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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ottoman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vilayet_of_Beirut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vilayet_of_Beirut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Vilayet of Beirut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vilayet_of_Beirut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capital_of_Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_of_Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Capital of Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_of_Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quarters_and_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarters_and_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Quarters and sectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarters_and_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beirut_Central_District" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beirut_Central_District"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Beirut Central District</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beirut_Central_District-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banking_and_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking_and_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Banking and finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking_and_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>International organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Art and fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art,_literature,_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art,_literature,_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In art, literature, and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art,_literature,_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beirut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairut" title="Bairut – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bairut" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiroet" title="Beiroet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beiroet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A9%E1%89%B5" title="ቤይሩት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤይሩት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Berytus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بيروت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيروت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%AC" title="ܒܝܪܘܬ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܪܘܬ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A7%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Պէյրութ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պէյրութ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4" title="বেইৰুত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেইৰুত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyrut" title="Beyrut – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beyrut" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بئیروت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بئیروت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4" title="বৈরুত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈরুত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%82" title="Бәйрүт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәйрүт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бэйрут – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэйрут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="པེ་རུ་ཐེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པེ་རུ་ཐེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejrut" title="Bejrut – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bejrut" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirout" title="Beirout – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Beirout" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut_(ulohang_dakbayan_sa_Lebanon)" title="Beirut (ulohang dakbayan sa Lebanon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Beirut (ulohang dakbayan sa Lebanon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejr%C3%BAt" title="Bejrút – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bejrút" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بيروت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بيروت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_Hadahadleeh" title="Tó Hadahadleeh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó Hadahadleeh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Βηρυτός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βηρυτός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Бейрут ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бейрут ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejruto" title="Bejruto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bejruto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بیروت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیروت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyrouth" title="Beyrouth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Beyrouth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beir%C3%BBt" title="Beirût – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Beirût" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9iri%C3%BAt" title="Béiriút – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Béiriút" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyrut" title="Beyrut – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Beyrut" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EB%A3%A8%ED%8A%B8" title="베이루트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베이루트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Բեյրութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեյրութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4" title="बेयरूत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेयरूत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beir%C3%BAt" title="Beirút – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beirút" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ביירות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peehiruti" title="Peehiruti – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Peehiruti" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬೈರುತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೈರುತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ბეირუთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეირუთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewout" title="Bewout – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bewout" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAr%C3%BBt" title="Bêrût – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bêrût" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Berytus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beir%C5%ABta" title="Beirūta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Beirūta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirutas" title="Beirutas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beirutas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiroet" title="Beiroet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beiroet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejr%C3%BAt" title="Bejrút – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bejrút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4" title="बेरुत – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बेरुत" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бејрут – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бејрут" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ബെയ്‌റൂത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെയ്‌റൂത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejrut" title="Bejrut – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bejrut" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4" title="बैरूत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बैरूत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ბეირუთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბეირუთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بيروت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيروت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بیروت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیروت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirute" title="Beirute – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Beirute" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бэйрут – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бэйрут" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘေရွတ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘေရွတ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiroet" title="Beiroet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beiroet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4" title="बेरुत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेरुत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4" title="बेय्रुत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बेय्रुत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ベイルート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベイルート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyrut" title="Beyrut – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Beyrut" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirot" title="Beirot – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Beirot" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayrut" title="Bayrut – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bayrut" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4" title="ਬੇਰੂਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਰੂਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بیروت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیروت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بېروت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بېروت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejrut" title="Bejrut – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bejrut" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirute" title="Beirute – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beirute" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyrut" title="Beyrut – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Beyrut" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyrut" title="Beyrut – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Beyrut" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pey-lu-te" title="Pey-lu-te – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Pey-lu-te" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejruti" title="Bejruti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bejruti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بيروت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بيروت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejr%C3%BAt" title="Bejrút – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bejrút" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejrut" title="Bejrut – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bejrut" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejrut" title="Bejrut – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bejrut" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyruut" title="Beyruut – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Beyruut" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بەیرووت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەیرووت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бејрут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бејрут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejrut" title="Bejrut – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bejrut" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="பெய்ரூத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெய்ரூத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birut" title="Birut – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Birut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бәйрут – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бәйрут" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="బీరుట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బీరుట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirute" title="Beirute – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Beirute" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95" title="เบรุต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบรุต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Байрут – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Байрут" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyrut" title="Beyrut – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyrut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%BDrut" title="Beýrut – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Beýrut" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бейрут – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бейрут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بیروت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیروت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%8A%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%AA" title="بەيرۇت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بەيرۇت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4yrut" title="Bäyrut – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bäyrut" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E9%B2%81%E7%89%B9" title="贝鲁特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贝鲁特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98" title="בעירוט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעירוט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E9%AD%AF%E7%89%B9" title="貝魯特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貝魯特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyrut" title="Beyrut – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Beyrut" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiroet" title="Beiroet – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Beiroet" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirots" title="Beirots – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Beirots" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E9%B2%81%E7%89%B9" title="贝鲁特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝鲁特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9rut" title="Bérut – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bérut" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Beirut" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejrut" title="Bejrut – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Bejrut" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3820#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beirut&params=33_53_53_N_35_30_21_E_region:LB-BA_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°53′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°30′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.89806°N 35.50583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.89806; 35.50583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Lebanon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Biuret" title="Biuret">Biuret</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bierut" title="Bierut">Bierut</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bayrut", "Beyrouth", "Beyrut", and "Biruta" redirect here. For the German city, see <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>. For the Iranian village, see <a href="/wiki/Beyrut,_Iran" title="Beyrut, Iran">Beyrut, Iran</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beirut_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beirut (disambiguation)">Beirut (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biruta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Biruta (disambiguation)">Biruta (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city and municipality in Lebanon</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Beirut</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيروت</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Platinum_Tower_3_-_Beirut_-_Nabil_Gholam_Achitects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Platinum_Tower_3_-_Beirut_-_Nabil_Gholam_Achitects.jpg/288px-Platinum_Tower_3_-_Beirut_-_Nabil_Gholam_Achitects.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Platinum_Tower_3_-_Beirut_-_Nabil_Gholam_Achitects.jpg/432px-Platinum_Tower_3_-_Beirut_-_Nabil_Gholam_Achitects.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Platinum_Tower_3_-_Beirut_-_Nabil_Gholam_Achitects.jpg/576px-Platinum_Tower_3_-_Beirut_-_Nabil_Gholam_Achitects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></div><div>Beirut Zaitunay Bay</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_des_martyrs,_Beirut,_Monument_2016_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Place_des_martyrs%2C_Beirut%2C_Monument_2016_1.jpg/95px-Place_des_martyrs%2C_Beirut%2C_Monument_2016_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Place_des_martyrs%2C_Beirut%2C_Monument_2016_1.jpg/143px-Place_des_martyrs%2C_Beirut%2C_Monument_2016_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Place_des_martyrs%2C_Beirut%2C_Monument_2016_1.jpg/190px-Place_des_martyrs%2C_Beirut%2C_Monument_2016_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Beirut" title="Martyrs' Square, Beirut">Sahat al Shouhada</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BeirutNejmehSq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BeirutNejmehSq.jpg/189px-BeirutNejmehSq.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BeirutNejmehSq.jpg/284px-BeirutNejmehSq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BeirutNejmehSq.jpg/378px-BeirutNejmehSq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div>Clock Tower in <a href="/wiki/Nejmeh_Square" title="Nejmeh Square">Nejmeh Square</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg/118px-Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg/177px-Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg/236px-Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Beirut" title="Maronite Cathedral of Saint George, Beirut">Saint George Maronite Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque" title="Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque">Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sursock_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sursock_house.jpg/166px-Sursock_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sursock_house.jpg/249px-Sursock_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sursock_house.jpg/332px-Sursock_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Sursock_Museum" title="Sursock Museum">Sursock Museum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:75px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Rawshe_(8232500618).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Panorama_of_Rawshe_%288232500618%29.jpg/288px-Panorama_of_Rawshe_%288232500618%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Panorama_of_Rawshe_%288232500618%29.jpg/432px-Panorama_of_Rawshe_%288232500618%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Panorama_of_Rawshe_%288232500618%29.jpg/576px-Panorama_of_Rawshe_%288232500618%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="790" /></a></span></div><div>Pigeon Rocks of <a href="/wiki/Raouch%C3%A9" title="Raouché">Raouché</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Beirut"><img alt="Flag of Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png/100px-Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png/150px-Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png/200px-Drapeau_de_Beyrouth.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_de_Beyrouth.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Beirut"><img alt="Coat of arms of Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_de_Beyrouth.png/62px-Blason_de_Beyrouth.png" decoding="async" width="62" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_de_Beyrouth.png/93px-Blason_de_Beyrouth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_de_Beyrouth.png/124px-Blason_de_Beyrouth.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Paris of the East<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i><a href="/wiki/Law_school_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Law school of Beirut">Berytus Nutrix Legum</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</span><br />Beirut, mother of laws</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Beirut is located in Lebanon"><img alt="Beirut is located in Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png/250px-Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png/375px-Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png/500px-Lebanon_location_map_Topographic.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.711%;left:33.611%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Beirut"><img alt="Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Beirut</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Beirut within Lebanon</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lebanon</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beirut is located in Eastern Mediterranean"><img alt="Beirut is located in Eastern Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/250px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/375px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/500px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.577%;left:48.191%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Beirut"><img alt="Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Beirut</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Beirut (Eastern Mediterranean)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Eastern Mediterranean</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beirut is located in Asia"><img alt="Beirut is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.317%;left:8.948%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Beirut"><img alt="Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Beirut</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Beirut (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beirut&params=33_53_53_N_35_30_21_E_region:LB-BA_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°53′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°30′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.89806°N 35.50583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.89806; 35.50583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Governorate" title="Beirut Governorate">Beirut</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Abboud" title="Marwan Abboud">Marwan Abboud</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Abdallah Darwish</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 km<sup>2</sup> (7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">35 km<sup>2</sup> (14 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2017)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN-Habitat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-Habitat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 433,249</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> about 3.5 million</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Beiruti</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+961 (01)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">LB-BA</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron Saint">Patron Saint</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beirut.gov.lb/">www<wbr />.beirut<wbr />.gov<wbr />.lb</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3820#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Beirut</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2c\/En-us-Beirut.oga\/En-us-Beirut.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Beirut.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/En-us-Beirut.oga/En-us-Beirut.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Beirut.oga" title="File:En-us-Beirut.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">bay-<span style="font-size:90%">ROOT</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيروت</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/70\/Beirut.ogg\/Beirut.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Bayr\u016bt"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Beirut.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Beirut.ogg/Beirut.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Bayrūt</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut.ogg" title="File:Beirut.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Beirut" title="Greater Beirut">Greater Beirut</a> has a population of 2.5 million, just under half of Lebanon's population,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Levant_region_by_population" title="List of largest cities in the Levant region by population">third-largest city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">sixteenth-largest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. The city is situated on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast. Beirut has been inhabited for more than 5,000 years, making it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">oldest cities</a> in the world. </p><p>Beirut is Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">seat of government</a> and plays a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Lebanese economy</a>, with many banks and corporations based in the city. Beirut is an important <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Beirut" title="Port of Beirut">seaport</a> for the country and region, and rated a <a href="/wiki/Global_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Global City">Beta + World City</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beirut was severely damaged by the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>, and the 2020 <a href="/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion" title="2020 Beirut explosion">massive explosion in the Port of Beirut</a>. Its architectural and demographic structure underwent major change in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> name Beirut is an early transcription of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> name <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bayrūt</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيروت</span></span>). The same name's transcription into <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Beyrouth</i></span>, which was sometimes used during <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French occupation of Lebanon">Lebanon's French mandate</a>. The Arabic name derives from <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <i>bēʾrūt</i> (<span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤁𐤀‏𐤓𐤕‎</span></span> <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">bʾrt</i></span>). This was a modification of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite</a> and Phoenician word <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">bīʾrōt</i></span> later <i>bēʾrūt</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a>", in reference to the site's accessible <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LebEmbU.S._12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LebEmbU.S.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is first attested in the 14th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, when it was mentioned in three <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a><sup id="cite_ref-LebEmbU.S._12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LebEmbU.S.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tablets of the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> letters sent by <a href="/wiki/Ammunira" title="Ammunira">King Ammunira</a> of <i>Biruta</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></span> or <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenhotep IV">Amenhotep IV</a></span> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Biruta</i> was also mentioned in the Amarna letters from <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">King Rib-Hadda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek geography">Greeks</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenised" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenised">hellenised</a> the name as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Bērytós</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Βηρυτός</span>), which the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> <a href="/wiki/Latinization_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names">latinised</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;"><b>Berytus</b></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it attained the status of a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a>, it was notionally refounded and its official name was emended to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus</i></span> to include its imperial sponsors. </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusades</a>, the city was known in French as <b>Barut</b> or <b>Baruth</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Beirut" title="History of Beirut">History of Beirut</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Beirut" title="Timeline of Beirut">Timeline of Beirut</a>.</div> <p>The earliest settlement of Beirut was on an island in the Beirut River, but the channel that separated it from the banks silted up and the island ceased to be. Excavations in the downtown area have unearthed layers of Phoenician, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Crusader, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> remains.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canaanean_Blade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Canaanean_Blade.jpg/220px-Canaanean_Blade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Canaanean_Blade.jpg/330px-Canaanean_Blade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Canaanean_Blade.jpg/440px-Canaanean_Blade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canaanean_Blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanean Blade">Canaanean Blade</a>. Suggested to be part of a <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a>. Fresh grey <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, both sides showing <a href="/wiki/Pressure_flaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure flaking">pressure flaking</a>. Somewhat narrower at the base, suggesting a <a href="/wiki/Haft_(sword)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haft (sword)">haft</a>. Polished at the extreme point. Found on land of the Lebanese Evangelical School for Girls in the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a> area of Beirut.