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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Essentialism</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">12,232 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Essentialism</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Essentialism">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8705208" data-work_id="8705208" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8705208/The_Integration_Matrix_Reloaded_From_Ethnic_Fixations_to_Established_Versus_Outsiders_Dynamics_in_the_Netherlands_J_of_Ethnicity_and_Migration_with_Barak_Kalir_">The Integration Matrix Reloaded: From Ethnic Fixations to Established Versus Outsiders Dynamics in the Netherlands (J of Ethnicity and Migration, with Barak Kalir)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the Netherlands, there is increasingly critical debate about the government’s top- down ethnic categorisation procedures and the assumption that analyses of integration should be based on internally homogeneous (and dichotomous)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8705208" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the Netherlands, there is increasingly critical debate about the government’s top- down ethnic categorisation procedures and the assumption that analyses of integration should be based on internally homogeneous (and dichotomous) ethno-cultural blocks. While concerns about the ageing approach mount, no unified alternative framework has emerged. Informed by Brubaker’s work on ‘groupism’, we provide an account of the currently dominant approach and outline an alternative vision of social divisions, exclusion and inclusion. More specifically, we offer a framework that can help researchers consider easing away from ethnic reification (as well as from the attendant analytic promotion of highly subjective notions such as ‘ethnic groups’) and towards analyses founded on more objective, ‘first-order’ social scientific categories. Making use of Elias’s work on established and outsider dynamics, and dealing substantively with education, we flesh out how an alternative approach to in- and exclusion in contemporary Dutch society might be put to use. The goal, in short, is to assist researchers interested in a path leading to more grounded, relational and processual approaches to integration.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8705208" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="27a53be04b1b87e45a9b66c4524552f4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35056965,"asset_id":8705208,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35056965/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18265398" href="https://uva.academia.edu/BowenPaulle">Bowen Paulle</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18265398" type="text/json">{"id":18265398,"first_name":"Bowen","last_name":"Paulle","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"BowenPaulle","display_name":"Bowen Paulle","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/BowenPaulle?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18265398/5110144/5857097/s65_bowen.paulle.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8705208 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8705208"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8705208, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8705208", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8705208]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8705208").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8705208").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8705208"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5453" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity">Race and Ethnicity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5453" type="text/json">{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14730" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies">Migration Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14730" type="text/json">{"id":14730,"name":"Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99915" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integration">Integration</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="99915" type="text/json">{"id":99915,"name":"Integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integration?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8705208]'), work: {"id":8705208,"title":"The Integration Matrix Reloaded: From Ethnic Fixations to Established Versus Outsiders Dynamics in the Netherlands (J of Ethnicity and Migration, with Barak Kalir)","created_at":"2014-10-08T23:48:28.452-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8705208/The_Integration_Matrix_Reloaded_From_Ethnic_Fixations_to_Established_Versus_Outsiders_Dynamics_in_the_Netherlands_J_of_Ethnicity_and_Migration_with_Barak_Kalir_?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_8705208","summary":"In the Netherlands, there is increasingly critical debate about the government’s top- down ethnic categorisation procedures and the assumption that analyses of integration should be based on internally homogeneous (and dichotomous) ethno-cultural blocks. While concerns about the ageing approach mount, no unified alternative framework has emerged. Informed by Brubaker’s work on ‘groupism’, we provide an account of the currently dominant approach and outline an alternative vision of social divisions, exclusion and inclusion. More specifically, we offer a framework that can help researchers consider easing away from ethnic reification (as well as from the attendant analytic promotion of highly subjective notions such as ‘ethnic groups’) and towards analyses founded on more objective, ‘first-order’ social scientific categories. Making use of Elias’s work on established and outsider dynamics, and dealing substantively with education, we flesh out how an alternative approach to in- and exclusion in contemporary Dutch society might be put to use. The goal, in short, is to assist researchers interested in a path leading to more grounded, relational and processual approaches to integration.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35056965,"asset_id":8705208,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18265398,"first_name":"Bowen","last_name":"Paulle","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"BowenPaulle","display_name":"Bowen Paulle","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/BowenPaulle?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18265398/5110144/5857097/s65_bowen.paulle.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":14730,"name":"Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":99915,"name":"Integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integration?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":169804,"name":"The Netherlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Netherlands?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37880737" data-work_id="37880737" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37880737/Philosophical_assumptions_related_to_the_question_What_is_a_god_in_HB_scholarship">Philosophical assumptions related to the question " What is a god? " in HB scholarship</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37880737" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="64cbc3e15ecac45dd2668b3b793d16bb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57946866,"asset_id":37880737,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57946866/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1383372" href="https://nwu.academia.edu/JacoGericke">Jaco Gericke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1383372" type="text/json">{"id":1383372,"first_name":"Jaco","last_name":"Gericke","domain_name":"nwu","page_name":"JacoGericke","display_name":"Jaco Gericke","profile_url":"https://nwu.academia.edu/JacoGericke?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1383372/502951/25315573/s65_jaco.gericke.