CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <script> document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace('no-js', 'has-js'); function downloadJSAtOnload() { var element = document.createElement("script"); element.src = "/WAI/assets/scripts/main.js?1732542395990846989"; document.body.appendChild(element); } window.addEventListener("load", downloadJSAtOnload, false); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/WAI/assets/css/style.css?1732542395990846989"> <title> The Business Case for Digital Accessibility: Annotated Bibliography | Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) | W3C</title> <meta name="generator" content="Jekyll v4.3.3" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Business Case for Digital Accessibility: Annotated Bibliography" /> <meta name="author" content="W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en" /> <meta name="description" content="Resources used to make the business case for digital accessibility." /> <meta property="og:description" content="Resources used to make the business case for digital accessibility." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/business-case/bibliography/" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.w3.org/WAI/business-case/bibliography/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.w3.org/WAI/content-images/business-case/social.png" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://www.w3.org/WAI/content-images/business-case/social.png" /> <meta property="twitter:title" content="The Business Case for Digital Accessibility: Annotated Bibliography" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@w3c_wai" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)" /> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)"},"description":"Resources used to make the business case for digital accessibility.","headline":"The Business Case for Digital Accessibility: Annotated Bibliography","image":"https://www.w3.org/WAI/content-images/business-case/social.png","url":"https://www.w3.org/WAI/business-case/bibliography/"}</script>  <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/WAI/feed.xml"> </head> <body id="top" class="page-the-business-case-for-digital-accessibility-annotated-bibliography "> <nav aria-label="Skip Link and Language Selector" id="controls" class="default-grid"> <ul> <li><a href="#main">Skip to Content</a></li> <li class="opt"><a href="/WAI/meta/customize/">Change Text Size or Colors</a></li> <li class="opt languagelist"> <strong>This page in:</strong> <ul class="languagelistul"><li><strong style="text-transform: capitalize;">English</strong></li><li><a style="text-transform: capitalize;" href="/WAI/business-case/bibliography/fr" lang="fr" dir="auto" translate="no">français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="opt"> <a href="/WAI/translations/">All Translations <svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-translations "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-translations"></use></svg></a> </li> <li><button id="showoptions" data-showhidebuttonid="header-showoptions" class="showhidebutton button-inline" data-target="#controls .opt" aria-expanded="false" data-large-aria-expanded="true" data-showtext='<svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-languages "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-languages"></use></svg> Show Customization, Languages, Translations' data-hidetext='Hide Options'><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-languages "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-languages"></use></svg> Show Customization, Languages, Translations</button></li> </ul> </nav> <header id="site-header" class="default-grid with-gap"> <div class="logos"> <a lang="en" class="home w3c" href="https://www.w3.org/"> <svg role="img" aria-label="W3C" viewBox="0 0 68 34" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="m16.117 1.006 5.759 19.58 5.759-19.58h4.17 11.444v1.946l-5.879 10.128c2.065.663 3.627 1.868 4.686 3.615 1.059 1.748 1.589 3.799 1.589 6.155 0 2.914-.775 5.363-2.324 7.348s-3.555 2.978-6.017 2.978c-1.854 0-3.469-.589-4.845-1.767-1.377-1.178-2.396-2.773-3.058-4.786l3.256-1.35c.477 1.218 1.106 2.178 1.887 2.879.781.702 1.701 1.052 2.76 1.052 1.112 0 2.052-.622 2.82-1.866.768-1.245 1.152-2.74 1.152-4.489 0-1.933-.411-3.429-1.231-4.488-.954-1.244-2.45-1.867-4.489-1.867h-1.588v-1.906l5.56-9.612h-6.712l-.382.65-8.163 27.548h-.397l-5.958-19.937-5.957 19.937h-.397l-9.53-32.168h4.17l5.759 19.58 3.892-13.185-1.906-6.395z"/><path d="m64.92 1.006c-.819 0-1.554.295-2.111.861-.591.6-.92 1.376-.92 2.178s.313 1.545.887 2.128c.583.591 1.334.912 2.145.912.793 0 1.562-.321 2.161-.903.574-.557.887-1.3.887-2.136 0-.811-.321-1.57-.878-2.136-.584-.592-1.344-.904-2.171-.904zm2.643 3.065c0 .701-.271 1.351-.768 1.832-.524.507-1.174.777-1.892.777-.675 0-1.342-.278-1.84-.785s-.777-1.157-.777-1.849.287-1.368.802-1.891c.481-.49 1.131-.751 1.84-.751.726 0 1.376.271 1.883.785.49.489.752 1.147.752 1.882zm-2.559-1.807h-1.3v3.445h.65v-1.469h.642l.701 1.469h.726l-.769-1.57c.498-.102.785-.439.785-.929 0-.625-.472-.946-1.435-.946zm-.118.422c.608 0 .886.169.886.591 0 .405-.278.549-.87.549h-.549v-1.14z"/><path d="m59.807.825.676 4.107-2.391 4.575s-.918-1.941-2.443-3.015c-1.285-.905-2.122-1.102-3.431-.832-1.681.347-3.587 2.357-4.419 4.835-.995 2.965-1.005 4.4-1.04 5.718-.056 2.113.277 3.362.277 3.362s-1.452-2.686-1.438-6.62c.009-2.808.451-5.354 1.75-7.867 1.143-2.209 2.842-3.535 4.35-3.691 1.559-.161 2.791.59 3.743 1.403 1 .854 2.01 2.721 2.01 2.721z"/><path