</figcaption></figure><p>Beirut was settled over 5,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is evidence that the surrounding area had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years prior to this. Several <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> archaeological sites have been discovered within the urban area of Beirut, revealing <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> tools from sequential periods dating from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Palaeolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. </p><p>Beirut<span class="nowrap"> </span>I (<i>Minet el-Hosn</i>) was listed as "the town of Beirut" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Beyrouth ville</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Burkhalter" title="Louis Burkhalter">Louis Burkhalter</a> and said to be on the beach near the Orient and Bassoul hotels on the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_des_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Avenue des Français">Avenue des Français</a> in central Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was discovered by Lortet in 1894 and discussed by <a href="/wiki/Godefroy_Zumoffen" title="Godefroy Zumoffen">Godefroy Zumoffen</a> in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Zumoffen1900_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zumoffen1900-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological industry">industry</a> from the site was described as <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> and is held by the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Lyon" title="Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon">Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1965_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopelandWescombe1965-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beirut<span class="nowrap"> </span>II (<i>Umm el-Khatib</i>) was suggested by Burkhalter to have been south of Tarik el Jedideh, where P.E. Gigues discovered a <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> flint industry at around 100 metres (328 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. The site had been built on and destroyed by 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1965_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopelandWescombe1965-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beirut<span class="nowrap"> </span>III (<i>Furn esh-Shebbak</i>), listed as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Plateau Tabet</i></span>, was suggested to have been located on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_River" title="Beirut River">Beirut River</a>. Burkhalter suggested that it was west of the Damascus road, although this determination has been criticized by <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Copeland" title="Lorraine Copeland">Lorraine Copeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1965_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopelandWescombe1965-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> P. E. Gigues discovered a series of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flint_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint tools">flint tools</a> on the surface along with the remains of a structure suggested to be a <a href="/wiki/Hut_circle" title="Hut circle">hut circle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Bergy" title="Auguste Bergy">Auguste Bergy</a> discussed polished <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axes</a> that were also found at this site, which has now completely disappeared as a result of construction and urbanization of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergy_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beirut<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV (<i>Furn esh-Shebbak</i>, river banks) was also on the left bank of the river and on either side of the road leading eastwards from the Furn esh Shebbak police station towards the river that marked the city limits. The area was covered in red <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> that represented <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> <a href="/wiki/River_terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="River terrace">river terraces</a>. The site was found by <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> Father Dillenseger and published by fellow Jesuits Godefroy Zumoffen,<sup id="cite_ref-Zumoffen1900_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zumoffen1900-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Describes" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul Describes">Raoul Describes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Describes1921_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Describes1921-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Auguste Bergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergy_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collections from the site were made by Bergy, Describes and another Jesuit, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bovier-Lapierre" title="Paul Bovier-Lapierre">Paul Bovier-Lapierre</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> flint tools were found on the surface and in side <a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">gullies</a> that drain into the river. They included around 50 varied <a href="/wiki/Biface" class="mw-redirect" title="Biface">bifaces</a> accredited to the <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean period</a>, some with a <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustrous sheen</a>, now held at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Lebanese_Prehistory" title="Museum of Lebanese Prehistory">Museum of Lebanese Prehistory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fleisch" title="Henri Fleisch">Henri Fleisch</a> also found an <a href="/wiki/Emireh_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Emireh point">Emireh point</a> amongst material from the site, which has now disappeared beneath buildings. </p><p>Beirut<span class="nowrap"> </span>V (<i>Nahr Beirut</i>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut_River" title="Beirut River">Beirut River</a>) was discovered by Dillenseger and said to be in an <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a> trees on the left bank of the river, near the <a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">river mouth</a>, and to be close to the railway station and bridge to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>. <a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois flints</a> and bones and similar surface material were found amongst <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">brecciated deposits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has now been built on.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beirut<span class="nowrap"> </span>VI (Patriarchate) was a site discovered while building on the property of the Lebanese Evangelical School for Girls in the Patriarchate area of Beirut. It was notable for the discovery of a finely styled <a href="/wiki/Canaanean_blade" title="Canaanean blade">Canaanean blade</a> <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a> suggested to date to the early or middle Neolithic periods of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> and which is held in the school library.<sup id="cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1965_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopelandWescombe1965-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beirut<span class="nowrap"> </span>VII, the Rivoli Cinema and Byblos Cinema sites near the Bourj in the Rue el Arz area, are two sites discovered by Lorraine Copeland, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wescombe" title="Peter Wescombe">Peter Wescombe</a>, and Marina Hayek in 1964 and examined by <a href="/wiki/Diana_Kirkbride" title="Diana Kirkbride">Diana Kirkbride</a> and Roger Saidah. One site was behind the parking lot of the Byblos Cinema and showed collapsed walls, pits, floors, charcoal, pottery and flints. The other, overlooking a cliff west of the Rivoli Cinema, was composed of three layers resting on <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> bedrock. Fragments of blades and broad flakes were recovered from the first layer of black soil, above which some Bronze Age pottery was recovered in a layer of grey soil. Pieces of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> pottery and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> were found in the upper layer.<sup id="cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1965_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopelandWescombe1965-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle Bronze Age tombs were found in this area, and the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> of Beirut is thought to be in the Bourj area.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoenician_period">Phoenician period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phoenician period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_port_of_Beirut" title="Phoenician port of Beirut">Phoenician port of Beirut</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_port_of_Beirut" title="Phoenician port of Beirut">Phoenician port of Beirut</a> was located between Rue Foch and Rue Allenby on the north coast. The port or <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbour</a> was excavated and reported on several years ago and now lies buried under the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Jidejian1973_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jidejian1973-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another suggested port or dry dock was claimed to have been discovered around 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) to the west in 2011 by a team of Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Antiquities" title="Directorate General of Antiquities">Directorate General of Antiquities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_University" title="Lebanese University">Lebanese University</a>. Controversy arose on 26 June 2012 when authorization was given by Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Culture">Minister of Culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaby_Layoun" title="Gaby Layoun">Gaby Layoun</a> for a private company called Venus Towers Real Estate Development Company to destroy the ruins (archaeological site BEY194) in the $500 million construction project of three skyscrapers and a garden behind Hotel Monroe in downtown Beirut. Two later reports by an international committee of archaeologists appointed by Layoun, including Hanz Curver, and an expert report by Ralph Pederson, a member of the institute of Nautical Archaeology and now teaching in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">Marburg</a>, Germany, dismissed the claims that the trenches were a port, on various criteria. The exact function of site BEY194 may never be known, and the issue raised heated emotions and led to increased coverage on the subject of Lebanese heritage in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-star2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period">Hellenistic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 140<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, the Phoenician city was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> during his conflict with <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> for the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> monarchy. Laodicea in Phoenicia was built upon the same site on a more conventional Hellenistic plan. Present-day Beirut overlies this ancient one, and little archaeology was carried out until after the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">civil war</a> in 1991. The salvage excavations after 1993 have yielded new insights into the layout and history of this period of Beirut's history. Public architecture included several areas and buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mid-1st-century coins from Berytus bear the head of <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a>, goddess of fortune;<sup id="cite_ref-GetzelCohen_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GetzelCohen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the reverse, the city's symbol appears: a dolphin entwines an <a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchor</a>. This symbol was later taken up by the early printer <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> in 15th century <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. After a state of civil war and decline the Seleucid Empire faced, King <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> conquered Beirut and placed it under effective Armenian control. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tigranocerta" title="Battle of Tigranocerta">Battle of Tigranocerta</a>, Armenia forever lost their holdings in Syria and Beirut was conquered by Roman general <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_-_Lebanon_-_Paris_of_the_East!_-_November_2008_-_Downtown_Beirut_is_re-constructed_mostly_thanks_to_Rafik_Hariri_-_The_Paris_of_the_East_is_back!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Beirut_-_Lebanon_-_Paris_of_the_East%21_-_November_2008_-_Downtown_Beirut_is_re-constructed_mostly_thanks_to_Rafik_Hariri_-_The_Paris_of_the_East_is_back%21.jpg/200px-Beirut_-_Lebanon_-_Paris_of_the_East%21_-_November_2008_-_Downtown_Beirut_is_re-constructed_mostly_thanks_to_Rafik_Hariri_-_The_Paris_of_the_East_is_back%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Beirut_-_Lebanon_-_Paris_of_the_East%21_-_November_2008_-_Downtown_Beirut_is_re-constructed_mostly_thanks_to_Rafik_Hariri_-_The_Paris_of_the_East_is_back%21.jpg/300px-Beirut_-_Lebanon_-_Paris_of_the_East%21_-_November_2008_-_Downtown_Beirut_is_re-constructed_mostly_thanks_to_Rafik_Hariri_-_The_Paris_of_the_East_is_back%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Beirut_-_Lebanon_-_Paris_of_the_East%21_-_November_2008_-_Downtown_Beirut_is_re-constructed_mostly_thanks_to_Rafik_Hariri_-_The_Paris_of_the_East_is_back%21.jpg/400px-Beirut_-_Lebanon_-_Paris_of_the_East%21_-_November_2008_-_Downtown_Beirut_is_re-constructed_mostly_thanks_to_Rafik_Hariri_-_The_Paris_of_the_East_is_back%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Roman Columns of Basilica near the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum,_Beirut" title="Roman Forum, Beirut">Forum</a> of Berytus</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></div> <p>Laodicea was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in 64 BC and the name Berytus was restored to it. The city was assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, soldiers were sent there, and large building projects were undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-DTBcom_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTBcom-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LPlanet_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPlanet-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1st century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Bekaa Valley</a> served as a source of grain for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and even for <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> itself. Under <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, Berytus expanded to reach the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Bekaa Valley</a> and include <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Heliopolis (Baalbek)</a>. The city was settled by Roman colonists who promoted agriculture in the region. </p><p>As a result of this settlement, the city quickly became <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanized</a>, and the city became the only mainly <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin-speaking</a> area in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Syria-Phoenicia province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan,_James_F._page_87_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan,_James_F._page_87-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 14<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, Berytus became a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colony</a>, one of four in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Syria-Phoenicia region</a> and the only one with full Italian rights (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ius Italicum</i></span></i>) exempting its citizens from imperial taxation. Beirut was considered the most Roman city in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan,_James_F._page_87_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan,_James_F._page_87-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the veterans of two <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> were established in the city of Berytus by emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">5th Macedonian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">3rd Gallic Legions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berytus's <a href="/wiki/Law_School_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Law School of Beirut">law school</a> was widely known;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two of Rome's most famous jurists, <a href="/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian">Papinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a>, were natives of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and taught there under the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan</a> emperors. Ecclesiastical historian <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a> studied at the law school in Beirut between 400-402.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> assembled his <i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Pandects</a></i> in the 6th century, a large part of the corpus of laws was derived from these two jurists, and in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>533 Justinian recognised the school as one of the three official law schools of the empire. </p><p>In 551, a <a href="/wiki/551_Beirut_earthquake" title="551 Beirut earthquake">major earthquake</a> struck Berytus,<sup id="cite_ref-LebEmbU.S._12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LebEmbU.S.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DTBcom_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTBcom-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing widespread damage. The earthquake reduced cities along the coast to ruins and killed many, 30,000 in Berytus alone by some measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-Sbeinati_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sbeinati-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the students of the law school were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salvage excavations since 1993 have yielded new insights in the layout and history of Roman Berytus. Public architecture included several <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths,_Beirut" title="Roman Baths, Beirut">bath complexes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonnaded_Street" title="Colonnaded Street">Colonnaded Streets</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Berytus" title="Hippodrome of Berytus">circus</a> and theatre;<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> residential areas were excavated in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Forgiveness" title="Garden of Forgiveness">Garden of Forgiveness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Beirut" title="Martyrs' Square, Beirut">Martyrs' Square</a> and the Beirut Souks.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyrouth-histoire1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Beyrouth-histoire1.jpg/220px-Beyrouth-histoire1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Beyrouth-histoire1.jpg/330px-Beyrouth-histoire1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Beyrouth-histoire1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>View of Beirut with snow-capped <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sannine" title="Mount Sannine">Mount Sannine</a> in the background – 19th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beirut was <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant#Conquest_of_Palestine" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">conquered by the Muslims</a> in 635.<sup id="cite_ref-LPlanet_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPlanet-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritUKBeir_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritUKBeir-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Arslan bin al-Mundhir founded the Principality of <a href="/wiki/Sin_el_Fil" title="Sin el Fil">Sin el Fil</a> in Beirut in 759. From this principality developed the later Principality of Mount Lebanon, which was the basis for the establishment of Greater Lebanon, today's Lebanon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a trading center of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, Beirut was as important as <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. From 1110 to 1291, the town and <a href="/wiki/Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem#Lordship_of_Beirut" title="Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem">Lordship of Beirut</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. The city was taken by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> in 1187 and recaptured in 1197 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Henry I, Duke of Brabant">Henry I of Brabant</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1197" title="Crusade of 1197">German Crusade of 1197</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ibelin,_the_Old_Lord_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut">John of Ibelin</a>, known as the Old Lord of Beirut, was granted the lordship of the city in 1204. He rebuilt the city after its destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> and also built the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ibelin" title="House of Ibelin">House of Ibelin</a> palace in Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-BritUKBeir_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritUKBeir-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Panorama_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Beirut_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Beirut_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Beirut_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Beirut_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Beirut_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Beirut_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4355" data-file-height="2847" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Castle" title="Beirut Castle">Beirut Castle</a> and waterfront, 1868</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1291 Beirut was captured and the Crusaders expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> army of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">al-Ashraf Khalil</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_1914_D052_among_the_pine_groves_of_the_cape_of_beirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SL_1914_D052_among_the_pine_groves_of_the_cape_of_beirut.jpg/220px-SL_1914_D052_among_the_pine_groves_of_the_cape_of_beirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SL_1914_D052_among_the_pine_groves_of_the_cape_of_beirut.jpg/330px-SL_1914_D052_among_the_pine_groves_of_the_cape_of_beirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SL_1914_D052_among_the_pine_groves_of_the_cape_of_beirut.jpg/440px-SL_1914_D052_among_the_pine_groves_of_the_cape_of_beirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stone_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Pine">Pine</a> Forest of Beirut, 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (1512–1520), the Ottomans conquered <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> including present-day <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. Beirut was controlled by local <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a> emirs throughout the Ottoman period.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of them, <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din II">Fakhr-al-Din II</a>, fortified it early in the 17th century, but the Ottomans reclaimed it in 1763.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Beirut successfully broke Acre's monopoly on Syrian maritime trade and for a few years supplanted it as the main trading center in the region. During the succeeding epoch of rebellion against Ottoman hegemony in Acre under <a href="/wiki/Jezzar_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezzar Pasha">Jezzar Pasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Pasha_ibn_Ali" title="Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali">Abdullah Pasha</a>, Beirut declined to a small town with a population of about 10,000 and was an object of contention between the Ottomans, the local Druze, and the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> captured Acre in 1832,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beirut began its revival. </p><p>After the Albanian fighter <a href="/wiki/Tafil_Buzi" title="Tafil Buzi">Tafil Buzi</a> was interned and then pardoned by the Ottoman administration for his constant uprisings, he raised 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> mercenaries to fight in Lebanon; some of them became notorious shortly afterwards for having been responsible for the widespread disorders in Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_serail_solidere_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Grand_serail_solidere_6.jpg/220px-Grand_serail_solidere_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Grand_serail_solidere_6.jpg/330px-Grand_serail_solidere_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Grand_serail_solidere_6.jpg/440px-Grand_serail_solidere_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="1762" /></a><figcaption>View of Beirut's <a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Serail">Grand Serail</a>, circa 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>By the second half of the nineteenth century, Beirut was developing close commercial and political ties with European imperial powers, particularly France. European interests in Lebanese silk and other export products transformed the city into a major port and commercial center.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This boom in cross-regional trade allowed certain groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sursock_family" title="Sursock family">Sursock family</a>, to establish trade and manufacturing empires that further strengthened Beirut's position as a key partner in the interests of imperial dynasties. Meanwhile, Ottoman power in the region continued to decline. Sectarian and religious conflicts, power vacuums, and changes in the political dynamics of the region culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1860_Lebanon_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Lebanon conflict">1860 Lebanon conflict</a>. Beirut became a destination for <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite</a> Christian refugees fleeing from the worst areas of the fighting on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn altered the religious composition of Beirut itself, sowing the seeds of future sectarian and religious troubles there and in greater Lebanon. However, Beirut was able to prosper in the meantime. This was again a product of European intervention, and also a general realization amongst the city's residents that commerce, trade, and prosperity depended on domestic stability.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After petitions by the local bourgeois, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria Vilayet</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Rashid_Pasha" title="Mehmed Rashid Pasha">Mehmed Rashid Pasha</a> authorized the establishment of the Beirut Municipal Council,<sup id="cite_ref-Hill43_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill43-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first municipality established in the Arab provinces of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council was elected by an assembly of city notables and played an instrumental role governing the city through the following decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill43_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill43-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vilayet_of_Beirut">Vilayet of Beirut</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vilayet of Beirut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1888, Beirut was made capital of a <a href="/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah">vilayet</a> (governorate) in Syria,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjaks</a> (prefectures) Latakia, Tripoli, Beirut, Acre and Bekaa.<sup id="cite_ref-LebanonLinks_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LebanonLinks-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Beirut had grown into a cosmopolitan city and had close links with <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the United States. It also became a centre of <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> activity that spawned educational institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a>. Provided with water from a British company and gas from a French one, silk exports to Europe came to dominate the local economy. After French engineers established a modern harbour in 1894 and a rail link across Lebanon to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> in 1907, much of the trade was carried by French ships to <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>. French influence in the area soon exceeded that of any other European power. Though French infrastructure investments in the region were supportive, the local merchant elites were able to independently maintain economic power even after the end of the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Schayegh_2017_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schayegh_2017-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, although Beirut was not the only city to receive French attention in this time, it was able to leverage its critical position to its advantage over others (e.g. Damascus).<sup id="cite_ref-Schayegh_2017_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schayegh_2017-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1911 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> reported a population consisting of 36,000 Muslims, 77,000 Christians, 2,500 Jews, 400 Druze and 4,100 foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali_Salam" title="Salim Ali Salam">Salim Ali Salam</a> was one of the most prominent figures in Beirut, holding numerous public positions including deputy from Beirut to the Ottoman parliament and President of the Municipality of Beirut. Given his modern way of life, the emergence of Salim Ali Salam as a public figure constituted a transformation in terms of the social development of the city. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_19_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An aerial panoramic view of Beirut in the last third of the 19th century"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_19_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6.jpg/800px-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_19_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_19_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6.jpg/1200px-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_19_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_19_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6.jpg/1600px-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_19_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="25320" data-file-height="4398" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%A1%D9%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6.jpg" title="File:بيروت القرن ١٩ أسود أبيض.jpg"> </a></div>An aerial <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panoramic</a> view of Beirut in the last third of the 19th century</div></div></div><p>In his 2003 book entitled <i>Beirut and its Seven Families</i>, Yussef Bin Ahmad Bin Ali Al Husseini says: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The seven families of Beirut are the families who bonded among each other and made the famous historical agreement with the governor of the Syrian Coast in 1351 to protect and defend the city of Beirut and its shores, and chase the invaders and stop their progress towards it.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capital_of_Lebanon">Capital of Lebanon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Capital of Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Debbas_Square_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Beirut_Debbas_Square_1967.jpg/220px-Beirut_Debbas_Square_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Beirut_Debbas_Square_1967.jpg/330px-Beirut_Debbas_Square_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Beirut_Debbas_Square_1967.jpg/440px-Beirut_Debbas_Square_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Debbas Square in Beirut, 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Beirut, along with the rest of Lebanon, was placed under the <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate</a>. Lebanon achieved independence in 1943, and Beirut became the capital city. The city remained a regional intellectual capital, becoming a major tourist destination and a banking haven,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially for the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> oil boom. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beirut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut International Airport">Beirut International Airport</a> was opened on 23 April 1954. </p><p>This era of relative prosperity ended in 1975 when the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> broke out throughout the country,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During most of the war, Beirut was divided between the Muslim west part and the Christian east.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The downtown area, previously the home of much of the city's commercial and cultural activity, became a <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no man's land</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Lebanon)" title="Green Line (Lebanon)">Green Line</a>. Many inhabitants fled to other countries. About 60,000 people died in the first two years of the war (1975–1976), and much of the city was devastated. A particularly destructive period was the 1978 Syrian siege of <a href="/wiki/Achrafieh" title="Achrafieh">Achrafiyeh</a>, the main Christian district of Beirut. Syrian troops relentlessly shelled the eastern quarter of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Christian militias defeated multiple attempts by Syria's elite forces to capture the strategic area in a three-month campaign later known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_War" title="Hundred Days' War">Hundred Days' War</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Line,_Beirut_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg/220px-Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg/330px-Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg/440px-Green_Line%2C_Beirut_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Lebanon)" title="Green Line (Lebanon)">Green Line</a>, Beirut, 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>Another destructive chapter was the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>, during which most of <a href="/wiki/West_Beirut" title="West Beirut">West Beirut</a> was under siege by Israeli troops. In 1983, French and US <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombing">barracks were bombed</a>, killing 241 American servicemen, 58 French servicemen, six civilians and the two suicide bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1989 and 1990 parts on East Beirut were destroyed in <a href="/wiki/War_of_Liberation_(1989%E2%80%931990)" title="War of Liberation (1989–1990)">fighting</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanese army units</a> loyal to General <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Aoun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samir_Geagea" title="Samir Geagea">Samir Geagea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronite Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/Elias_Hrawi" title="Elias Hrawi">Elias Hrawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salim_Al-Huss" title="Salim Al-Huss">Salim Al-Huss</a> Lebanese army forces. </p><p>Since the end of the war in 1990, the people of Lebanon have been rebuilding Beirut, whose urban agglomeration was mainly constituted during war time through an anarchic urban development<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stretching along the littoral corridor and its nearby heights. By the start of the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict</a> the city had somewhat regained its status as a tourist, cultural and intellectual centre in the Middle East and as a center for commerce, fashion, and media. The reconstruction of downtown Beirut has been largely driven by <a href="/wiki/Solidere" title="Solidere">Solidere</a>, a development company established in 1994 by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafic Hariri</a>. The city has hosted both the Asian Club Basketball Championship and the Asian Football Cup, and has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Europe" title="Miss Europe">Miss Europe</a> pageant nine times: 1960–1964, 1999, 2001–2002, and 2016. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafic Hariri</a> was assassinated in 2005 near the <a href="/wiki/St._Georges_Hotel,_Beirut" title="St. Georges Hotel, Beirut">Saint George Hotel</a> in Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month later about one million people gathered for an <a href="/wiki/March_14_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="March 14 alliance">opposition rally</a> in Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a> was the largest rally in Lebanon's history at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Syrian troops withdrew from Beirut on 26 April 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the two countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streets_of_downtown_Beirut_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Streets_of_downtown_Beirut_%283%29.jpg/220px-Streets_of_downtown_Beirut_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Streets_of_downtown_Beirut_%283%29.jpg/330px-Streets_of_downtown_Beirut_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Streets_of_downtown_Beirut_%283%29.jpg/440px-Streets_of_downtown_Beirut_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Street of Beirut Central District, 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 2006 Lebanon War, Israeli bombardment caused damage in many parts of Beirut, especially the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Shiite</a> southern suburbs of Beirut. On 12 July 2006, the <a href="/wiki/2006_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid">"Operation Truthful Promise"</a> carried out by <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> ended with 8 Israeli deaths and 6 injuries. In response, the IDF targeted Hezbollah's main media outlets. There were then artillery raids against targets in southern Lebanon, and the Israeli cabinet held Beirut responsible for the attacks. Then on 13 July 2006 <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> began implementing a naval and air blockade over Lebanon; during this blockade Israel bombed the runways at <a href="/wiki/Beirut%E2%80%93Rafic_Hariri_International_Airport" title="Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport">Beirut International Airport</a> and the major Beirut-Damascus highway in Eastern Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2008, after the government decided to disband Hezbollah's communications network (a decision it later rescinded), <a href="/wiki/2008_conflict_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 conflict in Lebanon">violent clashes</a> broke out briefly between government allies and opposition forces, before control of the city was handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanese Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this a national dialogue conference was held in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> at the invitation of the Prince of Qatar. The conference agreed to appoint a new president of Lebanon and to establish a new national government involving all the political adversaries. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Agreement_(2008)" title="Doha Agreement (2008)">Doha Agreement</a>, the opposition's barricades were dismantled and so were the opposition's protest camps in <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Beirut" title="Martyrs' Square, Beirut">Martyrs' Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 October 2012, a car bomb killed eight people in the Beirut's neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Achrafieh" title="Achrafieh">Achrafiyeh</a>, including Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Wissam_al-Hassan" title="Wissam al-Hassan">Wissam al-Hassan</a>, chief of the Intelligence Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Forces" title="Internal Security Forces">Internal Security Forces</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Wissam_al-Hassan" title="Assassination of Wissam al-Hassan">78 others were wounded</a> in the bombing.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the largest attack in the capital since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 December 2013, a <a href="/wiki/December_2013_Beirut_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2013 Beirut bombing">car bomb exploded</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Central District</a> killing at least five people, including the former Lebanese ambassador to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Chatah" title="Mohamad Chatah">Mohamad Chatah</a>, and wounding 71 others.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2015_Beirut_bombings" title="2015 Beirut bombings">12 November 2015 Beirut bombings</a>, two suicide bombers detonated explosives outside a mosque and inside a bakery, killing 43 people and injuring 200. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> immediately claimed responsibility for the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fp_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 August 2020, <a href="/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion" title="2020 Beirut explosion">a massive explosion in the Port of Beirut</a> resulted in the death of at least 203 people (with an additional three missing)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the wounding of more than 6,500. Foreigners from at least 22 countries were among the casualties. Furthermore, at least 108 <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladeshis</a> were injured in the blasts, making them the most affected foreign community. The cause of the blast is believed to be from government-confiscated and stored <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 300,000 people have been left homeless by the explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protesters in Lebanon called on the government on 8 August 2020 for the end of the alleged negligence that resulted in the 4 August explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 August 2020, as a result of the protests, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Diab" title="Hassan Diab">Hassan Diab</a> announced his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weeks later, a huge fire erupted in an oil and tyre warehouse in the port's duty-free zone, on 10 September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigeon%27s_Rock_Beirut_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pigeon%27s_Rock_Beirut_Lebanon.jpg/220px-Pigeon%27s_Rock_Beirut_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pigeon%27s_Rock_Beirut_Lebanon.jpg/330px-Pigeon%27s_Rock_Beirut_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pigeon%27s_Rock_Beirut_Lebanon.jpg/440px-Pigeon%27s_Rock_Beirut_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3902" data-file-height="2634" /></a><figcaption>Pigeon Rock (<a href="/wiki/Raouch%C3%A9" title="Raouché">Raouché</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS013-E-57433,_view_of_Beirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ISS013-E-57433%2C_view_of_Beirut.jpg/220px-ISS013-E-57433%2C_view_of_Beirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ISS013-E-57433%2C_view_of_Beirut.jpg/330px-ISS013-E-57433%2C_view_of_Beirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/ISS013-E-57433%2C_view_of_Beirut.jpg/440px-ISS013-E-57433%2C_view_of_Beirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>Beirut from the International Space Station</figcaption></figure> <p>Beirut sits on a peninsula extending westward into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is flanked by the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Lebanon Mountains</a> and has taken on a triangular shape, largely influenced by its situation between and atop two hills: Al-<a href="/wiki/Achrafieh" title="Achrafieh">Ashrafieh</a> and Al-Musaytibah. The Beirut Governorate occupies 18 square kilometres (6.9 sq mi), and the city's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> 67 square kilometres (26 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coast is rather diverse, with rocky beaches, sandy shores and cliffs situated beside one another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beirut has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Csa</i>, bordering on <i>As</i>, <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: <i>Csal</i>) characterized by mild days and nights, as its coastal location allows temperatures to be <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">moderated by the sea</a>. Autumn and spring are warm, but short. Winter is mild and rainy; <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> has never been recorded. Summer is prolonged, hot and humid. The prevailing wind during the afternoon and evening is from the west (onshore, blowing in from the Mediterranean); at night it reverses to offshore, blowing from the land out to sea. </p><p>The average annual rainfall is 825 millimetres (32.5 in), with the large majority of it falling from October to April. Much of the autumn and spring rain falls in heavy downpours on a limited number of days, but in winter it is spread more evenly over many days. Summer receives very little rainfall, if any. Snow is rare, except in the mountainous eastern suburbs, where snowfall occurs due to the region's high altitudes. <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> (which can often be heavy) occurs a few times per year, mostly during winter. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Beirut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut International Airport">Beirut International Airport</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3<br />(102.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #19FF19; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154<br />(6.1) </td> <td style="background: #2FFF2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127<br />(5.0) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">115<br />(4.5) </td> <td style="background: #2CFF2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141<br />(5.6) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">730<br />(28.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.04 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">62 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">66 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(45) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9<br />(48) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(66) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(72) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(72) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(66) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14<br />(57) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BBBB41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">243 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">310 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">348 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">360 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">334 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200 </td> <td style="background: #C2C215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun 1931–1960)<sup id="cite_ref-DMI_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMI-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/lebanon/beirut/climate">Time and Date</a> (dewpoints, between 1985-2015)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Beirut mean sea temperature<sup id="cite_ref-Seatemperature_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seatemperature-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th></tr> <tr> <td>18.5 °C (65.3 °F) </td> <td>17.5 °C (63.5 °F) </td> <td>17.5 °C (63.5 °F) </td> <td>18.5 °C (65.3 °F) </td> <td>21.3 °C (70.3 °F) </td> <td>24.9 °C (76.8 °F) </td> <td>27.5 °C (81.5 °F) </td> <td>28.5 °C (83.3 °F) </td> <td>28.1 °C (82.6 °F) </td> <td>26.0 °C (78.8 °F) </td> <td>22.6 °C (72.7 °F) </td> <td>20.1 °C (68.2 °F) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marine_environmental_issues_in_Lebanon" title="Marine environmental issues in Lebanon">Marine environmental issues in Lebanon</a></div> <p>Lebanon, especially Beirut and its suburbs, suffered a massive garbage crisis, mainly from July 2015 up to March 2016. The issue began when authorities shut down the main landfill site originally used for Beirut's garbage south-east of the city and failed to provide any alternative solutions for months. As a result, garbage mounted in the streets in Greater Beirut and caused protests to erupt, which sometimes invoked police action. This problem was commonly blamed on the country's political situation. This garbage crisis birthed a movement called "<a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Lebanese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 Lebanese protests">You Stink</a>" which was directed at the country's politicians. In March 2016, the government came up with a so-called temporary solution to establish two new landfills East and South of the city to store the garbage, while several municipalities across the country, in an unprecedented move, began recycling and managing waste more efficiently, building waste-management facilities and relying on themselves rather than the central government. Moreover, Beirut has a lack of green areas with just two main public gardens (sanayeh and horch Beirut). In fact, concrete roofs cover 80% of the capital area.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quarters_and_sectors">Quarters and sectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Quarters and sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Beirut" title="List of places in Beirut">List of places in Beirut</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Districts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Beirut_Districts.png/220px-Beirut_Districts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Beirut_Districts.png/330px-Beirut_Districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Beirut_Districts.png/440px-Beirut_Districts.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Map of the 12 quarters of Beirut</figcaption></figure> <p>Beirut is divided into 12 quarters (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quartiers</i></span>):<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achrafieh" title="Achrafieh">Achrafieh</a></li> <li>Dar Mreisse</li> <li>Bachoura</li> <li>Mazraa (with the neighbourhood <a href="/wiki/Badaro" title="Badaro">Badaro</a>)</li> <li>Medawar (with the neighbourhood <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mikha%C3%ABl" title="Mar Mikhaël">Mar Mikhaël</a>)</li> <li>Minet El Hosn</li> <li>Moussaitbeh (with <a href="/wiki/Ramlet_al-Baida" title="Ramlet al-Baida">Ramlet al-Baida</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Beirut" title="Port of Beirut">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Beirut" title="Ras Beirut">Ras Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmeil" title="Rmeil">Rmeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifi_Village" title="Saifi Village">Saifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuqaq_al-Blat" title="Zuqaq al-Blat">Zuqaq al-Blat</a></li></ul> <p>These quarters are divided into 59 sectors (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">secteurs</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badaro_nightlife.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Badaro_nightlife.jpeg/220px-Badaro_nightlife.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Badaro_nightlife.jpeg/330px-Badaro_nightlife.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Badaro_nightlife.jpeg/440px-Badaro_nightlife.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Nightlife scene in <a href="/wiki/Badaro" title="Badaro">Badaro</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Badaro" title="Badaro">Badaro</a> is an edgy, bohemian style neighborhood,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> within the green district of Beirut (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">secteur du parc</i></span>) which also include the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Hippodrome" title="Beirut Hippodrome">Beirut Hippodrome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horsh_Beirut" title="Horsh Beirut">Beirut Pine Forest</a> and the French ambassador's <a href="/wiki/Pine_Residence" title="Pine Residence">Pine Residence</a>. It is one of Beirut's favorite hip nightlife destination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two of the twelve official <a href="/wiki/Palestine_refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine refugee camps">Palestinian refugee camps</a> in Lebanon are located in the southern suburbs of Beirut: Bourj el-Barajneh and <a href="/wiki/Shatila_refugee_camp" title="Shatila refugee camp">Shatila</a>. There is also one within its municipal boundaries: <a href="/wiki/Mar_Elias_refugee_camp" title="Mar Elias refugee camp">Mar Elias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNRWA_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNRWA-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escalier_saint-nicolas_beyrouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Escalier_saint-nicolas_beyrouth.jpg/220px-Escalier_saint-nicolas_beyrouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Escalier_saint-nicolas_beyrouth.jpg/330px-Escalier_saint-nicolas_beyrouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Escalier_saint-nicolas_beyrouth.jpg/440px-Escalier_saint-nicolas_beyrouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Saint Nicholas staircase in <a href="/wiki/Ashrafieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrafieh">Ashrafieh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferris_wheel_and_the_corniche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ferris_wheel_and_the_corniche.jpg/220px-Ferris_wheel_and_the_corniche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ferris_wheel_and_the_corniche.jpg/330px-Ferris_wheel_and_the_corniche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ferris_wheel_and_the_corniche.jpg/440px-Ferris_wheel_and_the_corniche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ras_Beirut" title="Ras Beirut">Ras Beirut</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Southern suburban districts include Chiyah, <a href="/wiki/Ghobeiry" title="Ghobeiry">Ghobeiry</a> (Bir Hassan, Jnah and Ouzai are part of the Ghobeiry municipality), Haret Hreik, Burj al Barajneh, Laylake-Mreijeh, Hay al Sillum and Hadath. Eastern suburbs include Burj Hammoud, Sin el Fil, Dekwane and Mkalles. Hazmiyeh is also considered as an eastern suburb with its close proximity to the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-UNRWA_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNRWA-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 15 unregistered or unofficial refugee camps, Sabra, which lies adjacent to Shatila, is also located in southern Beirut<sup id="cite_ref-FM_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FM-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the scene of <a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">a massacre</a> during the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People in Lebanon often use different names for the same geographic locations, and few people rely on official, government-provided street numbers. Instead, historic and commercial landmarks are more commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No population <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> has been taken in Lebanon since 1932,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but estimates of Beirut's population range from as low as 938,940<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through 1,303,129<sup id="cite_ref-MOE_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOE-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to as high as 2,200,000 as part of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Beirut" title="Greater Beirut">Greater Beirut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-worldbank.org_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbank.org-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Religion in Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Shia Islam in Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni Islam in Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christianity in Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism in Lebanon">Secularism in Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Lebanon">Jews in Lebanon</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Beirut (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-lub-anan.com_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lub-anan.com-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Sunni Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkGreen; width:45.39%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">45.39%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Shia Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:15.75%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">15.75%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkBlue; width:36.08%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">36.08%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:2.78%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.78%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 566.66549939852px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 164.34184888722px; border-left-color:DarkRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkRed"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 129.42222441214px; border-left-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 75.673313259684px; border-left-color:Firebrick"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Firebrick"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Firebrick"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 27.019522207315px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.439143174566px 26.4479047139px 0 0; border-top-color:Maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Maroon"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:64.417702977951px 76.487643074188px 0 0; border-top-color:LightGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 335.5288871843px 100px 0; border-right-color:Darkgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Darkgreen"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Confessional breakdown of registered voters in Beirut (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-lub-anan.com_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lub-anan.com-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Darkgreen; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (45.39%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightGreen; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> (15.75%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Maroon; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Orthodox">Armenian Orthodox</a> (9.60%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Greek Orthodox</a> (8.46%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Firebrick; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Catholic</a> (6.11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic</a> (4.22%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkRed; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholic">Armenian Catholic</a> (1.77%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> (5.92%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other (2.78%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Beirut is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> and religiously diverse cities of Lebanon and all of the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the civil war the neighborhoods of Beirut were fairly heterogeneous, but they became largely segregated by religion since the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Beirut has a mainly Christian population with a small Muslim minority, whilst West Beirut has a Sunni Muslim majority with small minorities of Shia, Christians and Druze.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since the end of the civil war, East and West Beirut have begun to see an increase in Muslims and Christians moving into each half. Christians comprise 35% of Beirut's population, Muslims 63%, Druze 1%, and others 1%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Saint George Maronite and Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque side by side in Downtown Beirut"><img alt="Church of Saint George Maronite and Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque side by side in Downtown Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg/120px-Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg/180px-Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg/240px-Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral_and_Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque_by_Lebnen18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Maronite_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George Maronite Cathedral">Saint George Maronite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Al-Amin_Mosque" title="Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque">Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque</a> side by side in <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Downtown Beirut</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of St Elias and St Gregory the Illuminator in Downtown Beirut"><img alt="Cathedral of St Elias and St Gregory the Illuminator in Downtown Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/120px-St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/180px-St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/240px-St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Elias_and_St_Gregory_the_Illuminator" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St Elias and St Gregory the Illuminator">Cathedral of St Elias and St Gregory the Illuminator</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Downtown Beirut</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of St. George's Greek Orthodox in Downtown Beirut"><img alt="Cathedral of St. George's Greek Orthodox in Downtown Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Beirut_017.jpg/120px-Beirut_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Beirut_017.jpg/180px-Beirut_017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Beirut_017.jpg/240px-Beirut_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Greek_Orthodox_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Greek Orthodox Cathedral">St. George's Greek Orthodox</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Downtown Beirut</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maghen_Abraham_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maghen Abraham Synagogue in Downtown Beirut"><img alt="Maghen Abraham Synagogue in Downtown Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Maghen_Abraham_Synagogue.jpg/120px-Maghen_Abraham_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Maghen_Abraham_Synagogue.jpg/180px-Maghen_Abraham_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Maghen_Abraham_Synagogue.jpg/240px-Maghen_Abraham_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maghen_Abraham_Synagogue" title="Maghen Abraham Synagogue">Maghen Abraham Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Downtown Beirut</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Family matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith (the Ottoman "<a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a>" system). Calls for <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities, but civil marriages held in another country are recognized by Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Civil_authority" title="Civil authority">civil authorities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beirut_Central_District">Beirut Central District</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Beirut Central District"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a></div> <p>The Beirut Central District (BCD) or <i>Centre Ville</i> is the name given to Beirut's historical and geographical core by "Solidere", the "vibrant financial, commercial, and administrative hub of the country".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an area thousands of years old, traditionally a focus of business, finance, culture and leisure. Its reconstruction constitutes one of the most ambitious contemporary urban developments.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the devastation incurred on the city center from the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, the Beirut Central District underwent a thorough reconstruction and development plan that gave it back its cultural and economic position in the region. Ever since, <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a> has evolved into an integrated business and commercial environment and the focus of the financial activity in the region. That evolution was accompanied with the relocation of international organizations, reoccupation of civic and government buildings, expansion of financial activities, and establishment of regional headquarters and global firms in the city center.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre-ville_de_Beyrouth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Centre-ville_de_Beyrouth.JPG/220px-Centre-ville_de_Beyrouth.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Centre-ville_de_Beyrouth.JPG/330px-Centre-ville_de_Beyrouth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Centre-ville_de_Beyrouth.JPG/440px-Centre-ville_de_Beyrouth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Roman baths park in Downtown Beirut</figcaption></figure> <p>Assessment of the demand for build-up space in the BCD has been done in reference to a number of macro-economic, demographic, and urban planning considerations at a time of marked need for new activity poles in the city, such as Souks, financial, cultural and recreational centers.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The district's total area is 4,690,000 square metres (50,482,740 square feet), the majority of which is dedicated to residential space (1,924,000 square metres or 20,709,764 square feet).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a> contains over 60 gardens, squares and open spaces. These spaces comprise landscaped streets, gardens, historical squares, pedestrian areas and sea promenades thus totaling to an area of 96 acres (39 ha) of open spaces. </p><p>The central district is Lebanon's prime location for shopping, entertainment, and dining. There are over 100 cafes, restaurants, pubs and nightclubs open in the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a>, and over 350 retail outlets distributed along its streets and quarters. <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Souks" title="Beirut Souks">Beirut Souks</a> alone are home to over 200 stores and a handful of restaurants and cafes. Beirut Souks are the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Central District</a>'s old <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> market, recently renovated along with the original Hellenistic street grid that characterized the old souks and the area's historical landmarks along long vaulted shopping alleys and arcades.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solidere" title="Solidere">Solidere</a>, the company responsible for the reconstruction and renovation of the district, organizes music and entertainment events all throughout the year like the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Marathon" title="Beirut Marathon">Beirut Marathon</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_Musique" title="Fête de la Musique">Fête de la Musique</a>, Beirut Jazz Festival. </p><p>However, the means of urban development in this particular area of the city was subject to much criticism and controversy. Rafic Hariri, who would later become prime minister, was the majority stakeholder of the company, which raises concerns of conflict of interest in the context of a public-private partnership.