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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Regional variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Redundant_subject_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redundant_subject_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Redundant subject pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redundant_subject_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Interrogative inflection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Auxiliary verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliary_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Continuing action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subordinate_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subordinate_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Subordinate clauses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subordinate_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prosody </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_etymological_lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_etymological_lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sample etymological lexicon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_etymological_lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Spelling systems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spelling_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Spelling systems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Spelling_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_script_(GVIM-DECA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_script_(GVIM-DECA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Modern script (GVIM-DECA) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_script_(GVIM-DECA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Traditional system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Proposed systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthographies_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthographies_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Orthographies comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthographies_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sample texts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sample texts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ruzante_returning_from_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruzante_returning_from_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Ruzante returning from war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruzante_returning_from_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discorso_de_Perasto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discorso_de_Perasto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Discorso de Perasto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discorso_de_Perasto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francesco_Artico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francesco_Artico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Francesco Artico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francesco_Artico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venetian_lexical_exports_to_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venetian_lexical_exports_to_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Venetian lexical exports to English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venetian_lexical_exports_to_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Venetian language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venesiaans" title="Venesiaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Venesiaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezianische_Sprache" title="Venezianische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Venezianische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AC%E1%8A%94%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="ቬኔትኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቬኔትኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة البندقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة البندقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_veneciano" title="Idioma veneciano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma veneciano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nitien" title="Vénitien – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vénitien" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecianu" title="Venecianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Venecianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Venetoñe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Venetoñe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto-g%C3%AD" title="Veneto-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Veneto-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Венециански език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Венециански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezianisch" title="Venezianisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Venezianisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneteg" title="Veneteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Veneteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8net" title="Vènet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vènet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%C3%A1t%C5%A1tina" title="Benátština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benátština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetische_Sprache_(romanisch)" title="Venetische Sprache (romanisch) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venetische Sprache (romanisch)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Νέα βενετική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέα βενετική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezi%C3%A2n" title="Veneziân – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Veneziân" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_v%C3%A9neto" title="Idioma véneto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma véneto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecia_lingvo" title="Venecia lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venecia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_veneciana" title="Luenga veneciana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga veneciana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneziera" title="Veneziera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Veneziera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="زبان ونیزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ونیزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nitien" title="Vénitien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vénitien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_venite" title="Lenghe venite – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe venite" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Vein%C3%A9isis" title="An Veinéisis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Veinéisis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneeshish" title="Veneeshish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Veneeshish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_v%C3%A9neta" title="Lingua véneta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua véneta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto-ng%C3%AE" title="Veneto-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Veneto-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%96%B4" title="베네토어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베네토어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecijanski_jezik" title="Venecijanski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Venecijanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Venesia" title="Bahasa Venesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Venesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_venetian" title="Lingua venetian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua venetian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_veneta" title="Lingua veneta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua veneta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="ונטית (שפה רומאנית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונטית (שפה רומאנית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetek" title="Venetek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Venetek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Венет кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Венет кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_venet%C3%AE" title="Zimanê venetî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê venetî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Veneta" title="Lingua Veneta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Veneta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C4%93cie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Venēciešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Venēciešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venet%C5%B3_kalba" title="Venetų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Venetų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_veneta" title="Lengua veneta – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua veneta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoa_Veneta" title="Lengoa Veneta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengoa Veneta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velencei_nyelv" title="Velencei nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Velencei nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="व्हेनेशियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हेनेशियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الفينيسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفينيسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ونتی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ونتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Venesia" title="Bahaso Venesia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Venesia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetiaans" title="Venetiaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venetiaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="ヴェネト語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴェネト語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneetisk_spriak" title="Veneetisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Veneetisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetiansk" title="Venetiansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venetiansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetiansk" title="Venetiansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Venetiansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A8t_(lenga)" title="Venèt (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Venèt (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="وینیٹین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وینیٹین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto_(lenga)" title="Veneto (lenga) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Veneto (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_v%C3%A9neta" title="Lenga véneta – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga véneta" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wenecki" title="Język wenecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wenecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_v%C3%AAneta" title="Língua vêneta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua vêneta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_venet%C4%83" title="Limba venetă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba venetă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9)" title="Венетский язык (современный) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венетский язык (современный)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_v%C3%A8neta" title="Limba vèneta – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba vèneta" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_leid" title="Venetian leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Venetian leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_v%C3%A8nita" title="Lingua vènita – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua vènita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Venetian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Beneščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beneščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Венецијански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Венецијански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venecijanski_jezik" title="Venecijanski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Venecijanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetsian_kieli" title="Venetsian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venetsian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetianska" title="Venetianska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venetianska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Veneto" title="Wikang Veneto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Veneto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="வெநேத மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெநேத மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาเวเนโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเวเนโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venedik%C3%A7e" title="Venedikçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Venedikçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Венеційська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Венеційська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وینسی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وینسی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ۋېنىسىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋېنىسىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_v%C3%A8neta" title="Łéngua vèneta – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua vèneta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Veneto" title="Tiếng Veneto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Veneto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinijhw%C3%A8s" title="Vinijhwès – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vinijhwès" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="威尼斯语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威尼斯语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87" title="威尼斯文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威尼斯文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venediki" title="Venediki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Venediki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetu_kalba" title="Venetu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Venetu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="威尼斯語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威尼斯語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romance language of Veneto, northeast Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern Romance language. For the ancient language, see <a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Venetian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">łengoa/łengua vèneta, vèneto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a><a href="#cite_note-UNM-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-DRH-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a><a href="#cite_note-UNM-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-DRH-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a><a href="#cite_note-UNM-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-DRH-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istria_County" title="Istria County">Istria County</a><a href="#cite_note-JMI-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-JRK-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal%E2%80%93Karst_Statistical_Region" title="Coastal–Karst Statistical Region">Coastal–Karst</a><a href="#cite_note-JMI-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-JRK-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3.9 million (2002)<a href="#cite_note-e18-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>(disputed)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Venetian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chiplo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Venetian_dialect" title="Judeo-Venetian dialect">Judeo-Venetian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li>→ <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Veneto.svg/45px-Flag_of_Veneto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="776" /> <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian dialect</a>)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <ul><li>→ <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg/22px-Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg/33px-Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg/43px-Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li> <li>→ <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bandeira_de_Santa_Catarina.svg/21px-Bandeira_de_Santa_Catarina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bandeira_de_Santa_Catarina.svg/32px-Bandeira_de_Santa_Catarina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bandeira_de_Santa_Catarina.svg/41px-Bandeira_de_Santa_Catarina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="608" /> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a></li> <li>→ <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bandeira_do_Paran%C3%A1.svg/22px-Bandeira_do_Paran%C3%A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bandeira_do_Paran%C3%A1.svg/33px-Bandeira_do_Paran%C3%A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bandeira_do_Paran%C3%A1.svg/43px-Bandeira_do_Paran%C3%A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1102" /> <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a></li> <li>→ <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bandeira_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo.svg/22px-Bandeira_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bandeira_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo.svg/33px-Bandeira_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bandeira_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo.svg/43px-Bandeira_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a>) <ul><li>→ <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Queretaro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Queretaro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Queretaro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Queretaro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Queretaro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Queretaro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /> <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a></li> <li>→ <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/46px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></li> <li>→ <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Puebla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puebla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Puebla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puebla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Puebla.svg/46px-Flag_of_Puebla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vec" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:vec">vec</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vene1258">vene1258</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-n">51-AAA-n</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Venetian_Language_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venetian_Language_distribution.png/320px-Venetian_Language_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venetian_Language_distribution.png/480px-Venetian_Language_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venetian_Language_distribution.png/640px-Venetian_Language_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1638" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Venetian language distribution in <a href="/wiki/Triveneto" title="Triveneto">Triveneto</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Areas where Venetian is spoken</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Areas where Venetian is spoken alongside other languages (<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian language">Chakavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a> and formerly <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a>) and areas of linguistic transition (with <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> and with Emilian)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Areas of influence of Venetian (over Lombard and over <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>)</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Targa_dialetto_veneto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Targa_dialetto_veneto.JPG/220px-Targa_dialetto_veneto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Targa_dialetto_veneto.JPG/330px-Targa_dialetto_veneto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Targa_dialetto_veneto.JPG/440px-Targa_dialetto_veneto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A sign in Venetian reading "Here Venetian is also spoken"</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance_20c_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/450px-Romance_20c_en.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/675px-Romance_20c_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Romance_20c_en.png/900px-Romance_20c_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> in Europe. Venetian is number 15.</figcaption></figure> Venetian,<a href="#cite_note-glot1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_vec-8">[8]</a> wider Venetian or Venetan<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> (łengua vèneta <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ˈɰeŋɡwa ˈvɛneta]</a> or vèneto <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ˈvɛneto]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> spoken natively in the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ethn-11">[11]</a> mostly in <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, where most of the five million inhabitants can understand it. It is sometimes spoken and often well understood outside Veneto: in <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, and some towns of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> by a surviving autochthonous Venetian population, and in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> by Venetians in the diaspora. Although referred to as an "Italian dialect" (Venetian: diałeto; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: dialetto) even by some of its speakers, the label is primarily geographic. Venetian is a separate language from Italian, with many local varieties. Its precise place within the Romance language family remains somewhat controversial. Both <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> group it into the Gallo-Italic branch (and thus, closer to <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> than to <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_vec-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-glot1-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Devoto" title="Giacomo Devoto">Devoto</a>, Avolio and Ursini reject such classification,<a href="#cite_note-Devoto_1972_30-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Avolio_2009_46-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dialetti_veneti,_Treccani.it-16">[16]</a> and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Tagliavini" class="extiw" title="it:Carlo Tagliavini">Tagliavini</a> places it in the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Dalmatian">Italo-Dalmatian</a> branch of Romance.<a href="#cite_note-Tagliavini_1948-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Venetian_literature" title="Venetian literature">Venetian literature</a></div> Like all members of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language family</a>, Venetian evolved from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, and is thus a sister language of <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and other Romance languages. Venetian is first attested in writing in the 13th century. The language enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, when it attained the status of a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Notable Venetian-language authors include the playwrights <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Beolco" title="Angelo Beolco">Ruzante</a> (1502–1542), <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a> (1707–1793) and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gozzi" title="Carlo Gozzi">Carlo Gozzi</a> (1720–1806). Following the old Italian theatre tradition (<a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>), they used Venetian in their comedies as the speech of the common folk. They are ranked among the foremost Italian theatrical authors of all time, and plays by Goldoni and Gozzi are still performed today all over the world. Other notable works in Venetian are the translations of the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Giacomo Casanova</a> (1725–1798) and Francesco Boaretti, the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> (1875) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Cappelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Cappelli (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Cappelli</a> and the poems of <a href="/wiki/Biagio_Marin" title="Biagio Marin">Biagio Marin</a> (1891–1985). Notable too is a manuscript titled <a href="/wiki/Dialogo_de_Cecco_di_Ronchitti_da_Bruzene_in_perpuosito_de_la_stella_Nuova" title="Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella Nuova">Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella Nuova</a> attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girolamo_Spinelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girolamo Spinelli (page does not exist)">Girolamo Spinelli</a>, perhaps with some supervision by <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> for scientific details.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Several Venetian–Italian dictionaries are available in print and online, including those by <a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Boerio" class="extiw" title="vec:Giuseppe Boerio">Boerio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Contarini,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Nazari<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piccio" title="Giuseppe Piccio">Piccio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>, Venetian was overshadowed by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan dialect</a> (the best known writers of the Renaissance, such as <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, were Tuscan and wrote in the Tuscan language) and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">languages of France</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a> including the mixed <a href="/wiki/Franco-Venetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Venetian">Franco-Venetian</a>. Even before the demise of the Republic, Venetian gradually ceased to be used for administrative purposes in favor of the Tuscan-derived Italian language that had been proposed and used as a vehicle for a common Italian culture, strongly supported by eminent Venetian humanists and poets, from <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> (1470–1547), a crucial figure in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> itself, to <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a> (1778–1827). Venetian spread to other continents as a result of mass migration from the <a href="/wiki/Veneto_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneto region">Veneto region</a> between 1870 and 1905, and between 1945 and 1960. Venetian migrants created large Venetian-speaking communities in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo Venetian dialect</a>), where the language is still spoken today. In the 19th century large-scale immigration towards <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muggia" title="Muggia">Muggia</a> extended the presence of the Venetian language eastward. Previously the dialect of Trieste had been a Rhaeto Romance dialect known as <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tergestino" class="extiw" title="it:Tergestino">Tergestino</a>. This dialect became extinct as a result of Venetian migration, which gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Triestino" class="mw-redirect" title="Triestino">Triestino</a> dialect of Venetian spoken there today. Internal migrations during the 20th century also saw many Venetian-speakers settle in other regions of Italy, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_Marshes" title="Pontine Marshes">Pontine Marshes</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> where they populated new towns such as <a href="/wiki/Latina,_Lazio" title="Latina, Lazio">Latina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aprilia,_Lazio" title="Aprilia, Lazio">Aprilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomezia" title="Pomezia">Pomezia</a>, forming there the so-called "<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0_venetopontine" class="extiw" title="it:Comunità venetopontine">Venetian-Pontine</a>" community (comunità venetopontine). Some firms have chosen to use Venetian language in advertising, as a beer did some years ago[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] (Xe foresto solo el nome, 'only the name is foreign').<a href="#cite_note-Forum_Nathion_Veneta-23">[23]</a> In other cases advertisements in Veneto are given a "Venetian flavour" by adding a Venetian word to standard Italian: for instance an airline used the verb xe (Xe sempre più grande, "it is always bigger") into an Italian sentence (the correct Venetian being el xe senpre pì grando)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> to advertise new flights from <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Airport">Marco Polo Airport</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2007, Venetian was given recognition by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Veneto" title="Regional Council of Veneto">Regional Council of Veneto</a> with regional law no. 8 of 13 April 2007 "Protection, enhancement and promotion of the linguistic and cultural heritage of Veneto".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Though the law does not explicitly grant Venetian any official status, it provides for Venetian as object of protection and enhancement, as an essential component of the cultural, social, historical and civil identity of Veneto. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Venetian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Venetian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Venetian is spoken mainly in the Italian regions of <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a> and in both <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner Gulf</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Smaller communities are found in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>), <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arborea" title="Arborea">Arborea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terralba" title="Terralba">Terralba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilia" title="Fertilia">Fertilia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pontine_Marshes" title="Pontine Marshes">Pontine Marshes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grossetan_Maremma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grossetan Maremma (page does not exist)">Grossetan Maremma</a>)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and formerly in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulcea</a>). <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_v%C3%A8neta_nel_mondo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_v%C3%A8neta_nel_mondo.svg/223px-%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_v%C3%A8neta_nel_mondo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="223" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_v%C3%A8neta_nel_mondo.svg/335px-%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_v%C3%A8neta_nel_mondo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_v%C3%A8neta_nel_mondo.svg/446px-%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_v%C3%A8neta_nel_mondo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of Venetian language by official status</figcaption></figure> It is also spoken in North and South America by the descendants of Italian immigrants. Notable examples of this are <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, particularly the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian dialect</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo Venetian dialect</a> is spoken in the state of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Chipilo" title="Chipilo">Chipilo</a>. The town was settled by immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> region, and some of their descendants have preserved the language to this day. People from Chipilo have gone on to make satellite colonies in Mexico, especially in the states of <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a>. Venetian has also survived in the state of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, where other Italian migrants have settled since the late 19th century. The people of Chipilo preserve their dialect and call it chipileño, and it has been preserved as a variant since the 19th century. The variant of Venetian spoken by the Cipiłàn (Chipileños) is northern Trevisàn-Feltrìn-Belumàt. In 2009, the Brazilian city of <a href="/wiki/Serafina_Corr%C3%AAa" title="Serafina Corrêa">Serafina Corrêa</a>, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, gave <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a> a joint official status alongside <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Until the middle of the 20th century, Venetian was also spoken on the Greek Island of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, which had long been under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. Moreover, Venetian had been adopted by a large proportion of the population of <a href="/wiki/Cephalonia" title="Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>, because the island was part of the <a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> for almost three centuries.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romance-lg-classification-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/500px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/750px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romance-lg-classification-en.svg/1000px-Romance-lg-classification-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria.</figcaption></figure> Venetian is a Romance language and thus descends from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>. Its classification has always been controversial: According to Tagliavini, for example, it is one of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian languages</a> and most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a> on the one hand and <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> on the other.<a href="#cite_note-Tagliavini_1948-17">[17]</a> Some authors include it among the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CAT-30">[30]</a> and according to others, it is not related to either one.<a href="#cite_note-Renzi-31">[31]</a> Although both Ethnologue and Glottolog group Venetian into the Gallo-Italic languages,<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_vec-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-glot1-7">[7]</a> the linguists <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Devoto" title="Giacomo Devoto">Giacomo Devoto</a> and Francesco Avolio and the <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a> encyclopedia reject the Gallo-Italic classification.