d="m60.102 24.063s-1.057 1.889-1.715 2.617c-.659.728-1.837 2.01-3.292 2.651s-2.218.762-3.656.624c-1.437-.138-2.772-.97-3.24-1.317s-1.664-1.369-2.34-2.322-1.733-2.859-1.733-2.859.589 1.91.958 2.721c.212.467.864 1.894 1.789 3.136.863 1.159 2.539 3.154 5.086 3.604 2.547.451 4.297-.693 4.73-.97s1.346-1.042 1.924-1.66c.603-.645 1.174-1.468 1.49-1.962.231-.36.607-1.092.607-1.092z"/></g></svg> </a> <a lang="en" class="home" href="/WAI/"> <span class="wai"><span class="wa">Web Accessibility</span> <span class="i"><span class="initieative">Initiative</span> <span>WAI</span></span></span> </a> <div class="claim"> <span>Strategies, standards, resources to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities</span> </div> <button class="button button-menu" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" id="openmenu"><span><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-menu "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-menu"></use></svg> Menu</span></button> </div> <div class="navigations"> <nav class="metanav" aria-label="Meta & Search" lang="en"> <ul> <li><a href="/WAI/about/participating/">Get Involved</a></li> <li><a href="/WAI/about/">About W3C WAI</a></li> <li> <form action="/WAI/search/" role="search"> <div> <label for="header-search"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Search:</span> <input id="header-search" type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search" aria-label="Search"> </label> <button class="button button-icon button-nobg button-noborder"><span><svg focusable="false" aria-label="Submit Search" class="icon-search "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-search"></use></svg></span></button> </div> </form> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header><nav class="mainnav" aria-label="Main" lang="en"><ul><li><a lang="en" href="/WAI/fundamentals/"><span>Accessibility Fundamentals</span></a></li><li><a lang="en" href="/WAI/planning/"><span>Planning & Policies</span></a></li><li><a lang="en" href="/WAI/design-develop/"><span>Design & Develop</span></a></li><li><a lang="en" href="/WAI/test-evaluate/"><span>Test & Evaluate</span></a></li><li><a lang="en" href="/WAI/teach-advocate/"><span>Teach & Advocate</span></a></li><li><a lang="en" href="/WAI/standards-guidelines/"><span>Standards/<wbr>Guidelines</span></a></li></ul></nav><nav class="default-grid breadcrumb" aria-label="Breadcrumb" lang="en"> <ul style="align-self: center;"> <li><a href="/WAI/" lang="en">Home</a></li><li><a lang="en" href="/WAI/teach-advocate/"><span>Teach & Advocate</span></a></li><li><a lang="en" href="/WAI/business-case/"><span>Business Case</span></a></li><li><a lang="en" href="/WAI/business-case/bibliography/" aria-current="page"><span>Bibliography</span></a></li></ul> </nav> <div class="default-grid with-gap leftcol"> <div class="sidenav"><nav class="sn-contents" aria-label="Secondary"> <ul class="sidenav--list"> <li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/teach-advocate/" class="page-link"><span>Teach & Advocate</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/teach-advocate/accessible-presentations/" class="page-link"><span>Making Events Accessible Checklist</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/" class="page-link"><span>Curricula on Web Accessibility</span></a><ul><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/foundation-modules/" class="page-link"><span>Foundation Modules</span></a><ul><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/foundation-modules/what-is-web-accessibility/" class="page-link"><span>What is Web Accessibility</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/foundation-modules/people-and-digital-technology/" class="page-link"><span>People and Digital Technology</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/foundation-modules/business-case-and-benefits/" class="page-link"><span>Business Case and Benefits</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/foundation-modules/principles-standards-and-checks/" class="page-link"><span>Principles, Standards, and Checks</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/foundation-modules/getting-started-with-accessibility/" class="page-link"><span>Getting Started with Accessibility</span></a></li></ul></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/developer-modules/" class="page-link"><span>Developer Modules</span></a><ul><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/developer-modules/page-structure/" class="page-link"><span>Page Structure</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/developer-modules/menus/" class="page-link"><span>Menus</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/developer-modules/images/" class="page-link"><span>Images</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/developer-modules/tables/" class="page-link"><span>Tables</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/developer-modules/forms/" class="page-link"><span>Forms</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/developer-modules/custom-widgets/" class="page-link"><span>Custom Widgets</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/developer-modules/rich-applications/" class="page-link"><span>Rich Applications</span></a></li></ul></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/designer-modules/" class="page-link"><span>Designer Modules</span></a><ul><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/designer-modules/visual-design/" class="page-link"><span>Visual