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37880737 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37880737"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37880737, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37880737", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37880737 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37880737; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = 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style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37880737"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="902" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion">Philosophy Of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="902" type="text/json">{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1021" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy">Comparative Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1021" type="text/json">{"id":1021,"name":"Comparative Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37880737]'), work: {"id":37880737,"title":"Philosophical assumptions related to the question \" What is a god? \" in HB scholarship","created_at":"2018-11-29T19:38:23.767-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37880737/Philosophical_assumptions_related_to_the_question_What_is_a_god_in_HB_scholarship?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_37880737","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57946866,"asset_id":37880737,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1383372,"first_name":"Jaco","last_name":"Gericke","domain_name":"nwu","page_name":"JacoGericke","display_name":"Jaco Gericke","profile_url":"https://nwu.academia.edu/JacoGericke?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1383372/502951/25315573/s65_jaco.gericke.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1021,"name":"Comparative Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1053,"name":"History of Ideas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Ideas?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":2562,"name":"Philosophical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Theology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":4173,"name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible?f_ri=9214"},{"id":4769,"name":"Old Testament Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_Testament_Theology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":6528,"name":"Biblical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Studies?f_ri=9214"},{"id":6529,"name":"Old Testament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_Testament?f_ri=9214"},{"id":6964,"name":"History of concepts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_concepts?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9882,"name":"History Of The Bible/Biblical Canon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_The_Bible_Biblical_Canon?f_ri=9214"},{"id":10946,"name":"Biblical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Theology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":24602,"name":"Biblical Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Interpretation?f_ri=9214"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=9214"},{"id":172953,"name":"Biblical Hermeneutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Hermeneutics?f_ri=9214"},{"id":445280,"name":"Hebrew Bible/Old Testament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible_Old_Testament?f_ri=9214"},{"id":567839,"name":"History of Reception of Biblical Texts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Reception_of_Biblical_Texts?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7557074" data-work_id="7557074" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7557074/Framing_a_De_Territoralized_Hybrid_Alternative_to_Nationalist_Essentialism_in_the_Postcolonial_Era_Tjalie_Robinson_and_the_Diasporic_Eurasian_Indo_Community">Framing a De-Territoralized, Hybrid Alternative to Nationalist Essentialism in the Postcolonial Era: Tjalie Robinson and the Diasporic Eurasian 'Indo' Community</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The dislocated, deterritorialized discourse produced by repatriates from formerly European colonies has remained overlooked in academic scholarship. One such group is the Eurasian “Indo” community that has its roots in the former Dutch... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7557074" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The dislocated, deterritorialized discourse produced by repatriates from formerly European colonies has remained overlooked in academic scholarship. One such group is the Eurasian “Indo” community that has its roots in the former Dutch East Indies, today’s Indonesia. This article focuses on Tjalie Robinson, the intellectual leader of this community from the 1950s to the mid-1970s. The son of a Dutch father and a British-Javanese mother, Robinson became the leading voice of the diasporic Indo community in the Netherlands and later also in the United States. His engagement resulted in the foundation of the Indo magazine Tong Tong and the annual Pasar Malam Besar, what was to become the world’s biggest Eurasian festival. Robinson played an essential role in the cultural awareness and self-pride of the eventually global Indo community through his elaboration of a hybrid and transnational identity concept. By placing his focus “tussen twee werelden” (in-between two worlds) and identifying “mixties-schap” (mestizaje) as the essential characteristic of Indo identity, Robinson anticipated debates on hybridity, transnationalism, and creolism that only much later would draw attention from scholars in the field of postcolonial studies. This article highlights Robinson’s pioneering role in framing a deterritorialized hybrid alternative to nationalist essentialism in the postcolonial era.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7557074" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="34028f4609cafe4c8193de94fe3c68ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37530032,"asset_id":7557074,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37530032/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13340045" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/JeroenDewulf">Jeroen Dewulf</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13340045" type="text/json">{"id":13340045,"first_name":"Jeroen","last_name":"Dewulf","domain_name":"berkeley","page_name":"JeroenDewulf","display_name":"Jeroen Dewulf","profile_url":"https://berkeley.academia.edu/JeroenDewulf?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13340045/3740861/4382082/s65_jeroen.dewulf.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7557074 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7557074"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7557074, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7557074", }); 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Idealism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcendental_Idealism?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67968285" data-work_id="67968285" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67968285/Avicennian_Essentialism">Avicennian Essentialism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Essentialism can be defined as a metaphysical theory according to which things have essential and accidental properties. In this paper, I will address Avicennian essentialism, that is, essentialism as we find it in Avicenna’s own writings... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67968285" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Essentialism can be defined as a metaphysical theory according to which things have essential and accidental properties. In this paper, I will address Avicennian essentialism, that is, essentialism as we find it in Avicenna’s own writings and the writings of the immediate post-Avicennian philosophical tradition of the Islamic world. I will consider a number of primary sources, summarize the state of recent scholarship regarding Avicennian metaphysics of attributes, and I will draw comparisons between Avicennian essentialism and modern essentialism. As a result, I will show that Avicennians endorse two different types of essentialism: conceptualist essentialism and de re essentialism. Avicennian conceptualist essentialism only applies to kinds, while Avicennian de re essentialism only applies to particular individuals.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67968285" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="802818f919c7c9b20005b233025fc77f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78616445,"asset_id":67968285,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78616445/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3633497" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/FedorBenevich">Fedor Benevich</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3633497" type="text/json">{"id":3633497,"first_name":"Fedor","last_name":"Benevich","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"FedorBenevich","display_name":"Fedor Benevich","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/FedorBenevich?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3633497/1275761/123165828/s65_fedor.benevich.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67968285 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67968285"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67968285, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67968285", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67968285]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67968285").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67968285").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67968285"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="804" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="804" type="text/json">{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="825" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy">Medieval Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="825" type="text/json">{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="914" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_properties">Metaphysics of properties</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="914" type="text/json">{"id":914,"name":"Metaphysics of properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_properties?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5674" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy">Islamic Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5674" type="text/json">{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67968285]'), work: {"id":67968285,"title":"Avicennian Essentialism","created_at":"2022-01-13T07:30:29.795-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67968285/Avicennian_Essentialism?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_67968285","summary":"Essentialism can be defined as a metaphysical theory according to which things have essential and accidental properties. In this paper, I will address Avicennian essentialism, that is, essentialism as we find it in Avicenna’s own writings and the writings of the immediate post-Avicennian philosophical tradition of the Islamic world. I will consider a number of primary sources, summarize the state of recent scholarship regarding Avicennian metaphysics of attributes, and I will draw comparisons between Avicennian essentialism and modern essentialism. As a result, I will show that Avicennians endorse two different types of essentialism: conceptualist essentialism and de re essentialism. Avicennian conceptualist essentialism only applies to kinds, while Avicennian de re essentialism only applies to particular individuals.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78616445,"asset_id":67968285,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3633497,"first_name":"Fedor","last_name":"Benevich","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"FedorBenevich","display_name":"Fedor Benevich","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/FedorBenevich?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3633497/1275761/123165828/s65_fedor.benevich.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":914,"name":"Metaphysics of properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_properties?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":19356,"name":"Universals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universals?f_ri=9214"},{"id":58678,"name":"Medieval Arabic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Arabic_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":157768,"name":"Fakhr al-Din al-Razi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi?f_ri=9214"},{"id":367490,"name":"Neo-Aristotelianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo-Aristotelianism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":452738,"name":"Shihab al-Din al-Suhrawardi al-Maqtul and his school of thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shihab_al-Din_al-Suhrawardi_al-Maqtul_and_his_school_of_thought?f_ri=9214"},{"id":541977,"name":"Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abu_al-Barakat_al-Baghdadi?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10129425" data-work_id="10129425" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10129425/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_">Алишер Ильхамов: «Упрощение картины мира бесперспективно»</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This a blog in response to the article by Aleksey Malashenko, a Russian expert on Islam, where he shares his comments on the terrorist action in Paris in January 2015. He makes a point on "conflict of civilization" as an explanatory... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10129425" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This a blog in response to the article by Aleksey Malashenko, a Russian expert on Islam, where he shares his comments on the terrorist action in Paris in January 2015. He makes a point on "conflict of civilization" as an explanatory framework for understanding the upsurge of "Islamic" terrorism in Europe. I regard such a view as essentialist that, if adopted as a policy, can lead to justifying new wars and atrocities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10129425" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fa4dae10e3d059dbfa02d2222c56eb9c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36243267,"asset_id":10129425,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36243267/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3068641" href="https://soas.academia.edu/AlisherIlkhamov">Alisher Ilkhamov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3068641" type="text/json">{"id":3068641,"first_name":"Alisher","last_name":"Ilkhamov","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"AlisherIlkhamov","display_name":"Alisher Ilkhamov","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/AlisherIlkhamov?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3068641/1008981/1261593/s65_alisher.ilkhamov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10129425 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10129425"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10129425, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10129425", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10129425]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10129425").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10129425").