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id="toc-Vital_force,_principle,_and_the_Supreme_Ultimate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Human nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart/mind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart/mind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Heart/mind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart/mind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge_and_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_and_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Knowledge and action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_and_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_investigation_of_things_and_the_extension_of_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_investigation_of_things_and_the_extension_of_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>The investigation of things and the extension of knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_investigation_of_things_and_the_extension_of_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Meditation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_teaching,_learning,_and_the_creation_of_an_academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_teaching,_learning,_and_the_creation_of_an_academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>On teaching, learning, and the creation of an academy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_teaching,_learning,_and_the_creation_of_an_academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoist_and_Buddhist_influence_on_Zhu_Xi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoist_and_Buddhist_influence_on_Zhu_Xi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taoist and Buddhist influence on Zhu Xi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoist_and_Buddhist_influence_on_Zhu_Xi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calligraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calligraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Calligraphy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Calligraphy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Calligraphy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Calligraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calligraphy_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calligraphy_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Calligraphy style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calligraphy_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhu Xi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="تشو شي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشو شي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ju_Si" title="Çju Si – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çju Si" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چو هسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چو هسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9D%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF" title="ঝু শি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঝু শি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Hi" title="Chu Hi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chu Hi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Чжу Си – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чжу Си" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%96" title="Чжу Сі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чжу Сі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%96" title="Чжу Сі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чжу Сі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Джу Си – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джу Си" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀྲུའུ་ཞི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀྲུའུ་ཞི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_%C4%8Cu" title="Si Ču – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Si Ču" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Чжу Си – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чжу Си" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cu_Si" title="Ču Si – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ču Si" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%B9" title="Τσου Σι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσου Σι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چو هسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چو هسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="朱熹" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BB_H%C3%AE" title="Chû Hî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chû Hî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%ED%9D%AC" title="주희 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주희" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%8D%D5%AB" title="Չժու Սի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չժու Սի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_%C4%8Cu" title="Si Ču – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Si Ču" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%99" title="ג'ו שי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ו שי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯუ სი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯუ სი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Чжу Си – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чжу Си" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Чжу Си – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чжу Си" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEu_Sji" title="Džu Sji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džu Sji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEu_Si" title="Džu Si – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džu Si" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csu_Hszi" title="Csu Hszi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csu Hszi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Џу Си – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џу Си" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="ചൂ ഹ്സി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൂ ഹ്സി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%89" title="تشو شى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشو شى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C5%8F_H%C4%AD" title="Ciŏ Hĭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciŏ Hĭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朱熹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Чжу Си – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чжу Си" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਜ਼ਾਓ ਕਸ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਾਓ ਕਸ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="یو زی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یو زی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88_%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="چو شي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چو شي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%96" title="Чжу Сі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чжу Сі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Чжу Си – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чжу Си" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cu_Si" title="Ču Si – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ču Si" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEu_%C5%A0i" title="Džu Ši – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džu Ši" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ژو سی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژو سی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8_%D0%8F%D1%83" title="Си Џу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Си Џу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சூ சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூ சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu_Xi" title="Cu Xi – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Cu Xi" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="จู ซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จู ซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%96" title="Чжу Сі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чжу Сі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="زاؤ شی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زاؤ شی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu_Heih" title="Cu Heih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cu Heih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Hi" title="Chu Hi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chu Hi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Zhu Xi" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="朱熹" data-language-autonym="文言" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese historian, philosopher, poet and politician (1130–1200)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Zhu_(surname)" title="Zhu (surname)">Zhu</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Zhu Xi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhu_xi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhu_xi.jpg/250px-Zhu_xi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhu_xi.jpg/330px-Zhu_xi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Zhu_xi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">October 18, 1130<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Youxi_County" title="Youxi County">Youxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian_Circuit" title="Fujian Circuit">Fujian Circuit</a>, Southern Song dynasty</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 23, 1200<span style="display:none">(1200-04-23)</span> (aged 69)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Calligrapher, historian, philosopher, poet, politician</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">朱熹</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhū Xī</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄓㄨ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄒㄧ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chu<sup>1</sup> Hsi<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jhu Si</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂú ɕí]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jyū Hēi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Zyu1 hei1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsy˥ hej˥]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tsu Hi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃju<span class="wrap"> </span>hji</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">朱子</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Master Zhu"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhūzǐ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄓㄨ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄗˇ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chu<sup>1</sup>-tzu<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jhu-zǐh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂú.tsɹ̩̀]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jyū-jí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Zyu1 zi2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsy˥ tsi˧˥]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tsu-tzú</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.JPG/250px-%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.JPG/330px-%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.JPG/500px-%E5%BB%B6%E5%AE%BE%E9%A6%86.