<a href="#cite_note-Devoto_1972_30-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Avolio_2p_46-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dialetti_veneti,_Treccani.it-16">[16]</a> Although the language region is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic languages</a>, Venetian does not share some traits with these immediate neighbors. Some scholars stress Venetian's characteristic lack of Gallo-Italic traits (agallicità)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> or traits found further afield in <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> (e.g. French, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a>)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance languages</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>). For example, Venetian did not undergo vowel rounding or nasalization, palatalize /kt/ and /ks/, or develop rising diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/, and it preserved final syllables, whereas, as in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, Venetian diphthongization occurs in historically open syllables. On the other hand, Venetian does share many other traits with its surrounding Gallo-Italic languages, like interrogative <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>, mandatory unstressed <a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">subject pronouns</a> (with some exceptions), the "to be behind to" verbal construction to express the <a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">continuous aspect</a> ("El ze drio manjar" = He is eating, lit. he is behind to eat) and the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_conjugation#Absolute_past_(Il_passato_remoto)" title="Italian conjugation">absolute past tense</a> as well as of <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated consonants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">pages needed</a>] In addition, Venetian has some unique traits which are shared by neither Gallo-Italic, nor Italo-Dalmatian languages, such as the use of the <a href="/wiki/Impersonal_passive_voice" title="Impersonal passive voice">impersonal passive</a> forms and the use of the auxiliary verb "to have" for the <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">reflexive voice</a> (both traits shared with <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Modern Venetian is not a close relative of the <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic language</a> spoken in Veneto before Roman expansion, although both are <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, and Venetic may have been an <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> language, like <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the ancestor of Venetian and most other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">languages of Italy</a>. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a> gave their name to the city and region, which is why the modern language has a similar name, while their language may have also left a few traces in modern Venetian as a <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substrate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variants">Regional variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regional variants">edit</a>]</div> The main regional varieties and subvarieties of Venetian language: <ul><li>Central (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Padua" title="Province of Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Vicenza" title="Province of Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Rovigo" title="Province of Rovigo">Polesine</a>), with about 1,500,000 speakers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Venice" title="Metropolitan City of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li>Eastern/Coastal (<a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grado,_Friuli_Venezia_Giulia" title="Grado, Friuli Venezia Giulia">Grado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiume</a>)</li> <li>Western (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Verona" title="Province of Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>)</li> <li>Northern Sinistra Piave of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Treviso" title="Province of Treviso">Province of Treviso</a> (most of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pordenone" title="Province of Pordenone">Province of Pordenone</a>)</li> <li>North-Central Destra Piave of the Province of Treviso (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Belluno" title="Province of Belluno">Belluno</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Feltre" title="Feltre">Feltre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agordo" title="Agordo">Agordo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadore" title="Cadore">Cadore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoldo_Alto" title="Zoldo Alto">Zoldo Alto</a>)</li></ul> All these variants are mutually intelligible, with a minimum 92% in common among the most diverging ones (Central and Western). Modern speakers reportedly can still understand Venetian texts from the 14th century to some extent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other noteworthy variants are: <ul><li>the variety spoken in <a href="/wiki/Chioggia" title="Chioggia">Chioggia</a></li> <li>the variety spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_Marshes" title="Pontine Marshes">Pontine Marshes</a></li> <li>the variety spoken in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Prado" title="Antônio Prado">Antônio Prado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entre_Rios,_Santa_Catarina" title="Entre Rios, Santa Catarina">Entre Rios, Santa Catarina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Paran%C3%A1" title="Toledo, Paraná">Toledo, Paraná</a>, among other southern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> cities</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo Venetian dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Chipileño) of <a href="/wiki/Chipilo" title="Chipilo">Chipilo</a>, Mexico</li> <li>the extinct <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Venetian_dialect" title="Judeo-Venetian dialect">Judeo-Venetian dialect</a> formerly spoken by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venice" title="History of the Jews in Venice">Jewish community of Venice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian grammar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_berlendis,_Venice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Calle_berlendis%2C_Venice.jpg/220px-Calle_berlendis%2C_Venice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Calle_berlendis%2C_Venice.jpg/330px-Calle_berlendis%2C_Venice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Calle_berlendis%2C_Venice.jpg/440px-Calle_berlendis%2C_Venice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>A street sign (nizioléto) in Venice using Venetian calle, as opposed to the Italian via</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inschrift_Venezianerhaus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inschrift_Venezianerhaus.JPG/220px-Inschrift_Venezianerhaus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inschrift_Venezianerhaus.JPG/330px-Inschrift_Venezianerhaus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inschrift_Venezianerhaus.JPG/440px-Inschrift_Venezianerhaus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="2808" /></a><figcaption>Lasa pur dir (Let them speak), an inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piran" title="Piran">Piran</a>, southwestern Slovenia</figcaption></figure> Like most Romance languages, Venetian has mostly abandoned the Latin <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">case system</a>, in favor of <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> and a more rigid <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> sentence structure. It has thus become more <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a>, if not quite as much as English. Venetian also has the Romance <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>, both definite (derived from the Latin demonstrative ille) and indefinite (derived from the numeral unus). Venetian also retained the Latin concepts of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> (masculine and feminine) and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular and plural). Unlike the Gallo-Iberian languages, which form plurals by adding -s, Venetian forms plurals in a manner similar to standard Italian. Nouns and adjectives can be modified by suffixes that indicate several qualities such as size, endearment, deprecation, etc. Adjectives (usually postfixed) and articles are inflected to agree with the noun in gender and number, but it is important to mention that the suffix might be deleted because the article is the part that suggests the number. However, Italian is influencing Venetian language: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Venetian</th> <th>Veneto dialects</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>el gato graso</td> <td>el gato graso</td> <td>il gatto grasso</td> <td>the fat (male) cat </td></tr> <tr> <td>la gata grasa</td> <td>ła gata grasa</td> <td>la gatta grassa</td> <td>the fat (female) cat </td></tr> <tr> <td>i gati grasi</td> <td>i gati grasi</td> <td>i gatti grassi</td> <td>the fat (male) cats </td></tr> <tr> <td>le gate grase</td> <td>łe gate grase</td> <td>le gatte grasse</td> <td>the fat (female) cats </td></tr></tbody></table> In recent studies on Venetian variants in Veneto, there has been a tendency to write the so-called "evanescent L" as ⟨ł⟩. While it may help novice speakers, Venetian was never written with this letter. In this article, this symbol is used only in Veneto dialects of Venetian language. It will suffice to know that in Venetian language the letter L in word-initial and intervocalic positions usually becomes a "palatal allomorph", and is barely pronounced.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Very few <a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic</a> words seem to have survived in present Venetian, but there may be more traces left in the morphology, such as the <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> -esto/asto/isto for the past participle, which can be found in Venetic inscriptions from about 500 BC: <ul><li>Venetian: Mi A go fazesto ("I have done")</li> <li>Venetian Italian: Mi A go fato</li> <li>Standard Italian: Io ho fatto</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redundant_subject_pronouns">Redundant subject pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Redundant subject pronouns">edit</a>]</div> A peculiarity of Venetian grammar is a "semi-analytical" verbal flexion, with a compulsory <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> subject pronoun before the verb in many sentences, echoing the subject as an ending or a weak pronoun. Independent/emphatic pronouns (e.g. ti), on the contrary, are optional. The clitic subject pronoun (te, el/ła, i/łe) is used with the 2nd and 3rd person singular, and with the 3rd person plural. This feature may have arisen as a compensation for the fact that the 2nd- and 3rd-person inflections for most verbs, which are still distinct in Italian and many other Romance languages, are identical in Venetian. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Venetian</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mi go</td> <td>Io ho</td> <td>I have </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ti ti ga</td> <td>Tu hai</td> <td>You have </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Venetian</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mi so</td> <td>Io sono</td> <td>I am </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ti ti xe</td> <td>Tu sei</td> <td>You are </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese language</a> also has clitic subject pronouns, but the rules are somewhat different. The function of clitics is particularly visible in long sentences, which do not always have clear intonational breaks to easily tell apart vocative and imperative in sharp commands from exclamations with "shouted indicative". For instance, in Venetian the clitic el marks the indicative verb and its masculine singular subject, otherwise there is an imperative preceded by a vocative. Although some grammars regard these clitics as "redundant", they actually provide specific additional information as they mark number and gender, thus providing number-/gender- agreement between the subject(s) and the verb, which does not necessarily show this information on its endings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogative_inflection">Interrogative inflection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interrogative inflection">edit</a>]</div> Venetian also has a special interrogative verbal flexion used for direct questions, which also incorporates a redundant pronoun: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Venetian</th> <th>Veneto dialects</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ti geristu sporco?</td> <td>(Ti) jèristu onto? or (Ti) xèrito spazo?</td> <td>(Tu) eri sporco?</td> <td>Were you dirty? </td></tr> <tr> <td>El can, gerilo sporco?</td> <td>El can jèreło onto? or Jèreło onto el can ?</td> <td>Il cane era sporco?</td> <td>Was the dog dirty? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ti te gastu domandà?</td> <td>(Ti) te sito domandà?</td> <td>(Tu) ti sei domandato?</td> <td>Did you ask yourself? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auxiliary_verbs">Auxiliary verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Auxiliary verbs">edit</a>]</div> Reflexive tenses use the auxiliary verb avér ("to have"), as in English, the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>, Catalan, Spanish, Romanian and Neapolitan; instead of èssar ("to be"), which would be normal in Italian. The past participle is invariable, unlike Italian: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Venetian</th> <th>Veneto dialects</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ti ti te ga lavà</td> <td>(Ti) te te à/gà/ghè lavà</td> <td>(Tu) ti sei lavato</td> <td>You washed yourself </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Lori) i se ga desmissià</td> <td>(Lori) i se gà/à svejà</td> <td>(Loro) si sono svegliati</td> <td>They woke up </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuing_action">Continuing action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Continuing action">edit</a>]</div> Another peculiarity of the language is the use of the phrase eser drìo (literally, "to be behind") to indicate continuing action: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Venetian</th> <th>Veneto dialects</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Me pare, el ze drìo parlàr</td> <td>Mé pare 'l ze drìo(invià) parlàr</td> <td>Mio padre sta parlando</td> <td>My father is speaking </td></tr></tbody></table> Another progressive form in some Venetian dialects uses the construction èsar łà che (lit. "to be there that"): <ul><li>Venetian dialect: Me pare l'è là che'l parla (lit. "My father he is there that he speaks").</li></ul> The use of progressive tenses is more pervasive than in Italian; e.g. <ul><li>English: "He wouldn't have been speaking to you".</li> <li>Venetian: No'l sarìa miga sta drio parlarte a ti.</li></ul> That construction does not occur in Italian: *Non sarebbe mica stato parlandoti is not syntactically valid. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subordinate_clauses">Subordinate clauses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Subordinate clauses">edit</a>]</div> Subordinate clauses have double introduction ("whom that", "when that", "which that", "how that"), as in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Venetian</th> <th>Veneto dialects</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mi so de chi che ti parli</td> <td>So de chi che te parli</td> <td>So di chi parli</td> <td>I know who you are talking about </td></tr></tbody></table> As in other Romance languages, the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a> is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinate clause">subordinate clauses</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Venetian</th> <th>Veneto dialects</th> <th>Italian</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mi credeva che'l fuse ...</td> <td>Credéa/évo che'l fuse ...</td> <td>Credevo che fosse ...