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10129425"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="383" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies">European Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="383" type="text/json">{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15866" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam">Islam</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15866" type="text/json">{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10129425]'), work: {"id":10129425,"title":"Алишер Ильхамов: «Упрощение картины мира бесперспективно»","created_at":"2015-01-12T10:56:50.039-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10129425/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_10129425","summary":"This a blog in response to the article by Aleksey Malashenko, a Russian expert on Islam, where he shares his comments on the terrorist action in Paris in January 2015. He makes a point on \"conflict of civilization\" as an explanatory framework for understanding the upsurge of \"Islamic\" terrorism in Europe. I regard such a view as essentialist that, if adopted as a policy, can lead to justifying new wars and atrocities. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36243267,"asset_id":10129425,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3068641,"first_name":"Alisher","last_name":"Ilkhamov","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"AlisherIlkhamov","display_name":"Alisher Ilkhamov","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/AlisherIlkhamov?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3068641/1008981/1261593/s65_alisher.ilkhamov.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":51334,"name":"Orientalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientalism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1223711,"name":"Contemporary Muslim society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Muslim_society?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68840314" data-work_id="68840314" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68840314/Essentialism_and_Method">Essentialism and Method</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper mainly addresses the relation between essentialism and philosophical method. In particular, our analysis centers on the anti-essentialist argument that proposed, given its essentialist bonds, the abandonment of the notion of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68840314" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper mainly addresses the relation between essentialism and philosophical method. In particular, our analysis centers on the anti-essentialist argument that proposed, given its essentialist bonds, the abandonment of the notion of method. To this end, we make use of the empirical evidence concerning essentialism provided by psychological research, which has shown that our proneness to essentialize is not a by-product of our social and cultural practices as some anti-essentialists have thought. Rather, it is a deeply rooted cognitive tendency that plays a major role in concept formation and so in our understanding of things. Thus, given that such inclination toward essentialism is certain to happen, we argue for a conception of method that, while not overcoming such tendency, avoids the presumed disastrous consequences feared by most anti-essentialists.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68840314" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="81bb0e203a14614ff513091eeb2daa48" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79171381,"asset_id":68840314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79171381/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18056085" href="https://uuniversidaddepanam.academia.edu/FernandoV%C3%A1squezBarba">Fernando E . Vásquez Barba</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18056085" type="text/json">{"id":18056085,"first_name":"Fernando","last_name":"Vásquez Barba","domain_name":"uuniversidaddepanam","page_name":"FernandoVásquezBarba","display_name":"Fernando E . Vásquez Barba","profile_url":"https://uuniversidaddepanam.academia.edu/FernandoV%C3%A1squezBarba?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18056085/5029923/60266242/s65_fernando.v_squez_barba.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68840314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68840314"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68840314, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68840314", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_68840314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68840314; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_68840314"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_68840314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68840314"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68840314; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68840314]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68840314").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68840314").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68840314"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43964" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Methodology">Philosophical Methodology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43964" type="text/json">{"id":43964,"name":"Philosophical Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Methodology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68840314]'), work: {"id":68840314,"title":"Essentialism and Method","created_at":"2022-01-20T07:35:37.171-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68840314/Essentialism_and_Method?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_68840314","summary":"This paper mainly addresses the relation between essentialism and philosophical method. In particular, our analysis centers on the anti-essentialist argument that proposed, given its essentialist bonds, the abandonment of the notion of method. To this end, we make use of the empirical evidence concerning essentialism provided by psychological research, which has shown that our proneness to essentialize is not a by-product of our social and cultural practices as some anti-essentialists have thought. Rather, it is a deeply rooted cognitive tendency that plays a major role in concept formation and so in our understanding of things. Thus, given that such inclination toward essentialism is certain to happen, we argue for a conception of method that, while not overcoming such tendency, avoids the presumed disastrous consequences feared by most anti-essentialists.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79171381,"asset_id":68840314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18056085,"first_name":"Fernando","last_name":"Vásquez Barba","domain_name":"uuniversidaddepanam","page_name":"FernandoVásquezBarba","display_name":"Fernando E . Vásquez Barba","profile_url":"https://uuniversidaddepanam.academia.edu/FernandoV%C3%A1squezBarba?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18056085/5029923/60266242/s65_fernando.v_squez_barba.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":43964,"name":"Philosophical Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Methodology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41918517" data-work_id="41918517" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41918517/A_Review_on_Development_of_Stereotypes_in_Islamic_Art_Studies">A Review on Development of Stereotypes in Islamic Art Studies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41918517" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="427c649ae3856d4c8af22c42d2e6b475" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62903718,"asset_id":41918517,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62903718/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6734462" href="https://art-ir.academia.edu/MasumeKarimi">Masoumeh Karimi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6734462" type="text/json">{"id":6734462,"first_name":"Masoumeh","last_name":"Karimi","domain_name":"art-ir","page_name":"MasumeKarimi","display_name":"Masoumeh Karimi","profile_url":"https://art-ir.academia.edu/MasumeKarimi?