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the expropriations that have made the project possible have been made at undervalued land rates, and partly paid in company share. Strict urbanization laws were put in order to oblige people to sell and not renovate themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Solidere acts as a de facto municipality, thus this quarter of the city is effectively privatized. It is for example forbidden to ride bikes on Zeituna Bay, a marina where many restaurants are located, and these laws are enforced by private security guards not national or municipal police. </p><p>The project was also criticized for destroying some of the city's architectural and cultural heritage. "Among the hundreds of destroyed buildings were "the last Ottoman and medieval remains in Beirut" wrote American University of Beirut professor Nabil Beyhum in the <i>Journal The Beirut Review</i> in 1992. Much of the damage had been done through unapproved demolitions in the 1980s and early 1990s, bringing down "some of the capital's most significant buildings and structures," wrote UCLA professor Saree Makdisi in the journal, Critical Inquiry, in 1997.".<sup id="cite_ref-beirutreport.com_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beirutreport.com-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, many of the traditional privately owned shops in the Beirut Downtown were replaced by luxury outlets and high-end restaurants that only few people could afford. And most of public spaces promised by Solidere since the start of the reconstruction, such as "The Garden of Forgiveness", a central park, and an archaeological museum, remain unfinished until today,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> putting into question the actual benefit of the project to the population.<sup id="cite_ref-beirutreport.com_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beirutreport.com-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actual success of the project has recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> been in doubt, given that large quarters of the BCD are today empty, due to strong military presence, the Nejmeh Square where the parliament is located is most frequently completely deserted, and the businesses located there have mostly moved.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Downtown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Beirut_Downtown.jpg/220px-Beirut_Downtown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Beirut_Downtown.jpg/330px-Beirut_Downtown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Beirut_Downtown.jpg/440px-Beirut_Downtown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Cafés in downtown Beirut</figcaption></figure> <p>Beirut's economy is service-oriented with the main growth sectors being banking and tourism. </p><p>Beirut became a banking hub by leveraging its position as a commercial port and cultural center within the world economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under French mandate after World War I, France heavily invested in the city, reinforcing its role as a regional financial center.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Open Door Policy facilitated foreign capital inflows, with French firms dominating investments and four of Beirut's five leading banks being French-owned by the 1920s,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the city further solidified its status as a key financial link between the West and the decolonizing Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_119-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an area dominated by authoritarian or militarist regimes, the Lebanese capital was generally regarded as a haven of libertarianism, though a precarious one, as the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) and subsequent conflicts significantly altered the political landscape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With its seaport and airport—coupled with Lebanon's free economic and foreign exchange system, solid gold-backed currency, banking-secrecy law, and favorable interest rates—Beirut became an established banking center for Arab wealth, much of which was invested in construction, commercial enterprise, and industry (mostly the manufacture of textiles and shoes, food processing, and printing).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy of Beirut is diverse, including publishing, banking, trade and various industries. During that period, Beirut was the region's financial services center. At the onset of the oil boom starting in the 1960s, Lebanon-based banks were the main recipients of the region's petrodollars.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaitunay_Bay,_Downtown_Beirut,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/220px-Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/330px-Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/440px-Zaitunay_Bay%2C_Downtown_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3866" data-file-height="2578" /></a><figcaption>Zaitunay Bay</figcaption></figure> <p>Beirut is the focal point of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Economy of Lebanon</a>. The capital hosts the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">Banque du Liban</a> (Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Stock_Exchange" title="Beirut Stock Exchange">Beirut Stock Exchange</a>, the head office of Lebanon's flag-carrier <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines" title="Middle East Airlines">Middle East Airlines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Western_Asia" title="United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia">United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Banks" title="Union of Arab Banks">Union of Arab Banks</a>, and the Union of Arab Stock Exchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking_and_finance">Banking and finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Banking and finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West-Beirut1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/West-Beirut1983.jpg/220px-West-Beirut1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/West-Beirut1983.jpg/330px-West-Beirut1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/West-Beirut1983.jpg/440px-West-Beirut1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ras_Beirut" title="Ras Beirut">Ras Beirut</a>, 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>The banking system is the backbone of the local economy with a balance sheet of $152 billion at the end of 2012, nearing 3.5 times the GDP estimated at $43 billion by the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bank deposits also increased in 2012 by 8% to 125 billion dollars, 82 percent of the sector's assets. "Banks are still attracting deposits because the interest rates offered are higher than the ones in Europe and the United States", says Marwan Mikhael, head of research at <a href="/wiki/BLOM_Bank" title="BLOM Bank">BLOM Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beirut's foreign reserves were still close to an all-time high when they reached $32.5 billion in 2011 and analysts say that the Central Bank can cover nearly 80 percent of the Lebanese currency in the market. This means that the Central Bank can easily cope with any unforeseen crisis in the future thanks to the massive foreign currency reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lebanese banking system is endowed with several characteristics that promote the role of Beirut as a regional financial center, in terms of ensuring protection for foreign capital and earnings. The Lebanese currency is fully convertible and can be exchanged freely with any other currency. Moreover, no restrictions are put on the free flow of capital and earnings into and out of the Lebanese economy. The passing of the banking secrecy law on 3 September 1956, subjected all banks established in Lebanon as well as foreign banks' branches to the "secret of the profession". Both article 16 of law No. 282 dated 30 December 1993 and article 12 of decree No. 5451 dated 26 August 1994, offer exemptions from income tax on all interest and revenues earned on all types of accounts opened in Lebanese banks. On the first of April 1975, decree No. 29 established a free banking zone by granting the Lebanese government the right to exempt non-residents' deposits and liabilities in foreign currency from: the income tax on interest earned, the required reserves imposed by the Banque Du Liban by virtue of article 76 of the Code of Money and Credit, the premium of deposit guarantee imposed on bank deposits to the profit of the National Deposit Guarantee Institution.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RockyRaouch%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RockyRaouch%C3%A9.jpg/220px-RockyRaouch%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RockyRaouch%C3%A9.jpg/330px-RockyRaouch%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RockyRaouch%C3%A9.jpg/440px-RockyRaouch%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raouch%C3%A9" title="Raouché">Raouché</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The tourism industry in Beirut has been historically important to the local economy and remains to this day to be a major source of revenue for the city, and Lebanon in general. Before the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, Beirut was widely regarded as the "<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> of the Middle East",<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also "<a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> of the Middle East", often cited as a financial and business hub where visitors could experience the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> Mediterranean culture. Beirut's diverse atmosphere and ancient history make it an important destination which is slowly rebuilding itself after continued turmoil. However, in recent times, certain countries, such as the United States, have frequently placed Lebanon, and Beirut in particular, on their travel warnings lists due to the many car bombings and orchestrated acts of political violence.<sup id="cite_ref-strife_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strife-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigeon_Rocks_Sunset_(48707394).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pigeon_Rocks_Sunset_%2848707394%29.jpg/220px-Pigeon_Rocks_Sunset_%2848707394%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pigeon_Rocks_Sunset_%2848707394%29.jpg/330px-Pigeon_Rocks_Sunset_%2848707394%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pigeon_Rocks_Sunset_%2848707394%29.jpg/440px-Pigeon_Rocks_Sunset_%2848707394%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Pigeon Rocks sunset</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 2012 tourist statistics, 34% of the tourists in Beirut came from states within the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, 33% came from European countries (mainly France, Germany, and Britain), and 16% from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (about half of which are from the United States).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largely pedestrianized <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a> is the core of the Beirut tourism scene. The district is a cluster of stone-façade buildings lining arcaded streets and radial alleyways. The architecture of the area is a mix of French Architecture and <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian Gothic architecture</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">Arabesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Architecture">Ottoman Architecture</a>. The district contains numerous old mosques and crusader churches, as well as uncovered remnants and ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> era. The District contains dozens of restaurants, cafes and pubs, as well as a wide range of shopping stores mainly in <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Souks" title="Beirut Souks">Beirut Souks</a>. High-rise hotels and towers line the district's New Waterfront, marina and seaside promenade. </p><p>Another popular tourist destination in Beirut is the <a href="/wiki/Corniche_Beirut" title="Corniche Beirut">Corniche Beirut</a>, a 4.8 km (3 mi) pedestrian promenade that encircles the capital's seafront from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Bay" title="Saint George Bay">Saint George Bay</a> in the north all the way to <a href="/wiki/Avenue_de_Paris" title="Avenue de Paris">Avenue de Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avenue_General_de_Gaulle" title="Avenue General de Gaulle">Avenue General de Gaulle</a> south of the city. The corniche reaches its maximum height <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> at <a href="/wiki/Raouch%C3%A9" title="Raouché">Raouché</a>, a high-rise residential neighbourhood rising over a giant white limestone cliff and facing the recognisable off-shore Raouché Rocks. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Badaro" title="Badaro">Badaro</a> is one of Beirut's most appealing neighborhoods, a lovely place to stroll during daytime and a destination for going out in the evening. Badaro is within Beirut's green district with a 75-acre (30-hectare) public park (The Beirut Pine forest) and a 50-acre (20-hectare) hippodrome. It is a neighborhood on a very human scale with small groceries around every corner. The neighborhood residents, a mix of old impoverished Christian bourgeoisie, bohemian style people in their 30s and well-established urban professionals, are loyal to local bakery and pastry shops. Because of the blossoming café and bar scene it has become lately a hip destination for Beirut's young and restless but old Beirutis remember that Badaro was already Beirut's version of the Village in the swinging sixties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Groceries and eateries can be found on almost every street of the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are dozens of restaurants, pubs and footpath cafés of virtually every style.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Badaro "Village" thrives on local residents, day-trippers and hipsters from all over Beirut, office employees and many expatriates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hamra_Street" title="Hamra Street">Hamra Street</a> is a long cobblestone street connecting the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a> with the coastal <a href="/wiki/Raouche" class="mw-redirect" title="Raouche">Raouche</a> area. The street is a large concentration of shopping stores, boutiques, restaurants, banks, street vendors, footpath cafes, newspaper kiosks, and a booming nightlife spurred by students from the neighboring <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a>. The AUB campus is another popular visitor destination, composed of a cluster of 19th century red-roofed buildings dispersed on a wooded hillside overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rue_Gouraud" title="Rue Gouraud">Gemmayzeh</a> is Beirut's artistic <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a> quarter, full of narrow streets and historic buildings from the <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Lebanon">French era</a>. It is located East of the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a>, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Saifi_Village" title="Saifi Village">Saifi Village</a>. The neighborhood is well known for its trendy bars and pubs, cafes, restaurants and lounges; most are directly located on <a href="/wiki/Rue_Gouraud" title="Rue Gouraud">Rue Gouraud</a>, the main thoroughfare that cuts through the middle of the district. <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a> magazine called Gemmayzeh "SoHo by the Sea," due to its colorful and chic cafés amid 1950s apartment buildings and hole-in-the-wall shops.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gemmayzeh received the most damage by the Beirut explosion in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyrouth_(9861430944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Beyrouth_%289861430944%29.jpg/220px-Beyrouth_%289861430944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Beyrouth_%289861430944%29.jpg/330px-Beyrouth_%289861430944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Beyrouth_%289861430944%29.jpg/440px-Beyrouth_%289861430944%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Downtown Beirut Mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>Beirut is a destination for tourists from both the Arab world and West.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a></i> magazine's World Best Awards 2006, it was ranked the 9th best city in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That list was voted upon shortly before the 2006 Lebanon War broke out, but in 2008 <i>The Guardian</i> listed Beirut as one of its top ten cities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> ranked it at number one on its "44 places to go" list of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes.com_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes.com-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2011 MasterCard Index revealed that Beirut had the second-highest visitor spending levels in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, totaling $6.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-dailystar.com.lb_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailystar.com.lb-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beirut was chosen in 2012 by <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Traveller" title="Condé Nast Traveller">Condé Nast Traveller</a> as the best city in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, beating <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cntraveler.com_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cntraveler.com-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the tourists are returning Lebanese expatriates, but many are from Western countries. Approximately 3 million visitors visited in 2010; the previous record was 1.4 million in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other forms of tourism, medical tourism in Lebanon is on the rise recently. Although visitors from neighboring Arab nations make up the bulk of medical tourism patients here due to its proximity, Beirut is strongly trying to woo more Southern Europeans, Asians and North Americans to its land. Its Agency for Investment Development in Lebanon reports that growth in the medical tourism industry is growing by up to 30% a year since 2009. The country's tourism ministry is working closely with the medical sector and top-class hotels to create an organized, quality medical destination.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major hotel and spa chains work with local clinics, travel agencies and the tourism ministry to create comprehensive healthcare and recuperation packages for foreign visitors. The government is highly involved in this industry and strives to make the process as easy as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosmetic surgery is a major component of medical tourism in Lebanon. Most of the foreign patients come for routine operations like plastic surgery, dental or eye surgery, and Beirut's hospitals are also capable of performing specialized procedures such as internal bypass surgery and other technical treatments. Its top clinics and hospitals like Sahel General are equipped to handle the full range of surgical procedures. Beirut-based Clemenceau Medical Center (CMC), affiliated with Johns Hopkins International, was ranked one of the world's top ten best hospitals for medical tourism in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beirut is the capital of Lebanon and its seat of government.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lebanese Parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all the Ministries and most of the public administrations, embassies and consulates are there.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Governorate" title="Beirut Governorate">Beirut Governorate</a> is one of eight <i><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">mohafazat</a></i> (plural of <i>mohafazah</i>, or governorate). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Kamel Hamieh </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Nicholas Rizk </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>George Assi </td> <td>1952 </td> <td>1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Bachour Haddad </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Philip Boulos </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>1960 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Emile Yanni </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Shafic Bou Haydar </td> <td>1967 </td> <td>1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Mitri El Nammar </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>George Smaha </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Nayef El Malouf </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Nicholas Saba </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Sarraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Sarraf (page does not exist)">Jacob Sarraf</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nassif_Kaloush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nassif Kaloush (page does not exist)">Nassif Kaloush</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachid_Ammoury_Maalouf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachid Ammoury Maalouf (page does not exist)">Rachid Ammoury Maalouf</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Itani" title="Jamal Itani">Jamal Itani</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>Present </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_city_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Facade of the Beirut City Hall"><img alt="Facade of the Beirut City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Beirut_city_hall.jpg/120px-Beirut_city_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Beirut_city_hall.jpg/180px-Beirut_city_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Beirut_city_hall.jpg/240px-Beirut_city_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Facade of the Beirut City Hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Serail"><img alt="The Grand Serail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg/120px-Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg/180px-Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg/240px-Grand_serail_solidere_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="1417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Serail">Grand Serail</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BeirutParliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lebanese Parliament"><img alt="Lebanese Parliament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BeirutParliament.jpg/120px-BeirutParliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BeirutParliament.jpg/180px-BeirutParliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BeirutParliament.jpg/240px-BeirutParliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Parliament">Lebanese Parliament</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNbeirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="United Nations Lebanon headquarters"><img alt="United Nations Lebanon headquarters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/UNbeirut.jpg/120px-UNbeirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/UNbeirut.jpg/180px-UNbeirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/UNbeirut.jpg/240px-UNbeirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">United Nations Lebanon headquarters</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organizations">International organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is home to numerous international organizations. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Western_Asia" title="United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia">United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia</a> (ESCWA) is headquartered in downtown Beirut,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">Arab Air Carriers' Organization</a> (AACO),<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Banks" title="Union of Arab Banks">Union of Arab Banks</a><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Union of Arab Stock Exchanges<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the World youth alliance are also headquartered in the city. The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO)<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both have regional offices in Beirut covering the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Higher education throughout Lebanon</a> is provided by universities, colleges and technical and vocational institutes. The Directorate General of Higher Education is responsible for managing universities, colleges, and institutes in Beirut and nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-UnescoEdu_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnescoEdu-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> (AUB) and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph University">Université Saint-Joseph</a> (USJ) are the oldest English-language and French-language universities in the country, respectively. AUB was founded in 1866, and USJ in 1875. The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_University" title="Lebanese University">Lebanese University</a> is the only public institution for higher education in Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-UnescoEdu_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnescoEdu-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beirut is also home to <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_American_University" title="Lebanese American University">Lebanese American University</a> (LAU), <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="American University of Science and Technology">American University of Science and Technology</a> (AUST), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Balamand" title="University of Balamand">University of Balamand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecole_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Affaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole Supérieure des Affaires">École Supérieure des Affaires</a> (ESA), <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Arab_University" title="Beirut Arab University">Beirut Arab University</a> (BAU), Haigazian University (HU), <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_International_University" title="Lebanese International University">Lebanese International University</a> (LIU), <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_University_%E2%80%93_Louaize" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame University – Louaize">Notre Dame University – Louaize</a> (NDU), and <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_La_Sagesse" title="Université La Sagesse">Université La Sagesse</a> (ULS).<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the private secondary schools in Beirut are <a href="/wiki/Lycee_Abdel_Kader" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycee Abdel Kader">Lycee Abdel Kader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lyc%C3%A9e_Franco-Libanais" title="Grand Lycée Franco-Libanais">Grand Lycée Franco-Libanais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Franco-Libanais_Verdun" title="Lycée Franco-Libanais Verdun">Lycée Franco-Libanais Verdun</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Community_School_at_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="American Community School at Beirut">American Community School</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_College,_Beirut" title="International College, Beirut">International College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Louise_Wegmann" title="Collège Louise Wegmann">Collège Louise Wegmann</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rawdah_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rawdah High School (page does not exist)">Rawdah High School</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Mary%27s_Orthodox_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Mary's Orthodox College (page does not exist)">Saint Mary's Orthodox College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge_Notre_Dame_de_Nazareth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collège Notre Dame de Nazareth (page does not exist)">Collège Notre Dame de Nazareth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur_Gemmayz%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collège du Sacré-Coeur Gemmayzé (page does not exist)">Collège du Sacré-Coeur Gemmayzé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Protestant_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Collège Protestant Français">Collège Protestant Français</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Central_High_School" title="Armenian Evangelical Central High School">Armenian Evangelical Central High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_School_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="German School of Beirut">German School of Beirut</a>, and the Armenian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamazkayin_Arslanian_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamazkayin Arslanian College (page does not exist)">Hamazkayin Arslanian College</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American-University-Beirut-NW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AUB established in 1866 by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions."><img alt="AUB established in 1866 by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/American-University-Beirut-NW.jpg/120px-American-University-Beirut-NW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/American-University-Beirut-NW.jpg/180px-American-University-Beirut-NW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/American-University-Beirut-NW.jpg/240px-American-University-Beirut-NW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">AUB</a> established in 1866 by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USJ_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Joseph University, or Université Saint-Joseph, founded by the Jesuits in 1875"><img alt="Saint Joseph University, or Université Saint-Joseph, founded by the Jesuits in 1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/USJ_Campus.jpg/120px-USJ_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/USJ_Campus.jpg/180px-USJ_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/USJ_Campus.jpg/240px-USJ_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="668" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph University">Saint Joseph University</a>, or Université Saint-Joseph, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in 1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AUST_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American University of Science and Technology, established in Beirut in 1989"><img alt="American University of Science and Technology, established in Beirut in 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/AUST_at_night.jpg/120px-AUST_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/AUST_at_night.jpg/180px-AUST_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/AUST_at_night.jpg/240px-AUST_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="American University of Science and Technology">American University of Science and Technology</a>, established in Beirut in 1989</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Universitet_Haigazian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haigazian University was founded in 1955 by the Armenian Evangelical community."><img alt="Haigazian University was founded in 1955 by the Armenian Evangelical community." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Beirut_Universitet_Haigazian.jpg/120px-Beirut_Universitet_Haigazian.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Beirut_Universitet_Haigazian.jpg/180px-Beirut_Universitet_Haigazian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Beirut_Universitet_Haigazian.jpg/240px-Beirut_Universitet_Haigazian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Haigazian_University" title="Haigazian University">Haigazian University</a> was founded in 1955 by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical community</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GU_CAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Global University in Beirut"><img alt="Global University in Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GU_CAM.jpg/120px-GU_CAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GU_CAM.jpg/180px-GU_CAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/GU_CAM.jpg/240px-GU_CAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Global_University" title="Global University">Global University</a> in Beirut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portalis_mansion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="École supérieure des affaires, founded in 1996 as a joint co-operation between the Paris Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Paris) and the Bank of Lebanon"><img alt="École supérieure des affaires, founded in 1996 as a joint co-operation between the Paris Chamber of Commerce (Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Paris) and the Bank of Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portalis_mansion.jpg/120px-Portalis_mansion.