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Zhu Xi at the <a href="/wiki/White_Deer_Grotto_Academy" title="White Deer Grotto Academy">White Deer Grotto Academy</a> at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lu" title="Mount Lu">Mount Lu</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zhu Xi</b> (<span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂú ɕí]</a></span>; October 18, 1130 – April 23, 1200), formerly romanized <b>Chu Hsi</b>, was a Chinese calligrapher, historian, philosopher, poet, and politician of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a>. Zhu was influential in the development of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a>. He contributed greatly to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a> and fundamentally reshaped the Chinese worldview. His works include his editing of and commentaries to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Books">Four Books</a> (which later formed the curriculum of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial examinations">imperial examinations</a> in China between 1313 and 1905), his writings on the process of the 'investigation of things' (<span lang="zh">格物</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">géwù</span></i>), and his development of meditation as a method for self-cultivation. </p><p>Zhu was a scholar with a wide learning in the classics, commentaries, histories and other writings of his predecessors. In his lifetime, he was able to serve multiple times as a government official,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he avoided public office for most of his adult life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote, compiled and edited almost a hundred books and corresponded with dozens of other scholars. He acted as a teacher to groups of students, many of whom chose to study under him for years. He built upon the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Cheng_brothers" title="Cheng brothers">Cheng brothers</a> and others, further developing their metaphysical theories in regards to principle (<i><a href="/wiki/Li_(neo-Confucianism)" title="Li (neo-Confucianism)">li</a></i>) and vital force (<a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a>). His followers recorded thousands of his conversations in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu Xi, whose family originated in <a href="/wiki/Wuyuan_County,_Jiangxi" title="Wuyuan County, Jiangxi">Wuyuan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huizhou_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huizhou (region)">Huizhou</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> province), was born in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, where his father worked as the subprefectural sheriff. After his father was forced from office due to his opposition to the government appeasement policy towards the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen</a> in 1140, Zhu Xi received instruction from his father at home. Many anecdotes attest that he was a highly precocious child. It was recorded that at age five he ventured to ask what lay beyond Heaven, and by eight he understood the significance of the Classic of Filiality (<i>Xiaojing</i>). As a youth, he was inspired by Mencius' proposition that anyone could become a sage.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his father's death in 1143, he studied with his father's friends Hu Xian, Liu Zihui, and Liu Mianzhi. In 1148, at the age of 19, Zhu Xi passed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Examination">Imperial Examination</a> and became a presented scholar (<i><a href="/wiki/Jinshi" title="Jinshi">jinshi</a></i>). Zhu Xi's first official dispatch position was as Subprefectural Registrar of Tong'an (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">同安縣主簿</span></span>), which he served from 1153 - 1156. From 1153 he began to study under Li Tong, who followed the Neo-Confucian tradition of <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a>, and formally became his student in 1160. </p><p>In 1179, after not serving in an official capacity since 1156, Zhu Xi was appointed Prefect of Nankang Military District (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南康軍</span></span>), where he revived <a href="/wiki/White_Deer_Grotto_Academy" title="White Deer Grotto Academy">White Deer Grotto Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and got demoted three years later for attacking the incompetency and corruption of some influential officials. There were several instances of receiving an appointment and subsequently being demoted. Upon dismissal from his last appointment, he was accused of numerous crimes and a petition was made for his execution. Much of this opposition was headed by <a href="/wiki/Han_Tuozhou" title="Han Tuozhou">Han Tuozhou</a>, the Prime Minister, who was a political rival of Zhu's.<sup id="cite_ref-xu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TaylorChoy2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaylorChoy2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though his teachings had been severely attacked by establishment figures, almost a thousand brave people attended his funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Han Tuozhou, Zhu's successor <a href="/wiki/Zhen_Dexiu" title="Zhen Dexiu">Zhen Dexiu</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Wei_Liaoweng" title="Wei Liaoweng">Wei Liaoweng</a>, made Zhu's branch of Neo-Confucianism the dominant philosophy at the Song Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Birge2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birge2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WDL_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1208, eight years after his death, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ningzong_of_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ningzong of Song">Emperor Ningzong of Song</a> rehabilitated Zhu Xi and honored him with the <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> of Wen Gong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">文公</span></span>), meaning "Venerable gentleman of culture".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1228, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Lizong_of_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Lizong of Song">Emperor Lizong of Song</a> honored him with the posthumous <a href="/wiki/Noble_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble title">noble title</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a> of (State) Hui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">徽國公</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1241, a memorial tablet to Zhu Xi was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Confucian_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian Temple">Confucian Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby elevating him to Confucian sainthood. Today, Zhu Xi is venerated as one of the "<a href="/wiki/Twelve_Philosophers" title="Twelve Philosophers">Twelve Philosophers</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern <a href="/wiki/Sinologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologists">Sinologists</a> and Chinese often refer to him as Zhu Wen Gong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朱文公</span></span>) in lieu of his name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_philosophy" title="Category:Eastern philosophy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">China</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></b><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></b><br /> <i>Persons</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li></ul> <p><i>Topics</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)" title="Face (sociological concept)">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanxi" title="Guanxi">Guanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_knowledge_and_action" title="Unity of knowledge and action">Unity of knowledge and action</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_Good_Human_Nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of Good Human Nature (page does not exist)">Theory of Good Human Nature</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Good_Human_Nature" class="extiw" title="simple:Theory of Good Human Nature">simple</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_Evil_Human_Nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of Evil Human Nature (page does not exist)">Theory of Evil Human Nature</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Evil_Human_Nature" class="extiw" title="simple:Theory of Evil Human Nature">simple</a>]</span></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Neo_Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Confucianism">Neo Confucianism</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhu Xi</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong Shili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mou_Zongsan" title="Mou Zongsan">Mou Zongsan</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a></b><br /> <i>Persons</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li></ul> <p><i>Topics</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yin yang">Yin yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Feizi" title="Han Feizi">Han Feizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li></ul> <p><b>Military and Strategy</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Han Buddhism</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tientai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tientai">Tientai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">East Asian Mādhyamaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Chan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chan">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li></ul> <p><b>General topics</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">India</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika (orthodox)</a></b><br /> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vedic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic philosophy">Vedic philosophy</a></b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mimamsa</a></b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras#Author_and_chronology" title="Brahma Sutras">Badarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurobindo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras#Author_and_chronology" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Gotama</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika (heterodox)</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li></ul> <p><b>Tamil</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkural">Valluvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li></ul> <p><b>General topics</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism#Indian_atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li>Atman <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Buddhism)" title="Ātman (Buddhism)">Ātman (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ātman (Jainism)">Ātman (Jainism)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Indian logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jainism</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umaswati" title="Umaswati">Umaswati</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhism</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li></ul> <p><i>Traditions</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamika">Madhyamika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Indian logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Topics</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Maitrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Emptiness</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><b>Traditions</b><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōtō school">Sōtō school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogen">Dogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kukai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukai">Kukai</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Confucianism">Japanese Confucianism</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_Seika" title="Fujiwara Seika">Fujiwara Seika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Razan" title="Hayashi Razan">Hayashi Razan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakae_T%C5%8Dju" title="Nakae Tōju">Nakae Tōju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Jinsai" title="Itō Jinsai">Itō Jinsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogy%C5%AB_Sorai" title="Ogyū Sorai">Ogyū Sorai</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motoori_Norinaga" title="Motoori Norinaga">Motoori