Design</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/designer-modules/information-design/" class="page-link"><span>Information Design</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/designer-modules/navigation-design/" class="page-link"><span>Navigation Design</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/designer-modules/interaction-design/" class="page-link"><span>Interaction Design</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/designer-modules/images-and-graphics/" class="page-link"><span>Images and Graphics</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/designer-modules/multimedia-and-animations/" class="page-link"><span>Multimedia and Animations</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/designer-modules/forms-design/" class="page-link"><span>Forms Design</span></a></li></ul></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/content-author-modules/" class="page-link"><span>Content Author Modules</span></a><ul><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/content-author-modules/clear-content/" class="page-link"><span>Clear Content</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/content-author-modules/structure/" class="page-link"><span>Structure</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/content-author-modules/forms/" class="page-link"><span>Forms</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/content-author-modules/images/" class="page-link"><span>Images</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/content-author-modules/data-tables/" class="page-link"><span>Data Tables</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/curricula/content-author-modules/multimedia/" class="page-link"><span>Multimedia</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/teach-advocate/accessibility-training/" class="page-link"><span>Develop Accessibility Training</span></a><ul><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/teach-advocate/accessibility-training/topics/" class="page-link"><span>Topics</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/teach-advocate/accessibility-training/presentation-outlines/" class="page-link"><span>Presentation Outlines</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/teach-advocate/accessibility-training/workshop-outline/" class="page-link"><span>Workshop Outline</span></a></li></ul></li><li> <a lang="en" href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/demos/bad/" class="page-link"><span>Before and After Demo (BAD)</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/teach-advocate/contact-inaccessible-websites/" class="page-link"><span>Contacting Inaccessible Websites</span></a></li><li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/business-case/" aria-current="location" class="page-link"><span>Business Case</span></a><ul> <li> <a lang="en" href="/WAI/business-case/bibliography/" aria-current="page" class="page-link"><span>Bibliography</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></nav><nav class="sidenav-languages" aria-labelledby="languagehead"> <header id="languagehead">Languages/Translations</header> <ul class="langlist"> <li style="margin-bottom: 2px;"><strong style="text-transform: capitalize;">English (original)</strong></li><li style="margin-bottom: 2px;"><a style="text-transform: capitalize;" href="/WAI/business-case/bibliography/fr" dir="auto" translate="no" lang="fr">français</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/WAI/translations/">All Translations</a></p> <p><a href="/WAI/about/translating/">Translating WAI Resources</a></p> </nav> </div> <main id="main" lang="en"> <header> <h1> The Business Case for Digital Accessibility: <br>Annotated Bibliography </h1></header> <aside class="box box-full"><header class="box-h box-h-full"> <h2> Summary </h2></header><div class="box-i"> <p>To create a Business Case that is relevant for the 21st century, we relied on formal research, grant funded studies, editorial comment, the historical record, anecdotal stories, and case studies provided by the businesses themselves. The bibliography here includes a brief description of the referenced resource.</p> </div></aside> <nav class="box box-simple box-simple" aria-labelledby="tocheading" id="toc"> <header id="tocheading" class="box-h box-h-simple box-h-simple"> Page Contents</header> <div class="box-i"> <ul id="markdown-toc"> <li><a href="#legal-issues" id="markdown-toc-legal-issues">Legal Issues</a></li> <li><a href="#accessibility-as-innovation" id="markdown-toc-accessibility-as-innovation">Accessibility As Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="#increase-revenuedecrease-costs" id="markdown-toc-increase-revenuedecrease-costs">Increase Revenue/Decrease Costs</a></li> <li><a href="#disability-employment" id="markdown-toc-disability-employment">Disability Employment</a></li> <li><a href="#global-standards-and-best-practice" id="markdown-toc-global-standards-and-best-practice">Global Standards and Best Practice</a></li> <li><a href="#diversityhuman-factors" id="markdown-toc-diversityhuman-factors">Diversity/Human Factors</a></li> <li><a href="#corporate-social-responsibilitybrand-reputation" id="markdown-toc-corporate-social-responsibilitybrand-reputation">Corporate Social Responsibility/Brand Reputation</a></li> <li><a href="#general-statisticsresearch-methodsother-business-case-perspectives" id="markdown-toc-general-statisticsresearch-methodsother-business-case-perspectives">General Statistics/Research Methods/Other Business Case perspectives</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <h2 class="no_toc" id="topic-categories">Topic Categories</h2> <p>The sources below are categorized as much as possible according to their central topic relating to the several aspects of the Business Case for Accessibility. There is some overlap and some articles or papers were broad enough to be in a category designated simply as “general.”