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portalis_mansion.jpg/180px-Portalis_mansion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portalis_mansion.jpg/240px-Portalis_mansion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="241" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_affaires_(Beirut)" title="École supérieure des affaires (Beirut)">École supérieure des affaires</a>, founded in 1996 as a joint co-operation between the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Paris Chamber of Commerce">Paris Chamber of Commerce</a> (Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Paris) and the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Lebanon">Bank of Lebanon</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Beirut" title="Transport in Beirut">Transport in Beirut</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Airport_DSC_0439.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Beirut_Airport_DSC_0439.JPG/220px-Beirut_Airport_DSC_0439.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Beirut_Airport_DSC_0439.JPG/330px-Beirut_Airport_DSC_0439.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Beirut_Airport_DSC_0439.JPG/440px-Beirut_Airport_DSC_0439.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beirut%E2%80%93Rafic_Hariri_International_Airport" title="Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport">Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city's renovated airport is the <a href="/wiki/Beirut%E2%80%93Rafic_Hariri_International_Airport" title="Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport">Rafic Hariri International Airport</a>, located in the southern suburbs. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Beirut" title="Port of Beirut">Port of Beirut</a>, one of the largest and most commercial in the eastern Mediterranean, is another port of entry. As a final destination, Lebanon can be reached by road from Damascus via the Beqaa valley in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-bigFire_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigFire-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beirut has frequent bus connections to other cities in Lebanon and major <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">cities in Syria</a> such as Homs and its capital Damascus. There are a number of different companies providing public transport in Lebanon. The publicly owned buses are managed by <a href="/wiki/OCFTC" title="OCFTC">Office des Chemins de Fer et des Transports en Commun</a> (OCFTC – "Railway and Public Transportation Authority"). Buses for northern destinations and Syria leave from Charles Helou Station.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ministry of transport and public works purchased an extra 250 intra and inter-buses in 2012 to better serve regions outside the capital as well as congestion-choked Beirut, hoping to lessen the use of private cars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Beirut has also private buses that are provided by the Lebanese Commuting Company. </p><p>In 2017, Beirut introduced a bike sharing service in certain areas of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Garden_Show_%26_Spring_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Garden_Show_%26_Spring_Festival.jpg/220px-The_Garden_Show_%26_Spring_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Garden_Show_%26_Spring_Festival.jpg/330px-The_Garden_Show_%26_Spring_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Garden_Show_%26_Spring_Festival.jpg/440px-The_Garden_Show_%26_Spring_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>The Garden Show & Spring Festival at the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Hippodrome" title="Beirut Hippodrome">Beirut Hippodrome</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of Beirut has evolved under the influence of many different peoples and civilizations, such as Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Ottoman Turks and French. The law school in downtown Beirut was one of the world's earliest and was considered to be a leading center of legal studies in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>Beirut hosted the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> summits in 2002, and in 2007 it hosted the ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Albert_Londres" class="mw-redirect" title="Prix Albert Londres">Prix Albert Londres</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which rewards outstanding francophone journalists every year. The city also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, it was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beirut has also been called the "party capital of the Arab world".<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rue_Monnot" title="Rue Monnot">Rue Monnot</a> has an international reputation among clubbers,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rue_Gouraud" title="Rue Gouraud">Rue Gouraud</a> in districts such as Gemmayze and Mar Mikhael have emerged as new hotspots for bar patrons and clubbers, as well as "The Alleyway" in <a href="/wiki/Hamra_Street" title="Hamra Street">Hamra Street</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Beirut_Museum.jpg/220px-Beirut_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Beirut_Museum.jpg/330px-Beirut_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Beirut_Museum.jpg/440px-Beirut_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The National Museum of Beirut</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sursock_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sursock_house.jpg/220px-Sursock_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sursock_house.jpg/330px-Sursock_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sursock_house.jpg/440px-Sursock_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sursock_Museum" title="Sursock Museum">Sursock Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Beirut" title="National Museum of Beirut">National Museum of Beirut</a> is the principal museum of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> in Lebanon. It has about 1,300 exhibits ranging in date from <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Lebanon" title="History of ancient Lebanon">prehistoric times</a> to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Arab_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanon under Arab rule">medieval Mamluk period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MuseDamsc_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseDamsc-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_the_American_University_of_Beirut" title="Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut">Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut</a> is the third-oldest museum in the Middle East, exhibiting a wide range of artefacts from Lebanon and neighboring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-MuseumThis_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseumThis-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sursock_Museum" title="Sursock Museum">Sursock Museum</a> was built by the illustrious <a href="/wiki/Sursock_family" title="Sursock family">Sursock family</a> at the end of the 19th century as a private villa for <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sursock" title="Nicolas Sursock">Nicolas Sursock</a>, and then donated to the Lebanese state upon his death. It now houses Beirut's most influential and popular art museum. The permanent collection shows a set of Japanese engravings, numerous works of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> and classic Italian paintings, while temporary exhibitions are also shown throughout the year. The <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mouawad_Private_Museum" title="Robert Mouawad Private Museum">Robert Mouawad Private Museum</a> near Beirut's <a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Serail">Grand Serail</a> exhibits <a href="/wiki/Henri_Philippe_Pharaoun" title="Henri Philippe Pharaoun">Henri Pharaon's</a> private collection of archaeology and antiques.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Planet Discovery is a children's science museum with interactive experiments, exhibitions, performances, workshops and awareness competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saint Joseph University opened the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Lebanese_Prehistory" title="Museum of Lebanese Prehistory">Museum of Lebanese Prehistory</a> in 2000, the first prehistory museum in the Arabic Middle East, displaying bones, stone tools and neolithic pottery collected by Jesuits.<sup id="cite_ref-UMAC_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMAC-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2013, <a href="/wiki/Mim_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mim Museum">Mim Museum</a>, a private <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> museum, opened its doors to the public. It has on display some 2000 minerals from more than 70 countries. Mim museum's collection is considered to be one of the world's paramount private collection for the variety and quality of its minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A didactic circuit, accompanied by screens showing films and scientific applications of mineralogy, will reveal a world of unsuspected marvels—priceless both from an aesthetic and scientific point of view. <i>Mimodactylus libanensis</i> "mimo", the fossil of a pterodactyl, is featured in a special wing. This one-of-a-kind complete specimen in the Middle-East was found in Lebanon. It is promoted by means of state-of-the-art modern techniques: a hologram, an auto-stereoscopic movie, a full-scale reconstitution and a game "fly with mimo" – an entertainment that delights children and adults. Moreover, Mim hosts a thematic exhibition of 200 marine fossils. "Fish'n'Stone" was organised with the collaboration of Mémoire du Temps. Known throughout the world, those fossils were quarried in the Lebanese mountains. The history of the fossil formation is shown through an animation that submerses you in the marine life – a time capsule that takes you in a journey to some 100 million of years ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_2">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beirut was named the top place to visit by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes.com_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes.com-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as one of the ten liveliest cities in the world by <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2010 study by the American global consulting firm <a href="/wiki/Mercer_(consulting_firm)" title="Mercer (consulting firm)">Mercer</a> comparing high-end items such as upscale residential areas and entertainment venues, Beirut was ranked as the 4th most expensive city in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and 15th among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal,_Atlas_method)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita">Upper Middle Income Countries</a> included in the survey.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beirut came in first place regionally and 10th place internationally in a 2010 study by "EuroCost International" about the rental markets for high quality housing.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beirut is an international hub of highly active and diverse <a href="/wiki/Nightlife" title="Nightlife">nightlife</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bars</a>, dance bars and <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> staying open well past midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2011 MasterCard Index revealed that Beirut had the second-highest visitor spending levels in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, totaling $6.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-dailystar.com.lb_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailystar.com.lb-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beirut was chosen in 2012 by <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Traveller" title="Condé Nast Traveller">Condé Nast Traveller</a> as the best city in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cntraveler.com_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cntraveler.com-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Condé Nast Traveller ranked Beirut in the top 20 best cities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 December 2014, Beirut was selected to be among the <a href="/wiki/New7WondersCities" class="mw-redirect" title="New7WondersCities">New 7 Wonders of Cities</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign was held by New 7 Wonders.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Yahoo listed Beirut as the best international city for food.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travel and Leisure ranked Beirut in the top 15 of the world's best cities.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was voted the must-visit city for the year 2019 by World Tourists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to anti-government protests as of October 2019 followed by dire economic situation and travel bans due to coronavirus outbreak, the tourism sector was badly affected resulting in decrease of number of tourists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beirut is a main centre for the television, radio stations, newspaper, and book publishing industries. </p><p>Television stations based in Beirut include <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Liban" title="Télé Liban">Télé Liban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation">LBC</a>, ÓTV (<a href="/wiki/Orange_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange TV">Orange TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Murr_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Murr Television">MTV Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Télé Lumière">Tele Lumiere (Catholic TV)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Future Television">Future TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jadeed" title="Al Jadeed">New TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Network_(Lebanon)" title="National Broadcasting Network (Lebanon)">NBN</a>, ANB and Saudi TV 1 on 33 UHF and MBC 1, MBC 4, MBC Action, Fox, Al Jazeera, <a href="/wiki/Rotana_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotana (television)">Rotana</a>, OSN First, OSN News, Al Yawm and Arabic Series Channel on 45 UHF. </p><p>Radio Stations include <a href="/wiki/Mix_FM_Lebanon" title="Mix FM Lebanon">Mix FM Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Lebanon" title="Virgin Radio Lebanon">Virgin Radio Lebanon</a>, Radio One Lebanon, Sawt el Ghad, RLL, Jaras Scoop, NRJ Lebanon... </p><p>Newspapers include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailybeirut.com">Daily Beirut</a> <a href="/wiki/An-Nahar" title="An-Nahar">An-Nahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Joumhouria" title="Al Joumhouria">Al Joumhouria</a>, <a href="/wiki/As-Safir" title="As-Safir">As-Safir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustaqbal_(newspaper)" title="Al-Mustaqbal (newspaper)">Al Mustaqbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Akhbar_(Lebanon)" title="Al Akhbar (Lebanon)">Al-Akhbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Balad_(Newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Balad (Newspaper)">Al-Balad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ad-Diyar" title="Ad-Diyar">Ad-Diyar</a>, Al Anwar, <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharq" title="Al Sharq">Al Sharq</a>. </p><p>Newspapers and magazines published in French include <a href="/wiki/L%27Orient_Le_Jour" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Orient Le Jour">L'Orient Le Jour</a> (since 1970), <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Revue_Du_Liban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Revue Du Liban (page does not exist)">La Revue Du Liban</a>, Al Balad-French Version, Al Intiqad, Magazine L'Hebdo and Le Commerce du Levant. </p><p>English newspapers published in Beirut include Executive Magazine (weekly), Beirut Online, Beirut Times (weekly) and Monday Morning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lebanese capital hosted the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Games" title="Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/1959_Mediterranean_Games" title="1959 Mediterranean Games">1959</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Asia_Champions_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA Asia Champions Cup">FIBA Asia Champions Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/1999_ABC_Champions_Cup" title="1999 ABC Champions Cup">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_ABC_Champions_Cup" title="2000 ABC Champions Cup">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_FIBA_Asia_Champions_Cup" title="2012 FIBA Asia Champions Cup">2012</a>, the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2000_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2000 AFC Asian Cup">2000</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Asia_Challenge" title="FIBA Asia Challenge">FIBA Asia Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2010_FIBA_Asia_Stankovi%C4%87_Cup" title="2010 FIBA Asia Stanković Cup">2010</a>. Beirut was the host city for the <a href="/wiki/2009_Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="2009 Jeux de la Francophonie">6th Annual Games</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a> in 2009. Beirut also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/1957_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1957 Pan Arab Games">1957</a> and <a href="/wiki/1997_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Pan Arab Games">1997</a>. In 2017, Beirut also hosted the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIBA_Asia_Cup" title="2017 FIBA Asia Cup">2017 FIBA Asia Cup</a>. </p><p>Beirut, with Sidon and Tripoli, hosted the <a href="/wiki/2000_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2000 AFC Asian Cup">2000 AFC Asian Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two stadiums in the city, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun_Sports_City_Stadium" title="Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium">Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Municipal_Stadium" title="Beirut Municipal Stadium">Beirut Municipal Stadium</a>. </p><p>Basketball is the most popular sport in Lebanon. Currently, 6 Beirut teams play in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Basketball_League" title="Lebanese Basketball League">Lebanese Basketball League</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sagesse_SC_(basketball)" title="Sagesse SC (basketball)">Sagesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Riyadi_Club_Beirut" title="Al Riyadi Club Beirut">Al Riyadi Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homenetmen_Beirut_B.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Homenetmen Beirut B.C.">Homenetmen Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoops_Club" title="Hoops Club">Hoops Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Club" title="Beirut Club">Beirut Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Basketball_League" title="Lebanese Basketball League">Dynamo Beirut</a>. </p><p>Other sports events in Beirut include the annual <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Marathon" title="Beirut Marathon">Beirut Marathon</a>, hip ball, weekly horse racing at the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Hippodrome" title="Beirut Hippodrome">Beirut Hippodrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> and tennis tournaments that take place at <a href="/wiki/Golf_Club_of_Lebanon" title="Golf Club of Lebanon">Golf Club of Lebanon</a>. Three out of the five teams in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Lebanon" title="Rugby league in Lebanon">Lebanese rugby league championship</a> are based in Beirut. <a href="/wiki/Lebanon_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Lebanon men's national ice hockey team">Lebanon men's national ice hockey team</a> plays out of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_fashion">Art and fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Art and fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Souks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beirut_Souks.jpg/220px-Beirut_Souks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beirut_Souks.jpg/330px-Beirut_Souks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Beirut_Souks.jpg/440px-Beirut_Souks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Souks" title="Beirut Souks">Beirut Souks</a> shopping mall</figcaption></figure> <p>There are hundreds of art galleries in Beirut and its suburbs. Every year, hundreds of fine art students graduate from universities and institutions. Artist workshops exist all over Lebanon. The inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Art_Center" title="Beirut Art Center">Beirut Art Center</a>, a non-profit association, space and platform dedicated to contemporary art in Lebanon,<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Mkalles suburb of Beirut added to the number of exhibition spaces available in the city, with a screening and performance room, mediatheque, book store, café and terrace. Adjacent to the latter is the <a href="/wiki/Ashkal_Alwan" title="Ashkal Alwan">Ashkal Alwan</a> Home Workspace, a venue hosting cultural events and educational programs. </p><p>A number of international fashion designers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have displayed their work in big fashion shows.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersFashion_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersFashion-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most major fashion labels have shops in Beirut's shopping districts, and the city is home to a number of local fashion designers, some of whom like <a href="/wiki/Elie_Saab" title="Elie Saab">Elie Saab</a>, Yara Farhat, <a href="/wiki/Reem_Acra" title="Reem Acra">Reem Acra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuhair_Murad" title="Zuhair Murad">Zuhair Murad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Chakra" title="Georges Chakra">Georges Chakra</a>, Georges Hobeika, Jean Faris, Nicolas Jebran, <a href="/wiki/Rabih_Kayrouz" title="Rabih Kayrouz">Rabih Kayrouz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abed_Mahfouz" title="Abed Mahfouz">Abed Mahfouz</a> have achieved international fame.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersFashion_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersFashion-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beirut is also the home for a dynamic <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a> scene that has developed after the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, one of the most notable street artists is <a href="/wiki/Yazan_Halwani" title="Yazan Halwani">Yazan Halwani</a> who is known to produce the largest murals on the walls of Beirut in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Gemmayzeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemmayzeh">Gemmayzeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamra_Street" title="Hamra Street">Hamra</a>, Verdun and <a href="/wiki/Achrafieh" title="Achrafieh">Achrafieh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beirut is also international artists' concert tour stop city. Artists like <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias" title="Enrique Iglesias">Enrique Iglesias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)" title="Pitbull (rapper)">Pitbull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(singer)" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)">Engelbert Humperdinck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a>, and many more have included Beirut on their concert tours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art,_literature,_and_popular_culture"><span id="In_art.2C_literature.2C_and_popular_culture"></span>In art, literature, and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In art, literature, and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_Yusuf_%27Awwad" title="Tawfiq Yusuf 'Awwad">Tawfiq Yusuf 'Awwad</a>'s 1972 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Death_In_Beirut" title="Death In Beirut">Death In Beirut</a></i> (Arabic: طواحين بيروت) takes place in Beirut in the late 1960s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghada_al-Samman" title="Ghada al-Samman">Ghada al-Samman</a>'s 1977 book <i>Beirut Nightmares</i> (Arabic: كوابيس بيروت) describes Beirut during the civil war in the mid-1970s.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caramel_(film)" title="Caramel (film)">Caramel</a></i>, a 2007 film by <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Labaki" title="Nadine Labaki">Nadine Labaki</a>, tells the story of five women who work in a beauty salon in Beirut.</li> <li>The 2008 Israeli animated film <a href="/wiki/Waltz_with_Bashir" title="Waltz with Bashir">Waltz with Bashir</a> portrays Beirut during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Israeli invasion</a> in 1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bartlett" title="William Henry Bartlett">William Henry Bartlett</a> painted a view of the city with Mount Lebanon in the background in 1838, with a poetical illustration by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>, as <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1838/The_Cedars_of_Lebanon" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838/The Cedars of Lebanon">The Cedars of Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>American rock band <a href="/wiki/Beirut_(band)" title="Beirut (band)">Beirut</a> is named for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the American television series <i><a href="/wiki/Homeland_(TV_series)" title="Homeland (TV series)">Homeland</a></i>, the episode "<a href="/wiki/Beirut_Is_Back" title="Beirut Is Back">Beirut Is Back</a>" (2012) was widely mocked for its portrayal of Beirut's Hamra neighborhood, which the show depicted as being a <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> stronghold. Lebanon's government considered filing a lawsuit in response to the episode.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beirut, 1913"><img alt="Beirut, 1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Beirut_1913.jpg/119px-Beirut_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Beirut_1913.jpg/179px-Beirut_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Beirut_1913.jpg/238px-Beirut_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beirut, 1913</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Beirut_-1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of Beirut, 1970"><img alt="Aerial view of Beirut, 1970" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Aerial_view_of_Beirut_-1970.jpg/120px-Aerial_view_of_Beirut_-1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Aerial_view_of_Beirut_-1970.jpg/180px-Aerial_view_of_Beirut_-1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Aerial_view_of_Beirut_-1970.jpg/240px-Aerial_view_of_Beirut_-1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of Beirut, 1970</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Beirut_1965.webm/120px--Beirut_1965.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="Beirut_1965.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Beirut_1965.webm/Beirut_1965.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Beirut_1965.webm/Beirut_1965.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Beirut_1965.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Beirut_1965.webm/Beirut_1965.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Beirut_1965.webm/Beirut_1965.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beirut, 1965</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_Corniche,_Beirut,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beirut Corniche"><img alt="Beirut Corniche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/120px-Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/180px-Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/240px-Beirut_Corniche%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beirut Corniche</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliffs,_Beirut,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cliffs, Beirut"><img alt="Cliffs, Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cliffs%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/120px-Cliffs%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cliffs%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/180px-Cliffs%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Cliffs%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/240px-Cliffs%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cliffs, Beirut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Beirut-in-1919.webm/120px--Beirut-in-1919.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="105" data-mwtitle="Beirut-in-1919.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Beirut-in-1919.webm/Beirut-in-1919.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Beirut-in-1919.webm/Beirut-in-1919.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Beirut-in-1919.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Beirut-in-1919.webm/Beirut-in-1919.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Beirut-in-1919.webm/Beirut-in-1919.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Beirut-in-1919.webm/Beirut-in-1919.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Beirut-in-1919.webm/Beirut-in-1919.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beirut, 1919</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martyrs%27_Monument,_Beirut,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martyrs' Monument"><img alt="Martyrs' Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Martyrs%27_Monument%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/120px-Martyrs%27_Monument%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Martyrs%27_Monument%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/180px-Martyrs%27_Monument%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Martyrs%27_Monument%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/240px-Martyrs%27_Monument%2C_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Martyrs' Monument</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Beirut,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Beirut"><img alt="Central Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Central_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/120px-Central_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Central_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/180px-Central_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Central_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg/240px-Central_Beirut%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central Beirut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beirut_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beirut at night"><img alt="Beirut at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beirut_at_Night.jpg/120px-Beirut_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beirut_at_Night.jpg/180px-Beirut_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beirut_at_Night.jpg/240px-Beirut_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6584" data-file-height="3208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beirut at night</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beirut is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia<sup id="cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_2_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings_2-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, Zambia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Beirut" title="Category:People from Beirut">People from Beirut</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_International_Exhibition_%26_Leisure_Center" title="Beirut International Exhibition & Leisure Center">Beirut International Exhibition & Leisure Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Heritage_Trail" title="Beirut Heritage Trail">Beirut Heritage Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Roman name was taken in 1934 for the archaeological journal published by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCooke2006" class="citation news cs1">Cooke, Rachel (22 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2002/jun/02/lebanon.observerescapesection">"Paris of the east? More like Athens on speed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107120129/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2002/jun/02/lebanon.observerescapesection">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Paris+of+the+east%3F+More+like+Athens+on+speed&rft.date=2006-11-22&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2002%2Fjun%2F02%2Flebanon.observerescapesection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/lebanon/admin/">"Lebanon: Administrative Division (Governorates and Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702015028/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/lebanon/admin/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+Administrative+Division+%28Governorates+and+Districts%29+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts+and+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Flebanon%2Fadmin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-Habitat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN-Habitat_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2021/07/2021.07.19.pdf">"Beirut City Profile 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>unhabitat.org</i>. United Nations Human Settlements Programme<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unhabitat.org&rft.atitle=Beirut+City+Profile+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funhabitat.