</td> <td>I thought he was ... </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Venetian consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a> /<a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">e̯</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> Some dialects of Venetian have certain sounds not present in Italian, such as the interdental voiceless fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>], often spelled with ⟨ç⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨zh⟩, or ⟨ž⟩, and similar to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> th in thing and thought. This sound occurs, for example, in çéna ("supper", also written zhena, žena), which is pronounced the same as Castilian Spanish cena (which has the same meaning). The voiceless interdental fricative occurs in Bellunese, north-Trevisan, and in some Central Venetian rural areas around Padua, Vicenza and the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">river Po</a>. Because the pronunciation variant [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>] is more typical of older speakers and speakers living outside of major cities, it has come to be socially stigmatized, and most speakers now use [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>] instead of [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]. In those dialects with the pronunciation [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>], the sound has fallen together with ordinary ⟨s⟩, and so it is not uncommon to simply write ⟨s⟩ (or ⟨ss⟩ between vowels) instead of ⟨ç⟩ or ⟨zh⟩ (such as sena). Similarly some dialects of Venetian also have a voiced interdental fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>], often written ⟨z⟩ (as in el pianze 'he cries'); but in most dialects this sound is now pronounced either as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>] (Italian voiced-Z), or more typically as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] (Italian voiced-S, written ⟨x⟩, as in el pianxe); in a few dialects the sound appears as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] and may therefore be written instead with the letter ⟨d⟩, as in el piande. Some varieties of Venetian also distinguish an ordinary [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] vs. a weakened or <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a> ("evanescent") ⟨l⟩, which in some orthographic norms is indicated with the letter ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">ł</a>⟩ or ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C8%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƚ">ƚ</a>⟩;<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> in more conservative dialects, however, ⟨l⟩ and ⟨ł⟩ are merged as ordinary [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]. In those dialects that have both types, the precise phonetic realization of ⟨ł⟩ depends both on its phonological environment and on the dialect of the speaker. In Venice and its mainland as well as in most of central Veneto (excluding the peripheral provinces of Verona, Belluno and some islands of the lagoon) the realization is a non-syllabic [e̯]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamboni197513–14,_38-39">[39]</a> (usually described as nearly like an "e" and so often spelled as ⟨e⟩), when ⟨ł⟩ is adjacent (only) to back vowels (⟨a o u⟩), vs. a null realization when ⟨ł⟩ is adjacent to a front vowel (⟨i e⟩). In dialects further inland ⟨ł⟩ may be realized as a partially vocalised ⟨l⟩. Thus, for example, góndoła 'gondola' may sound like góndoea <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ˈɡoŋdoe̯a]</a>, góndola <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ˈɡoŋdola]</a>, or góndoa <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ˈɡoŋdoa]</a>. In dialects having a null realization of intervocalic ⟨ł⟩, although pairs of words such as scóła, "school" and scóa, "broom" are <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophonous</a> (both being pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ˈskoa]</a>), they are still distinguished orthographically. Venetian, like Spanish, does not have the <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate consonants</a> characteristic of standard Italian, Tuscan, Neapolitan and other languages of southern Italy; thus Italian fette ("slices"), palla ("ball") and penna ("pen") correspond to féte, bała, and péna in Venetian. The masculine singular noun ending, corresponding to -o/-e in Italian, is often unpronounced in Venetian after continuants, particularly in rural varieties: Italian pieno ("full") corresponds to Venetian pien, Italian altare to Venetian altar. The extent to which final vowels are deleted varies by dialect: the central–southern varieties delete vowels only after /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/, whereas the northern variety deletes vowels also after dental stops and velars; the eastern and western varieties are in between these two extremes. The velar nasal [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] (the final sound in English "song") occurs frequently in Venetian. A word-final /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ is always velarized, which is especially obvious in the pronunciation of many local Venetian surnames that end in ⟨n⟩, such as Marin <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[maˈɾiŋ]</a> and Manin <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[maˈniŋ]</a>, as well as in common Venetian words such as man (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ˈmaŋ]</a> "hand"), piron (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[piˈɾoŋ]</a> "fork"). Moreover, Venetian always uses [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] in consonant clusters that start with a nasal, whereas Italian only uses [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] before velar stops: e.g. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[kaŋˈtaɾ]</a> "to sing", <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[iŋˈvɛɾno]</a> "winter", <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ˈoŋzaɾ]</a> "to anoint", <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ɾaŋˈdʒaɾse]</a> "to cope with".<a href="#cite_note-zamboni-40">[40]</a> Speakers of Italian generally lack this sound and usually substitute a dental [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] for final Venetian [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>], changing for example <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[maˈniŋ]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[maˈnin]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[maˈɾiŋ]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[maˈrin]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> An accented á is pronounced as [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>], (an intervocalic /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ could be pronounced as a [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] sound). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosody">Prosody</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prosody">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Venetian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Venetian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Venetian+language%22">"Venetian language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Venetian+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Venetian+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Venetian+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Venetian+language%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Venetian+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> While written Venetian looks similar to Italian, it sounds very different, with a distinct lilting cadence, almost musical. Compared to Italian, in Venetian syllabic rhythms are more evenly timed, accents are less marked, but on the other hand tonal modulation is much wider and melodic curves are more intricate. Stressed and unstressed syllables sound almost the same; there are no long vowels, and there is no consonant lengthening. Compare the Italian sentence va laggiù con lui [val.ladˌd͡ʒuk.konˈluː.i] "go there with him" (all long/heavy syllables but final) with Venetian va là zo co lu [va.laˌzo.koˈlu] (all short/light syllables).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200769-73-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_etymological_lexicon">Sample etymological lexicon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sample etymological lexicon">edit</a>]</div> As a direct descent of regional spoken Latin, Venetian lexicon derives its vocabulary substantially from Latin and (in more recent times) from Tuscan, so that most of its words are cognate with the corresponding words of Italian. Venetian includes however many words derived from other sources (such as ancient Venetic, Greek, Gothic, and German), and has preserved some Latin words not used to the same extent in Italian, resulting in many words that are not cognate with their equivalent words in Italian, such as: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Italian </th> <th>Venetian (DECA) </th> <th>Venetian word origin </th></tr> <tr> <td>today </td> <td>oggi </td> <td>uncò, 'ncò, incò, ancò, oncò, ancúo, incoi </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hunc#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:hunc">hunc</a> + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hodie#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:hodie">hodie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pharmacy </td> <td>farmacia </td> <td>apotèca </td> <td>from Ancient Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀποθήκη">ἀποθήκη</a> (apothḗkē) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to drink </td> <td>bere </td> <td>trincàr </td> <td>from German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trinken#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:trinken">trinken</a> "to drink" </td></tr> <tr> <td>apricot </td> <td>albicocca </td> <td>armelín </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/armeninus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:armeninus">armenīnus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to bore </td> <td>dare noia, seccare </td> <td>astiàr </td> <td>from Gothic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83#Gothic" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐍃">𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐍃</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83#Gothic" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐍃">haifsts</a> "contest" </td></tr> <tr> <td>peanuts </td> <td>arachidi </td> <td>bagígi </td> <td>from Arabic habb-ajiz </td></tr> <tr> <td>to be spicy hot </td> <td>essere piccante </td> <td>becàr </td> <td>from Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beccare#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:beccare">beccare</a>, literally "to peck" </td></tr> <tr> <td>spaghetti </td> <td>vermicello, spaghetti </td> <td>bígolo </td> <td>from Latin (bom)byculus </td></tr> <tr> <td>eel </td> <td>anguilla </td> <td>bizàto, bizàta </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bestia#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:bestia">bestia</a> "beast", compare also Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biscia#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:biscia">biscia</a>, a kind of snake </td></tr> <tr> <td>snake </td> <td>serpente </td> <td>bísa, bíso </td> <td>from Latin bestia "beast", compare also Ital. biscia, a kind of snake </td></tr> <tr> <td>peas </td> <td>piselli </td> <td>bízi </td> <td>related to the Italian word </td></tr> <tr> <td>lizard </td> <td>lucertola </td> <td>izarda, rizardola </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lacertus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:lacertus">lacertus</a>, same origin as English <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lizard#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:lizard">lizard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to throw </td> <td>tirare </td> <td>trar via </td> <td>local <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tirare#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:tirare">tirare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fog </td> <td>nebbia foschia </td> <td>calígo </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caligo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:caligo">caligo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>corner/side </td> <td>angolo/parte </td> <td>cantón </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cantus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:cantus">cantus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>find </td> <td>trovare </td> <td>catàr </td> <td>from Latin *adcaptare </td></tr> <tr> <td>chair </td> <td>sedia </td> <td>caréga, trón </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cathedra#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:cathedra">cathedra</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thronus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:thronus">thronus</a> (borrowings from Greek) </td></tr> <tr> <td>hello, goodbye </td> <td>ciao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciao" title="Ciao">ciao</a> </td> <td>from Venetian s-ciao "slave", from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sclavus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:sclavus">sclavus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to catch, to take </td> <td>prendere </td> <td>ciapàr </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capere#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:capere">capere</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>when (non-interr.) </td> <td>quando </td> <td>co </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:cum">cum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to kill </td> <td>uccidere </td> <td>copàr </td> <td>from Old Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accoppare#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:accoppare">accoppare</a>, originally "to behead" </td></tr> <tr> <td>miniskirt </td> <td>minigonna </td> <td>carpéta </td> <td>compare English carpet </td></tr> <tr> <td>skirt </td> <td>sottana </td> <td>còtoła </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cotta#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:cotta">cotta</a>, "coat, dress" </td></tr> <tr> <td>T-shirt </td> <td>maglietta </td> <td>fanèla </td> <td>borrowing from Greek </td></tr> <tr> <td>drinking glass </td> <td>bicchiere </td> <td>gòto </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guttus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:guttus">guttus</a>, "cruet" </td></tr> <tr> <td>big </td> <td>grande </td> <td>grosi </td> <td>From German groß(e) </td></tr> <tr> <td>exit </td> <td>uscita </td> <td>insía </td> <td>from Latin in + exita </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>io </td> <td>mi </td> <td>from Latin me "me" (accusative case); Italian io is derived from the Latin nominative form ego </td></tr> <tr> <td>too much </td> <td>troppo </td> <td>masa </td> <td>from Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%E1%BE%B6%CE%B6%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μᾶζα">μᾶζα</a> (mâza) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to bite </td> <td>mordere </td> <td>morsegàr, smorsegàr </td> <td>deverbal derivative, from Latin morsus "bitten", compare Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/morsicare#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:morsicare">morsicare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>moustaches </td> <td>baffi </td> <td>mustaci </td> <td>from Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μουστάκι">μουστάκι</a> (moustaki) </td></tr> <tr> <td>cat </td> <td>gatto </td> <td>munín, gato, gateo </td> <td>perhaps <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a>, from the sound of a cat's meow </td></tr> <tr> <td>big sheaf </td> <td>grosso covone </td> <td>meda </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meta#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:meta">meta</a> "cone, pyramid"; cf. Old French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moie#Old_French" class="extiw" title="wikt:moie">moie</a> "haystack" </td></tr> <tr> <td>donkey </td> <td>asino </td> <td>muso </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/musus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:musus">mūsus</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/musum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:musum">mūsum</a> "snout" (compare French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/museau#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:museau">museau</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>bat </td> <td>pipistrello </td> <td>nòtoła, notol, barbastrío, signàpoła </td> <td>derived from not "night" (compare Italian notte) </td></tr> <tr> <td>rat </td> <td>ratto </td> <td>pantegàna </td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> podgana </td></tr> <tr> <td>beat, cheat, sexual intercourse </td> <td>imbrogliare, superare in gara, amplesso </td> <td>pinciàr </td> <td>from French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pincer#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pincer">pincer</a> (compare English <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pinch#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:pinch">pinch</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>fork </td> <td>forchetta </td> <td>pirón </td> <td>from Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πιρούνι">πιρούνι</a> (piroúni) </td></tr> <tr> <td>dandelion </td> <td>tarassaco </td> <td>pisalet </td> <td>from French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pissenlit#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pissenlit">pissenlit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>truant </td> <td>marinare scuola </td> <td>plao far </td> <td>from German blau machen </td></tr> <tr> <td>apple </td> <td>mela </td> <td>pomo/pón </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pomum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:pomum">pōmum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to break, to shred </td> <td>strappare </td> <td>zbregàr </td> <td>from Gothic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD#Gothic" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽">𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽</a> ([<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD#Gothic" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽">brikan</a>] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)), related to English to break and German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brechen#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:brechen">brechen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>money </td> <td>denaro soldi </td> <td>schèi </td> <td>from German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Scheidem%C3%BCnze#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Scheidemünze">Scheidemünze</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>grasshopper </td> <td>cavalletta </td> <td>saltapaiusc </td> <td>from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salta#Venetian" class="extiw" title="wikt:salta">salta</a> "hop" + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paiusc#Venetian" class="extiw" title="wikt:paiusc">paiusc</a> "grass" (Italian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paglia#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:paglia">paglia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>squirrel </td> <td>scoiattolo </td> <td>zgiràt, scirata, skirata </td> <td>Related to Italian word, probably from Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:σκίουρος">σκίουρος</a> (skíouros) </td></tr> <tr> <td>spirit from grapes, brandy </td> <td>grappa acquavite </td> <td>znjapa </td> <td>from German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schnaps#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Schnaps">Schnaps</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to shake </td> <td>scuotere </td> <td>zgorlàr, scorlàr </td> <td>from Latin ex + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crollare#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:crollare">crollare</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rail </td> <td>rotaia </td> <td>sina </td> <td>from German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schiene#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Schiene">Schiene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tired </td> <td>stanco </td> <td>straco </td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> strak </td></tr> <tr> <td>line, streak, stroke, strip </td> <td>linea, striscia </td> <td>strica </td> <td>from Gothic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%83#Gothic" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍃">𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍃</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%83#Gothic" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍃">striks</a> or German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Strich#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Strich">Strich</a> 'stroke, line'. Example: Tirar na strica "to draw a line". </td></tr> <tr> <td>to press </td> <td>premere, schiacciare </td> <td>strucàr </td> <td>from Gothic or Lombard; cf. German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dr%C3%BCcken#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:drücken">drücken</a> 'to press', Swedish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trycka#Swedish" class="extiw" title="wikt:trycka">trycka</a>. Example: Struca un tasto / boton "Strike any key / Press any button". </td></tr> <tr> <td>to whistle </td> <td>fischiare </td> <td>supiàr, subiàr, sficiàr, sifolàr </td> <td>from Latin sub + flare, compare French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/siffler#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:siffler">siffler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to pick up </td> <td>raccogliere </td> <td>tòr su </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tollere#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:tollere">tollere</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pan </td> <td>pentola </td> <td>técia, téia, tegia </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tecula#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:tecula">tecula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lad, boy </td> <td>ragazzo </td> <td>tozàt(o) (toxato), fio </td> <td>from Italian tosare, "to cut someone's hair" </td></tr> <tr> <td>lad, boy </td> <td>ragazzo </td> <td>puto, putèło, putełeto, butèl </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puer#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:puer">puer</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/putus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:putus">putus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lad, boy </td> <td>ragazzo </td> <td>matelot </td> <td>from French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matelot#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:matelot">matelot</a> "sailor" </td></tr> <tr> <td>cow </td> <td>mucca, vacca </td> <td>vaca </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vacca#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:vacca">vacca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gun </td> <td>fucile-scoppiare </td> <td>sciop, sciòpo, sciopàr, sciopón </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scloppum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:scloppum">scloppum</a> (onomatopoeic) </td></tr> <tr> <td>path(way), trail </td> <td>sentiero </td> <td>troi </td> <td>from Friulian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/troi#Friulian" class="extiw" title="wikt:troi">troi</a>, from Gaulish *trogo; cf. Romansh <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trutg#Romansh" class="extiw" title="wikt:trutg">trutg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>to worry </td> <td>preoccuparsi, vaneggiare </td> <td>dzavariàr, dhavariàr, zavariàr </td> <td>from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/variare#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:variare">variare</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling_systems">Spelling systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spelling systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Venetian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Venetian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_script_(GVIM-DECA)">Modern script (GVIM-DECA)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern script (GVIM-DECA)">edit</a>]</div> Since December 2017 the Venetian language adopted a modern writing system,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> named GVIM (acronym for Grafia del Veneto Internazionale Moderno, i.e. Writing system for Modern International Venetian) thanks to the 2010 2nd Regional ad hoc Commission of the Regione del Veneto. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_de_%C5%82a_Bona_Creansa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia de ła Bona Creansa (page does not exist)">Academia de ła Bona Creansa</a> – Academy of the Venetian Language,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> an NGO accredited according to the UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Venetian language and culture <a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> had already worked, tested, applied and certified a full writing system (presented in a scientific publication in linguistics <a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> in 2016), known with the DECA acronym (Drio El Costumar de l'Academia, i.e. literally According to the Use of the Academia). The DECA writing system has been officialized by the <a href="/wiki/Veneto_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneto region">Veneto Region</a> under the name Grafia Veneta Internazionale Moderna, by unanimous vote of the Commissione Grafia e Toponomastica(i.e. Script and Topononymy Committee <a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> of the Venetian language on December 14, 2017, and available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguaveneta.net/lingua-veneta/grafia-veneta-ufficiale/">portal of the Venetian Regional Council dedicated to the Venetian language</a>. The same writing system was then employed for the first grammar of the Venetian language to be published by a university, in Brasil, in 2018 <a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The DECA, then GVIM, had already been used in a trilingual document approved by the Veneto Regional Council (Aprile 2016) in Italian, Venetian, and English.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_system">Traditional system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Traditional system">edit</a>]</div> Venetian currently has an <a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">official writing system</a>. Traditionally it is written using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> — sometimes with certain additional letters or diacritics. The basis for some of these conventions can be traced to Old Venetian, while others are modern innovations. Medieval texts, written in Old Venetian, include the letters ⟨x⟩, ⟨ç⟩ and ⟨z⟩ to represent sounds that do not exist or have a different distribution in Italian. Specifically: <ul><li>The letter ⟨x⟩ was often employed in words that nowadays have a voiced /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/-sound (compare English xylophone); for instance ⟨x⟩ appears in words such as raxon, Croxe, caxa ("reason", "(holy) Cross" and "house"). The precise phonetic value of ⟨x⟩ in Old Venetian texts remains unknown, however.</li> <li>The letter ⟨z⟩ often appeared in words that nowadays have a varying voiced pronunciation ranging from /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ to /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/ or even to /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/; even in contemporary spelling zo "down" may represent any of /zo, dzo, ðo/ or even /do/, depending on the dialect; similarly zovena "young woman" could be any of /ˈzovena/, /ˈdzovena/ or /ˈðovena/, and zero "zero" could be /ˈzɛro/, /ˈdzɛro/ or /ˈðɛro/.</li> <li>Likewise, ⟨ç⟩ was written for a voiceless sound which now varies, depending on the dialect spoken, from /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ to /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/ to /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/, as in for example dolçe "sweet", now /ˈdolse ~ ˈdoltse ~ ˈdolθe/, dolçeça "sweetness", now /dolˈsesa ~ dolˈtsetsa ~ dolˈθeθa/, or sperança "hope", now /speˈransa ~ speˈrantsa ~ speˈranθa/.</li></ul> The usage of letters in medieval and early modern texts was not, however, entirely consistent. In particular, as in other northern Italian languages, the letters ⟨z⟩ and ⟨ç⟩ were often used interchangeably for both voiced and voiceless sounds. Differences between earlier and modern pronunciation, divergences in pronunciation within the modern Venetian-speaking region, differing attitudes about how closely to model spelling on Italian norms, as well as personal preferences, some of which reflect sub-regional identities, have all hindered the adoption of a single unified spelling system.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Nevertheless, in practice, most spelling conventions are the same as in Italian. In some early modern texts letter ⟨x⟩ becomes limited to word-initial position, as in xe ("is"), where its use was unavoidable because Italian spelling cannot represent /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ there. In between vowels, the distinction between /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ was ordinarily indicated by doubled ⟨ss⟩ for the former and single ⟨s⟩ for the latter. For example, basa was used to represent /ˈbaza/ ("he/she kisses"), whereas bassa represented /ˈbasa/ ("low"). (Before consonants there is no contrast between /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/, as in Italian, so a single ⟨s⟩ is always used in this circumstance, it being understood that the ⟨s⟩ will agree in voicing with the following consonant. For example, ⟨st⟩ represents only /st/, but ⟨sn⟩ represents /zn/.) Traditionally the letter ⟨z⟩ was ambiguous, having the same values as in Italian (both voiced and voiceless affricates /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/). Nevertheless, in some books the two pronunciations are sometimes distinguished (in between vowels at least) by using doubled ⟨zz⟩ to indicate /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/ (or in some dialects /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/) but a single ⟨z⟩ for /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/ (or /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/). In more recent practice the use of ⟨x⟩ to represent /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/, both in word-initial as well as in intervocalic contexts, has become increasingly common, but no entirely uniform convention has emerged for the representation of the voiced vs. voiceless affricates (or interdental fricatives), although a return to using ⟨ç⟩ and ⟨z⟩ remains an option under consideration. Regarding the spelling of the vowel sounds, because in Venetian, as in Italian, there is no contrast between tense and lax vowels in unstressed syllables, the orthographic grave and acute accents can be used to mark both stress and vowel quality at the same time: à /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/, á /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>/, è /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/, é /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/, í /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/, ò /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/, ó /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/, ú /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/. Different orthographic norms prescribe slightly different rules for when stressed vowels must be written with accents or may be left unmarked, and no single system has been accepted by all speakers. Venetian allows the <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> /stʃ/ (not present in Italian), which is sometimes written ⟨s-c⟩ or ⟨s'c⟩ before i or e, and ⟨s-ci⟩ or ⟨s'ci⟩ before other vowels. Examples include s-ciarir (Italian schiarire, "to clear up"), s-cèt (schietto, "plain clear"), s-ciòp (schioppo, "gun") and s-ciao (schiavo, "[your] servant", ciao, "hello", "goodbye"). The hyphen or apostrophe is used because the combination ⟨sc(i)⟩ is conventionally used for the /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ sound, as in Italian spelling; e.g. scèmo (scemo, "stupid"); whereas ⟨sc⟩ before a, o and u represents /sk/: scàtoła (scatola, "box"), scóndar (nascondere, "to hide"), scusàr (scusare, "to forgive"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_systems">Proposed systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Proposed systems">edit</a>]</div> Recently there have been attempts to standardize and simplify the script by reusing older letters, e.g. by using ⟨x⟩ for [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] and a single ⟨s⟩ for [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]; then one would write baxa for <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ˈbaza]</a> ("[third person singular] kisses") and basa for <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">[ˈbasa]</a> ("low"). Some authors have continued or resumed the use of ⟨ç⟩, but only when the resulting word is not too different from the Italian orthography: in modern Venetian writings, it is then easier to find words as çima and çento, rather than força and sperança, even though all these four words display the same phonological variation in the position marked by the letter ⟨ç⟩. Another recent convention is to use ⟨<a href="/wiki/L_with_bar" title="L with bar">ƚ</a>⟩ (in place of older ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">ł</a>⟩ ) for the "soft" l, to allow a more unified orthography for all variants of the language. However, in spite of their theoretical advantages, these proposals have not been very successful outside of academic circles, because of regional variations in pronunciation and incompatibility with existing literature. More recently, on December 14, 2017, the Modern International Manual of Venetian Spelling was approved by the new Commission for Spelling of 2010. It was translated into three languages (Italian, Venetian and English) and it exemplifies and explains every single letter and every sound of the Venetian language. The graphic accentuation and punctuation systems are added as corollaries. Overall, the system was greatly simplified from previous ones to allow both Italian and foreign speakers to learn and understand the Venetian spelling and alphabet in a more straightforward way.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Venetian speakers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chipilo" title="Chipilo">Chipilo</a> use a system based on <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a>, even though it does not contain letters for [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]. The American linguist Carolyn McKay proposed a writing system for that variant based entirely on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> alphabet. However, the system was not very popular. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthographies_comparison">Orthographies comparison</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Orthographies comparison">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">[IPA]</a> </th> <th>Official (GVIM-DECA)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </th> <th>classic </th> <th>Brunelli </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a> </th> <th>Latin origin <a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ˈa/ </td> <td>à </td> <td>à </td> <td>à </td> <td>á </td> <td>à </td> <td>ă /a/, ā /aː/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/b/ </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>b, v </td> <td>b </td> <td>b- /b/, -p- /p/, bb /bː/ </td> <td>barba (beard, uncle) from barba </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/k/ </td> <td>+ a \ o \ u </td> <td>c </td> <td>c </td> <td>c </td> <td>c </td> <td>c </td> <td>c- /k/, cc /kː/, tc /tk/, xc /ksk/ </td> <td>poc (little) from paucus </td></tr> <tr> <td>  + i \ e \ y \ ø </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td>qu </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch /kʰ/, qu /kʷ/ </td> <td>chiete (quiet) from quiētem </td></tr> <tr> <td>(between vowels) </td> <td>c(h) </td> <td>cc(h) </td> <td>c(h) </td> <td>c / qu </td> <td>c(h) </td> <td>cc /kː/, ch /kʰ/, qu /kʷ/ </td> <td>tacüin (notebook) from taccuinum </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/ts/~/θ/~/s/ </td> <td>+ a \ o \ u </td> <td rowspan="3">ts~th~s </td> <td>ç, [z] </td> <td rowspan="3">ç </td> <td rowspan="3">-~zh~s </td> <td rowspan="3">– </td> <td>ti /tj/, th /tʰ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ i \ e \ y \ ø </td> <td>c, [z] </td> <td>c- /c/, cc /cː/, ti /tj/, th /tʰ/, tc /tk/, xc /ksk/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(between vowels) </td> <td>zz </td> <td>ti /tj/, th /tʰ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/s/ </td> <td>(before a vowel) </td> <td rowspan="3">s </td> <td>s </td> <td rowspan="3">s </td> <td rowspan="3">s </td> <td>s </td> <td rowspan="3">s- /s/, ss /sː/, sc /sc/, ps /ps/, x /ks/ </td> <td>supiar (to whistle) from sub-flare </td></tr> <tr> <td>(between vowels) </td> <td>ss </td> <td>ss </td> <td>casa (cash des) from capsa </td></tr> <tr> <td>(before unvoiced consonant) </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">/tʃ/ </td> <td>+ a \ o \ u </td> <td>ci </td> <td rowspan="2">chi </td> <td>ci </td> <td rowspan="3">ch </td> <td>ci </td> <td rowspan="4">cl- /cl/, ccl /cːl/ </td> <td>sciào (slave) from sclavus </td></tr> <tr> <td>  + i \ e \ y \ ø </td> <td>c </td> <td>c </td> <td>c </td> <td>ceza (church) from ecclēsia </td></tr> <tr> <td>(between vowels) </td> <td>c(i) </td> <td>cchi </td> <td>c(i) </td> <td>c(i) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(ending of word) </td> <td>c' </td> <td>cch' </td> <td>c' </td> <td>ch </td> <td>c' </td> <td>moc' (snot) from *mucceus </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/d/ </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>– </td> <td>d </td> <td>d /d/, -t- /t/, (g /ɟ/ , di /dj/, z /dz/) </td> <td>cadena (chain) from catēna </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ˈɛ/ </td> <td>è </td> <td>è </td> <td>è </td> <td>è </td> <td>è </td> <td>ĕ /ɛ/, ae /ae̯/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ˈe/ </td> <td>é </td> <td>é </td> <td>é </td> <td>é </td> <td>é </td> <td>ē /ɛː/, ĭ /i/, oe /oe̯/ </td> <td>pévare (pepper) from piper </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/f/ </td> <td>– </td> <td rowspan="2">f </td> <td>f </td> <td rowspan="2">f </td> <td rowspan="2">f </td> <td rowspan="2">f </td> <td>f- /f/, ff /fː/, ph- /pʰ/ </td> <td>finco (finch) from fringilla </td></tr> <tr> <td>(between vowels) </td> <td>ff </td> <td>ff /fː/, pph /pːʰ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ɡ/ </td> <td>+ a \ o \ u </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>g /ɡ/, -c- /k/, ch /kʰ/ </td> <td>ruga (bean weevil) from brūchus </td></tr> <tr> <td>+ i \ e \ y \ ø </td> <td>gh </td> <td>gh </td> <td>gh </td> <td>gu </td> <td>gh </td> <td>gu /ɡʷ/, ch /kʰ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/dz/~/ð/~/z/ </td> <td>+ a \ o \ u </td> <td rowspan="2">dz~dh~z </td> <td rowspan="2">z </td> <td rowspan="2">z </td> <td rowspan="2">-~d~z </td> <td rowspan="2">– </td> <td>z /dz/, di /dj/ </td> <td>dzorno from diurnus </td></tr> <tr> <td>  + i \ e \ y \ ø </td> <td>z /dz/, g /ɟ/, di /dj/ </td> <td>dzendziva (gum) from gingiva </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/z/ </td> <td>(before a vowel) </td> <td rowspan="3">z </td> <td>x </td> <td rowspan="2">x </td> <td rowspan="2">z </td> <td>z </td> <td>?, (z /dz/, g /ɉ/, di /dj/) </td> <td>el ze (he is) from ipse est </td></tr> <tr> <td>(between vowels) </td> <td rowspan="2">s </td> <td>s </td> <td>-c- /c/ (before e/i), -s- /s/, x /ɡz/ </td> <td>paze (peace) from pāx, pācis </td></tr> <tr> <td>(before voiced consonant) </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s- /s/, x /ɡz/ </td> <td>zgorlar (to shake) from ex-crollare </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/dʒ/ </td> <td>+ a \ o \ u </td> <td>gi </td> <td rowspan="2">ghi </td> <td>gi </td> <td>gi </td> <td>j </td> <td rowspan="2">gl /ɟl/, -cl- /cl/ </td> <td>giatso (ice) from glaciēs </td></tr> <tr> <td>  + i \ e \ y \ ø </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>g </td> <td>gi </td> <td>giro (dormouse) from glīris </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/j/~/dʒ/ </td> <td>j~g(i) </td> <td>g(i) </td> <td>j </td> <td>– </td> <td>j </td> <td>i /j/, li /lj/ </td> <td>ajo / agio (garlic) from ālium </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/j/ </td> <td>j, i </td> <td>j, i </td> <td>i </td> <td>y, i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i /j/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ˈi/ </td> <td>í </td> <td>í </td> <td>í </td> <td>í </td> <td>í </td> <td>ī /iː/, ȳ /yː/ </td> <td>fio (son) from fīlius </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">– </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>h /ʰ/ </td> <td>màchina (machine) from māchina </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/l/ </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l /l/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/e̯/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamboni197513–14,_38-39">[39]</a> </td> <td>ł </td> <td>l </td> <td>ł </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>l /l/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/l.j/~/j/~/l.dʒ/ </td> <td>li~j~g(i) </td> <td>li </td> <td>lj </td> <td>ly </td> <td>li </td> <td>li /li/, /lj/ </td> <td>Talia / Taja / Talgia (Italy) from Itālia </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/m/ </td> <td>(before vowels) </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m /m/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(at the end of the syllable) </td> <td>m' </td> <td>– </td> <td>m' </td> <td>m' </td> <td>m' </td> <td>m /m/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/n/ </td> <td>(before vowels) </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n /n/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(at the end of the syllable) </td> <td>n' / 'n </td> <td>– </td> <td>n' </td> <td>n' </td> <td>n' </td> <td>n /n/ </td> <td>don' (we go) from *andamo </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ŋ/ </td> <td>(before vowels) </td> <td>n- </td> <td>– </td> <td>n- </td> <td>n- </td> <td>n- </td> <td>m /m/, n /ɱ~n̪~n~ŋ/, g /ŋ/ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>(at the end of the syllable) </td> <td>n / n- </td> <td>m, n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>m /m/, n /ɱ~n̪~n~ŋ/, g /ŋ/ </td> <td>don (we went) from andavamo </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/n.j/~/n.dʒ/ </td> <td>n'j~n'g(i) </td> <td>(ni) </td> <td>n'j </td> <td>n'y </td> <td>ni </td> <td>ni /ni/, ni /nj/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ŋ.j/~/ŋ.dʒ/ </td> <td>ni~ng(i) </td> <td>ni </td> <td>n-j </td> <td>ny </td> <td>n-j </td> <td>ni /n.j/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ɲ/ </td> <td>ǌ </td> <td>gn </td> <td>gn </td> <td>ñ </td> <td>gn </td> <td>gn /ŋn/, ni /nj/ </td> <td>cunjà (brother-in-law) from cognātus </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ˈɔ/ </td> <td>ò </td> <td>ò </td> <td>ò </td> <td>ò </td> <td>ò </td> <td>ŏ /ɔ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ˈo/ </td> <td>ó </td> <td>ó </td> <td>ó </td> <td>ó </td> <td>ó </td> <td>ō /ɔː/, ŭ /u/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/p/ </td> <td>– </td> <td rowspan="2">p </td> <td>p </td> <td rowspan="2">p </td> <td rowspan="2">p </td> <td rowspan="2">p </td> <td>p- /p/, pp /pː/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(between vowels) </td> <td>pp </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/r/ </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r /r/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/r.j/~/r.dʒ/ </td> <td>ri~rg(i) </td> <td>(ri) </td> <td>rj </td> <td>ry </td> <td>rj </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/t/ </td> <td>– </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td>t </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td>t- /t/, tt /tː/, ct /kt/, pt /pt/ </td> <td>sète (seven) from septem </td></tr> <tr> <td>(between vowels) </td> <td>tt </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/ˈu/ </td> <td>ú </td> <td>ú </td> <td>ú </td> <td>ú </td> <td>ú </td> <td>ū /uː/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/w/ </td> <td>(after /k/, /ɡ/ or before o) </td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td> <td>u /w/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/v/ </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>u /w/, -b- /b/, -f- /f/, -p- /p/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ˈɐ/~/ˈʌ/~/ˈɨ/ </td> <td rowspan="7">(dialectal) </td> <td>â / á </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>ē /ɛː/, an /ã/ </td> <td>stâla (star) from stēlla </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ˈø/ </td> <td>(ø) </td> <td>(oe) </td> <td>(o) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>o /o/ </td> <td>chør (heart) from Latin cor </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ˈy/ </td> <td>(y / ý) </td> <td>(ue) </td> <td>(u) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>ū /uː/ </td> <td>schyro (dark) from obscūrus </td></tr> <tr> <td>/h/ </td> <td>h / fh </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>f /f/ </td> <td>hèr (iron) from ferrus </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʎ/ </td> <td>ǉ </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>li /lj/ </td> <td>bataǉa (battle) from battālia </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td>sj </td> <td>– </td> <td>(sh) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>s /s/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ʒ/ </td> <td>zj </td> <td>– </td> <td>(xh) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>g /ɡ/ </td> <td>zjal (rooster) from gallus </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sample texts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiera_Santa_Lucia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fiera_Santa_Lucia.jpg/220px-Fiera_Santa_Lucia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fiera_Santa_Lucia.jpg/330px-Fiera_Santa_Lucia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fiera_Santa_Lucia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Venetian sign in ticket office, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Lucia_di_Piave" title="Santa Lucia di Piave">Santa Lucia di Piave</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruzante_returning_from_war">Ruzante returning from war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ruzante returning from war">edit</a>]</div> The following sample, in the old dialect of Padua, comes from a play by Ruzante (<a href="/wiki/Angelo_Beolco" title="Angelo Beolco">Angelo Beolco</a>), titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlamento_de_Ruzante_che_iera_vegn%C3%B9_de_campo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlamento de Ruzante che iera vegnù de campo (page does not exist)">Parlamento de Ruzante che iera vegnù de campo</a> ("Dialogue of Ruzante who came from the battlefield", 1529). The character, a peasant returning home from the war, is expressing to his friend Menato his relief at being still alive: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Orbéntena, el no serae mal star in campo per sto robare, se 'l no foesse che el se ha pur de gran paure. Càncaro ala roba! A' son chialò mi, ala segura, e squase che no a' no cherzo esserghe gnan. ... Se mi mo' no foesse mi? E che a foesse stò amazò in campo? E che a foesse el me spirito? Lo sarae ben bela. No, càncaro, spiriti no magna. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Really, it would not be that bad to be in the battlefield looting, were it not that one gets also big scares. Damn the loot! I am right here, in safety, and almost can't believe I am. ... And if I were not me? And if I had been killed in battle? And if I were my ghost? That would be just great. No, damn, ghosts don't eat. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discorso_de_Perasto">Discorso de Perasto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Discorso de Perasto">edit</a>]</div> The following sample is taken from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perasto_Speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perasto Speech (page does not exist)">Perasto Speech</a> (Discorso de Perasto), given on August 23, 1797, at <a href="/wiki/Perast" title="Perast">Perasto</a>, by Venetian Captain <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Viscovich" title="Giuseppe Viscovich">Giuseppe Viscovich</a>, at the last lowering of the flag of the Venetian Republic (nicknamed the "Republic of <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Cathedral,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mark's Cathedral, Venice">Saint Mark</a>"). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Par trezentosetantasete ani le nostre sostanse, el nostro sangue, le nostre vite le xè sempre stàe par Ti, S. Marco; e fedelisimi senpre se gavemo reputà, Ti co nu, nu co Ti, e sempre co Ti sul mar semo stài lustri e virtuosi. Nisun co Ti ne gà visto scanpar, nisun co Ti ne gà visto vinti e spaurosi! </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> For three hundred and seventy seven years our bodies, our blood our lives have always been for You, St. Mark; and very faithful we have always thought ourselves, You with us, we with You, And always with You on the sea we have been illustrious and virtuous. No one has seen us with You flee, No one has seen us with You defeated and fearful! </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francesco_Artico">Francesco Artico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Francesco Artico">edit</a>]</div> The following is a contemporary text by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Artico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Artico (page does not exist)">Francesco Artico</a>. The elderly narrator is recalling the church choir singers of his youth, who, needless to say, sang much better than those of today <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artico.name/tornen/s_santa.htm">(see the full original text with audio)</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Sti cantori vèci da na volta, co i cioéa su le profezie, in mezo al coro, davanti al restèl, co'a ose i 'ndéa a cior volta no so 'ndove e ghe voéa un bèl tóc prima che i tornésse in qua e che i rivésse in cao, màssima se i jèra pareciàdi onti co mezo litro de quel bon tant par farse coràjo. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> These old singers of the past, when they picked up the Prophecies, in the middle of the choir, in front of the twelve-branched candelabrum, with their voice they went off who knows where, and it was a long time before they came back and landed on the ground, especially if they had been previously 'oiled' with half a litre of the good one [wine] just to make courage. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> Due to the diacritic letter Ł being present in few languages besides Polish and Venetian, the latter of which does not have any official recognition by software producers like <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, the Polish magazine KomputerSwiat noted that the Venice region has the highest usage of Polish keyboard settings outside of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> on iPhones and <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] although the same article found in an unrepresentative sample that when needing the letter without the keyboard, some Venetians google the <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a> or the exchange rate in order to copy-paste the letter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venetian_lexical_exports_to_English">Venetian lexical exports to English</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Venetian lexical exports to English">edit</a>]</div> Many words were exported to English, either directly or via Italian or French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2007284-286-55">[55]</a> The list below shows some examples of imported words, with the date of first appearance in English according to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Venetian (DECA) </th> <th>English </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Origin, notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>arsenal</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a></td> <td>1506</td> <td>Arabic دار الصناعة dār al-ṣināʻah "house of manufacture, factory" </td></tr> <tr> <td>articioco</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichoke</a></td> <td>1531</td> <td>Arabic الخرشوف al-kharshūf; previously entered Castillian as alcachofa and then French as artichaut </td></tr> <tr> <td>bałota</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballot</a></td> <td>1549</td> <td>ball used in Venetian elections; cf. English to "black-ball" </td></tr> <tr> <td>cazin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a></td> <td>1789</td> <td>"little house"; adopted in Italianized form </td></tr> <tr> <td>contrabando</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a></td> <td>1529</td> <td>illegal traffic of goods </td></tr> <tr> <td>gazeta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gazette" title="Gazette">gazette</a></td> <td>1605</td> <td>a small Venetian coin; from the price of early newssheets gazeta de la novità "a penny worth of news" </td></tr> <tr> <td>gheto</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a></td> <td>1611</td> <td>from Gheto, the area of Cannaregio in Venice that became the first district confined to Jews; named after the foundry or gheto once sited there </td></tr> <tr> <td>njòchi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnocchi" title="Gnocchi">gnocchi</a></td> <td>1891</td> <td>lumps, bumps, gnocchi; from Germanic knokk- 'knuckle, joint' </td></tr> <tr> <td>góndola</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">gondola</a></td> <td>1549</td> <td>from Medieval Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6%CF%81%CE%B1#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κονδοῦρα">κονδοῦρα</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>łaguna</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a></td> <td>1612</td> <td>Latin lacunam "lake" </td></tr> <tr> <td>łazareto</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lazaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazaret">lazaret</a></td> <td>1611</td> <td>through French; a quarantine station for maritime travellers, ultimately from the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus of Bethany</a>, who was raised from the dead; the first one was on the island of Lazareto Vechio in Venice[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>łido</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lido_(swimming_pool)" title="Lido (swimming pool)">lido</a></td> <td>1930</td> <td>Latin litus "shore"; the name of one of the three islands enclosing the Venetian lagoon, now a beach resort </td></tr> <tr> <td>łoto</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">lotto</a></td> <td>1778</td> <td>Germanic lot- "destiny, fate" </td></tr> <tr> <td>malvazìa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malmsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmsey">malmsey</a></td> <td>1475</td> <td>ultimately from the name μονοβασία <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a>, a small Greek island off the Peloponnese once owned by the Venetian Republic and a source of strong, sweet white wine from Greece and the eastern Mediterranean </td></tr> <tr> <td>marzapan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">marzipan</a></td> <td>1891</td> <td>from the name for the porcelain container in which marzipan was transported, from Arabic مَرْطَبَان marṭabān, or from <a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Mataban</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> where these were made (these are some of several proposed etymologies for the English word) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montenegro</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td> <td></td> <td>"black mountain"; country on the Eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negroponte</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Negroponte</a></td> <td></td> <td>"black bridge"; Greek island called Euboea or Evvia in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pantałon</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade#Pantaloon" title="Harlequinade">pantaloon</a></td> <td>1590</td> <td>a character in the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pistacio</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a></td> <td>1533</td> <td>ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> pistak </td></tr> <tr> <td>cuarantena</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a></td> <td>1609</td> <td>forty day isolation period for a ship with infectious diseases like plague </td></tr> <tr> <td>regata</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatta">regatta</a></td> <td>1652</td> <td>originally "fight, contest" </td></tr> <tr> <td>scanpi</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scampi" title="Scampi">scampi</a></td> <td>1930</td> <td>Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B7#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κάμπη">κάμπη</a> "caterpillar", lit. "curved (animal)" </td></tr> <tr> <td>sciao</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciao" title="Ciao">ciao</a></td> <td>1929</td> <td>cognate with Italian schiavo "slave"; used originally in Venetian to mean "your servant", "at your service"; original word pronounced "s-ciao" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zani</td> <td>zany</td> <td>1588</td> <td>"Johnny"; a character in the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>zechin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sequin" title="Sequin">sequin</a></td> <td>1671</td> <td>Venetian gold ducat; from Arabic سكّة sikkah "coin, minting die" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ziro</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giro_(banking)" title="Giro (banking)">giro</a></td> <td>1896</td> <td>"circle, turn, spin"; adopted in Italianized form; from the name of the bank Banco del Ziro or Bancoziro at Rialto </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_literature" title="Venetian literature">Venetian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo Venetian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatro_Ci%C3%A0coe" title="Quatro Ciàcoe">Quatro Ciàcoe</a> — Venetian language magazine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuzzo,_Natália_Brambatti2022" class="citation journal cs1">Guzzo, Natália Brambatti (2022). "Brazilian Veneto (Talian)". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association: 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510032200010X">10.1017/S002510032200010X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Brazilian+Veneto+%28Talian%29&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510032200010X&rft.au=Guzzo%2C+Nat%C3%A1lia+Brambatti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988">, with supplementary sound recordings.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UNM-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNM_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNM_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNM_1-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names: Vol.2. Montreal: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifth+United+Nations+Conference+on+the+Standardization+of+Geographical+Names%3A+Vol.2&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRH-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DRH_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRH_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRH_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1989" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Douglas R. (1989). Cultural disenchantments: worker peasantries in northeast Italy. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+disenchantments%3A+worker+peasantries+in+northeast+Italy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMI-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMI_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMI_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan1998" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (1998). Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states. Westport: Greenwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miniature+empires%3A+a+historical+dictionary+of+the+newly+independent+states&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRK-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JRK_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JRK_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalsbeek1998" class="citation book cs1">Kalsbeek, Janneke (1998). The Čakavian dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. Vol. 25. Atlanta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C4%8Cakavian+dialect+of+Orbani%C4%87i+near+%C5%BDminj+in+Istria&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.series=Studies+in+Slavic+and+General+Linguistics&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kalsbeek&rft.aufirst=Janneke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-5"><a href="#cite_ref-e18_5-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/vec/">Venetian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonial2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tonial, Honório (26 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127132553/http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=597">"Subsídios para o reconhecimento do Talian"</a> [Subsidies for the recognition of Talian]. Instituto de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Política Linguística (IPOL) (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipol.org.br/ler.php?cod=597">the original</a> on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+de+Investiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Desenvolvimento+em+Pol%C3%ADtica+Lingu%C3%ADstica+%28IPOL%29&rft.atitle=Subs%C3%ADdios+para+o+reconhecimento+do+Talian&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Tonial&rft.aufirst=Hon%C3%B3rio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipol.org.br%2Fler.php%3Fcod%3D597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glot1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glot1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glot1_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glot1_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/vene1258">"Venetian"</a>. Glottolog.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Venetian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fvene1258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue_vec-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_vec_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_vec_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_vec_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/vec">"Venetian"</a>. Ethnologue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Venetian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fvec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasphere.info/jr/pdf/index/LS_index_t-u-v.pdf">"Venetan"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Linguasphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguasphere">Linguasphere</a>. Retrieved 2018-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguasphere&rft.atitle=Venetan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguasphere.info%2Fjr%2Fpdf%2Findex%2FLS_index_t-u-v.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827110429/http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%205-Zones%2050-54.pdf">"Indo-european phylosector"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Linguasphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguasphere">Linguasphere</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%205-Zones%2050-54.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-08-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguasphere&rft.atitle=Indo-european+phylosector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguasphere.info%2Flcontao%2Ftl_files%2Fpdf%2Fmaster%2FOL-SITE%25201999-2000%2520MASTER%2520ONE%2520Sectors%25205-Zones%252050-54.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethn-11"><a href="#cite_ref-ethn_11-0">^</a> Ethnologue </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotor.travel/language/">"Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotor.travel%2Flanguage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italiannetwork.it/news.aspx?ln=it&id=4697">"Italiani all'estero"</a>. Italian Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040503/http://www.italiannetwork.it/news.aspx?ln=it&id=4697">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italiani+all%27estero&rft.pub=Italian+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italiannetwork.it%2Fnews.aspx%3Fln%3Dit%26id%3D4697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devoto_1972_30-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devoto_1972_30_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devoto_1972_30_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevoto1972" class="citation book cs1">Devoto, Giacomo (1972). I dialetti delle regioni d'Italia. Sansoni. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+dialetti+delle+regioni+d%27Italia&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Sansoni&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Devoto&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avolio_2009_46-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Avolio_2009_46_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvolio2009" class="citation book cs1">Avolio, Francesco (2009). Lingue e dialetti d'Italia. Carocci. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lingue+e+dialetti+d%27Italia&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Carocci&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Avolio&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dialetti_veneti,_Treccani.it-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dialetti_veneti,_Treccani.it_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dialetti_veneti,_Treccani.it_16-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-veneti_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)">Dialetti veneti, Treccani.it</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tagliavini_1948-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tagliavini_1948_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tagliavini_1948_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliavini1948" class="citation book cs1">Tagliavini, Carlo (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2AAOAQAAMAAJ">Le origini delle lingue Neolatine: corso introduttivo di filologia romanza</a>. Bologna: Pàtron.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+origini+delle+lingue+Neolatine%3A+corso+introduttivo+di+filologia+romanza&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=P%C3%A0tron&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Tagliavini&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2AAOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrocultura.uai.it/avvenimenti/cecco.htm">"Dialogo de Cecco Di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella nuova"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unione_Astrofili_Italiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Unione Astrofili Italiani">Unione Astrofili Italiani</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialogo+de+Cecco+Di+Ronchitti+da+Bruzene+in+perpuosito+de+la+stella+nuova&rft.pub=Unione+Astrofili+Italiani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrocultura.uai.it%2Favvenimenti%2Fcecco.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoerio1856" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Boerio" class="extiw" title="vec:Giuseppe Boerio">Boerio, Giuseppe</a> [in Venetian] (1856). Dizionario del dialetto veneziano [Dictionary of the Venetian dialect]. Venezia: Giovanni Cecchini.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+del+dialetto+veneziano&rft.place=Venezia&rft.pub=Giovanni+Cecchini&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Boerio&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContarini1850" class="citation book cs1">Contarini, Pietro (1850). Dizionario tascabile delle voci e frasi particolari del dialetto veneziano [Pocket dictionary of the voices and particular phrases of the Venetian dialect]. Venezia: Giovanni Cecchini.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+tascabile+delle+voci+e+frasi+particolari+del+dialetto+veneziano&rft.place=Venezia&rft.pub=Giovanni+Cecchini&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Contarini&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazari1876" class="citation book cs1">Nazari, Giulio (1876). Dizionario Veneziano-Italiano e regole di grammatica [Venetian-Italian dictionary and grammar rules]. Belluno: Arnaldo Forni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Veneziano-Italiano+e+regole+di+grammatica&rft.place=Belluno&rft.pub=Arnaldo+Forni&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Nazari&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccio1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piccio" title="Giuseppe Piccio">Piccio, Giuseppe</a> (1928). Dizionario Veneziano-Italiano [Venetian-Italian dictionary]. Venezia: Libreria Emiliana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Veneziano-Italiano&rft.place=Venezia&rft.pub=Libreria+Emiliana&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Piccio&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forum_Nathion_Veneta-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Forum_Nathion_Veneta_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024431/https://it.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/nathion_veneta/conversations/topics/3687">"Forum Nathion Veneta"</a>. Yahoo Groups. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://it.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/nathion_veneta/conversations/topics/3687">the original</a> on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Groups&rft.atitle=Forum+Nathion+Veneta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit.groups.yahoo.com%2Fneo%2Fgroups%2Fnathion_veneta%2Fconversations%2Ftopics%2F3687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Right spelling, according to: Giuseppe Boerio, Dizionario del dialetto veneziano, Venezia, Giovanni Cecchini, 1856. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2007/07lr0008.html">Regional Law no. 8 of 13 April 2007</a>. "Protection, enhancement and promotion of the linguistic and cultural heritage of Veneto". </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> veneti nel mondo. I veneti della maremma </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330031236/http://www.serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br/site/noticia/noticia_detalhe.php?gCdNoticia=406">"Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município"</a> [Councilors approve talian as co-official language of the municipality]. serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br/site/noticia/noticia_detalhe.php?gCdNoticia=406">the original</a> on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br&rft.atitle=Vereadores+aprovam+o+talian+como+l%C3%ADngua+co-oficial+do+munic%C3%ADpio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serafinacorrea.rs.gov.br%2Fsite%2Fnoticia%2Fnoticia_detalhe.php%3FgCdNoticia%3D406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801012132/http://rosario.redescalabriniana.org/noticia/Talian-em-busca-de-mais-reconhecimento">"Talian em busca de mais reconhecimento"</a> [Talian in search of more recognition] (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rosario.redescalabriniana.org/noticia/Talian-em-busca-de-mais-reconhecimento">the original</a> on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talian+em+busca+de+mais+reconhecimento&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frosario.redescalabriniana.org%2Fnoticia%2FTalian-em-busca-de-mais-reconhecimento&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendrick1822" class="citation book cs1">Kendrick, Tertius T. C. (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7sNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA106">The Ionian islands: Manners and customs</a>. London: J. Haldane. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ionian+islands%3A+Manners+and+customs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=J.+Haldane&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Kendrick&rft.aufirst=Tertius+T.