</p> <h3 id="something-to-share">Something to share?</h3> <p>We welcome your contributions to the Business Case for Accessibility. Share articles, case studies, employment success stories, and any related resources or topics. To submit, please write to the editors list of the Accessibility Education and Outreach Working Group at <a href="mailto:wai-eo-editors@w3.org">wai-eo-editors@w3.org</a>. Thank you!</p> <h2 id="legal-issues">Legal Issues</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://www.independentliving.org/docs5/sydney-olympics-blind-accessibility-decision.html" rel="nofollow"><em>Sydney Olympics 2000 Website Accessibility Decision</em></a>. Independent Living Institute (2000).<br /> Type: Online library archive <br /> Summary: The article summarizes the proceedings of the lawsuit, the outcome, and the reasons for the favorable decision for the plaintiff in the case of Bruce Lindsay Maguire vs Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2001_2/sloan/" rel="nofollow"><em>Web Accessibility and the DDA</em></a>. Sloan, M.; Journal of Information Law & Technology, University of Warwick (2005).<br /> Type: Peer-reviewed article in the online Law Journal of the Glasgow Graduate School of Law <br /> Summary: Academic exploration, based on global trends of whether and to what extent the disability rights legislation in the UK might apply to web accessibility. It also considers the effect of the recently passed Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 on the previously excluded area of education.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html" rel="nofollow"><em>UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</em></a>. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2006) <br /> Type: Online portal page <br /> Summary: Brief description of the convention and its passage with links to the full text in many languages.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&clang=_en" rel="nofollow"><em>Signatories to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</em></a> United Nations Treaty Collection. 2018<br /> Type: Web site archive<br /> Summary: A list of those countries that have signed on to the UN Convention along with the date that they agreed to abide by and to implement its requirements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.practicalecommerce.com/Absence-of-U-S-Regulation-Leads-to-Web-Accessibility-Lawsuits" rel="nofollow"><em>Absence of U.S. Regulation Leads to Web Accessibility Lawsuits</em></a>. Roggio, A.; Practical Ecommerce (2015).<br /> Type: Opinion piece/editorial <br /> Summary: An article that expresses the authors view that the U.S. Department of Justice is sending mixed signals about whether or not websites really need to be accessible. The author feels this leads to the rapid increase in litigation seen in the US vs other countries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://www.karlgroves.com/2011/11/15/list-of-web-accessibility-related-litigation-and-settlements/" rel="nofollow"><em>List of Web Accessibility-Related Litigation and Settlements</em></a>. Groves, K. (2017).<br /> Type: Begun in 2011 as curated list, now maintained by the community via GitHub <br /> Summary: The lists consists of a number of lawsuits and settlements which relate directly to web accessibility. Each case is listed with its plaintiff(s), defendant(s), the year in which it occurred, and an URL where you can find more detail.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://medium.com/confrere/its-illegal-to-have-an-inaccessible-website-in-norway-and-that-s-good-news-for-all-of-us-b59a9e929d54" rel="nofollow"><em>It’s Illegal to Have an Inaccessible Website in Norway - and That’s Good News for All of Us</em></a>. Aalen, I.; Confrere/Medium (2018).<br /> Type: Journal article <br /> Summary: An investigation of the law passed in Norway in 2014 that requires websites of even private companies to be accessible. Reports on the law, regulatory mechanisms, and outcomes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://www.lflegal.com/category/accessibility-laws-and-regulations/legal-updates/" rel="nofollow"><em>Legal Update Series</em></a>. Feingold, L.; Law Office of Lainey Feingold (2018).<br /> Type: Blog post <br /> Summary: Structured Negotiation author and pioneer and Disability Rights attorney Lainey Feingold maintains updates on legal actions as well as other related, easy to follow perspectives on digital accessibility. Lots of relevant information throughout the site.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.3playmedia.com/2018/09/20/accessibility-lawsuits/" rel="nofollow"><em>What You Can Learn from Major Accessibility lawsuits</em></a>. Sauld, S.; 3PlayMedia (2018)<br /> Type: Blog Post <br /> Summary: An overview with lessons learned of recent accessibility lawsuits in the US with examples from retail and higher education. The focus is to help organizations learn from previous accessibility lawsuits that a pro-active accessibility program can not only minimize legal risk, but also help to make the web accessible for all users, including those with disabilities.