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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiese_suur" title="Organiese suur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Organiese suur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%8A" title="حمض عضوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض عضوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="জৈব অ্যাসিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জৈব অ্যাসিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BA-ki_sng" title="Iú-ki sng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iú-ki sng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Арганічныя кіслоты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арганічныя кіслоты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Органична киселина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Органична киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organska_kiselina" title="Organska kiselina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Organska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_org%C3%A0nic" title="Àcid orgànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid orgànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Органикăлла йӳçек – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Органикăлла йӳçек" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organick%C3%A9_kyseliny" title="Organické kyseliny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Organické kyseliny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organische_S%C3%A4uren" title="Organische Säuren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Organische Säuren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgaanilised_happed" title="Orgaanilised happed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orgaanilised happed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D" title="Οργανικό οξύ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οργανικό οξύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_org%C3%A1nico" title="Ácido orgánico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido orgánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اسید آلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسید آلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_organique" title="Acide organique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide organique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_org%C3%A1nach" title="Aigéad orgánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad orgánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0%EC%82%B0" title="유기산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유기산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օրգանական թթուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրգանական թթուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="जैविक अम्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैविक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_organik" title="Asam organik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam organik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חומצה אורגנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצה אורגנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Органикалық қышқылдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Органикалық қышқылдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Органска киселина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Органска киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ഓർഗാനിക് അമ്ലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓർഗാനിക് അമ്ലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisch_zuur" title="Organisch zuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Organisch zuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%85%B8" title="有機酸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="有機酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisk_syre" title="Organisk syre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Organisk syre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisk_syre" title="Organisk syre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Organisk syre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organik_kislotalar" title="Organik kislotalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Organik kislotalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwasy_organiczne" title="Kwasy organiczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwasy organiczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_org%C3%A2nico" title="Ácido orgânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido orgânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_organic" title="Acid organic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid organic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Органические кислоты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Органические кислоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Organic acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organick%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Organická kyselina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Organická kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organska_kiselina" title="Organska kiselina – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Organska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organska_kiselina" title="Organska kiselina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Organska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisk_syra" title="Organisk syra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Organisk syra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeffar_agman" title="Azeffar agman – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azeffar agman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="กรดอินทรีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดอินทรีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organik_asitler" title="Organik asitler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Organik asitler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Органиктиг кислоталар – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Органиктиг кислоталар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Органічні кислоти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Органічні кислоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="نامیاتی تیزاب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نامیاتی تیزاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_h%E1%BB%AFu_c%C6%A1" title="Acid hữu cơ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid hữu cơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%85%B8" title="有机酸 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="有机酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Organic+acid%22">"Organic acid"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Organic+acid%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Organic+acid%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Organic+acid%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Organic+acid%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Organic+acid%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#d3d3d3;">Acids and bases</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagrammatic representation of the dissociation of acetic acid in aqueous solution to acetate and hydronium ions."