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6734462/20464149/37775352/s65_masoumeh.karimi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41918517 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41918517"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41918517, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41918517", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41918517 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41918517; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41918517"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41918517 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41918517"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41918517; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41918517]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41918517").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41918517").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41918517"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6245" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice">Stereotypes and Prejudice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6245" type="text/json">{"id":6245,"name":"Stereotypes and Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8916" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Art">Islamic Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8916" type="text/json">{"id":8916,"name":"Islamic Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Art?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51334" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientalism">Orientalism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51334" type="text/json">{"id":51334,"name":"Orientalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientalism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41918517]'), work: {"id":41918517,"title":"A Review on Development of Stereotypes in Islamic Art Studies","created_at":"2020-02-09T06:51:38.111-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41918517/A_Review_on_Development_of_Stereotypes_in_Islamic_Art_Studies?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_41918517","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62903718,"asset_id":41918517,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6734462,"first_name":"Masoumeh","last_name":"Karimi","domain_name":"art-ir","page_name":"MasumeKarimi","display_name":"Masoumeh Karimi","profile_url":"https://art-ir.academia.edu/MasumeKarimi?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6734462/20464149/37775352/s65_masoumeh.karimi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6245,"name":"Stereotypes and Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":8916,"name":"Islamic Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Art?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":51334,"name":"Orientalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientalism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":303218,"name":"Cliché","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cliche?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38022948 coauthored" data-work_id="38022948" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38022948/Lay_Theories_of_Gender_Influence_Support_for_Women_and_Transgender_Peoples_Legal_Rights">Lay Theories of Gender Influence Support for Women and Transgender People's Legal Rights</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Essentialism-the belief that differences between groups of people are biologically based and unchangeable-is strongly associated with prejudice toward a variety of social groups. The present work examines how gender essentialism shapes... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38022948" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Essentialism-the belief that differences between groups of people are biologically based and unchangeable-is strongly associated with prejudice toward a variety of social groups. The present work examines how gender essentialism shapes support for the rights of two marginalized gender groups: women and transgender people. Study 1 provides correlational evidence that endorsement of gender essentialism is a robust predictor of people's opposition to both women's and transgender people's rights, over and above other individual difference measures. Studies 2 and 3 provide evidence that exposure to anti-essentialist messages about gender indirectly increases the support for women's and transgender people's rights. Study 4 examines the underlying psychological process, showing that gender essentialism reduction indirectly increases the support for women's and transgender people's rights through prejudice. Implications for research on lay theories and transgender people are discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38022948" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e1da47f1fb59105b7166ab331a27c86e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58044447,"asset_id":38022948,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58044447/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="99475322" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LeighWilton">Leigh Wilton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="99475322" type="text/json">{"id":99475322,"first_name":"Leigh","last_name":"Wilton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LeighWilton","display_name":"Leigh Wilton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LeighWilton?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38022948">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38022948"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ucla.academia.edu/ArianaBell">Ariana N Bell</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/RebekahClapham">Rebekah Clapham</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38022948'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38022948').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38022948 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38022948"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38022948, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38022948", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38022948 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38022948; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38022948"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38022948 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38022948"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38022948; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38022948]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38022948").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38022948").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38022948"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="248" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology">Social Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="248" type="text/json">{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2624" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transgender_Studies">Transgender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2624" type="text/json">{"id":2624,"name":"Transgender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transgender_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7490" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Equality">Gender Equality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7490" type="text/json">{"id":7490,"name":"Gender Equality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Equality?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38022948]'), work: {"id":38022948,"title":"Lay Theories of Gender Influence Support for Women and Transgender People's Legal Rights","created_at":"2018-12-21T14:15:53.294-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38022948/Lay_Theories_of_Gender_Influence_Support_for_Women_and_Transgender_Peoples_Legal_Rights?