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021%2F07%2F2021.07.19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/30/questions-and-answers-water-supply-augmentation-project-lebanon">Questions & Answers: Water Supply Augmentation Project, Lebanon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528100143/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/09/30/questions-and-answers-water-supply-augmentation-project-lebanon">Archived</a> 28 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The World Bank. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2020"</a>. <i>GaWC – Research Network</i>. <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalization and World Cities">Globalization and World Cities</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GaWC+%E2%80%93+Research+Network&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2020t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/jmhamilton/reconstruct.html">Reconstruction of Beirut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116051421/http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/jmhamilton/reconstruct.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Macalester College</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090826112859/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-10/2004-10-27-voa47.cfm?CFID=234705748&CFTOKEN=74239565">Lebanon's Reconstruction: A Work in Progress</a>, VOA News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175036/http://worldviewcities.org/beirut/elipsis.html">"Beirut: Between Memory And Desire"</a>. <i>Worldview</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldviewcities.org/beirut/elipsis.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldview&rft.atitle=Beirut%3A+Between+Memory+And+Desire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldviewcities.org%2Fbeirut%2Felipsis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntelava2010" class="citation web cs1">Antelava, Natalia (10 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8665696.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ugly Beirut' struggles to survive peace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230805145652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8665696.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Ugly+Beirut%27+struggles+to+survive+peace&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.aulast=Antelava&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F8665696.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (1993), <i>Macropædia</i>, volume 14, 15th edition, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., Chicago.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LebEmbU.S.-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LebEmbU.S._12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LebEmbU.S._12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LebEmbU.S._12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015223704/http://lebanonembassyus.org/country_lebanon/history.html"><i>Profile of Lebanon: History</i></a>, on the former website of the Lebanese Embassy of the U.S.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EA 141-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.case.edu/univlib/preserve/Etana/encyl_biblica_l-p/philologus-pildash.pdf"><i>Phoenicia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325132551/http://www.case.edu/univlib/preserve/Etana/encyl_biblica_l-p/philologus-pildash.pdf">Archived</a> 25 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica" title="Encyclopaedia Biblica">Encyclopaedia Biblica</a></i>, Case Western Reserve University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cooke, George Albert (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Phoenicia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Phoenicia">"Phoenicia" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 451.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phoenicia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=451&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=George+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., EA 105, where he complains to the pharaoh that Beirut's king had stolen two of his merchants' ships.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/archaeology/berytus-back/berytus39/"><i>Berytus Archeological Studies</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023222512/http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/archaeology/berytus-back/berytus39">Archived</a> 23 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American University of Beirut (AUB).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206033532/http://wwwlb.aub.edu.lb/~webpubof/research/21report/as/hist_projects.html">"Research Projects – History and Archeology"</a>. <i>American University of Beirut (AUB)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwlb.aub.edu.lb/~webpubof/research/21report/as/hist_projects.html">the original</a> on 6 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+University+of+Beirut+%28AUB%29&rft.atitle=Research+Projects+%E2%80%93+History+and+Archeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwlb.aub.edu.lb%2F~webpubof%2Fresearch%2F21report%2Fas%2Fhist_projects.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/23/world/under-beirut-s-rubble-remnants-of-5000-years-of-civilization.html">Under Beirut's Rubble, Remnants of 5,000 Years of Civilization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206194528/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E2D9103EF930A15751C0A961958260">Archived</a> 6 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>– NYTimes 23 February 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkhalter, L., Bibliographie préhistorique (à suivre) (List of prehistoric sites, continuation and end), Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth. Tome VIII, 1946–1948, Beyrouth, in-4° br., 173 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkhalter L., Bibliographie préhistorique (suite et fin) (List of prehistoric sites, continuation and end), Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth. Tome IX, 1949–1950, Beyrouth, in-4° br., 117 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zumoffen1900-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zumoffen1900_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumoffen1900_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodefroy_Zumoffen1900" class="citation book cs1">Godefroy Zumoffen (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0noLAQAAIAAJ"><i>La Phénicie avant les phéniciens: l'âge de la pierre</i></a>. Impr. catholique.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Ph%C3%A9nicie+avant+les+ph%C3%A9niciens%3A+l%27%C3%A2ge+de+la+pierre&rft.pub=Impr.+catholique&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Godefroy+Zumoffen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0noLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CopelandWescombe1965-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1965_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1965_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1965_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1965_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1965_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorraine_CopelandP._Wescombe1965" class="citation book cs1">Lorraine Copeland; P. Wescombe (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20111224033744/http://books.google.com/books?id=6YsRRwAACAAJ"><i>Inventory of Stone-Age sites in Lebanon, p. 73-75 and see fig. XVII on p. 163 for drawing by Peter. J. Wescombe of the javelin found at Beirut VI</i></a>. Imprimerie Catholique. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YsRRwAACAAJ">the original</a> on 24 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventory+of+Stone-Age+sites+in+Lebanon%2C+p.+73-75+and+see+fig.+XVII+on+p.+163+for+drawing+by+Peter.+J.+Wescombe+of+the+javelin+found+at+Beirut+VI&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Catholique&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Lorraine+Copeland&rft.au=P.+Wescombe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YsRRwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergy-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergy_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergy_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergy, Auguste. "La paléolithique ancien stratifié à Ras Beyrouth". <i>Mélanges de l'Université Saint Joseph</i>, Volume 16, 5–6, 1932.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Describes1921-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Describes1921_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Describes, Raoul. "Quelques ateliers paléolithiques des environs de Beyrouth", <i>Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph</i>, Volume VII, 1921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karge, P., Rephaim : Die Vorgeschichtliche Kultur Palästinas und Phöniziens, Paderborn (First edition), 1917–1918</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zumoffen, Godefroy., L'âge de la Pierre en Phénicie, L'Anthropologie, Volume 8, page 272, 1898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauffray, J., Forums et monuments de Béryte, BULLETIN DU MUSEE DE BEYROUTH. Tome VII, 1944–1945, Beyrouth, in-4° br., 124 pages dont 4 de texte arabe, 29 planches hors-texte.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jidejian1973-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jidejian1973_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNina_Jidejian1973" class="citation book cs1">Nina Jidejian (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t29tAAAAMAAJ"><i>Beirut through the ages</i></a>. Dar el-Machreq distribution: Librairie orientale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beirut+through+the+ages&rft.pub=Dar+el-Machreq+distribution%3A+Librairie+orientale&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Nina+Jidejian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt29tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-star2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-star2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929184610/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Jun-25/178036-phoenician-port-in-beirut-faces-mega-project.ashx#axzz1zwmIpaYS">"Phoenician Port in Beirut faces Mega Project"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Jun-25/178036-phoenician-port-in-beirut-faces-mega-project.ashx#axzz1zwmIpaYS">the original</a> on 29 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Phoenician+Port+in+Beirut+faces+Mega+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FLocal-News%2F2012%2FJun-25%2F178036-phoenician-port-in-beirut-faces-mega-project.ashx%23axzz1zwmIpaYS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph K. Pederson, Archaeological Assessment Report on the Venus Towers Site (BEY 194), Beirut – For the Venus Towers Real Estate Development Company, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 30 May – 3 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154233/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Jun-29/178652-archaeological-report-razed-ruins-not-phoenician-port.ashx#axzz1zwmIpaYS">"Justin Salhani, Archaeological report: Razed ruins not Phoenician port"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. Lebanon. 29 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Jun-29/178652-archaeological-report-razed-ruins-not-phoenician-port.ashx#axzz1zwmIpaYS">the original</a> on 23 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Justin+Salhani%2C+Archaeological+report%3A+Razed+ruins+not+Phoenician+port&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FLocal-News%2F2012%2FJun-29%2F178652-archaeological-report-razed-ruins-not-phoenician-port.ashx%23axzz1zwmIpaYS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurversStuart2007" class="citation journal cs1">Curvers; Stuart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/238267">"The BCD Archaeology Project, 2000–2006"</a>. <i>Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">189–</span>221. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211013165752/https://www.academia.edu/238267">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+et+d%27Architecture+Libanaises&rft.atitle=The+BCD+Archaeology+Project%2C+2000%E2%80%932006&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Curvers&rft.au=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F238267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GetzelCohen-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GetzelCohen_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2006" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Getzel (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqdPcxuNthcC&pg=PA205"><i>The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, p. 205, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93102-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93102-2"><bdi>978-0-520-93102-2</bdi></a>, <q>Berytos, being part of Phoenicia, was under Ptolemaic control until 200<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. After the battle of Panion, Phoenicia and southern Syria passed to the Seleucids. In the second century BC, Laodikeia issued both autonomous as well as quasi-autonomous coins. The autonomous bronze coins had a Tyche on the obverse. The reverse often had Poseidon or Astarte standing on the prow of a ship, the letters BH or ΛΑ and the monogram Φ, that is, the initials of Berytos/Laodikeia and Phoenicia, and, on a few coins, the Phoenician legend LL'DK' 'S BKN 'N or LL'DK' 'M BKN 'N, which has been read as "Of Laodikcia which is in Canaan" or "Of Laodikcia Mother in Canaan.<i> The quasi-municipal coins—issued under Antiochos IV Epiphanes (175–164 BC) and continuing with Alexander I Balas (150–145 BC), Demetrios II Nikator (146–138 BC), and Alexander II Zabinas (128–123 BC)—contained the king's head on the obverse, and on the reverse the name of the king in Greek, the city name in Phoenician (LL'DK' 'S BKN 'N or LL'DK' 'M BKN 'N), the Greek letters ΛΑ, and the monogram Φ. After <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 123</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>BC the Phoenician "Of Laodikcia which is in Canaan" / "Of Laodikcia Mother in Canaan</i> is no longer attested.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Settlements+in+Syria%2C+the+Red+Sea+Basin%2C+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93102-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Getzel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqdPcxuNthcC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DTBcom-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DTBcom_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DTBcom_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.downtownbeirut.com/AboutBeirut.html">About Beirut and Downtown Beirut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423075733/http://www.downtownbeirut.com/AboutBeirut.html">Archived</a> 23 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, DownTownBeirut.com. Retrieved 17 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPlanet-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LPlanet_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LPlanet_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/lebanon/beirut">"Beirut"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524052809/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/lebanon/beirut">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Beirut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Flebanon%2Fbeirut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723183833/http://ukar.ff.cuni.cz/EN/proj-beirut.html">"Czech excavations in Beirut, Martyrs' Square"</a>. <i>Institute for Classical Archaeology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukar.ff.cuni.cz/EN/proj-beirut.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Classical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Czech+excavations+in+Beirut%2C+Martyrs%27+Square&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukar.ff.cuni.cz%2FEN%2Fproj-beirut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan,_James_F._page_87-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan,_James_F._page_87_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan,_James_F._page_87_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, James F. <i>The Prodigal Empire: The Fall of the Western Roman Empire</i>, page 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2004" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Linda Jones (6 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMJqGTSUmH8C&pg=PA45"><i>Roman Berytus: a colony of legionaries</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-49907-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-49907-8"><bdi>978-0-203-49907-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Berytus%3A+a+colony+of+legionaries&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004-02-06&rft.isbn=978-0-203-49907-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Linda+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMJqGTSUmH8C%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120524192722/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-230135">Beirut</a>, Britannica.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollerich2021" class="citation book cs1">Hollerich, Michael (22 June 2021). <i>Making Christian History: Eusebius of Caesarea and His Readers</i> (1st ed.). Univ of California Press. pp. 67, 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29536-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29536-0"><bdi>978-0-520-29536-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Christian+History%3A+Eusebius+of+Caesarea+and+His+Readers&rft.pages=67%2C+332&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29536-0&rft.aulast=Hollerich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/History-of-Phoenicia7/#p2"><i>History of Phoenicia</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307085928/http://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/History-of-Phoenicia7/#p2">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Phoenicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulltextarchive.com%2Fpage%2FHistory-of-Phoenicia7%2F%23p2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sbeinati-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sbeinati_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSbeinatiDarawcheh_R.Mouty_M2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sbeinati, M.R.; Darawcheh R.; Mouty M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4401%2Fag-3206">"The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D."</a> <i>Annals of Geophysics</i>. <b>48</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">347–</span>435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4401%2Fag-3206">10.4401/ag-3206</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Geophysics&rft.atitle=The+historical+earthquakes+of+Syria%3A+an+analysis+of+large+and+moderate+earthquakes+from+1365+B.C.+to+1900+A.D.&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4401%2Fag-3206&rft.aulast=Sbeinati&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft.au=Darawcheh+R.&rft.au=Mouty+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4401%252Fag-3206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628084129/http://www.ikamalebanon.com/national_heritage/south_nh/sth_cities_nh/saida.htm">"Saida (Sidon)"</a>. Ikamalebanon.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikamalebanon.com/national_heritage/south_nh/sth_cities_nh/saida.htm">the original</a> on 28 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saida+%28Sidon%29&rft.pub=Ikamalebanon.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikamalebanon.com%2Fnational_heritage%2Fsouth_nh%2Fsth_cities_nh%2Fsaida.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerring2003" class="citation journal cs1">Perring, Dominic (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/489532">"The Insula of the House of the Fountains in Beirut: an Outline History"</a>. <i>Antiquaries Journal</i>. <b>83</b>: <span class="nowrap">195–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581500077696">10.1017/S0003581500077696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162079588">162079588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquaries+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Insula+of+the+House+of+the+Fountains+in+Beirut%3A+an+Outline+History&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003581500077696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162079588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Perring&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F489532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritUKBeir-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritUKBeir_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritUKBeir_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223204339/https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9356914">"Beirut"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. 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In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 658.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beirut&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=658&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Charles+William&rft.au=Hogarth%2C+David+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Moshe Sharon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques2009" class="citation book cs1">Jacques, Edwin E. (30 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNYmAQAAMAAJ&q=tafil%20buzi"><i>The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present</i></a>. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4238-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4238-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-4238-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004010849/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNYmAQAAMAAJ&q=tafil%20buzi">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanians%3A+An+Ethnic+History+from+Prehistoric+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4238-6&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Edwin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNYmAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtafil%2520buzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKüskü2019" class="citation journal cs1">Küskü, Fırat (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39958753">"MÜSLÜMAN SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜYLE BEYRUT ŞEHRİ (1890-1914)"</a>. <i>Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">143–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30561%2Fsinopusd.529737">10.30561/sinopusd.529737</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2547-989X">2547-989X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198739031">198739031</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021190413/https://www.academia.edu/39958753">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sinop+%C3%9Cniversitesi+Sosyal+Bilimler+Dergisi&rft.atitle=M%C3%9CSL%C3%9CMAN+SEYYAHLARIN+G%C3%96Z%C3%9CYLE+BEYRUT+%C5%9EEHR%C4%B0+%281890-1914%29&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198739031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2547-989X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30561%2Fsinopusd.529737&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCsk%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=F%C4%B1rat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39958753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fawaz, Leila. "The City and the Mountain", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> 16 no. 4 (Nov. 1984), 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fawaz, Leila. "The City and the Mountain", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> 16 no. 4 (Nov. 1984), 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill43-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill43_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill43_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2020" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Peter (2020). <i>Utopia and Civilization in the Arab Nahda</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49166-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49166-2"><bdi>978-1-108-49166-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopia+and+Civilization+in+the+Arab+Nahda&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49166-2&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlecher2002" class="citation book cs1">Blecher, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmpEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Beirut+Municipal+Council%22+1868"><i>The Medicalization of Sovereignty: Medicine, Public Health, and Political Authority in Syria, 1861-1936</i></a>. Stanford University. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-493-62826-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-493-62826-4"><bdi>978-0-493-62826-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316002903/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmpEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Beirut+Municipal+Council%22+1868">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medicalization+of+Sovereignty%3A+Medicine%2C+Public+Health%2C+and+Political+Authority+in+Syria%2C+1861-1936&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-493-62826-4&rft.aulast=Blecher&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmpEAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Beirut%2BMunicipal%2BCouncil%2522%2B1868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/jmhamilton/modern.html">Modern Beirut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915181848/https://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/jmhamilton/modern.html">Archived</a> 15 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Macalester College</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LebanonLinks-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LebanonLinks_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106234850/http://www.lebanonlinks.com/country/beirut_history_beyrouth.html">"History of Beirut"</a>. <i>Lebanon Links</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lebanonlinks.com/country/beirut_history_beyrouth.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lebanon+Links&rft.atitle=History+of+Beirut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lebanonlinks.com%2Fcountry%2Fbeirut_history_beyrouth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schayegh_2017-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schayegh_2017_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schayegh_2017_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchayegh2017" class="citation book cs1">Schayegh, Cyrus (2017). <i>The Middle East and the Making of the Modern World</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Schayegh&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxjustice.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/lebanon-emerging-black-hole-of-middle.html">"Tax Justice Network: Lebanon: a re-emerging Middle Eastern secrecy jurisdiction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012115143/http://taxjustice.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/lebanon-emerging-black-hole-of-middle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+Justice+Network%3A+Lebanon%3A+a+re-emerging+Middle+Eastern+secrecy+jurisdiction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaxjustice.blogspot.co.uk%2F2014%2F01%2Flebanon-emerging-black-hole-of-middle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Crisis of Representation: Experimental Documentary in Postwar Lebanon</i>. BiblioBazaar. 2011. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-243-52201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-243-52201-6"><bdi>978-1-243-52201-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+of+Representation%3A+Experimental+Documentary+in+Postwar+Lebanon&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-243-52201-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[An Alternate Alternative History] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Foreign Policy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124231823/http://travel.independent.co.uk/middle_east/article84731.ece">"Dancing in the street"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.independent.co.uk/middle_east/article84731.ece">the original</a> on 24 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Dancing+in+the+street&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.independent.co.uk%2Fmiddle_east%2Farticle84731.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFjosephhokayem2012" class="citation web cs1">josephhokayem (11 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histoiredesforceslibanaises.wordpress.com/2012/07/11/the-100-days-war-the-battle-of-ashrafieh/">"The 100 Days War, the Battle of Ashrafieh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830062941/https://histoiredesforceslibanaises.wordpress.com/2012/07/11/the-100-days-war-the-battle-of-ashrafieh/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+100+Days+War%2C+the+Battle+of+Ashrafieh&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.au=josephhokayem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoiredesforceslibanaises.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2F11%2Fthe-100-days-war-the-battle-of-ashrafieh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402220339/http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/chronology-pr.cfm">"Terrorism – Terrorist Attacks Chronology"</a>. <i>CDI <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a> Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/chronology-pr.cfm">the original</a> on 2 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDI+Terrorism+Project&rft.atitle=Terrorism+%E2%80%93+Terrorist+Attacks+Chronology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdi.org%2Fterrorism%2Fchronology-pr.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/cron.html">"Frontline: Target America: Terrorist Attacks on Americans, 1979–1988"</a>. <i>PBS.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011006084049/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/cron.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS.org&rft.atitle=Frontline%3A+Target+America%3A+Terrorist+Attacks+on+Americans%2C+1979%E2%80%931988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Ftarget%2Fetc%2Fcron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193030/http://www.lebaneseforces.com/bombingofmarinebarracks.asp">"Historical Fact: Bombing of marine barracks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">lebaneseforces.com</a></i>. 23 October 1983. 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Towards a "Spatialisation" of the Realist Paradigm from International Relations (Le Realurbanisme ou la Realpolitik de l'urbain. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Lebanon%27s+government+%27to+resign+over+blast%27&rft.date=2020-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-53720383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbina2020" class="citation news cs1">Urbina, Ian (11 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/Behind-the-Beirut-blast-the-perils-of-abandoned-15474020.php">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Behind the Beirut blast: the perils of abandoned ships and cargo"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702230741/https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/Behind-the-Beirut-blast-the-perils-of-abandoned-15474020.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=%22Behind+the+Beirut+blast%3A+the+perils+of+abandoned+ships+and+cargo%22&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.aulast=Urbina&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Fopinion%2Fopenforum%2Farticle%2FBehind-the-Beirut-blast-the-perils-of-abandoned-15474020.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwires" class="citation web cs1">wires, Staff and. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/08/06/aid-lebanon-beirut-explosion-force-corruption-reforms/3307109001/">"Beirut explosion left 300,000 homeless, caused up to $15 billion in damage"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810032110/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/08/06/aid-lebanon-beirut-explosion-force-corruption-reforms/3307109001/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Beirut+explosion+left+300%2C000+homeless%2C+caused+up+to+%2415+billion+in+damage&rft.aulast=wires&rft.aufirst=Staff+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2020%2F08%2F06%2Faid-lebanon-beirut-explosion-force-corruption-reforms%2F3307109001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast/lebanese-call-for-an-uprising-after-protests-rock-beirut-idUSKCN2550CI">"Lebanese call for an uprising after protests rock Beirut"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 9 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029150442/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast/lebanese-call-for-an-uprising-after-protests-rock-beirut-idUSKCN2550CI">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Lebanese+call+for+an+uprising+after+protests+rock+Beirut&rft.date=2020-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-lebanon-security-blast%2Flebanese-call-for-an-uprising-after-protests-rock-beirut-idUSKCN2550CI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/10/lebanons-prime-minister-announces-he-will-resign-amid-large-protests-following-last-weeks-beirut-blast/">"Lebanon's prime minister announces he will resign amid large protests following last week's Beirut blast"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Lebanon%27s+prime+minister+announces+he+will+resign+amid+large+protests+following+last+week%27s+Beirut+blast&rft.date=2020-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2F08%2F10%2Flebanons-prime-minister-announces-he-will-resign-amid-large-protests-following-last-weeks-beirut-blast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/10/middleeast/beirut-port-fire-intl/index.html">"Beirut port ablaze, weeks after massive blast"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 10 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911150355/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/10/middleeast/beirut-port-fire-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Beirut+port+ablaze%2C+weeks+after+massive+blast&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F09%2F10%2Fmiddleeast%2Fbeirut-port-fire-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macalester.edu/geography/courses/geog261/efarhat/%20beirut/geography.htm">"Beirut – The Pearl of the Middle East"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beirut+%E2%80%93+The+Pearl+of+the+Middle+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macalester.edu%2Fgeography%2Fcourses%2Fgeog261%2Fefarhat%2F%2520beirut%2Fgeography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMI-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DMI_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappelenJensen" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf">"Libanon – Beyrouth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960)</i> (in Danish). 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Time and Date. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220204041541/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/lebanon/beirut/climate">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+%26+Weather+Averages+at+Beirut+Airport+weather+station+%2840100%29&rft.pub=Time+and+Date&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fweather%2Flebanon%2Fbeirut%2Fclimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seatemperature-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seatemperature_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/lebanon/beirut-february.htm">"Monthly Beirut water temperature chart"</a>. seatemperature.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206023744/http://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/lebanon/beirut-february.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Beirut+water+temperature+chart&rft.pub=seatemperature.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seatemperature.org%2Fmiddle-east%2Flebanon%2Fbeirut-february.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumeTawfeeq" class="citation news cs1">Hume, Tim; Tawfeeq, Mohammed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/24/middleeast/lebanon-garbage-crisis-river/index.html">"Lebanon: River of trash chokes Beirut suburb"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170326/http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/24/middleeast/lebanon-garbage-crisis-river/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Lebanon%3A+River+of+trash+chokes+Beirut+suburb&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Tawfeeq%2C+Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F02%2F24%2Fmiddleeast%2Flebanon-garbage-crisis-river%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521100928/http://www.beirut.gov.lb/www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSAR/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9%2B%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA/">"Beirut's official website"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beirut%27s+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2FMCMSAR%2F%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9%252B%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412231917/http://www.beirut.gov.lb/www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSEN/Maps%2Bof%2BBeirut/">"Beirut's Official Website"</a>. Beirut.gov.lb. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beirut%27s+Official+Website&rft.pub=Beirut.gov.lb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2FMCMSEN%2FMaps%2Bof%2BBeirut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNRWA-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNRWA_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNRWA_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/lebanon.html">"Lebanon refugee camp profiles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East">UNRWA</a>. 31 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409202113/http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/lebanon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lebanon.com&rft.atitle=Construction+%40+Lebanon.com+%E2%80%93+Beirut+%E2%80%93+BCD%3A+Anticipated+Phasing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lebanon.com%2Fconstruction%2Fbeirut%2Fanticipa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lebanon.com/construction/beirut/program.htm">"Construction @ Lebanon.com – Beirut – BCD: The Program"</a>. <i>Lebanon.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116054209/http://www.lebanon.com/construction/beirut/program.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lebanon.com&rft.atitle=Construction+%40+Lebanon.com+%E2%80%93+Beirut+%E2%80%93+BCD%3A+The+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lebanon.com%2Fconstruction%2Fbeirut%2Fprogram.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solidere.com/beirut-souks/about/south-souks/">"South Souks | Beirut Souks – A new shopping experience"</a>. <i>Solidere.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610072528/http://www.solidere.com/beirut-souks/about/south-souks/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Solidere.com&rft.atitle=South+Souks+%7C+Beirut+Souks+%E2%80%93+A+new+shopping+experience&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solidere.com%2Fbeirut-souks%2Fabout%2Fsouth-souks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Amanda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145202/https://interventionsjournal.net/2014/07/03/rebuilding-beirut-from-ruin-to-simulacrum/">"Rebuilding Beirut: From Ruin to Simulacrum"</a>. <i>Interventions Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interventionsjournal.net/2014/07/03/rebuilding-beirut-from-ruin-to-simulacrum/">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interventions+Journal&rft.atitle=Rebuilding+Beirut%3A+From+Ruin+to+Simulacrum&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterventionsjournal.net%2F2014%2F07%2F03%2Frebuilding-beirut-from-ruin-to-simulacrum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thealeppoproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Extended-bibliography.pdf">"Rebuilding Downtown Beirut Extended Bibliography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.thealeppoproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Extended-bibliography.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rebuilding+Downtown+Beirut+Extended+Bibliography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thealeppoproject.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2FExtended-bibliography.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beirutreport.com-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beirutreport.com_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beirutreport.com_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattah2014" class="citation web cs1">Battah, Habib (19 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207044937/http://www.beirutreport.com/2014/01/erasing-memory-in-downtown-beirut.html">"Erasing memory in downtown Beirut"</a>. <i>Beirut Report</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beirutreport.com/2014/01/erasing-memory-in-downtown-beirut.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beirut+Report&rft.atitle=Erasing+memory+in+downtown+Beirut&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft.aulast=Battah&rft.aufirst=Habib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beirutreport.com%2F2014%2F01%2Ferasing-memory-in-downtown-beirut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright2015" class="citation news cs1">Wainwright, Oliver (22 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jan/22/beirut-lebanon-glitzy-downtown-redevelopment-gucci-prada">"Is Beirut's glitzy downtown redevelopment all that it seems?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929073707/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jan/22/beirut-lebanon-glitzy-downtown-redevelopment-gucci-prada">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+Beirut%27s+glitzy+downtown+redevelopment+all+that+it+seems%3F&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2015%2Fjan%2F22%2Fbeirut-lebanon-glitzy-downtown-redevelopment-gucci-prada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchayegh2018" class="citation book cs1">Schayegh, Cyrus (2018). <i>The Middle East and the Making of the Modern World</i> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-98110-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-98110-3"><bdi>0-674-98110-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=0-674-98110-3&rft.aulast=Schayegh&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/58884/Beirut/24957/Economic-and-political-conditions">"Beirut – national capital, Lebanon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110222634/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/58884/Beirut/24957/Economic-and-political-conditions">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beirut+%E2%80%93+national+capital%2C+Lebanon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F58884%2FBeirut%2F24957%2FEconomic-and-political-conditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It slowly however eventually regained its title as one of the region's largest economical hubs after massive reconstruction in its central district and infrastructure. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908003830/http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/country_lebanon/economy.html">"Profile of Lebanon: Economy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/country_lebanon/economy.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+Lebanon%3A+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lebanonembassyus.org%2Fcountry_lebanon%2Feconomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127161620/http://www.mea.com.lb/MEA/English/ContactUs/ContactInfo.htm">"Contact Us"</a>. <i>Middle East Airlines</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mea.com.lb/MEA/English/ContactUs/ContactInfo.htm">the original</a> on 27 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Airlines&rft.atitle=Contact+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mea.com.lb%2FMEA%2FEnglish%2FContactUs%2FContactInfo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815232452/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//Business/Lebanon/2013/Mar-05/208825-torbey-banks-will-maintain-profits-in-2013.ashx#axzz2OrXoEjbS">"Torbey: Banks will maintain profits in 2013"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Lebanon/2013/Mar-05/208825-torbey-banks-will-maintain-profits-in-2013.ashx#axzz2OrXoEjbS">the original</a> on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Torbey%3A+Banks+will+maintain+profits+in+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FBusiness%2FLebanon%2F2013%2FMar-05%2F208825-torbey-banks-will-maintain-profits-in-2013.ashx%23axzz2OrXoEjbS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221853/http://www.executive-magazine.com/banking-and-finance/banking-sector-lebanon-2012/5567">"Lebanon's banking sector still well-fueled"</a>. <i>Executive Magazine</i>. 12 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.executive-magazine.com/banking-and-finance/banking-sector-lebanon-2012/5567">the original</a> on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Executive+Magazine&rft.atitle=Lebanon%27s+banking+sector+still+well-fueled&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.executive-magazine.com%2Fbanking-and-finance%2Fbanking-sector-lebanon-2012%2F5567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234517/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//Business/Lebanon/2012/Jan-06/159013-lebanons-foreign-currency-reserves-up-by-53-percent.ashx#axzz2OrXoEjbS">"Lebanon's foreign currency reserves up by 5.3 percent"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Lebanon/2012/Jan-06/159013-lebanons-foreign-currency-reserves-up-by-53-percent.ashx#axzz2OrXoEjbS">the original</a> on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Lebanon%27s+foreign+currency+reserves+up+by+5.3+percent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FBusiness%2FLebanon%2F2012%2FJan-06%2F159013-lebanons-foreign-currency-reserves-up-by-53-percent.ashx%23axzz2OrXoEjbS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605050024/http://www.bdl.gov.lb/bfs/mainchr.htm">"Main Characteristics of The Lebanese Banking & Financial Sectors"</a>. <i>bdl.gov.lb</i>. Banque du Liban. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdl.gov.lb/bfs/mainchr.htm">the original</a> on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bdl.gov.lb&rft.atitle=Main+Characteristics+of+The+Lebanese+Banking+%26+Financial+Sectors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdl.gov.lb%2Fbfs%2Fmainchr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShair2006" class="citation book cs1">Shair, Kamal (14 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qj-gMqGK1YUC&pg=PA3"><i>Out of the Middle East: The Emergence of an Arab Global Business</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-271-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-271-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-271-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316002903/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qj-gMqGK1YUC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Middle+East%3A+The+Emergence+of+an+Arab+Global+Business&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006-10-14&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-271-4&rft.aulast=Shair&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQj-gMqGK1YUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strife-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strife_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/lebanon-travel-advisory.html">"Lebanon Travel Warning"</a>. U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Consular Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140418/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/lebanon-travel-advisory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon+Travel+Warning&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State+%E2%80%93+Bureau+of+Consular+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.state.gov%2Fcontent%2Ftravel%2Fen%2Ftraveladvisories%2Ftraveladvisories%2Flebanon-travel-advisory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.gc.ca/destinations/lebanon">"Travel advice and advisories for Lebanon"</a>. Government of Canada. 16 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409150233/https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/lebanon">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Beirut (Lebanon);Washington (DC);Galápagos Islands;Berlin (Germany);Las Vegas (Nev);Hawaii;Vienna (Austria);Doha (Qatar);Dakar (Senegal);Phuket (Thailand);Chicago (Ill);Dallas (Tex);Bhutan;Florida Keys;Rome (Italy);Cuba;Penang (Malaysia);Seychelles Islands;Florianopolis (Brazil);Copenhagen (Denmark);Monument Valley;Great Britain;Cologne (Germany);Reykjavík (Iceland);Red Sea;Egypt;Deauville (France);South Africa;India;Kazakhstan;Buffalo (NY);Madagascar;Tasmania (Australia);Stockholm (Sweden);Alaska;Pennsylvania;Zambia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422182843/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/01/11/travel/20090111_DESTINATIONS.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beirutnightlife.com&rft.atitle=Beirut+No.+1+expensive+city+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beirutnightlife.com%2Fnews%2Fbeirut-no-1-expensive-city-in-the-middle-east%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121211110313/http://www.eurocost.com/en/rent_world_2010.html">"Worldwide expats rent prices ranking 2010"</a>. <i>Eurocost.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurocost.com/en/rent_world_2010.html">the original</a> on 11 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurocost.com&rft.atitle=Worldwide+expats+rent+prices+ranking+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurocost.com%2Fen%2Frent_world_2010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the961.com/beirut-looks-like-a-ghost-town/">"Beirut That Never Sleeps Has Now Another Story to Tell (PHOTOS)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beirut+That+Never+Sleeps+Has+Now+Another+Story+to+Tell+%28PHOTOS%29&rft.pub=The961&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the961.com%2Fbeirut-looks-like-a-ghost-town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.originaltravel.co.uk/travel-blog/beirut-city-the-real-city-that-never-sleeps">"Beirut City: The Real City That Never Sleeps"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beirut+City%3A+The+Real+City+That+Never+Sleeps&rft.pub=Original+Travel&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.originaltravel.co.uk%2Ftravel-blog%2Fbeirut-city-the-real-city-that-never-sleeps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062045/http://www.cntraveler.com/readers-choice-awards/best-cities-world_slideshow_20-Seville_6">"Top 25 Cities in the World"</a>. <i>Condé Nast Travler</i>. November 2013. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cond%C3%A9+Nast+Travler&rft.atitle=Top+25+Cities+in+the+World&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cntraveler.com%2Freaders-choice-awards%2Fbest-cities-world_slideshow_20-Seville_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.new7wonders.com/2014/12/07/new7wonders-cities/">"And the New7Wonders Cities are…"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511210237/http://world.new7wonders.com/2014/12/07/new7wonders-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=And+the+New7Wonders+Cities+are%E2%80%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.new7wonders.com%2F2014%2F12%2F07%2Fnew7wonders-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new7wonders.com/">"New7Wonders"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525102950/https://new7wonders.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/style/best-international-cities-food-162605431/photo-p-lebanons-capital-city-beirut-photo-162929793.html?soc_src=social-sh&soc_trk=tw">the original</a> on 18 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Best+International+Cities+for+Food&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fstyle%2Fbest-international-cities-food-162605431%2Fphoto-p-lebanons-capital-city-beirut-photo-162929793.html%3Fsoc_src%3Dsocial-sh%26soc_trk%3Dtw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2016/Jul-12/361592-beirut-defies-all-odds-as-one-of-worlds-best-cities.ashx">"Beirut ranked as one of world's best cities"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816233700/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2016/Jul-12/361592-beirut-defies-all-odds-as-one-of-worlds-best-cities.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Beirut+ranked+as+one+of+world%27s+best+cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FLebanon-News%2F2016%2FJul-12%2F361592-beirut-defies-all-odds-as-one-of-worlds-best-cities.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200010/21/eng20001021_53229.html">"China Ready to Face Tough Task in Asian Cup Bidding"</a>. <i>People's Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220161327/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200010/21/eng20001021_53229.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=China+Ready+to+Face+Tough+Task+in+Asian+Cup+Bidding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2Fenglish%2F200010%2F21%2Feng20001021_53229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206095145/http://www.maxell.co.jp/afc/en/lebanon_football.html">"Lebanese Football need to make their mark in Asia"</a>. <i>Maxell</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maxell.co.jp/afc/en/lebanon_football.html">the original</a> on 6 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maxell&rft.atitle=Lebanese+Football+need+to+make+their+mark+in+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxell.co.jp%2Fafc%2Fen%2Flebanon_football.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304031647/http://beirutartcenter.org/presentation.php">"Beirut Art Center"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beirutartcenter.org/presentation.php">the original</a> on 4 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beirut+Art+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeirutartcenter.org%2Fpresentation.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReutersFashion-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersFashion_192-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReutersFashion_192-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-fashion-idUSTRE69C3JP20101013">"Lebanese fashion designers reign supreme despite crisis"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 13 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194027/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/13/us-lebanon-fashion-idUSTRE69C3JP20101013">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Lebanese+fashion+designers+reign+supreme+despite+crisis&rft.date=2010-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-lebanon-fashion-idUSTRE69C3JP20101013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/qa-calligraphy-meets-street-art-beirut-150616064634855.html">"Jazeera English"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709104408/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/qa-calligraphy-meets-street-art-beirut-150616064634855.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F06%2Fqa-calligraphy-meets-street-art-beirut-150616064634855.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1837" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1837). "picture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA96"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218201603/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=picture&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1838&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D49BbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1837" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1837). "poetical illustration". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA98"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218201603/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=poetical+illustration&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1838&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D49BbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme2006" class="citation news cs1">Syme, Rachel (4 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103170230/https://nymag.com/arts/popmusic/features/18856/">"Beirut: The Band"</a>. <i>New York</i>. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Beirut%3A+The+Band&rft.date=2006-08-04&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Farts%2Fpopmusic%2Ffeatures%2F18856%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/homelands-portrayal-beirut-prompts-lebanon-381493/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Homeland's' Portrayal of Beirut Prompts Lebanon to Consider Lawsuit"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>. 21 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200809/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/homelands-portrayal-beirut-prompts-lebanon-381493/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27Homeland%27s%27+Portrayal+of+Beirut+Prompts+Lebanon+to+Consider+Lawsuit&rft.date=2012-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Ftv%2Ftv-news%2Fhomelands-portrayal-beirut-prompts-lebanon-381493%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twins-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twins_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221055403/http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2FMCMSEN%2FTwinning+the+Cities%2F&NRNODEGUID=%7B18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest">"Twinning the Cities"</a>. City of Beirut. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fwww%2Ebeirut%2Egov%2Elb%2FMCMSEN%2FTwinning%2Bthe%2BCities%2F&NRNODEGUID=%7B18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest">the original</a> on 21 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twinning+the+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Beirut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2FMCMSTest%2FMenu-Pages%2FSisterCitiesEN.aspx%3FNRMODE%3DPublished%26NRORIGINALURL%3D%252Fwww%252Ebeirut%252Egov%252Elb%252FMCMSEN%252FTwinning%252Bthe%252BCities%252F%26NRNODEGUID%3D%257B18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%257D%26NRCACHEHINT%3DNoModifyGuest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="unreadable (July 2017)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings_2-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_2_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/">"Yerevan – Twin Towns & Sister Cities"</a>. <i>Yerevan Municipality Official Website</i>. 2005–2013 www.yerevan.am. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031192729/http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yerevan+Municipality+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Yerevan+%E2%80%93+Twin+Towns+%26+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fen%2Fpartner%2Fsister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174924/http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news"><bdi lang="hy">ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ</bdi></a> [Yerevan expanding its international relations]. <i>www.yerevan.am</i> (in Armenian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news">the original</a> on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yerevan.am&rft.atitle=%D4%B5%D5%90%D4%B5%D5%8E%D4%B1%D5%86%D4%BB+%D5%94%D4%B1%D5%82%D4%B1%D5%94%D4%B1%D5%8A%D4%B5%D5%8F%D4%B1%D5%90%D4%B1%D5%86%D5%8A%D4%B1%D5%87%D5%8F%D5%88%D5%86%D4%B1%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%86+%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%85%D5%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fpages.php%3Flang%3D1%26id%3D184%26page_name%3Dnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solidere.com/city-center/history-and-culture/heritage-trail">Solidere website, <i>Heritage Trail</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2004" class="citation cs2">Hall, Linda Jones (2004), <i>Roman Berytus: Beirut in Late Antiquity</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Berytus%3A+Beirut+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Linda+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead_&_al.1911" class="citation cs2">Head, Barclay; et al. (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/syria.html">"Phoenicia"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html"><i>Historia Numorum</i></a> (2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">788–</span>801</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phoenicia&rft.btitle=Historia+Numorum&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E788-%3C%2Fspan%3E801&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Barclay&rft.au=G.F.+Hill&rft.au=George+MacDonald&rft.au=W.+Wroth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnible.org%2Fcoins%2Fhn%2Fsyria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassir2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Samir_Kassir" title="Samir Kassir">Kassir, Samir</a> (2003), <i>Histoire de Beyrouth</i> (in French), Fayard</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Beyrouth&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kassir&rft.aufirst=Samir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassir2010" class="citation cs2">Kassir, Samir (2010), <i>Beirut</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beirut&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kassir&rft.aufirst=Samir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansel2010" class="citation cs2">Mansel, Philip (2010), <i>Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean</i>, London: John Murray, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6707-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6707-0"><bdi>978-0-7195-6707-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Levant%3A+Splendour+and+Catastrophe+on+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-6707-0&rft.aulast=Mansel&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbert2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbert" title="Richard Talbert">Talbert, Richard</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Barrington_Atlas_of_the_Greek_and_Roman_World" title="Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World"><i>Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World</i></a>, Princeton University Press, p. 69, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03169-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03169-X"><bdi>0-691-03169-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barrington+Atlas+of+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-691-03169-X&rft.aulast=Talbert&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeirut" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Beirut</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beirut" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Beirut">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Beyrouth_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" class="extiw" title="c:Beyrouth بيروت">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Beirut" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Beirut">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beirut" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Beirut">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beirut" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Beirut">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beirut" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Beirut">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Beirut" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Beirut">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Beirut" class="extiw" title="voy:Beirut">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Lebanon" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Lebanon">Wikimedia Atlas of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nli.org.il:80/F/?func=direct&doc_number=002370088&local_base=NNL01">Map of Beirut, 1936.</a>, Eran Laor Cartographich Collection, The National Library of Israel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/lebanon/beirut/maps/tfl_1936_beirut_b.jpg">Historic Cities Research Project.