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id="accessibility-as-innovation">Accessibility As Innovation</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3060090/how-designing-for-the-disabled-is-giving-google-an-edge" rel="nofollow"><em>How Designing For Disabled People Is Giving Google An Edge</em></a>. Brownlee, J.; Fast Company (2018). <br /> Type: Magazine article<br /> Summary: Author interviews Google’s Eve Andersson, lead engineer on accessibility projects about how accessible design thinking contributes in unanticipated ways to innovative products and services.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://habengirma.com/2017/09/13/people-with-disabilities-drive-innovation/" rel="nofollow"><em>People with Disabilities Drive Innovation</em></a>. Germa, H. (2017)<br />Type: Blog post <br /> Summary: Haben Girma, the first deaf-blind person to graduate Harvard Law School, explores historical instances of how people with disabilities have innovated basic life tasks. Disability concerns led to invention of telephone, typewriter, email, and many other innovations that have made life better for everyone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.ibm.com/able/research-projects.html" rel="nofollow"><em>Accessibility Innovation Showcase</em></a>. IBM Research (2018).<br />Type: Product Promotion <br /> Summary: While the page itself is mostly a promotional vehicle for IBM products, it is impressive to see the investment they have made in research related to disability and aging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/apple-eases-itunes-access-for-the-blind/" rel="nofollow"><em>Apple Eases iTunes Access For The Blind</em></a> Associated Press, CBS News Online. (2008) <br /> Type: News article <br /> Summary: Apple settles with the Massachusetts Attorney General’s Office in agreeing to make products more accessible. Apple’s industry leadership position encourages other businesses to work to make the Internet more accessible by realizing the marketing advantage of giving more people a way to buy their products.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ekaterinawalter/2014/01/14/reaping-the-benefits-of-diversity-for-modern-business-innovation/#155c39652a8f" rel="nofollow"><em>Reaping The Benefits Of Diversity For Modern Business Innovation</em></a>. Walter, E.; Forbes Magazine (2014). <br />Type: Magazine Article <br /> Summary: The author interviews Neil Lenane, Business Leader of Talent Management at Progressive who is a strong advocate of the value of diversity. Not specifically focused on disability and includes links to related articles and research.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id="increase-revenuedecrease-costs">Increase Revenue/Decrease Costs</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a href="http://www.iadcontrol.com/seo-and-web-accessibility-crossover" rel="nofollow"><em>SEO and Web Accessibility CrossOver</em></a>. By iAdControl.com. (2018) <br /> Type: Online article <br /> Summary: Compilation of examples and links to other resources produced to celebrate Global Accessibility Awareness Day (GAAD) 2018 by illustrating how SEO and website accessibility are mutually supportive and have common outcomes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710171528/https://mscorpmedia.azureedge.net/mscorpmedia/2016/07/Microsoft-TEI-Accessibility-Study_Edited_FINAL-v2.pdf" rel="nofollow"><em>Assessing the Value 0f Accessible Technologies for Organizations</em></a>. Parks, S. and Sedov V.; Forrester Research, Inc. (2017) <br /> Type:Archived research study commissioned by Microsoft <br /> Summary: Found that adoption of accessible technologies provides tangible economic and social value. Trends are quantified to help organizations understand the wide range of benefits that accrue when they make investments in accessiblity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221009860_Organizational_Motivations_for_Web_Accessibility_Implementation_-_A_Case_Study" rel="nofollow"><em>Organizational Motivations for Web Accessibility Implementation – A Case Study</em></a> November 2016, University of Vienna, by Marie-Luise Leitner and Christine Strauss. <br /> Type: Academic study <br /> Summary: Introduces a holistic, managerial approach to identify business experiences with web accessibility implementation in three industry sectors.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id="disability-employment">Disability Employment</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/27/opinion/disability-rights-employment.html" rel="nofollow"><em>Hiring People with Disabilities is Good Business</em></a> Kennedy, Ted Jr. <em>New York Times</em>. December 27, 2018. <br /> Type: Editorial/Opinion <br /> Summary: The editorial expresses Kennedy’s view that when it comes to employment, the US has failed to live up to the promise of the Americans With Disabilities Act and that business is losing valuable human resources as a result. He encourages companies to be more inclusive by highlighting ways that several major companies profit from their proactive employment practices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/news-centre/news/2017/leaving-no-one-behind-undp-unv-talent-programme-young-professionals-disabilities.html" rel="nofollow"><em>Leaving no one behind: UNDP/UNV Talent Programme for Young Professionals with Disabilities</em></a>. <br /> Type: Report <br /> Summary: The launch of the UNDP-UNV Talent Programme for Young Professionals with Disabilities at UNV headquarters in Bonn, Germany in 2017. The expectation is to reduce poverty and attain the sustainable development goals at the UN by providing a model for successful employment of people with disabilities in professional jobs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/06/jobs-mismatch-american-companies-want-workers-and-disabled-workers-want-jobs.html" rel="nofollow"><em>How to Solve the Jobs Mismatch?