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Dibner, E-mail: <span id="em0">julia.dibner{at}novusint.com</span><script type="text/javascript"></script></font><p>  Approvals for the use of nontherapeutic antibiotics in animal<sup> </sup>feed are fast disappearing worldwide. The primary effect of<sup> </sup>antibiotics is antimicrobial; all of the digestibility and performance<sup> </sup>effects can by explained by their impact on the gastrointestinal<sup> </sup>microflora. Among the candidate replacements for antibiotics<sup> </sup>are organic acids, both individual acids and blends of several<sup> </sup>acids. Like antibiotics, short-chain organic acids also have<sup> </sup>a specific antimicrobial activity. Unlike antibiotics, the antimicrobial<sup> </sup>activity of organic acids is pH dependent. Organic acids have<sup> </sup>a clear and significant benefit in weanling piglets and have<sup> </sup>been observed to benefit poultry performance. Organic acids<sup> </sup>have antimicrobial activity; however, there appear to be effects<sup> </sup>of organic acids beyond those attributed to antimicrobial activity.<sup> </sup>Reductions in bacteria are associated with feeding organic acids,<sup> </sup>which are particularly effective against acid-intolerant species<sup> </sup>such as <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Campylobacter</i>. Both antibiotics<sup> </sup>and organic acids improve protein and energy digestibilities<sup> </sup>by reducing microbial competition with the host for nutrients<sup> </sup>and endogenous nitrogen losses, by lowering the incidence of<sup> </sup>subclinical infections and secretion of immune mediators, and<sup> </sup>by reducing production of ammonia and other growth-depressing<sup> </sup>microbial metabolites. Organic acids have several additional<sup> </sup>effects that go beyond those of antibiotics. These include reduction<sup> </sup>in digesta pH, increased pancreatic secretion, and trophic effects<sup> </sup>on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Much more is known about these<sup> </sup>effects in swine than in poultry. There appears to be more variability<sup> </sup>in detecting an organic acid benefit in comparison to that observed<sup> </sup>with antibiotics. Lack of consistency in demonstrating an organic<sup> </sup>acid benefit is related to uncontrolled variables such as buffering<sup> </sup>capacity of dietary ingredients, presence of other antimicrobial<sup> </sup>compounds, cleanliness of the production environment, and heterogeneity<sup> </sup>of gut microbiota. Additional research can clarify the role<sup> </sup>of these factors and how to minimize their impact.<sup> </sup><p> <p><strong>Key Words:</strong> organic acid  gut microflora  metabolism  nutrition<p> <br clear="ALL"> <font face=""> </font> <br clear="ALL"> <br clear="ALL"> <a name="otherarticles"></a> <p><font size="+2"><strong> This article has been cited by other articles:</strong></font> <p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" width="600"> <tr bgcolor="#D9D4C5"> <td align="CENTER" valign="TOP" width="25"><img alt="" width="25" height="5" src="/web/20110306135011im_/http://japr.fass.org/icons/spacer.gif"><br> </td> <td width="5"><img alt="" width="5" height="5" src="/web/20110306135011im_/http://japr.fass.org/icons/spacer.gif"></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="TOP" width="61" nowrap> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306135011/http://japr.fass.org/"><img alt="Home page" width="59" height="80" vspace="5" border="1" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306135011im_/http://japr.fass.org/portal_imgs/search_result.gif"></a><br> </td> <td width="5"><img alt="" width="5" height="5" src="/web/20110306135011im_/http://japr.fass.org/icons/spacer.gif"></td> <td valign="TOP" width="499" nowrap> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306135011/http://japr.fass.org/"><img alt="J. 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