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225085901/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/lebanon/beirut/maps/tfl_1936_beirut_b.jpg">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_Beirut" title="Template:Greater Beirut"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_Beirut" title="Template talk:Greater Beirut"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Beirut" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Beirut"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greater_Beirut218" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Beirut" title="Greater Beirut">Greater Beirut</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">First-level<br />administrative<br />divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Beirut.svg/23px-Flag_of_Beirut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Beirut.svg/35px-Flag_of_Beirut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Beirut.svg/45px-Flag_of_Beirut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beirut City</a><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Aanoub" title="Ain Aanoub">Ain Aanoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Saadeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Saadeh">Ain Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelias" title="Antelias">Antelias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramoun,_Keserwan" title="Aramoun, Keserwan">Aramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baabda" title="Baabda">Baabda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basateen,_Lebanon" title="Basateen, Lebanon">Basateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdadoun" title="Bdadoun">Bdadoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechamoun" title="Bechamoun">Bechamoun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Chabab" title="Beit Chabab">Beit Chabab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Mary">Beit Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourj_Hammoud" title="Bourj Hammoud">Bourj Hammoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourj_el-Barajneh" title="Bourj el-Barajneh">Bourj el-Barajneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bsaba" title="Bsaba">Bsaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bsalim" title="Bsalim">Bsalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choueifat" title="Choueifat">Choueifat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemlane">Chemlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiyah">Chiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damour" title="Damour">Damour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahieh" title="Dahieh">Dahieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dbayeh" title="Dbayeh">Dbayeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora,_Lebanon" title="Dora, Lebanon">Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekwaneh" title="Dekwaneh">Dekwaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadath" title="Hadath">Hadath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmieh" title="Hazmieh">Hazmieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal_el_Dib" title="Jal el Dib">Jal el Dib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jdeideh" title="Jdeideh">Jdeideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaldeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaldeh">Khaldeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfarshima" title="Kfarshima">Kfarshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mansouria,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="El Mansouria, Lebanon">Mansourieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkalles" title="Mkalles">Mkalles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtaileb" title="Mtaileb">Mtaileb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27ameh" title="Na'ameh">Na'ameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naccache" title="Naccache">Naccache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qornet_Shehwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qornet Shehwan">Qornet Shehwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabieh" title="Rabieh">Rabieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roumieh" title="Roumieh">Roumieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarze" title="Yarze">Yarze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalka" title="Zalka">Zalka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template talk:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Lebanon" title="Archaeology of Lebanon">Archaeological sites in Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadloun" title="Aadloun">Aadloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaiha" title="Aaiha">Aaiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aammiq" title="Aammiq">Aammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaqbe" title="Aaqbe">Aaqbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Aata" title="Ain Aata">Ain Aata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Choaab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Choaab">Ain Choaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Harcha" title="Ain Harcha">Ain Harcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbiyeh" title="Akbiyeh">Akbiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkar_plain_foothills" title="Akkar plain foothills">Akkar plain foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh,_Rashaya" title="Al-Bireh, Rashaya">Al-Bireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amlaq_Qatih" title="Amlaq Qatih">Amlaq Qatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar, Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelias_cave" title="Antelias cave">Antelias cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afqa" title="Afqa">Apheca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_Saouda" title="Ard Saouda">Ard Saouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_Tlaili" title="Ard Tlaili">Ard Tlaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusti_Pagus_(Roman_Phoenicia)" title="Augusti Pagus (Roman Phoenicia)">Augusti Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidar_ech_Chamout" title="Baidar ech Chamout">Baidar ech Chamout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroumine" title="Batroumine">Batroumine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechamoun" title="Bechamoun">Bechamoun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Mery" title="Beit Mery">Beit Mery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belat_temple" title="Belat temple">Belat temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus (Roman Beirut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_Birke" title="Bustan Birke">Bustan Birke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalizations_of_Zenobia" title="Canalizations of Zenobia">Canalizations of Zenobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahr_El_Ahmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahr El Ahmar">Dahr El Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakoue" title="Dakoue">Dakoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_El_Aachayer" title="Deir El Aachayer">Deir El Aachayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Al-Ahmar" title="Deir Al-Ahmar">Deir Al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Deir Mar Maroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekwaneh" title="Dekwaneh">Dekwaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douris_(Baalbek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Douris (Baalbek)">Douris (Baalbek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(Lebanon)" title="Elaea (Lebanon)">Elaea (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaoui" title="Flaoui">Flaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadous_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadous Sud">Fadous Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbariye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebbariye">Hebbariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadeth,_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadeth, Beirut">Hadeth south</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haret_ech_Cheikh" title="Haret ech Cheikh">Haret ech Cheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashbai" title="Hashbai">Hashbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triparadeisos" title="Triparadeisos">Heliopolis in Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermel_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermel plains">Hermel plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaat" title="Iaat">Iaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_es_Saa%C3%AFd%C3%A9" title="Jabal es Saaïdé">Jabal es Saaïdé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jbaa" title="Jbaa">Jbaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jdeideh" title="Jdeideh">Jdeideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Aabeby" title="Jebel Aabeby">Jebel Aabeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeita_Grotto" title="Jeita Grotto">Jeita Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joub_Jannine" title="Joub Jannine">Joub Jannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh">Jieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zabad" title="Kafr Zabad">Kafr Zabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kamid el-Loz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamouh_el_Hermel" title="Kamouh el Hermel">Kamouh el Hermel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak_Nuh" title="Karak Nuh">Karak Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukaba" title="Kaukaba">Kaukaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefraya" title="Kefraya">Kefraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Tebnit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr Tebnit">Kafr Tebnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Qouq" title="Kfar Qouq">Kfar Qouq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfarhata" title="Kfarhata">Kfarhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khallet_Michte" title="Khallet Michte">Khallet Michte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Sanctuary_of_Kharayeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician Sanctuary of Kharayeb">Kharayeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_El-Knese" title="Khirbet El-Knese">Khirbet El-Knese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouachra" title="Kouachra">Kouachra megalith field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_Akil" title="Ksar Akil">Ksar Akil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labweh" title="Labweh">Labweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Qaraoun" title="Lake Qaraoun">Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbaya" title="Libbaya">Libbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Tower">Lion Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Anjar" title="Majdal Anjar">Majdal Anjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mansouria,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="El Mansouria, Lebanon">Mansourieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_mummies" title="Maronite mummies">Maronite mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayrouba" title="Mayrouba">Mayrouba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mdoukha" title="Mdoukha">Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moukhtara" title="Moukhtara">Moukhtara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtaileb" title="Mtaileb">Mtaileb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Zair" title="Nabi Zair">Nabi Zair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachcharini" title="Nachcharini">Nachcharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahle,_Lebanon" title="Nahle, Lebanon">Nahle, Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neba%27a_Faour" title="Neba'a Faour">Neba'a Faour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebi_Safa" title="Nebi Safa">Nebi Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosn_Niha" title="Hosn Niha">Hosn Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_port_of_Beirut" title="Phoenician port of Beirut">Phoenician port of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Zgharta" title="Plain of Zgharta">Plain of Zgharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaa" title="Qaa">Qaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bustra" title="Qal'at Bustra">Qal'at Bustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_Tannour" title="Qalaat Tannour">Qalaat Tannour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaraoun" title="Qaraoun">Qaraoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_el_Banat,_Lebanon" title="Qasr el Banat, Lebanon">Qasr el Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Baalbek_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Baalbek I">Ras Baalbek I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Beirut" title="Ras Beirut">Ras Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_El_Kelb" title="Ras El Kelb">Ras El Kelb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashaya" title="Rashaya">Rashaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum,_Beirut" title="Roman Forum, Beirut">Roman Forum of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Berytus" title="Hippodrome of Berytus">Roman hippodrome of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple_of_Bziza" title="Roman temple of Bziza">Roman temple of Bziza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sands_of_Beirut" title="Sands of Beirut">Sands of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraain_El_Faouqa" title="Saraain El Faouqa">Saraain El Faouqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shheem" title="Shheem">Shheem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_el_Fil" title="Sin el Fil">Sin el Fil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Pregnant_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone of the Pregnant Woman">Stone of the Pregnant Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahun_ben_Aissa" title="Tahun ben Aissa">Tahun ben Aissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Tiri" class="mw-redirect" title="At Tiri">Taire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taybeh_(Marjaayoun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taybeh (Marjaayoun)">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aalaq" title="Tell Aalaq">Tell Aalaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ablah" title="Tell Ablah">Tell Ablah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Addus" title="Tell Addus">Tell Addus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ahle" title="Tell Ahle">Tell Ahle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Cerif" title="Tell Ain Cerif">Tell Ain Cerif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_el_Meten" title="Tell Ain el Meten">Tell Ain el Meten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Ghessali" title="Tell Ain Ghessali">Tell Ain Ghessali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Nfaikh" title="Tell Ain Nfaikh">Tell Ain Nfaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Saouda" title="Tell Ain Saouda">Tell Ain Saouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ain_Sofar" title="Tell Ain Sofar">Tell Ain Sofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ayoub" title="Tell Ayoub">Tell Ayoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Bar_Elias" title="Tell Bar Elias">Tell Bar Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Beshara" title="Tell Beshara">Tell Beshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Bir_Dakoue" title="Tell Bir Dakoue">Tell Bir Dakoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Deir" title="Tell Deir">Tell Deir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Delhamieh" title="Tell Delhamieh">Tell Delhamieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Derzenoun" title="Tell Derzenoun">Tell Derzenoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Dibbine" title="Tell Dibbine">Tell Dibbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Tell el-Burak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_El_Ghassil" title="Tell El Ghassil">Tell El Ghassil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_El_Hadeth" title="Tell El Hadeth">Tell El Hadeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Fadous" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Fadous">Tell Fadous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hazzine" title="Tell Hazzine">Tell Hazzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hoch_Rafqa" title="Tell Hoch Rafqa">Tell Hoch Rafqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Karmita" title="Tell Karmita">Tell Karmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Khardane" title="Tell Khardane">Tell Khardane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kirri" title="Tell Kirri">Tell Kirri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jezireh" title="Tell Jezireh">Tell Jezireh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jisr" title="Tell Jisr">Tell Jisr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kabb_Elias" title="Tell Kabb Elias">Tell Kabb Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Majdaloun" title="Tell Majdaloun">Tell Majdaloun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Masoud" title="Tell Masoud">Tell Masoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Mekhada" title="Tell Mekhada">Tell Mekhada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Meouchi" title="Tell Meouchi">Tell Meouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Mureibit" title="Tell Mureibit">Tell Mureibit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Murtafa" title="Tell Murtafa">Tell Murtafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Nahariyah" title="Tell Nahariyah">Tell Nahariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Neba%27a_Chaate" title="Tell Neba'a Chaate">Tell Neba'a Chaate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Neba%27a_Litani" title="Tell Neba'a Litani">Tell Neba'a Litani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qasr_Labwe" title="Tell Qasr Labwe">Tell Qasr Labwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rasm_El_Hadeth" title="Tell Rasm El Hadeth">Tell Rasm El Hadeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rayak" title="Tell Rayak">Tell Rayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Saatiya" title="Tell Saatiya">Tell Saatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haouch_Tall_Safiyeh" title="Haouch Tall Safiyeh">Tell Safiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Saoudhi" title="Tell Saoudhi">Tell Saoudhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Serhan" title="Tell Serhan">Tell Serhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shaikh_Hassan_al_Rai" title="Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai">Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shamsine" title="Tell Shamsine">Tell Shamsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sultan_Yakoub" title="Tell Sultan Yakoub">Tell Sultan Yakoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taalabaya" title="Tell Taalabaya">Tell Taalabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Wardeen" title="Tell Wardeen">Tell Wardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zenoub" title="Tell Zenoub">Tell Zenoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Zeitoun" title="Tell Zeitoun">Tell Zeitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnin_el-Foka" title="Temnin el-Foka">Temnin el-Foka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Eshmun" title="Temple of Eshmun">Temple of Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Baalbek)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)">Temple of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Obelisks" title="Temple of the Obelisks">Temple of the Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(region_of_Phoenicia)" title="Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)">Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre_Necropolis" title="Tyre Necropolis">Tyre Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Koura" title="Wadi Koura">Wadi Koura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Yaroun" title="Wadi Yaroun">Wadi Yaroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammoune" title="Yammoune">Yammoune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanta,_Lebanon" title="Yanta, Lebanon">Yanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_W_Zain" title="Ain W Zain">Ain W Zain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b> <small>(proclaimed)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a><br /></li><li> <b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b> <small>(de facto)</small><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Arab Capital of Culture">Arab Capital of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> 1996 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> 1998 (<a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beirut</a> 1999 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> 2000 (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> 2002 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> 2003 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaʽa</a> 2004 (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> 2005 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Arab Capital of Culture">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Arab Capital of Culture">2007</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/2009_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2009 Arab Capital of Culture">2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2010 Arab Capital of Culture">2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> 2012 (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> 2013 (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> 2014 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> 2015 (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a> 2016 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> 2018 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> 2019 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> 2020 (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> 2021 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2022 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> 2023 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Book_Capitals23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Book_Capital" title="Template:World Book Capital"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Book_Capital" title="Template talk:World Book Capital"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Book_Capital" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Book Capital"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Book_Capitals23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beirut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_UNESCO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/80px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/120px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/160px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>East Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>North Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></i> (de facto) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><b>*</b> Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template talk:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Ḫana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Template talk:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_archaeological_sites_in_Lebanon246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman Berytus<br />(actual Beirut)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum,_Beirut" title="Roman Forum, Beirut">Roman Forum of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths,_Beirut" title="Roman Baths, Beirut">Berytus Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisterns_of_the_Roman_Baths,_Beirut" title="Cisterns of the Roman Baths, Beirut">Cisterns of Berytus Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardo_Decumanus_Crossing" title="Cardo Decumanus Crossing">Berytus Cardo Decumanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnaded_Street" title="Colonnaded Street">Berytus Colonnaded street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics" title="Byzantine mosaics">Byzantine mosaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Roman_Berytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippodrome of Roman Berytus">Roman hippodrome of Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Law school of Beirut">Roman Law school of Berytus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg/250px-1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg/375px-1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg/500px-1921_reconstruction_of_the_Baalbelk_temple_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman Phoenicia<br />(actual Lebanon)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triparadeisos" title="Triparadeisos">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bacchus" title="Temple of Bacchus">Temple of Bacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Baalbek)" title="Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)">Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temples_of_Mount_Hermon" title="Temples of Mount Hermon">Temples of Mount Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temples_of_the_Beqaa_Valley" title="Temples of the Beqaa Valley">Temples of the Beqaa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaqbe" title="Aaqbe">Aaqbe temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afqa" title="Afqa">Afqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Aata" title="Ain Aata">Ain Aata temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Harcha" title="Ain Harcha">Ain Harcha roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amioun Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arca Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusti_Pagus_(Roman_Phoenicia)" title="Augusti Pagus (Roman Phoenicia)">Augusti Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakka,_Lebanon" title="Bakka, Lebanon">Bakka temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroumine" title="Batroumine">Batroumine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple_of_Bziza" title="Roman temple of Bziza"> Bziza temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalizations_of_Zenobia" title="Canalizations of Zenobia">Canalizations of Zenobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakoue" title="Dakoue">Dakoue temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mansouria,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="El Mansouria, Lebanon">Mansourieh Roman aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbariye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebbariye">Hebbariye temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaat" title="Iaat">Iaat column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zabad" title="Kafr Zabad">Kafr Zabad temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_El-Knese" title="Khirbet El-Knese">Khirbet El-Knese roman temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labweh" title="Labweh">Labweh Roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libbaya" title="Libbaya">Libbaya roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Qozhaya" title="Monastery of Qozhaya">Monastery of Qozhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Monastery of Saint Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahle,_Lebanon" title="Nahle, Lebanon">Nahle roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebi_Safa" title="Nebi Safa">Nebi Safa temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niha_Bekaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Niha Bekaa">Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosn_Niha" title="Hosn Niha">Hosn Niha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_Faqra" title="Qalaat Faqra">Qalaat Faqra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bustra" title="Qal'at Bustra">Qal'at Bustra temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Chbib" title="Qasr Chbib">Castra Chbib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_el_Banat,_Lebanon" title="Qasr el Banat, Lebanon">Castra El Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraain_El_Faouqa" title="Saraain El Faouqa">Saraain El Faouqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shheem" title="Shheem">Schleem roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temnin_el-Foka" title="Temnin el-Foka">Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripolis in Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyrus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre_Necropolis" title="Tyre Necropolis">Tyre Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammoune" title="Yammoune">Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Roman Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Phoenice (Roman province)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Libanensis" title="Phoenice Libanensis">Phoenice Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_the_Pregnant_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone of the Pregnant Woman">Stone of the Pregnant Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulpianus">Ulpianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Probus" title="Marcus Valerius Probus">Marcus Valerius Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_of_Heliopolis" title="Eudokia of Heliopolis">Eudokia of Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Saint Barbara of Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Lebanon" title="List of cathedrals in Lebanon">List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christianity in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lebanon" title="Catholic Church in Lebanon">Catholic Church in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Greek_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral">Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_century_in_Lebanon" title="2nd century in Lebanon">2nd century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_century_in_Lebanon" title="3rd century in Lebanon">3rd century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_century_in_Lebanon" title="4th century in Lebanon">4th century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_century_in_Lebanon" title="5th century in Lebanon">5th century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_century_in_Lebanon" title="6th century in Lebanon">6th century in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/551_Beirut_earthquake" title="551 Beirut earthquake">551 Beirut earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> UNESCO World Heritage Sites <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_sites_in_Lebanon" title="Category:Roman sites in Lebanon">Category:Roman sites in Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="27pxMediterranean_Games66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#BFD7FF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mediterranean_Games" title="Template:Mediterranean Games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mediterranean_Games" title="Template talk:Mediterranean Games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mediterranean_Games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mediterranean Games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="27pxMediterranean_Games66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Games_rings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mediterranean_Games_rings.svg/27px-Mediterranean_Games_rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mediterranean_Games_rings.svg/41px-Mediterranean_Games_rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mediterranean_Games_rings.svg/54px-Mediterranean_Games_rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="210" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Games" title="Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Mediterranean_Games" title="1951 Mediterranean Games">1951 Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Mediterranean_Games" title="1955 Mediterranean Games">1955 Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mediterranean_Games" title="1959 Mediterranean Games">1959 Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Mediterranean_Games" title="1963 Mediterranean Games">1963 Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Mediterranean_Games" title="1967 Mediterranean Games">1967 Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Mediterranean_Games" title="1971 Mediterranean Games">1971 İzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Mediterranean_Games" title="1975 Mediterranean Games">1975 Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Mediterranean_Games" title="1979 Mediterranean Games">1979 Split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Mediterranean_Games" title="1983 Mediterranean Games">1983 Casablanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mediterranean_Games" title="1987 Mediterranean Games">1987 Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Mediterranean_Games" title="1991 Mediterranean Games">1991 Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Mediterranean_Games" title="1993 Mediterranean Games">1993 Languedoc-Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Mediterranean_Games" title="1997 Mediterranean Games">1997 Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Mediterranean_Games" title="2001 Mediterranean Games">2001 Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Mediterranean_Games" title="2005 Mediterranean Games">2005 Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Mediterranean_Games" title="2009 Mediterranean Games">2009 Pescara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Mediterranean_Games" title="2013 Mediterranean Games">2013 Mersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mediterranean_Games" title="2018 Mediterranean Games">2018 Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mediterranean_Games" title="2022 Mediterranean Games">2022 Oran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2026_Mediterranean_Games" title="2026 Mediterranean Games">2026 Taranto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2030_Mediterranean_Games" title="2030 Mediterranean Games">2030 Pristina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/21px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/42px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3820#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158677433">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1225260/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgXfdtG9wc4KF9GVXCWjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005348-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83068103">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960939m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960939m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629178">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bejrút (Libanon)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge291109&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX454004">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000294837&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=2076">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2985">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555106405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060872873906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1d9b2b8d-824b-406f-b6c0-02a9ccd312b8">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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