</em></a> Slate article, June 2018. <br /> Type: Report <br /> Summary: American businesses claim they can’t find workers, and disabled Americans can’t find jobs. Here’s how tech can help.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.accenture.com/t20181029T185446Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-89/Accenture-Disability-Inclusion-Research-Report.pdf#zoom=50"><em>Getting to Equal: The Disability Inclusion Advantage</em></a> Accenture Research Report, (2018) <br /> Type: Research commissioned by Disability:In and the American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) <br /> Summary: Research demonstrates that companies that embrace best practices for employing and supporting more persons with disabilities in their workforce outperform their peers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/accessibleworkforce/"><em>The Accessible Workforce</em></a> IBM 100 Icons of Progress, (2016) <br /> Type: Article<br /> Summary: How IBM successfully managed the return to work of an IBM engineer after injury resulted in disability.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id="global-standards-and-best-practice">Global Standards and Best Practice</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://www.levelaccess.com/what-does-responsive-web-design-have-to-do-with-accessibility/" rel="nofollow"><em>What Does Responsive Design Have To Do With Accessibility?</em></a>. Avila, J.; Level Access (2013).<br /> Type: Technical Report <br /> Summary: A demonstration of how consideration of accessibility during the design phase enables more responsive, flexible, versatile outcomes that work better across all devices and situations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://coolblindtech.com/microsoft-adding-new-accessibility-improvements-in-windows-10/" rel="nofollow"><em>Microsoft Adding New Accessibility Improvements in Windows 10</em></a>. Rego, N.; Cool Blind Tech (2018).<br /> Type: Product review <br /> Summary: Blind review notes Windows 10 integrated accessibility features that make the products easier to use for disabled users and the general public.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://bulb.co.uk/blog/making-bulb-accessible-introducing-the-new-bulb-site" rel="nofollow"><em>Making Bulb Accessible</em></a> Pickering, Heydon; Bulb.co.uk (2018)<br /> Type: Blog post<br /> Summary: Implementation process description from a renewable energy company in the UK, including the development of code and design pattern libraries that bake-in accessibility from the start.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id="diversityhuman-factors">Diversity/Human Factors</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/gaudianohunt/2016/10/31/richard-branson-supports-disabilities/#4da9aa36788e" rel="nofollow"><em>Richard Branson Supports People With Disabilities – Here Are Six Ways You Can Do It, Too</em></a>. Gaudiano, P. and Hunt, E.; Forbes.com (2016).<br /> Type: Article <br /> Summary: Forbes reports on the US Department of Labor National Disability Employment Month by listing 6 steps to improve the culture of disability inclusion in companies. The authors advocate that the future demands a new mindset in which diversity and inclusion are explicitly linked to the success of organizations and provide this guide to help companies get started.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/is-there-a-payoff-from-top-team-diversity" rel="nofollow"><em>Is there a payoff for top team diversity?</em></a> Barta, Thomas, Markus Kleiner, and Tilo Neumann; McKinsey Quarterly (2018).<br /> Type: Report <br /> Summary: Between 2008 and 2010, companies with more diverse top teams were also top financial performers. The authors believe that is not a coincidence and demonstrate the relationship between diversity and success.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jpmorganchase/2016/11/10/how-the-abilities-of-people-with-disabilities-can-enhance-the-workplace/#5e8fb39e7fe8" rel="nofollow"><em>How Abilities of People with Disabilities can Enhance the Workplace</em></a>. Forbes, November 2016 <br /> Type: Editorial/Opinion <br /> Summary: A personal anecdote with implications for productive workplaces from the Head of Talent at JPMorgan Chase</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/neurodiversity-the-benefits-of-recruiting-employees-with-cognitive-disabilities" rel="nofollow"><em>Neurodiversity Research Studies</em></a>. Holland, R. Harvard Business School. (2011-2018)<br /> Type: Interview with authors of Case Study: Autism at Work <br /> Summary: Gary Pisano and Robert Austin. Professor of Business administration “… we do better when we mix people who think differently or are wired a bit differently.” based on studies begun in 2011 and continuing through the present.