><img alt="Diagrammatic representation of the dissociation of acetic acid in aqueous solution to acetate and hydronium ions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png/220px-Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png/330px-Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png/440px-Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptor_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceptor number">Acceptor number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction" title="Acid–base reaction">Acid–base reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">Acid–base homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_strength" title="Acid strength">Acid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidity_function" title="Acidity function">Acidity function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphoterism" title="Amphoterism">Amphoterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">Buffer solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">Dissociation constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_number" title="Donor number">Donor number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_extraction" title="Acid–base extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function" title="Hammett acidity function">Hammett acidity function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_affinity" title="Proton affinity">Proton affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water" title="Self-ionization of water">Self-ionization of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_titration" title="Acid–base titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid_catalysis" title="Lewis acid catalysis">Lewis acid catalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustrated_Lewis_pair" title="Frustrated Lewis pair">Frustrated Lewis pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiral_Lewis_acid" title="Chiral Lewis acid">Chiral Lewis acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECW_model" title="ECW model">ECW model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acid</a> types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry_acid%E2%80%93base_theory" title="Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory">Brønsted–Lowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases" title="Lewis acids and bases">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_acid" title="Mineral acid">Mineral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidic_oxide" title="Acidic oxide">Oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong acid">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superacid" title="Superacid">Superacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak acid">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_acid" title="Solid acid">Solid</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">Base</a> types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry_acid%E2%80%93base_theory" title="Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory">Brønsted–Lowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases" title="Lewis acids and bases">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_base" title="Organic base">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_oxide" title="Basic oxide">Oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)#Strong_bases" title="Base (chemistry)">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbase" title="Superbase">Superbases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-nucleophilic_base" title="Non-nucleophilic base">Non-nucleophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_base" title="Weak base">Weak</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acids_and_bases" title="Template:Acids and bases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acids_and_bases" title="Template talk:Acids and bases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acids_and_bases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acids and bases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>organic acid</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a> with <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> properties. The most common organic acids are the <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a>, whose acidity is associated with their <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl group">carboxyl group</a> –COOH. <a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">Sulfonic acids</a>, containing the group –SO<sub>2</sub>OH, are relatively stronger acids. Alcohols, with <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl group">–OH</a>, can act as acids but they are usually very weak. The relative stability of the <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_(acid-base_theory)" title="Conjugate (acid-base theory)">conjugate base</a> of the acid determines its acidity. Other groups can also confer acidity, usually weakly: the <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiol</a> group –SH, the <a href="/wiki/Enol" title="Enol">enol</a> group, and the <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a> group. In biological systems, organic compounds containing these groups are generally referred to as organic acids. </p><p>A few common examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">Citric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">Oxalic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">Uric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">Malic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid">Tartaric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">Butyric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">Folic acid</a></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_acid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, organic acids are weak acids and do not dissociate completely in water, whereas the strong <a href="/wiki/Mineral_acid" title="Mineral acid">mineral acids</a> do. Lower molecular mass organic acids such as <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acids</a> are <a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">miscible</a> in water, but higher molecular mass organic acids, such as <a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">benzoic acid</a>, are insoluble in molecular (neutral) form. </p><p>On the other hand, most organic acids are very soluble in organic solvents. <a href="/wiki/P-Toluenesulfonic_acid" title="P-Toluenesulfonic acid"><i>p</i>-Toluenesulfonic acid</a> is a comparatively strong acid used in organic chemistry often because it is able to dissolve in the organic reaction solvent. </p><p>Exceptions to these solubility characteristics exist in the presence of other substituents that affect the polarity of the compound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_acid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simple