Norinaga</a></li></ul> <p><b>Modern Thought</b><br /> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></b><br /> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Asian philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_philosophy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Asian philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg/250px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg/330px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg/500px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="3816" /></a><figcaption>As depicted in the album <i> Portraits of Famous Men</i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Four_Books">The Four Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Four Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Song dynasty, Zhu Xi's teachings were considered to be <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">unorthodox</a>. Rather than focusing on the <i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i> like other Neo-Confucians, he chose to emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books</a>: the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Analects_of_Confucius" class="mw-redirect" title="Analects of Confucius">Analects of Confucius</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i> as the core curriculum for aspiring scholar officials. For all these classics he wrote extensive commentaries that were not widely recognized in his time; however, they later became accepted as the standard commentaries. The Four Books served as the basis of civil service examinations up until 1905,<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_1963:_589_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_1963:_589-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and education in the classics often began with Zhu Xi's commentaries as the cornerstone for understanding them.<sup id="cite_ref-RedPine_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedPine-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sources of Zhu Xi's new approach to the Confucian curriculum have been found in several works of the Cheng brothers. Zhu Xi "codified the Cheng brothers' teachings and reworked them into his own philosophical program," moving "from philology to philosophy."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vital_force,_principle,_and_the_Supreme_Ultimate"><span id="Vital_force.2C_principle.2C_and_the_Supreme_Ultimate"></span>Vital force, principle, and the Supreme Ultimate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vital force, principle, and the Supreme Ultimate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu Xi maintained that all things are brought into being by the union of two universal aspects of reality: <i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">氣</span></span>, sometimes translated as vital – or physical, material – force); and <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">li</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">理</span></span>, sometimes translated as rational principle or law). The source and sum of <i>li</i> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Taiji_(philosophy)" title="Taiji (philosophy)">taiji</a></i>, meaning the Supreme Ultimate. The source of <i>qi</i> is not so clearly stated by Zhu Xi, leading some authorities to maintain that he was a <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">metaphysical monist</a> and others to maintain that he was a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">metaphysical dualist</a>. </p><p>According to Zhu Xi's theory, every physical object and every person has its <i>li</i> and therefore has contact in its metaphysical core with the <i>taiji</i>. What is referred to as the human soul, mind, or spirit is understood as the <i>taiji</i>, or the supreme creative principle, as it works its way out in a person. </p><p><i>Qi</i> and <i>li</i> operate together in mutual dependence. They are mutually aspective in all creatures in the universe. These two aspects are manifested in the creation of substantial entities. When their activity is waxing (rapid or expansive), that is the <i><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yang</a></i> energy mode. When their activity is waning (slow or contractive), that is the <i><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin</a></i> energy mode. The yang and yin phases constantly interact, each gaining and losing dominance over the other. In the process of the waxing and waning, the alternation of these fundamental vibrations, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">five elements</a> evolve (fire, water, wood, metal, and earth). Zhu Xi argues that <i>li</i> existed even before Heaven and Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of <i>li</i> and <i>qi</i>, Zhu Xi's system strongly resembles <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> ideas of <i>li</i> (principle) and <i>shi</i> (affairs, matters), though Zhu Xi and his followers strongly argued that they were not copying Buddhist ideas. Instead, they held, they were using concepts already present long before in the <i>I Ching.</i> </p><p>Zhu Xi discussed how he saw the Supreme Ultimate concept to be compatible with principle of Taoism, but his concept of <i>taiji</i> was different from the understanding of <i>Tao</i> in Daoism. Where <i>taiji</i> is a differentiating principle that results in the emergence of something new, <i>Dao</i> is still and silent, operating to reduce all things to equality and indistinguishability. He argued that there is a central harmony that is not static or empty but was dynamic, and that the Supreme Ultimate is itself in constant creative activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_nature">Human nature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu Xi considered the earlier Confucian <a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a> to be a heretic for departing from <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mengzi</a>'s idea of innate human goodness. Even if people displayed immoral behaviour, the supreme regulative principle was good. The cause of immoral actions is <i>qi</i>. Zhu Xi's metaphysics is that everything contains <i>li</i> and <i>qi</i>. <i>Li</i> is the principle that is in everything and governs the universe. Each person has a perfect <i>li</i>. As such, individuals should act in perfect accordance with morality. However, while <i>li</i> is the underlying structure, <i>qi</i> is also part of everything. <i>Qi</i> obscures our perfect moral nature. The task of moral cultivation is to clear our <i>qi.</i> If our <i>qi</i> is clear and balanced, then we will act in a perfectly moral way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart/mind"><span id="Heart.2Fmind"></span>Heart/mind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Heart/mind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Heart" and "mind" are both expressed in Chinese with the same word <i>xin</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">心</span></span>); clarity of mind and purity of heart are ideal in Confucian philosophy. In the following poem, "Reflections While Reading - 1" Zhu Xi illustrates this concept by comparing the mind to a mirror, left covered until needed that simply reflects the world around it, staying clear by the flowing waters symbolizing the <i>Tao</i>. In Chinese, the mind was sometimes called "the square inch", which is the literal translation of the term alluded to in the beginning of the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-RedPine_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedPine-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="zh" class="poem"> <p>半畝方塘一鑑開，<br /> 天光雲影共徘徊。<br /> 問渠那得清如許，<br /> 為有源頭活水來。 </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>A small square pond an uncovered mirror<br /> Where sunlight and clouds linger and leave<br /> I asked how it stays so clear<br /> it said spring water keeps flowing in. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left"> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—translation by <a href="/wiki/Red_Pine_(author)" title="Red Pine (author)">Red Pine</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_and_action">Knowledge and action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Knowledge and action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Zhu Xi's epistemology, knowledge and action were indivisible components of truly intelligent activity. Although he did distinguish between the priority of knowing, since intelligent action requires forethought, and the importance of action, as it produces a discernible effect, Zhu Xi said "Knowledge and action always require each other. It is like a person who cannot walk without legs although he has eyes, and who cannot see without eyes although he has legs. With respect to order, knowledge comes first, and with respect to importance, action is more important."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_investigation_of_things_and_the_extension_of_knowledge">The investigation of things and the extension of knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The investigation of things and the extension of knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu Xi advocated the investigation of things (<span lang="zh">格物致知</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">gewu zhizhi</span></i>). How to investigate and what these things are is the source of much debate. To Zhu Xi, the things are moral principles and the investigation involves paying attention to everything in both books and affairs<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because "moral principles are quite inexhaustible".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu Xi did believe in the existence of spirits, ghosts, divination, and blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditation">Meditation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Meditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu Xi practiced a form of daily <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Jingzuo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingzuo">jingzuo</a></i> similar to, but not the same as, Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyana</a></i> or <i>chan ding</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">禪定</span></span>; Wade–Giles <i>chʻan-ting</i>). His meditation did not require the cessation of all thinking as in some forms of Buddhism; rather, it was characterised by quiet introspection that helped to balance various aspects of one's personality and allowed for focused thought and concentration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His form of meditation was by nature Confucian in the sense that it was concerned with morality. His meditation attempted to reason and feel in harmony with the universe. He believed that this type of meditation brought humanity closer together and more into harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_teaching,_learning,_and_the_creation_of_an_academy"><span id="On_teaching.2C_learning.2C_and_the_creation_of_an_academy"></span>On teaching, learning, and the creation of an academy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: On teaching, learning, and the creation of an academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_on_Government_Affairs_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Letter_on_Government_Affairs_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg/220px-Letter_on_Government_Affairs_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Letter_on_Government_Affairs_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg/330px-Letter_on_Government_Affairs_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Letter_on_Government_Affairs_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg/440px-Letter_on_Government_Affairs_-_Zhu_Xi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Zhu Xi's letter (1194) instructing a subordinate official on local government matters after he stepped down as Administrator of <a href="/wiki/Tanzhou_(in_modern_Hunan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzhou (in modern Hunan)">Tanzhou</a> for reappointment to teach at the imperial court</figcaption></figure> <p>Zhu Xi heavily focused his energy on teaching, claiming that learning is the only way to sage-hood. He wished to make the pursuit of sage-hood attainable to all men.