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/what-were-leaving-out-of-the-discussion-around-inclusive-design/" rel="nofollow"><em>What We’re Leaving Out of the Discussion Around Inclusive Design</em></a>. AIGA Eye on Design (2018). <br /> Type: <br /> Summary: Design is much more likely to be the source of exclusion than inclusion. When we design for other people, our own biases and preferences often lead the way. This is especially true with respect to disability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://forums.windowscentral.com/windows-central-news-discussion/465496-how-fathering-son-disabilities-helped-microsofts-ceo-transform-company.html" rel="nofollow"><em>How Fathering a Son with Disabilities Helped Microsoft’s CEO Transform the Company</em></a>. Ward, J.; Windows Central (2017). <br /> Type: Blog Post <br /> Summary: How the leadership style of Satya Nadella, influenced by his being a parent of children with disabilities has transformed company culture and improved Microsoft’s relationships with its customers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/accessibility/2017/10/21/satya-nadella-the-moment-that-forever-changed-our-lives/" rel="nofollow"><em>The Moment That Forever Changed Our Lives</em></a>. Nadella, S.; PowerShell Team Blog, LinkedIn, (2017).<br /> Type: Personal account <br /> Summary: Microsoft CEO in his own words.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/30/opinion/disability-design-lifehacks.html" rel="nofollow"><em>We Are Original Life Hackers</em></a>. Jackson, Liz. New York Times, online edition. May, 2018. Type: Editorial <br /> Summary: Disability design advocate Liz Jackson makes the case for how and why people with disabilities must be included in design thinking and narratives.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id="corporate-social-responsibilitybrand-reputation">Corporate Social Responsibility/Brand Reputation</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bsl.629" rel="nofollow"><em>Disability as diversity in fortune 100 companies</em></a>. Ball, P., Monaco, G., Schmeling, J., Schartz, H., and Blanck, P.; Law, Health Policy and Disability Center (2005)<br /> Type: Research Article. <br /> Summary: “To investigate the inclusion of people with disabilities in the diversity policies of the most successful businesses in the United States, we examined the publicly available workforce and supplier diversity policies of the top 100 companies on Fortune Magazine’s 2003 list of the 500 most profitable companies in the nation.”</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.iisd.org/business/issues/sr.aspx" rel="nofollow"><em>Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)</em></a>. IISD’s Business and Sustainable Development Guide (2013).<br /> Type: Research Article. <br /> Summary: A referenced guide with case studies, examples, and conclusion about how adopting a policy of corporate social responsibility benefits businesses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://nfb.org/images/nfb/publications/bm/bm15/bm1504/bm150403.htm" rel="nofollow"><em>Accessibility at Microsoft</em></a>. Chong, C.; Braille Monitor (2015).<br /> Type: Product review <br /> Summary: A blind reviewer makes clear that the lack of accessibility in company products is at odds with their claims and how it impacts his opinion of the company overall.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.lflegal.com/2018/05/accessibility-culture/"><em>Accessibility Culture</em></a> Feingold, Lainey.; Law Office of Lainey Feingold (May, 2018)<br /> Type: Editorial post <br /> Summary: A bit of background on why culture matters with links to more in-depth articles.</p> </li> </ul> <h2 id="general-statisticsresearch-methodsother-business-case-perspectives">General Statistics/Research Methods/Other Business Case perspectives</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability" rel="nofollow"><em>Disability Inclusion Overview</em></a>. The World Bank (2018).<br /> Type: Statistical summary with sources <br /> Summary: Report on the numbers of people through out the world with disabilities who experience barriers to full social and economic inclusion. Barriers include inaccessible physical environments and transportation, the unavailability of assistive devices and technologies, non-adapted means of communication, gaps in service delivery, and discriminatory prejudice and stigma in society.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.disabled-world.com/calculators-charts/wpc.php" rel="nofollow"><em>World Population Chart for Countries and Continents</em></a>. Disabled World (2017).<br /> Type: Statistical compilation <br /> Summary: Graphic representation of disability statistics throughout the world.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://urlibrary.co/download/web-accessibility-a-foundation-for-research.pdf" rel="nofollow"><em>Exploratory Case Study Research on Web Accessibility</em></a>. Leitner, ML and Christine Strauss <br /> Type: Research study proposal <br /> Summary: Design for research conducted at a later date. Recommended for others who wish to design accessibility studies that produce definitive outcomes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://rosenfeldmedia.com/a-web-for-everyone/accessibility-research-methods-with-jonathan-lazar/" rel="nofollow"><em>Accessibility Research Methods with Jonathan Lazar</em></a>. Horton, S.<br /> Type: Podcast <br /> Summary: Discussion of how to bring more accessibility research, often carried out in academia, into the practice of people who are designing and building digital products and services.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://digileaders.com/the-business-case-for-accessibility-and-inclusive-design/" rel="nofollow"><em>The Business Case for Accessibility and Inclusive Design</em></a>. Walker, M.; Digital Leaders (2018).