organic acids like <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a> acids are used for oil and gas well stimulation treatments. These organic acids are much less reactive with metals than are strong mineral acids like <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> (HCl) or mixtures of HCl and <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a> (HF). For this reason, organic acids are used at high temperatures or when long contact times between acid and pipe are needed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">conjugate bases</a> of organic acids such as <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a> are often used in biologically compatible <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">buffer solutions</a>. </p><p>Citric and oxalic acids are used as rust removal. As acids, they can dissolve the iron oxides, but without damaging the base metal as do stronger mineral acids. In the dissociated form, they may be able to <a href="/wiki/Chelate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelate">chelate</a> the metal ions, helping to speed removal. </p><p>Biological systems create many more complex organic acids such as <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid"><small>L</small>-lactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/D-glucuronic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="D-glucuronic acid"><small>D</small>-glucuronic acids</a> that contain <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl group">carboxyl groups</a>. Human blood and urine contain these plus organic acid degradation products of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">neurotransmitters</a>, and intestinal bacterial action on food components. Examples of these categories are alpha-ketoisocaproic, vanilmandelic, and <small>D</small>-lactic acids, derived from <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine"><small>L</small>-leucine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> (adrenaline) by human tissues and catabolism of dietary carbohydrate by intestinal bacteria, respectively. Organic acids (C<sub>1</sub>–C<sub>7</sub>) are widely distributed in nature as normal constituents of plants or animal tissues. They are also formed through microbial fermentation of carbohydrates mainly in the large intestine. They are sometimes found in their sodium, potassium, or calcium <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>, or even stronger double salts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weak_Organic_Acids.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Weak_Organic_Acids.svg/220px-Weak_Organic_Acids.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Weak_Organic_Acids.svg/330px-Weak_Organic_Acids.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Weak_Organic_Acids.svg/440px-Weak_Organic_Acids.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>The general structure of a few weak organic acids. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enol" title="Enol">enol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl group">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiol</a>. The acidic hydrogen in each molecule is colored red.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strong_Organic_Acids.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Strong_Organic_Acids.svg/220px-Strong_Organic_Acids.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Strong_Organic_Acids.svg/330px-Strong_Organic_Acids.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Strong_Organic_Acids.svg/440px-Strong_Organic_Acids.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>The general structure of a few organic acids. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">sulfonic acid</a>. The acidic hydrogen in each molecule is colored red.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_food">In food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_acid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organic acids are used in <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a> because of their effects on bacteria. The key basic principle on the mode of action of organic acids on bacteria is that non-dissociated (non-ionized) organic acids can penetrate the bacteria cell wall and disrupt the normal physiology of certain types of bacteria that we call <i>pH-sensitive</i>, meaning that they cannot tolerate a wide internal and external pH gradient. Among those bacteria are <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> spp., <i><a href="/wiki/C._perfringens" class="mw-redirect" title="C. perfringens">C. perfringens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></i> species. </p><p>Upon passive diffusion of organic acids into the bacteria, where the pH is near or above neutrality, the acids will dissociate and raise the bacteria internal pH, leading to situations that will not impair nor stop the growth of bacteria. On the other hand, the anionic part of the organic acids that can escape the bacteria in its dissociated form will accumulate within the bacteria and disrupt few metabolic functions, leading to osmotic pressure increase, incompatible with the survival of the bacteria. </p><p>It has been well demonstrated that the state of the organic acids (undissociated or dissociated) is not important to define their capacity to inhibit the growth of bacteria, compared to undissociated acids. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">Lactic acid</a> and its salts <a href="/wiki/Sodium_lactate" title="Sodium lactate">sodium lactate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_lactate" title="Potassium lactate">potassium lactate</a> are widely used as <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobials</a> in food products, in particular, dairy and poultry such as ham and sausages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_nutrition_and_animal_feeds">In nutrition and animal feeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_acid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In nutrition and animal feeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organic acids have been used successfully in pig production for more than 25 years. Although less research has been done in poultry, organic acids have also been found to be effective in poultry production. </p><p>Organic acids added to feeds should be protected to avoid their dissociation in the crop and in the intestine (high pH segments) and reach far into the gastrointestinal tract, where the bulk of the bacteria population is located. </p><p>From the use of organic acids in poultry and pigs, one can expect an improvement in performance similar to or better than that of antibiotic growth promoters, without the public health concern, a preventive effect on the intestinal problems like necrotic enteritis in chickens and <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> infection in young pigs. Also one can expect a reduction of the carrier state for <i>Salmonella</i> species and <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></i> species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongoing_research">Ongoing