabbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farouk_al-Sharaa" title="Farouk al-Sharaa">Farouk al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_al-Shihabi" title="Hikmat al-Shihabi">Hikmat al-Shihabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammud_al-Shufi" title="Hammud al-Shufi">Hammud al-Shufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Tlass" title="Mustafa Tlass">Mustafa Tlass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Turkmani" title="Hasan Turkmani">Hasan Turkmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umran" title="Muhammad Umran">Muhammad Umran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Yasin" title="Salim Yasin">Salim Yasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Yusuf Zuayyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ahmad_Nasser_al-Dhahab" title="Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab">Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Heads of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria" title="List of presidents of Syria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib" title="Ahmad al-Khatib">Ahmad al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam <small><i>(interim)</i></small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;;line-height:1.1em;">Heads of government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Iraq</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27dun_Hammadi" title="Sa'dun Hammadi">Sa'dun Hammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hamza_Zubeidi" title="Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi">Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Husayn_Khudayir_as-Samarrai" title="Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai">Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Syria" title="List of prime ministers of Syria"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Syria</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz" title="Amin al-Hafiz">Amin al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zuayyin" title="Yusuf Zuayyin">Yusuf Zuayyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi" title="Nureddin al-Atassi">Nureddin al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Khleifawi" title="Abdul Rahman Khleifawi">Abdul Rahman Khleifawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Ayyubi" title="Mahmoud al-Ayyubi">Mahmoud al-Ayyubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Halabi" title="Muhammad Ali al-Halabi">Muhammad Ali al-Halabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_al-Kasm" title="Abdul Rauf al-Kasm">Abdul Rauf al-Kasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Al-Zoubi" title="Mahmoud Al-Zoubi">Mahmoud Al-Zoubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Mero" title="Muhammad Mustafa Mero">Muhammad Mustafa Mero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ibrahim_Ghalawanji" title="Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji">Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Khamis" title="Imad Khamis">Imad Khamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arnous" title="Hussein Arnous">Hussein Arnous</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div>* = incumbent</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organization_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Organization of the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organization</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athist_regional_branches" title="Category:Ba'athist regional branches"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Regional branches</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Iraqi-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Syrian-dominated faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vanguard_Party_(South_Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Vanguard Party (South Yemen)">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="History of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">National Security Bureau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ba%27ath" title="Al-Ba'ath">Al-Ba'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_al-Jamahir" title="Sawt al-Jamahir">Sawt al-Jamahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawra_(newspaper)" title="Al-Thawra (newspaper)">Al-Thawra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Popular fronts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">National Progressive Front (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front (Syria)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Brigades" title="Ba'ath Brigades">Ba'ath Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Battalions_(Iraq)" title="National Defense Battalions (Iraq)">National Defense Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Army_(Iraq)" title="Popular Army (Iraq)">Popular Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Youth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Union" title="Revolutionary Youth Union">Revolutionary Youth Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_associated_with_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Category:Organizations associated with the Ba'ath Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Associated organizations</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Armed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Army" title="Free Iraqi Army">Free Iraqi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Jeish Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionists" title="Rejectionists">Rejectionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Party" title="Snake Party">Snake Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27ath_Party_breakaway_groups" title="Category:Ba'ath Party breakaway groups"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Breakaway groups</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement_(Damascus_branch)" title="Arab Socialist Movement (Damascus branch)">Damascus branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Toilers%27_Movement" title="Arabic Toilers' Movement">Arabic Toilers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arab_Front" title="Palestinian Arab Front">Palestinian Arab Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Political alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Palestinian_Forces" title="Alliance of Palestinian Forces">Alliance of Palestinian Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Consensus_Forces" title="National Consensus Forces">National Consensus Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Sudan)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Sudan)">National Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_and_Islamic_Forces" title="Palestinian National and Islamic Forces">Palestinian National and Islamic Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48;color:white;line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahd_Bloc" title="Ahd Bloc">Ahd Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Patriotic_and_National_Parties" title="Front of Patriotic and National Parties">Front of Patriotic and National Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Movement" title="Lebanese National Movement">Lebanese National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_for_the_Liberation_of_Syria" title="National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria">National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Union Front (Iraq)">National Union Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Alliance" title="Palestinian National Alliance">Palestinian National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Salvation_Front" title="Palestinian National Salvation Front">Palestinian National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionist_Front" title="Rejectionist Front">Rejectionist Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)">Arab Socialist Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Union_Party" title="Arab Democratic Union Party">Arab Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Unionist Party">Democratic Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Revolutionary_Party" title="Kurdistan Revolutionary Party">Kurdistan Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Movement" title="Libyan National Movement">Libyan National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant_Party" title="National Covenant Party">National Covenant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Party_(Iraq)" title="Popular Unity Party (Iraq)">Popular Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawab_(Mauritania)" title="Sawab (Mauritania)">Sawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Unionists" title="Social Democratic Unionists">Social Democratic Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unionist_Party_(Syria)" title="Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)">Socialist Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party" title="Syrian Communist Party">Syrian Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Unified)">Unified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Trade_Unions_(Syria)" title="General Federation of Trade Unions (Syria)">General Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Peasants" title="General Union of Peasants">General Union of Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Syrian_Women" title="General Union of Syrian Women">General Union of Syrian Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#017B48;color:white;"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#017B48; color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Symbolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardulfurataini" title="Ardulfurataini">Arḍ ul-Furātayn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">Pan-Arab colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142009240">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5501884-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80046728">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ḥizb al-Sūrī al-Qawmī al-Ijtimāʿī"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20221171274&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463155305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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