<br /> Type: Editorial <br /> Summary: The author investigates and considers factors in three core areas. They find and report that businesses can realize Financial Benefits, Brand Benefits, and Legal Benefits by adopting and implementing accessibility policy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://digileaders.com/webinar-recording-the-business-case-for-digital-accessibility/" rel="nofollow"><em>The business case for digital accessibility</em></a>. Crouch, E; Digital Leaders (2018). <br /> Type: Webinar recording of session with Robin Christopherson MBE and Mark Walker of AbiltyNet Summary: One hour webinar with examples to show how inclusive design can boost revenue, deliver financial savings, improve a brand and reduce legal risks. Demonstrations of how accessible apps and websites can improve the experience for mobile users – whether they have a disability or not.</p> </li> </ul> <aside class="box box-icon box-space-above" id="helpimprove" aria-label="feedback"><header class="box-h box-h-icon box-h-space-above box-h-icon"> <svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-comments "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-comments"></use></svg> <h2> Help improve this page </h2></header><div class="box-i"><p>Please share your ideas, suggestions, or comments via e-mail to the publicly-archived list <a href="mailto:wai@w3.org?body=%5Binclude%20a%20relevant%20email%20Subject%5D%0A%0A%5Bput%20comment%20here...%5D%0A%0AI%20give%20permission%20to%20share%20this%20to%20a%20publicly-archived%20e-mail%20list.">wai@w3.org</a> or via GitHub.</p> <div class="button-group"> <a href="mailto:wai@w3.org?body=%5Binclude%20a%20relevant%20email%20Subject%5D%0A%0A%5Bput%20comment%20here...%5D%0A%0AI%20give%20permission%20to%20share%20this%20to%20a%20publicly-archived%20e-mail%20list." class="button"><span>E-mail</span></a><a href=" https://github.com/w3c/wai-website/edit/main/pages/teach-advocate/business-case/bibliography.md " class="button"><span>Fork & Edit on GitHub</span></a><a href="https://github.com/w3c/wai-website/issues/new?template=content-issue.yml&wai-resource-id=wai-business-case&wai-url=https://www.w3.org/WAI/business-case/bibliography/" class="button"><span>New GitHub Issue</span></a></div></div></aside> <a class="button button-backtotop" href="#top"><span><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-arrow-up "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-arrow-up"></use></svg> Back to Top</span></a> </main> </div> <footer id="wai-site-footer" class="page-footer default-grid" aria-label="Page"> <div class="inner"><p><strong>Updated:</strong> 9 November 2018.</p><p><strong>Published 9 Nov 2018.</strong></p> <p><strong>Editor:</strong> Sharron Rush. Contributors: Shawn Lawton Henry, Eric Eggert, Brent Bakken, Vicki Menezes Miller, Laura Keen. <a href="/WAI/business-case/acknowledgements/">Acknowledgements</a> lists additional contributors.</p> <p>Developed by the Education and Outreach Working Group (<a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/EO/">EOWG</a>).</p> </div> </footer> <footer class="site-footer grid-4q" aria-label="Site"> <div class="q1-start q3-end about"> <div> <p><a class="largelink" href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/" lang="en" dir="auto" translate="no">W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)</a></p> <p>Strategies, standards, and supporting resources to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities.</p> </div> <div class="social" lang="en" dir="auto" translate="no"> <ul> <li><a href="https://w3c.social/@wai"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-mastodon "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-mastodon"></use></svg> Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/w3c-wai/"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-linkedin "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-linkedin"></use></svg> LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/feed.xml"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-rss "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-rss"></use></svg> Feed</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU6ljj3m1fglIPjSjs2DpRA/playlists/"><svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-youtube "><use xlink:href="/WAI/assets/images/icons.svg#icon-youtube"></use></svg> YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/news/subscribe/" class="button">Get News in Email</a></li> </ul> </div> <div lang="en" dir="auto" translate="no"> <p>Copyright © 2024 World Wide Web Consortium (<a href="https://www.w3.org/">W3C</a><sup>®</sup>). See <a href="/WAI/about/using-wai-material/">Permission to Use WAI Material</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div lang="en" dir="auto" translate="no" class="q4-start q4-end"> <ul style="margin-bottom:0"> <li><a href="/WAI/about/contacting/">Contact WAI</a></li> <li><a href="/WAI/sitemap/">Site Map</a></li> <li><a href="/WAI/news/">News</a></li> <li><a href="/WAI/sitemap/#archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/WAI/about/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/WAI/translations/"> Translations</a></li> <li><a href="/WAI/roles/">Resources for Roles</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> <script src="/WAI/assets/scripts/details4everybody.js?1732542395990846989"></script>  <script src="/WAI/assets/scripts/svg4everybody.js?1732542395990846989"></script> <script> svg4everybody(); </script><script> var translationStrings = {}; </script> </body> </html>