research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_acid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ongoing research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the end uses previously seen, organic acids have been tested for the following applications: </p><p>Barbero-López and colleagues<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tested at the University of Eastern Finland the potential use of three organic acids, acetic, formic and propionic acids, in wood preservation. They showed a high antifungal potential against the decaying fungi tested (brown rotting fungi <i>Coniophora puteana</i>, <i>Rhodonia placenta</i> and <i>Gloeophyllum trabeum;</i> White rotting fungus <i>Trametes versicolor)</i> in Petri dish. However, when they treated wood with organic acids, the acids leached out from wood and did not prevent degradation. Additionally, the organic acids' acidity may have caused chemical degradation on wood. Additionally, in a more recent study, the ecotoxicity of several natural wood preservatives was compared, and the results indicated a very low toxicity of propionic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_acid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carboxylic_acids" title="List of carboxylic acids">List of carboxylic acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-base_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-base extraction">Acid-base extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_base" title="Organic base">Organic base</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_acid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Applications for lactic acid.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.purac.com/purac_com/67cbf5490d83dc478dafbd96cab841b1.php">http://www.purac.com/purac_com/67cbf5490d83dc478dafbd96cab841b1.php</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarbero-LópezHossainHaapala2020" class="citation journal cs1">Barbero-López, Aitor; Hossain, Mokbul; Haapala, Antti (2020-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/2969">"Antifungal Activity of Organic Acies and Their Impact on Wood Decay Resistance"</a>. <i>Wood and Fiber Science</i>. <b>52</b> (4): 410–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22382%2Fwfs-2020-039">10.22382/wfs-2020-039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0735-6161">0735-6161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wood+and+Fiber+Science&rft.atitle=Antifungal+Activity+of+Organic+Acies+and+Their+Impact+on+Wood+Decay+Resistance&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=410-418&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22382%2Fwfs-2020-039&rft.issn=0735-6161&rft.aulast=Barbero-L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Aitor&rft.au=Hossain%2C+Mokbul&rft.au=Haapala%2C+Antti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwfs.swst.org%2Findex.php%2Fwfs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbero-LópezAkkanenLappalainenPeräniemi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Barbero-López, Aitor; Akkanen, Jarkko; Lappalainen, Reijo; Peräniemi, Sirpa; Haapala, Antti (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142013">"Bio-based wood preservatives: Their efficiency, leaching and ecotoxicity compared to a commercial wood preservative"</a>. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>753</b>: 142013. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ScTEn.75342013B">2021ScTEn.75342013B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.142013">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32890867">32890867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Bio-based+wood+preservatives%3A+Their+efficiency%2C+leaching+and+ecotoxicity+compared+to+a+commercial+wood+preservative&rft.volume=753&rft.pages=142013&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.142013&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32890867&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ScTEn.75342013B&rft.aulast=Barbero-L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Aitor&rft.au=Akkanen%2C+Jarkko&rft.au=Lappalainen%2C+Reijo&rft.au=Per%C3%A4niemi%2C+Sirpa&rft.au=Haapala%2C+Antti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.142013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_acid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDibnerButin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dibner, J. J.; Butin, P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306135011/http://japr.fass.org/cgi/content/abstract/11/4/453">"Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism"</a>. <i>J. Appl. Poult. Res</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 453–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjapr%2F11.4.453">10.1093/japr/11.4.453</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japr.fass.org/cgi/content/abstract/11/4/453">the original</a> on 2011-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Appl.+Poult.+Res.&rft.atitle=Use+of+organic+acids+as+a+model+to+study+the+impact+of+gut+microflora+on+nutrition+and+metabolism&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=453-463&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjapr%2F11.4.453&rft.aulast=Dibner&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Butin%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapr.fass.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F11%2F4%2F453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatanenMroz1999" class="citation book cs1">Patanen, K. H.; Mroz, Z. (1999). "Organic acids for preservation". In Block, S. S. (ed.). <i>Disinfection, sterilization & preservation</i> (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea Febiger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-683-30740-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-683-30740-1"><bdi>0-683-30740-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Organic+acids+for+preservation&rft.btitle=Disinfection%2C+sterilization+%26+preservation&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Lea+Febiger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-683-30740-1&rft.aulast=Patanen&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rft.au=Mroz%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrulCoote1999" class="citation journal cs1">Brul, S.; Coote, P. (1999). "Preservative agents in foods, mode of action and microbial resistance mechnismes". <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i>. <b>50</b> (1–2): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0168-1605%2899%2900072-0">10.1016/s0168-1605(99)00072-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10488839">10488839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Preservative+agents+in+foods%2C+mode+of+action+and+microbial+resistance+mechnismes&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0168-1605%2899%2900072-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10488839&rft.aulast=Brul&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Coote%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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