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv7sNAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAT-30"><a href="#cite_ref-CAT_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaller1999" class="citation book cs1">Haller, Hermann W. (1999). The other Italy: the literary canon in dialect. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+Italy%3A+the+literary+canon+in+dialect&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Haller&rft.aufirst=Hermann+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renzi-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Renzi_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenzi1994" class="citation book cs1">Renzi, Lorenzo (1994). Nuova introduzione alla filologia romanza. Bologna: Il Mulino. p. 176. <q>I dialetti settentrionali formano un blocco abbastanza compatto con molti tratti comuni che li accostano, oltre che tra loro, qualche volta anche alla parlate cosiddette ladine e alle lingue galloromanze ... Alcuni fenomeni morfologici innovativi sono pure abbastanza largamente comuni, come la doppia serie pronominale soggetto (non sempre in tutte le persone) ... Ma più spesso il veneto si distacca dal gruppo, lasciando così da una parte tutti gli altri dialetti, detti gallo-italici.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuova+introduzione+alla+filologia+romanza&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Renzi&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avolio_2p_46-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Avolio_2p_46_32-0">^</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>Avolio 2p 46</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Alberto Zamboni (1988:522) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Giovan Battista Pellegrini (1976:425) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelloni1991" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belloni, Silvano (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguaveneta.net/linguaveneta/wp-content/plugins/pdfjs-viewer-shortcode/pdfjs/web/viewer.php?file=/linguaveneta/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Grammatica-Veneta-di-S.Belloni.pdf&download=false&print=false&openfile=false">"Grammatica veneta"</a> [Venetian Grammar]. www.linguaveneta.net (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linguaveneta.net&rft.atitle=Grammatica+veneta&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Belloni&rft.aufirst=Silvano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguaveneta.net%2Flinguaveneta%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fpdfjs-viewer-shortcode%2Fpdfjs%2Fweb%2Fviewer.php%3Ffile%3D%2Flinguaveneta%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F09%2FGrammatica-Veneta-di-S.Belloni.pdf%26download%3Dfalse%26print%3Dfalse%26openfile%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunelli2007" class="citation book cs1">Brunelli, Michele (2007). Manual Gramaticałe Xenerałe de ła Łéngua Vèneta e łe só varianti. Basan / Bassano del Grappa. pp. 29, 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+Gramatica%C5%82e+Xenera%C5%82e+de+%C5%82a+%C5%81%C3%A9ngua+V%C3%A8neta+e+%C5%82e+s%C3%B3+varianti&rft.place=Basan+%2F+Bassano+del+Grappa&rft.pages=29%2C+34&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Brunelli&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasin2010" class="citation cs2">Tomasin, Lorenzo (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.unive.it/retrieve/handle/10278/24158/22434/la%20cosiddetta%20elle.pdf">La cosiddetta "elle evanescente" del veneziano: fra dialettologia e storia linguistica</a> (PDF), Palermo: Centro di studi filologici e linguistici siciliani</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+cosiddetta+%22elle+evanescente%22+del+veneziano%3A+fra+dialettologia+e+storia+linguistica&rft.place=Palermo&rft.pub=Centro+di+studi+filologici+e+linguistici+siciliani&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tomasin&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.unive.it%2Fretrieve%2Fhandle%2F10278%2F24158%2F22434%2Fla%2520cosiddetta%2520elle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+023D Ƚ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH BAR and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+019A ƚ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BAR </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamboni197513–14,_38-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamboni197513–14,_38_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamboni197513–14,_38_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZamboni1975">Zamboni 1975</a>, pp. 13–14, 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-zamboni-40"><a href="#cite_ref-zamboni_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamboni1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zamboni, Alberto (1975). Cortelazzo, Manlio (ed.). Veneto [Venetian language]. Profilo dei dialetti italiani (in Italian). Vol. 5. Pisa: Pacini. p. 12. <q>b) n a s a l i: esistono, come nello 'standard', 3 fonemi, /m/, /n/, /ń/, immediatamente identificabili da /mása/ 'troppo' ~ /nása/ 'nasca'; /manáse/ 'manacce' ~ /mańáse/ 'mangiasse', ecc., come, rispettivamente, bilabiale, apicodentale, palatale; per quanto riguarda gli allòfoni e la loro distribuzione, è da notare [ṅ] dorsovelare, cfr. [áṅka] 'anche', e, regolarmente in posizione finale: [parọ́ṅ] 'padrone', [britoíṅ] 'temperino': come questa, è caratteristica v e n e t a la realizzazione velare anche davanti a cons. d'altro tipo, cfr. [kaṅtár], it. [kantáre]; [iṅvę́rno], it. [iɱvę́rno]; [ọ́ṅʃar] 'ungere', [raṅǧárse], it. [arrańǧársi], ecc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veneto&rft.place=Pisa&rft.series=Profilo+dei+dialetti+italiani&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pacini&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Zamboni&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200769-73-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200769-73_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2007">Ferguson 2007</a>, p. 69-73. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Nowadays, DECA-GVIM writing system is still very criticized by Venetian speakers, therefore neither them nor the Regione Veneto use it. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48439050">Wikidata entry identifying Academia de ła Bona Creansa as language regulator for the Venetian language.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/accredited-ngos-00331">NGO accreditation of Academia de ła Bona Creansa for the 2003 UNESCO Convention (2022)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ichngoforum.org/ngos/academia-de-la-bona-creansa">Official profile of the Academia de ła Bona Creansa (Accredited NGO, UNESCO 2003 Convention, 2022), at the "ICH NGO" Forum, collecting all the accredited NGOs</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMocellinKleinStegmann2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Mocellin, Alessandro; Klein, Horst G.; Stegmann, Tilbert D. (2016). EuroComRom: I sete tamizi. Ła ciave par capir tute łe łengue romanse (in Venetian). Aachen, DE: Shaker Verlag. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8440-4535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8440-4535-2"><bdi>978-3-8440-4535-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EuroComRom%3A+I+sete+tamizi.+%C5%81a+ciave+par+capir+tute+%C5%82e+%C5%82engue+romanse&rft.place=Aachen%2C+DE&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Shaker+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-8440-4535-2&rft.aulast=Mocellin&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Klein%2C+Horst+G.&rft.au=Stegmann%2C+Tilbert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Established with Regional Government Decree, DGR, n. 287 del 16/02/2010 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bur.regione.veneto.it/BurvServices/Pubblica/DettaglioDgr.aspx?id=222456&highlight=true">Full text of the regional bill establishing the Committee, on the Official regional gazette of the Veneto Region)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMocellin2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Mocellin, Alessandro (2018). Gramàtega da Scarseła de ła Veneta Łengua & Grafìa Intarnasionałe de'l Veneto Moderno (in Venetian) (1st ed.). Santa Maria, RS, Brasil: UFSM - BR (1st ed.), El Fóntego Editore - IT (2nd ed.). p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-9450-041-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-9450-041-0"><bdi>978-85-9450-041-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A0tega+da+Scarse%C5%82a+de+%C5%82a+Veneta+%C5%81engua+%26+Graf%C3%ACa+Intarnasiona%C5%82e+de%27l+Veneto+Moderno&rft.place=Santa+Maria%2C+RS%2C+Brasil&rft.pages=124&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=UFSM+-+BR+%281st+ed.%29%2C+El+F%C3%B3ntego+Editore+-+IT+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-85-9450-041-0&rft.aulast=Mocellin&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeneto_Regional_Council" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veneto Regional Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217163433/http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/attisp/RIS/Anno_2016/RIS_0014/testo_presentato.html">"SOTTOSCRIZIONE E RICONOSCIMENTO DEL CONSIGLIO REGIONALE VENETO DELLA "DICHIARAZIONE DI BRUXELLES" DEL 9 DICEMBRE 2015 E DEI PRINCIPI IVI AFFERMATI"</a>. Consiglio Regionale del Veneto (in Venetian, Italian, and English). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/attisp/RIS/Anno_2016/RIS_0014/testo_presentato.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consiglio+Regionale+del+Veneto&rft.atitle=SOTTOSCRIZIONE+E+RICONOSCIMENTO+DEL+CONSIGLIO+REGIONALE+VENETO+DELLA+%E2%80%9CDICHIARAZIONE+DI+BRUXELLES%E2%80%9D+DEL+9+DICEMBRE+2015+E+DEI+PRINCIPI+IVI+AFFERMATI&rft.au=Veneto+Regional+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consiglioveneto.it%2Fcrvportal%2Fattisp%2FRIS%2FAnno_2016%2FRIS_0014%2Ftesto_presentato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Ursini, Flavia (2011). Dialetti veneti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-veneti_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)/">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-veneti_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguaveneta.net/lingua-veneta/grafia-veneta-ufficiale/">"Grafia Veneta ufficiale – Lingua Veneta Modern International Manual of Venetian Spelling"</a>. Retrieved 2019-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grafia+Veneta+ufficiale+%E2%80%93+Lingua+Veneta+Modern+International+Manual+of+Venetian+Spelling.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguaveneta.net%2Flingua-veneta%2Fgrafia-veneta-ufficiale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguaveneta.net/lingua-veneta/grafia-veneta-ufficiale/">"Grafia Veneta ufficiale – Lingua Veneta"</a>. Retrieved 2021-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grafia+Veneta+ufficiale+%E2%80%93+Lingua+Veneta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguaveneta.net%2Flingua-veneta%2Fgrafia-veneta-ufficiale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguaveneta.net/news-articoli/">"News/Articoli – Lingua Veneta"</a>. Retrieved 2021-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News%2FArticoli+%E2%80%93+Lingua+Veneta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguaveneta.net%2Fnews-articoli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.komputerswiat.pl/artykuly/redakcyjne/18-tys-zl-za-gogle-do-ogladania-filmow-tak-apple-robi-ludzi-w-balona-opinia/n8sq5gm">"18 tys. Zł za gogle do oglądania filmów. Tak Apple robi ludzi w balona [OPINIA]"</a>. 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18+tys.+Z%C5%82+za+gogle+do+ogl%C4%85dania+film%C3%B3w.+Tak+Apple+robi+ludzi+w+balona+%26%2391%3BOPINIA%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2023-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.komputerswiat.pl%2Fartykuly%2Fredakcyjne%2F18-tys-zl-za-gogle-do-ogladania-filmow-tak-apple-robi-ludzi-w-balona-opinia%2Fn8sq5gm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2007284-286-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2007284-286_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2007">Ferguson 2007</a>, p. 284-286. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtico1976" class="citation book cs1">Artico, Francesco (1976). Tornén un pas indrìo: raccolta di conversazioni in dialetto. Brescia: Paideia Editrice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torn%C3%A9n+un+pas+indr%C3%ACo%3A+raccolta+di+conversazioni+in+dialetto&rft.place=Brescia&rft.pub=Paideia+Editrice&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Artico&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2007" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Ronnie (2007). A Linguistic History of Venice. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-222-5645-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-222-5645-4"><bdi>978-88-222-5645-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+History+of+Venice&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=Leo+S.+Olschki&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-222-5645-4&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Carolyn Joyce. Il dialetto veneto di Segusino e Chipilo: fonologia, grammatica, lessico veneto, spagnolo, italiano, inglese.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+dialetto+veneto+di+Segusino+e+Chipilo%3A+fonologia%2C+grammatica%2C+lessico+veneto%2C+spagnolo%2C+italiano%2C+inglese&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelloni2006" class="citation book cs1">Belloni, Silvano (2006). Grammatica Veneta. Padova: Esedra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatica+Veneta&rft.pub=Padova%3A+Esedra&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Belloni&rft.aufirst=Silvano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiuseppe_Boerio1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Boerio" class="extiw" title="it:Giuseppe Boerio">Giuseppe Boerio</a> [in Italian] (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguaveneta.net/dizionario-del-dialetto-veneziano-di-giuseppe-boerio/">Dizionario del dialetto veneziano</a> (in Italian). Venice: <a href="/wiki/Filippi" title="Filippi">Filippi</a>, G. Cecchini. p. 937. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/799065043">799065043</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190828231733/http://www.linguaveneta.net/strumenti/dizionari/">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+del+dialetto+veneziano&rft.place=Venice&rft.pages=937&rft.pub=Filippi%2C+G.+Cecchini&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F799065043&rft.au=Giuseppe+Boerio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguaveneta.net%2Fdizionario-del-dialetto-veneziano-di-giuseppe-boerio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenetian+language" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venetian_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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plainlist"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="vec:"> Venetian edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Venetian <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="vec" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/vec:" class="extiw" title="s:vec:">Vèneto</a> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Venetian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Venetian language">Venetian language</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan">General grammar; comparison to other Romance languages; description of the Venetian dialect</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116123645/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan">Archived</a> 2018-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giulianoartico.it/tornen/">Tornén un pas indrìo!</a>—samples of written and spoken Venetian by Francesco Artico</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberliber.it/mediateca/libri/r/ruzzante/la_moscheta/html/index.htm">Text and audio of some works by Ruzante</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchigiano dialect">Marchigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_dialect" title="Marino dialect">Marinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Cosentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central-Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Italo-Dalmatian languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sardinian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellese (page does not exist)">Cellese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian–Romagnol linguistic group">Emilian–Romagnol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Gallo-Italic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venetian</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[a]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venetian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhaeto-Romance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arbëresh_language" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy#Triestine_Serbs" title="Serbs in Italy">Triestine Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italiot_Greek" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other German dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist. </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Montenegro&#124;link=Montenegro_Languages_of_Montenegro" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Template:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Template talk:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Montenegro&#124;link=Montenegro_Languages_of_Montenegro" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Languages of Montenegro</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See Also: <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Montenegro">Minority languages of Montenegro</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo- Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Neapolitan–Calabrese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero- Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Bold indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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