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He lamented more modern printing techniques and the proliferation of books that ensued. This, he believed, made students less appreciative and focused on books, simply because there were more books to read than before. Therefore, he attempted to redefine how students should learn and read. In fact, disappointed by local schools in China, he established his own academy, White Deer Grotto Academy, to instruct students properly and in the proper fashion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taoist_and_Buddhist_influence_on_Zhu_Xi">Taoist and Buddhist influence on Zhu Xi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taoist and Buddhist influence on Zhu Xi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu Xi wrote what was to become the orthodox Confucian interpretation of a number of concepts in <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. While he appeared to have adopted some ideas from these competing systems of thought, unlike previous Neo-Confucians he strictly abided by the Confucian doctrine of active moral cultivation. He found Buddhist principles to be darkening and deluding the original mind<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as destroying human relations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chu_Hsi%27s_ancestral_temple_in_Wuxi_Huishan_ancient_town.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chu_Hsi%27s_ancestral_temple_in_Wuxi_Huishan_ancient_town.JPG/220px-Chu_Hsi%27s_ancestral_temple_in_Wuxi_Huishan_ancient_town.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chu_Hsi%27s_ancestral_temple_in_Wuxi_Huishan_ancient_town.JPG/330px-Chu_Hsi%27s_ancestral_temple_in_Wuxi_Huishan_ancient_town.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chu_Hsi%27s_ancestral_temple_in_Wuxi_Huishan_ancient_town.JPG/440px-Chu_Hsi%27s_ancestral_temple_in_Wuxi_Huishan_ancient_town.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Zhu Xi's Memorial Temple at Huishan ancient town, Wuxi</figcaption></figure><p>From 1313 to 1905, Zhu Xi's commentaries on the Four Books formed the basis of civil service examinations in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_1963:_589_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan_1963:_589-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His teachings were to dominate Neo-Confucians such as <a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a>, though dissenters would later emerge such as <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> and the School of Mind two and a half centuries later. </p><p>His philosophy survived the Intellectual Revolution of 1917, and later <a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a> would interpret his conception of <i>li</i>, <i>qi</i>, and <i>taiji</i> into a new metaphysical theory. </p><p>He was also influential in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> known as <i>Shushigaku</i> (朱子学, School of Master Zhu), and in Korea known as <i>Jujahak</i> (주자학), where it became an orthodoxy. He also influenced Confucianism in Vietnam. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life</a></i> magazine ranked Zhu Xi as the forty-fifth most important person in the last <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a>. </p><p>Zhu Xi's descendants, like those of Confucius and other notable Confucians, held the hereditary title of Wujing Boshi (五经博士; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:五經博士">五經博士</a>; Wǔjīng Bóshì),<sup id="cite_ref-BrunnertHagelstrom2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrunnertHagelstrom2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ong2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which translated means Erudite or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">Doctor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a> and enjoyed the rank of 8a in the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin (bureaucrat)</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Hucker2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hucker2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Calligraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu Xi had, from an early age, followed his father and a number of great calligraphers at the time in practicing calligraphy. At first he learned the style of <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a>, but later specialized in the regular script of Zhong Yao and the running cursive script of <a href="/wiki/Yan_Zhenqing" title="Yan Zhenqing">Yan Zhenqing</a>. Though his manuscripts left to the world are piecemeal and incomplete, and most of his works are lost. Moreover, his fame in the realm of philosophy was so great that even his brilliance in calligraphy was overshadowed. He was skillful in both running and cursive scripts, especially in large characters, but extant artworks consist mainly of short written notes in running script and rarely of large characters. His authentic manuscripts are collected by Nanjing Museum, Beijing Palace Museum, Liaoning Province Museum, Taipei Palace Museum and the National Museum of Tokyo, Japan. Some pieces are in private collections in China and overseas. The <i>Thatched Hut Hand Scroll</i>, one of Zhu Xi's masterpieces in running-cursive script, is in an overseas private collection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhu_Xi-Thatched_Hut_Hand_Scroll-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Zhu_Xi-Thatched_Hut_Hand_Scroll-06.jpg/500px-Zhu_Xi-Thatched_Hut_Hand_Scroll-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Zhu_Xi-Thatched_Hut_Hand_Scroll-06.jpg/750px-Zhu_Xi-Thatched_Hut_Hand_Scroll-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Zhu_Xi-Thatched_Hut_Hand_Scroll-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><i>Thatched Hut Hand Scroll</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Thatched Hut Hand Scroll</i> contains three separate parts: </p> <ol><li>Title</li> <li>102 characters by Zhu Xi in running cursive scripts</li> <li>The postscripts by <a href="/wiki/Wen_Tianxiang" title="Wen Tianxiang">Wen Tianxiang</a> (1236～1283) of <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fang_Xiaoru" title="Fang Xiaoru">Fang Xiaoru</a> (1375～1402), <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yunming" title="Zhu Yunming">Zhu Yunming</a> (1460–1526), <a href="/wiki/Tang_Yin" title="Tang Yin">Tang Yin</a> (1470～1523) and <a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui" title="Hai Rui">Hai Rui</a> (1514～1587) of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calligraphy_style">Calligraphy style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Calligraphy style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Zhu_Xi" title="Special:EditPage/Zhu Xi">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The calligraphy of Zhu Xi had been acclaimed as acquiring the style of the Han and Wei dynasties. He was skillful in the central tip, and his brush strokes are smooth and round, steady yet flowing in the movements without any trace of frivolity and abruptness. Indeed, his calligraphy possesses stability and elegance in construction with a continuous flow of energy. Without trying to be pretentious or intentional, his written characters are well-balanced, natural and unconventional. As he was a patriarch of Confucianism philosophy, it is understandable that his learning permeated in all his writings with due respect for traditional standards. He maintained that while rules had to be observed for each word, there should be room for tolerance, multiplicity and naturalness. In other words, calligraphy had to observe rules and at the same time not be bound by them so as to express the quality of naturalness. It is small wonder that his calligraphy had been highly esteemed throughout the centuries, by great personages as follows: </p><p>Tao Chung Yi (around 1329～1412) of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>Whilst Master Zhu inherited the orthodox teaching and propagated it to the realm of sages and yet he was also proficient in running and cursive scripts, especially in large characters. His execution of brush was well-poised and elegant. However piecemeal or isolated his manuscripts, they were eagerly sought after and treasured. </p> </blockquote> <p>Wang Sai Ching (1526–1590) of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>The brush strokes in his calligraphy were swift without attempting at formality, yet none of his strokes and dots were not in conformity with the rules of calligraphy. </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tianxiang" title="Wen Tianxiang">Wen Tianxiang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in his postscript for the <i>Thatched Hut Hand Scroll</i> by Zhu Xi: </p> <blockquote> <p>People in the olden days said that there was embedded the bones of loyal subject in the calligraphy of Yan Zhenqing. Observing the execution of brush strokes by Zhu Xi, I am indeed convinced of the truth of this opinion. </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yunming" title="Zhu Yunming">Zhu Yunming</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in his postscript for the <i>Thatched Hut Hand Scroll</i> by Zhu Xi: </p> <blockquote> <p>Master Zhu was loyal, learned and a great scholar throughout ages . He was superb in calligraphy although he did not write much in his lifetime and hence they were rarely seen in later ages. This roll had been collected by Wong Sze Ma for a long time and of late, it appeared in the world. I chanced to see it once and whilst I regretted that I did not try to study it extensively until now, in the study room of my friend, I was so lucky to see it again. This showed that I am destined to see the manuscripts of master Zhu. I therefore wrote this preface for my intention. </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui" title="Hai Rui">Hai Rui</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in his postscript for the <i>Thatched Hut Hand Scroll</i> by Zhu Xi: </p> <blockquote> <p>The writings are enticing, delicate, elegant and outstanding. Truly such calligraphy piece is the wonder of nature. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Deer_Grotto_Academy" title="White Deer Grotto Academy">White Deer Grotto Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Chinese writers">Classical Chinese writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Hwang" title="Yi Hwang">Yi Hwang</a> or Toegye, A Korean Confucian scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_I" title="Yi I">Yi I</a> or Yulgok, A Korean Confucian scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_Seika" title="Fujiwara Seika">Fujiwara Seika</a>, Japanese follower of the philosophy of Zhu Xi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Razan" title="Hayashi Razan">Hayashi Razan</a>, Seika's student & <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa</a> political theorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_Gah%C5%8D" title="Hayashi Gahō">Hayashi Gahō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> academician/scholar/bureaucrat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibara_Ekken" title="Kaibara Ekken">Kaibara Ekken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> writer/botanist/philosopher</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes_and_references">Footnotes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Footnotes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEbrey1993" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr/page/172"><i>Chinese civilization: a sourcebook</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesecivilizat00patr/page/172">172</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-029-08752-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-029-08752-X"><bdi>0-029-08752-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27226697">27226697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+civilization%3A+a+sourcebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=172&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27226697&rft.isbn=0-029-08752-X&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesecivilizat00patr%2Fpage%2F172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlingerland2006" class="citation book cs1">Slingerland, Edward (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UW0IfG9sMjMC&pg=PA148"><i>The Essential Analects: Selected Passages with Traditional Commentary</i></a>. Hackett. pp. <span class="nowrap">148–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-603-84346-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-603-84346-9"><bdi>1-603-84346-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Analects%3A+Selected+Passages+with+Traditional+Commentary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-603-84346-9&rft.aulast=Slingerland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUW0IfG9sMjMC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2017" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Kirill (2017). "Zhu Xi". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/zhu-xi/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a> (Summer 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zhu+Xi&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2017&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Kirill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2017%2Fentries%2Fzhu-xi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner, pp. 3 - 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xu_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXu" class="citation web cs1">Xu, Haoran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-BDZK201605016.htm">"The Relationship Between Zhen Dexiu and Neo-Confucianism:under the Background of an Imperial Edict Drafter"</a>. <i>CNKI</i>. Journal of Peking University (philosophy of Social Sciences)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNKI&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+Between+Zhen+Dexiu+and+Neo-Confucianism%3Aunder+the+Background+of+an+Imperial+Edict+Drafter&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Haoran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-BDZK201605016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TaylorChoy2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TaylorChoy2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodney_Leon_TaylorHoward_Yuen_Fung_Choy2005" class="citation book cs1">Rodney Leon Taylor; Howard Yuen Fung Choy (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oCgJ5VR7_kC&pg=PA53"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism: A-M</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-4080-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-4080-6"><bdi>978-0-8239-4080-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Confucianism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-4080-6&rft.au=Rodney+Leon+Taylor&rft.au=Howard+Yuen+Fung+Choy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1oCgJ5VR7_kC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chan 1963: 588.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birge2002-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birge2002_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBettine_Birge2002" class="citation book cs1">Bettine Birge (7 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8EGvilcLsC&pg=PA183"><i>Women, Property, and Confucian Reaction in Sung and Yüan China (960–1368)</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43107-1"><bdi>978-1-139-43107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Property%2C+and+Confucian+Reaction+in+Sung+and+Y%C3%BCan+China+%28960%E2%80%931368%29&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-01-07&rft.isbn=978-1-139-43107-1&rft.au=Bettine+Birge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPg8EGvilcLsC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4682/">"Writings of the Orthodox School"</a>. <i>World Digital Library</i>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Writings+of+the+Orthodox+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F4682%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chan 1989: 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chan 1989: 34. Hui refers to Hui-chou his ancestral place in Anhui, now Jiangxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner 1989: 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-architecture.info/PEKING/PE-032.htm">"World Architecture Images- Beijing- Confucius Temple"</a>. Chinese-architecture.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Architecture+Images-+Beijing-+Confucius+Temple&rft.pub=Chinese-architecture.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinese-architecture.info%2FPEKING%2FPE-032.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chan_1963:_589-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chan_1963:_589_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chan_1963:_589_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chan 1963: 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RedPine-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RedPine_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedPine_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Red Pine, Poems of the Masters, Copper Canyon Press, 2003, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lianbin Dai, "From Philology to Philosophy: Zhu Xi (1130–1200) as a Reader-Annotator." In <i>Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices: A Global Comparative Approach</i>, edited by Anthony Grafton and Glenn W. Most, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, 136–163 (136).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhu Xi 1986, Zhuzi yulei, Beijing; Zhonghua Shuju, p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Complete Works of Chu Hsi</i>, section 20 in Chan 1963: 609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Complete Works of Chu Hsi</i>, section 26 in Chan 1963: 609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Complete Works of Chu Hsi</i>, section 27 in Chan 1963: 610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Spirituality.htm">"Varieties of Spiritual Experience: Shen in Neo-Confucian Discourse"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Spiritual+Experience%3A+Shen+in+Neo-Confucian+Discourse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.kenyon.edu%2FDepts%2FReligion%2FFac%2FAdler%2FWritings%2FSpirituality.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPavlac2005" class="citation book cs1">Pavlac, Brian A. (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="The Middle Ages">The Middle Ages</a></i>. Passadena, CA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salem_Press_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salem Press Inc (page does not exist)">Salem Press Inc</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">491–</span>492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58765-168-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58765-168-8"><bdi>1-58765-168-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Passadena%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E492&rft.pub=Salem+Press+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58765-168-8&rft.aulast=Pavlac&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Complete Works of Chu Hsi</i>, section 147 in Chan 1963: 653.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Complete Works of Chu Hsi</i>, section 138 in Chan 1963: 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrunnertHagelstrom2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrunnertHagelstrom2013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFH.S._BrunnertV.V._Hagelstrom2013" class="citation book cs1">H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s0wrdzMXPZ8C&pg=PA494"><i>Present Day Political Organization of China</i></a>. Routledge. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79795-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79795-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79795-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Present+Day+Political+Organization+of+China&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79795-9&rft.au=H.S.+Brunnert&rft.au=V.V.+Hagelstrom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds0wrdzMXPZ8C%26pg%3DPA494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ong2008-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ong2008_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChang_Woei_Ong2008" class="citation book cs1">Chang Woei Ong (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=wujing+boshi+descendant"><i>Men of Letters Within the Passes: Guanzhong Literati in Chinese History, 907-1911</i></a>. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03170-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03170-8"><bdi>978-0-674-03170-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+Letters+Within+the+Passes%3A+Guanzhong+Literati+in+Chinese+History%2C+907-1911&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03170-8&rft.au=Chang+Woei+Ong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5_ZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwujing%2Bboshi%2Bdescendant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hucker2008-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hucker2008_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_O._Hucker2008" class="citation book cs1">Charles O. Hucker (1 April 2008). <i>A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China</i>. Peking University Press. p. 569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-301-13487-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-301-13487-0"><bdi>978-7-301-13487-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Official+Titles+in+Imperial+China&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=Peking+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft.isbn=978-7-301-13487-0&rft.au=Charles+O.+Hucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. Percy Bruce. <i>Chu Hsi and His Masters</i>, Probsthain & Co., London, 1922.</li> <li>Daniel K. Gardner. <i>Learning To Be a Sage</i>, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06525-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06525-5">0-520-06525-5</a>.</li> <li>Bruce E. Carpenter. 'Chu Hsi and the Art of Reading' in <i>Tezukayama University Review</i> (Tezukayama daigaku ronshū), Nara, Japan, no. 15, 1977, pp. 13–18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0385-7743">0385-7743</a></li> <li>Wing-tsit Chan, <i>Chu Hsi: Life and Thought</i> (1987). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-13470-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-13470-3">0-312-13470-3</a>.</li> <li>Wing-tsit Chan, <i>Chu Hsi: New Studies</i>. University of Hawaii Press: 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1201-0">978-0-8248-1201-0</a></li> <li>Gedalecia, D (1974). "Excursion Into Substance and Function." <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. vol. 4, 443–451.</li> <li>Hoyt Cleveland Tillman, <i>Utilitarian Confucianism: Ch‘en Liang's Challenge to Chu Hsi</i> (1982)</li> <li>Wm. Theodore de Bary, <i>Neo-Confucian Orthodoxy and the Learning of the Mind-and-Heart</i> (1981), on the development of Zhu Xi's thought after his death</li> <li>Wing-tsit Chan (ed.), <i>Chu Hsi and Neo-Confucianism</i> (1986), a set of conference papers</li> <li>Donald J. Munro, <i>Images of Human Nature: A Sung Portrait</i> (1988), an analysis of the concept of human nature in Zhu Xi's thought</li> <li>Joseph A. Adler, <i>Reconstructing the Confucian Dao: Zhu Xi's Appropriation of Zhou Dunyi</i> (2014), a study of how and why Zhu Xi chose Zhou Dunyi to be the first true Confucian Sage since Mencius</li> <li>Lianbin Dai, "From Philology to Philosophy: Zhu Xi (1130–1200) as a Reader-Annotator" (2016). In <i>Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices: A Global Comparative Approach</i>, edited by Anthony Grafton and Glenn W. Most, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, 136–163, on Zhu Xi within the context and development of neo-Confucianism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All translations are of excerpts except where otherwise noted. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcClatchie1874" class="citation book cs1">McClatchie, Thomas (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confuciancosmog00mcclgoog"><i>Confucian Cosmogony: A Translation of Section Forty-nine of the Complete Works of the Philosopher Choo-Foo-Tze</i></a>. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucian+Cosmogony%3A+A+Translation+of+Section+Forty-nine+of+the+Complete+Works+of+the+Philosopher+Choo-Foo-Tze&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=American+Presbyterian+Mission&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=McClatchie&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfuciancosmog00mcclgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce1922" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, J. Percy (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thephilosophyofh00chuhuoft"><i>The philosophy of human nature</i></a>. London: Probsthain.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+human+nature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Probsthain&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=J.+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthephilosophyofh00chuhuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wing-tsit Chan (1963), <i>A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Gardner, Daniel (1986). <i>Chu Hsi and Ta-hsueh: Neo-Confucian Reflection on the Confucian Canon</i>. Cambridge: Harvard UP.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChan1967" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Wing-tsit (1967). <i>Reflections On Things at Hand</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+On+Things+at+Hand&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Wing-tsit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>A full translation of 近思錄.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardner1990" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Daniel K. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/learningtobesage00zhux"><i>Learning to be a sage: selections from the Conversations of Master Chu, arranged topically</i></a></span>. Berkeley: U. California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520909046" title="Special:BookSources/0520909046"><bdi>0520909046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+to+be+a+sage%3A+selections+from+the+Conversations+of+Master+Chu%2C+arranged+topically&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=U.+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0520909046&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Daniel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flearningtobesage00zhux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWittenborn1991" class="citation book cs1">Wittenborn, Allen (1991). <i>Further reflections on things at hand</i>. Lanham: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819183725" title="Special:BookSources/0819183725"><bdi>0819183725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Further+reflections+on+things+at+hand&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0819183725&rft.aulast=Wittenborn&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>A full translation of 續近思錄.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbrey1991" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia (1991). <i>Chu Hsi's family rituals</i>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691031495" title="Special:BookSources/0691031495"><bdi>0691031495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chu+Hsi%27s+family+rituals&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0691031495&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>A full translation of 家禮.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdler2002" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Joseph A. (2002). <i>Introduction to the study of the classic of change (I-hsüeh ch'i-meng)</i>. Provo, Utah: Global Scholarly Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+study+of+the+classic+of+change+%28I-hs%C3%BCeh+ch%27i-meng%29&rft.place=Provo%2C+Utah&rft.pub=Global+Scholarly+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>A full translation of 易學啟蒙.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdler2014" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Joseph A. (2014). <i>Reconstructing the Confucian Dao: Zhu Xi's Appropriation of Zhou Dunyi)</i>. Albany: SUNY Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+Confucian+Dao%3A+Zhu+Xi%27s+Appropriation+of+Zhou+Dunyi%29&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Full translation of Zhu Xi's commentaries on Zhou Dunyi's <i>Taijitu shuo</i> (太極圖說) and <i>Tongshu</i> (通書).</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdler2020" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Joseph A. (2020). <i>The Original Meaning of the Yijing: Commentary on the Scripture of Change</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Original+Meaning+of+the+Yijing%3A+Commentary+on+the+Scripture+of+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Full translation of Zhu Xi's Zhouyi benyi 周易本義, with Introduction and annotations.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zhu_Xi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/120px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zhu_Xi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZalta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zhu-xi/">"Zhu Xi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zhu+Xi&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fzhu-xi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/zhu-xi">"Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi, 1130—1200)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zhu+Xi+%28Chu+Hsi%2C+1130%E2%80%941200%29&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fzhu-xi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhu+Xi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/calligraphy-zhu-xi.php">Zhu Xi and his Calligraphy Gallery</a> at China Online Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln270/Zhu-callig.htm">Zhu Xi's large-character calligraphy from the Yijing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Divination.htm">Chu Hsi and Divination</a> - Joseph A. Adler</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2448">Works by Zhu Xi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfu.edu/~moran/zzyl_TOC.html">First part of the <i>Classified Conversations of Master Zhu</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_learning" title="Han learning">Han learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Marxist_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Marxist Philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Diplomacy" title="School of Diplomacy">School of Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Daoxue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Syncretism (Chinese philosophy)">Mixed School</a></li></ul> <i><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Schools_of_Thought" title="Nine Schools of Thought">Nine Schools of Thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></li></ul></div></i> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_philosophers" title="List of Chinese philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Shang" title="Bu Shang">Bu Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunyu_Kun" title="Chunyu Kun">Chunyu Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xi" title="Deng Xi">Deng Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanmu_Ci" title="Duanmu Ci">Duanmu Ci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozi" title="Gaozi">Gaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Long" title="Gongsun Long">Gongsun Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Shi" title="Hui Shi">Hui Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Kui_(legalist)" title="Li Kui (legalist)">Li Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Buhai" title="Shen Buhai">Shen Buhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Dao" title="Shen Dao">Shen Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Qin" title="Su Qin">Su Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Qi" title="Wu Qi">Wu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximen_Bao" title="Ximen Bao">Ximen Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Xing_(philosopher)" title="Xu Xing (philosopher)">Xu Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhu" title="Yang Zhu">Yang Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xian" title="Yuan Xian">Yuan Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Warring_States_period)" title="Zhang Yi (Warring States period)">Zhang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi">Zisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Yan" title="Zou Yan">Zou Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_Shuo" title="Dongfang Shuo">Dongfang Shuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Wu" title="Dou Wu">Dou Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Tan" title="Huan Tan">Huan Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Yi" title="Jia Yi">Jia Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Kui_(scholar)" title="Jia Kui (scholar)">Jia Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Fang" title="Jing Fang">Jing Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Anguo" title="Kong Anguo">Kong Anguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_An" title="Liu An">Liu An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jia_(Western_Han)" title="Lu Jia (Western Han)">Lu Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(scholar)" title="Liu Xiang (scholar)">Liu Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rong" title="Ma Rong">Ma Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chong" title="Wang Chong">Wang Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Wang Fu (Han dynasty)">Wang Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Yue" title="Xun Yue">Xun Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiong_(author)" title="Yang Xiong (author)">Yang Xiong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhen" title="Fan Zhen">Fan Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Xuan" title="Fu Xuan">Fu Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyuan_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiyuan (Buddhist)">Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Kang" title="Ji Kang">Ji Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Su_(Cao_Wei)" title="Wang Su (Cao Wei)">Wang Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiahou_Xuan" title="Xiahou Xuan">Xiahou Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Daoyun" title="Xie Daoyun">Xie Daoyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xun_Can" title="Xun Can">Xun Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Zhitui" title="Yan Zhitui">Yan Zhitui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi_Dun" title="Zhi Dun">Zhi Dun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Yi" title="Fu Yi">Fu Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Tong_(philosopher)" title="Wang Tong (philosopher)">Wang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhihe" title="Zhang Zhihe">Zhang Zhihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Five Dynasties</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms">Ten Kingdoms</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hong" title="Hu Hong">Hu Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiuyuan" title="Lu Jiuyuan">Lu Jiuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuyi" title="Wang Chuyi">Wang Chuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Shi" title="Ye Shi">Ye Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhu Xi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiru" title="Chen Jiru">Chen Jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Zongxi" title="Huang Zongxi">Huang Zongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Zicheng" title="Hong Zicheng">Hong Zicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Hong" title="Jiao Hong">Jiao Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Yu" title="Jiao Yu">Jiao Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Zhide" title="Lai Zhide">Lai Zhide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(philosopher)" title="Li Zhi (philosopher)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bowen" title="Liu Bowen">Liu Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongzhou" title="Liu Zongzhou">Liu Zongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Rufang_(Ming_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Rufang (Ming dynasty)">Luo Rufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Dehong" title="Qian Dehong">Qian Dehong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ji_(philosopher)" title="Wang Ji (philosopher)">Wang Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gen" title="Wang Gen">Wang Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng_(philosopher)" title="Wu Cheng (philosopher)">Wu Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Ai" title="Xu Ai">Xu Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_Ruoshui" title="Zhan Ruoshui">Zhan Ruoshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Hongmou" title="Chen Hongmou">Chen Hongmou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Menglei" title="Chen Menglei">Chen Menglei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhen" title="Dai Zhen">Dai Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bao" title="Fang Bao">Fang Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lanfen" title="Fang Lanfen">Fang Lanfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Quan" title="Fang Quan">Fang Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guifen" title="Feng Guifen">Feng Guifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Zizhen" title="Gong Zizhen">Gong Zizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Yanwu" title="Gu Yanwu">Gu Yanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Liangji" title="Hong Liangji">Hong Liangji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Yun" title="Ji Yun">Ji Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yiming" title="Liu Yiming">Liu Yiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pingge" title="Pan Pingge">Pan Pingge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan Sitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Zhen" title="Tang Zhen">Tang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yuan" title="Wei Yuan">Wei Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Yuan_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Yan Yuan (Qing dynasty)">Yan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Yue" title="Yu Yue">Yu Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengxie" title="Yu Zhengxie">Yu Zhengxie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuecheng" title="Zhang Xuecheng">Zhang Xuecheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Cunyu" title="Zhuang Cunyu">Zhuang Cunyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0d4d0;;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Carsun Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">P. C. Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Daqi" title="Chen Daqi">Chen Daqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung-ying_Cheng" title="Chung-ying Cheng">Chung-ying Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ien_Mu" title="Ch'ien Mu">Ch'ien Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu Anping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Keli" title="Fang Keli">Fang Keli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu Zhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guanghu" title="He Guanghu">He Guanghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu" title="Hu Qiaomu">Hu Qiaomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Gang" title="Hua Gang">Hua Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Huang" title="Ray Huang">Ray Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Yuelin" title="Jin Yuelin">Jin Yuelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Shui-chuen" title="Lee Shui-chuen">Lee Shui-chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shicen" title="Li Shicen">Li Shicen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li Zehou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Shuming" title="Liang Shuming">Liang Shuming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(academic)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (academic)">Liu Xiaofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mou_Zongsan" title="Mou Zongsan">Mou Zongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Renzong" title="Qiu Renzong">Qiu Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Chun-i" title="Tang Chun-i">Tang Chun-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Yijie" title="Tang Yijie">Tang Yijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Lap_Chuen" title="Tsang Lap Chuen">Tsang Lap Chuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong Shili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fuguan" title="Xu Fuguan">Xu Fuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Changji" title="Yang Changji">Yang Changji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Haiguang" title="Yin Haiguang">Yin Haiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dunkang" title="Yu Dunkang">Yu Dunkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang Dongsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shenfu" title="Zhang Shenfu">Zhang Shenfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guoping" title="Zhou Guoping">Zhou Guoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Zuoren" title="Zhou Zuoren">Zhou Zuoren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(philosophy)" title="Fa (philosophy)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozi#Philosophy" title="Mozi">Jian'ai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_zuo" title="Jing zuo">Jing zuo</a></i></li> <li><i>Li</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Neo-Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ming_yun" title="Ming yun">Ming yun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qing_(philosophy)" title="Qing (philosophy)">Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Three teachings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Si_(philosophy)" title="Si (philosophy)">Si</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ti_(philosophy)" title="Ti (philosophy)">Ti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xin_(heart-mind)" title="Xin (heart-mind)">Xin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)#East_Asian_philosophies" title="Nature (philosophy)">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essence-Function" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Function">Yong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhengming" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengming">Zhengming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f3c7b0;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_China" title="Logic in China">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics#Classical_China" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy#Ancient_China" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_consequentialism" title="State consequentialism">State consequentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting#Philosophy" title="Ink wash painting">Ink wash</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_shui#Concepts" title="Shan shui">Shan shui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Chinese_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of Chinese philosophy">Legitimacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Song_dynasty_topics307" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Song_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Song dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Song_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Song dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Song_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Song dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Song_dynasty_topics307" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="History of the Song dynasty">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Song dynasty">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenqiao_mutiny" title="Chenqiao mutiny">Chenqiao mutiny</a></li> <li>Unification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_conquest_of_Later_Shu" title="Song conquest of Later Shu">Later Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_conquest_of_Southern_Han" title="Song conquest of Southern Han">Southern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_conquest_of_Southern_Tang" title="Song conquest of Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaoliang_River" title="Battle of Gaoliang River">Gaoliang River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t_war" title="Song–Đại Cồ Việt war">Song–Đại Cồ Việt war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Xia_wars" title="Song–Xia wars">Song–Xia wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Chanyuan Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ze" title="Wang Ze">Wang Ze rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao_rebellions" title="Nong Zhigao rebellions">Nong Zhigao rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Song–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Viet_war_(1075%E2%80%931077)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song–Viet war (1075–1077)">Song–Viet war (1075–1077)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_La" title="Fang La">Fang La rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Conducted_at_Sea" title="Alliance Conducted at Sea">Alliance Conducted at Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingkang_incident" title="Jingkang incident">Jingkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huangtiandang" title="Battle of Huangtiandang">Huangtiandang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_De%27an" title="Siege of De'an">De'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yancheng" title="Battle of Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shaoxing" title="Treaty of Shaoxing">Treaty of Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangdao" title="Battle of Tangdao">Tangdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi" title="Battle of Caishi">Caishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caizhou" title="Siege of Caizhou">Caizhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Song_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Song China">Mongol conquest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diaoyucheng" title="Siege of Diaoyucheng">Diaoyucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting by Song painter Ma Lin"><img alt="Painting by Song painter Ma Lin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/60px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/120px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Song dynasty">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(middle)#Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination#Song_dynasty_(960–1279)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China#Song_dynasty_(960–1279)" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Administrative units</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Military history of the Song dynasty">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Bureau of Military Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingli_Reforms" title="Qingli Reforms">Qingli Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Policies_(Song_dynasty)" title="New Policies (Song dynasty)">New Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baojia_system" title="Baojia system">Baojia system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bureaus" title="Three Bureaus">Three Bureaus</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Culture of the Song dynasty">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Society of the Song dynasty">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Song_dynasty" title="Religion in the Song dynasty">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_poetry" title="Song poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Kilns" title="Five Great Kilns">Five Great Kilns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_ware" title="Ding ware">Ding ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_ware" title="Ge ware">Ge ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_ware" title="Guan ware">Guan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_ware" title="Jun ware">Jun ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ru_ware" title="Ru ware">Ru ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longquan_celadon" title="Longquan celadon">Longquan celadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizhou_ware" title="Cizhou ware">Cizhou ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingbai_ware" title="Qingbai ware">Qingbai ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaozhou_ware" title="Yaozhou ware">Yaozhou ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jian_ware" title="Jian ware">Jian ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_Hebei#Great_Bodhisattva_of_Zhengding_(971)" title="Four Treasures of Hebei">Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival" title="Along the River During the Qingming Festival">Along the River During the Qingming Festival</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Books_of_Song" title="Four Great Books of Song">Four Great Books of Song</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongjing_Meng_Hua_Lu" title="Dongjing Meng Hua Lu">Dongjing Meng Hua Lu</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a> (989–1052)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Shu" title="Yan Shu">Yan Shu</a> (991–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Qi" title="Song Qi">Song Qi</a> (998–1061)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei_Yaochen" title="Mei Yaochen">Mei Yaochen</a> (1002–1060)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a> (1007–1072)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Xun" title="Su Xun">Su Xun</a> (1009–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a> (1011–1077)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Xiang" title="Cai Xiang">Cai Xiang</a> (1012–1067)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a> (1017–1073)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Gong" title="Zeng Gong">Zeng Gong</a> (1019–1083)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a> (1019–1086)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a> (1022–1077)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a> (1032–1085)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a> (1033–1107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> (1037–1101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhe" title="Su Zhe">Su Zhe</a> (1039–1112)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Tingjian" title="Huang Tingjian">Huang Tingjian</a> (1045–1105)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Jing" title="Cai Jing">Cai Jing</a> (1047–1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Bangyan" title="Zhou Bangyan">Zhou Bangyan</a> (1056–1121)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qingzhao" title="Li Qingzhao">Li Qingzhao</a> (1084–1155)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bian" title="Zhu Bian">Zhu Bian</a> (1085–1144)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yu_(author)" title="Zhu Yu (author)">Zhu Yu</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1111–1117</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_You" title="Lu You">Lu You</a> (1125–1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Chengda" title="Fan Chengda">Fan Chengda</a> (1126–1193)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wanli" title="Yang Wanli">Yang Wanli</a> (1127–1206)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhu Xi</a> (1130–1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_Qiji" title="Xin Qiji">Xin Qiji</a> (1140–1207)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Rukuo" title="Zhao Rukuo">Zhao Rukuo</a> (1170–1231)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Painters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuan" title="Fan Kuan">Fan Kuan</a> (960–1030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Daoning" title="Xu Daoning">Xu Daoning</a> (970–1053)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Chang" title="Zhao Chang">Zhao Chang</a> (10th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Yuanji" title="Yi Yuanji">Yi Yuanji</a> (1000–1064)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tong" title="Wen Tong">Wen Tong</a> (1019–1079)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xi" title="Guo Xi">Guo Xi</a> (1020–1090)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shen_(Song_dynasty)" title="Wang Shen (Song dynasty)">Wang Shen</a> (1036–1093)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Gonglin" title="Li Gonglin">Li Gonglin</a> (1049–1106)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Bai" title="Cui Bai">Cui Bai</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1050–1080</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_Fu" title="Mi Fu">Mi Fu</a> (1051–1107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong</a> (1082–1135)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zeduan" title="Zhang Zeduan">Zhang Zeduan</a> (1085–1145)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Hanchen" title="Su Hanchen">Su Hanchen</a> (1094-1172)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ximeng" title="Wang Ximeng">Wang Ximeng</a> (1096–1119)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Di" title="Li Di">Li Di</a> (1100–1197)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Boju" title="Zhao Boju">Zhao Boju</a> (1120–1182)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai">Liang Kai</a> (1140–1210)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Tinggui" title="Lin Tinggui">Lin Tinggui</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1174–1189</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jichang" title="Zhou Jichang">Zhou Jichang</a> (12th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhun_Shifan" title="Wuzhun Shifan">Wuzhun Shifan</a> (1178–1249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Song_(painter)" title="Li Song (painter)">Li Song</a> (1190–1230)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mengjian" title="Zhao Mengjian">Zhao Mengjian</a> (1199–1295)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqi" title="Muqi">Muqi</a> (1210–1269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Kai" title="Gong Kai">Gong Kai</a> (1222–1307)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuan" title="Qian Xuan">Qian Xuan</a> (1235–1305)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a> (1021–1086)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)" title="Jiaozi (currency)">Jiaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(currency)" title="Guanzi (currency)">Guanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizi_(currency)" title="Huizi (currency)">Huizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty_coinage" title="Southern Song dynasty coinage">Southern Song dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_rice" title="Champa rice">Champa rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanhai_One" title="Nanhai One">Nanhai One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi" title="Zhu Fan Zhi">Zhu Fan Zhi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Song dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Song_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty">Gunpowder weapons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelmaking#Early_history" title="Steelmaking">Early Bessemer process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">Endless power transmitting chain drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">Astronomical clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)" title="Lock (water navigation)">Pound lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)" title="Bulkhead (partition)">Watertight bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_reel" title="Fishing reel">Fishing reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianchi_basin" title="Tianchi basin">Tianchi basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horner%27s_method" title="Horner's method">Horner's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Architecture of the Song dynasty">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaodi_Pagoda" title="Liaodi Pagoda">Liaodi Pagoda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi" title="Yingzao Fashi">Yingzao Fashi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_entomology" title="Forensic entomology">Forensic entomology</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Cases_of_Injustice_Rectified" title="Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified">Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_Pool_Essays" title="Dream Pool Essays">Dream Pool Essays</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inventors9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> (972–1051)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sixun" title="Zhang Sixun">Zhang Sixun</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10th c.</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Xian" title="Jia Xian">Jia Xian</a> (1010–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a> (1020–1101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Ci" title="Song Ci">Song Ci</a> (1186–1249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(mathematician)" title="Li Ye (mathematician)">Li Ye</a> (1192-1279)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiushao" title="Qin Jiushao">Qin Jiushao</a> (1202–1261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shoujing" title="Guo Shoujing">Guo Shoujing</a> (1231–1316)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9397#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3647" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9397#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3647" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9397#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121309654">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46768804">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/66854/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3J86J8mfdDGxvk6CG73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118817620">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81008179">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929676b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929676b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00312779">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zhu, Xi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMLV040566">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36730719">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20031021030&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX974290">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140664076">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90081411">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=002186231&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000222372&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000588623&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199632197">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr57727c2jchhxf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556117505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/12587">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/96401">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259729405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14599085">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00486106?l=en">CiNii</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06365170?l=en">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1438580">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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