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_38022948","summary":"Essentialism-the belief that differences between groups of people are biologically based and unchangeable-is strongly associated with prejudice toward a variety of social groups. The present work examines how gender essentialism shapes support for the rights of two marginalized gender groups: women and transgender people. Study 1 provides correlational evidence that endorsement of gender essentialism is a robust predictor of people's opposition to both women's and transgender people's rights, over and above other individual difference measures. Studies 2 and 3 provide evidence that exposure to anti-essentialist messages about gender indirectly increases the support for women's and transgender people's rights. Study 4 examines the underlying psychological process, showing that gender essentialism reduction indirectly increases the support for women's and transgender people's rights through prejudice. Implications for research on lay theories and transgender people are discussed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58044447,"asset_id":38022948,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":99475322,"first_name":"Leigh","last_name":"Wilton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LeighWilton","display_name":"Leigh Wilton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LeighWilton?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":4522010,"first_name":"Ariana","last_name":"Bell","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"ArianaBell","display_name":"Ariana N Bell","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/ArianaBell?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4522010/1866388/2216567/s65_ariana.bell.jpg"},{"id":153363183,"first_name":"Rebekah","last_name":"Clapham","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RebekahClapham","display_name":"Rebekah Clapham","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RebekahClapham?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":2624,"name":"Transgender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transgender_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":7490,"name":"Gender Equality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Equality?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34359556" data-work_id="34359556" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34359556/Joseph_LaPorte_RIGID_DESIGNATION_AND_THEORETICAL_IDENTITIES">Joseph LaPorte: RIGID DESIGNATION AND THEORETICAL IDENTITIES</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34359556" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="740b48792ebb4f6608234a6917d30f39" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54250329,"asset_id":34359556,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button 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Walker","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/EileenWalker?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5436355/3798894/17395529/s65_eileen.walker.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34359556 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34359556"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34359556, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34359556", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34359556 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34359556; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34359556"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34359556 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34359556"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34359556; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34359556]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34359556").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34359556").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34359556"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="821" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science">Philosophy of Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="821" type="text/json">{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1220098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Reference">Theory of Reference</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1220098" type="text/json">{"id":1220098,"name":"Theory of Reference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Reference?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34359556]'), work: {"id":34359556,"title":"Joseph LaPorte: RIGID DESIGNATION AND THEORETICAL 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Reference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Reference?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_63131665" data-work_id="63131665" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63131665/Race_and_Citizen_Identity_in_the_Classical_Athenian_Democracy_Trials_of_Citizen_Identity_Policing_and_Producing_the_Racial_Frontier">Race and Citizen Identity in the Classical Athenian Democracy: Trials of Citizen Identity: Policing and Producing the Racial Frontier</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/63131665" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c15d23b2be373bdaf6abc0c4270c620f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75656835,"asset_id":63131665,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75656835/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="121744044" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LapeS">Susan Lape</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="121744044" type="text/json">{"id":121744044,"first_name":"Susan","last_name":"Lape","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LapeS","display_name":"Susan Lape","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LapeS?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/121744044/33017760/29598587/s65_susan.lape.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_63131665 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="63131665"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ 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workId = 63131665; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63131665]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_63131665").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_63131665").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="63131665"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2061" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genealogy">Genealogy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2061" type="text/json">{"id":2061,"name":"Genealogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genealogy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6664" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adoption">Adoption</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6664" type="text/json">{"id":6664,"name":"Adoption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adoption?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=63131665]'), work: {"id":63131665,"title":"Race and Citizen Identity in the Classical Athenian Democracy: Trials of Citizen Identity: Policing and Producing the Racial Frontier","created_at":"2021-12-03T08:50:37.389-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63131665/Race_and_Citizen_Identity_in_the_Classical_Athenian_Democracy_Trials_of_Citizen_Identity_Policing_and_Producing_the_Racial_Frontier?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_63131665","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75656835,"asset_id":63131665,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":121744044,"first_name":"Susan","last_name":"Lape","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LapeS","display_name":"Susan 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nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_nature?f_ri=9214"},{"id":76278,"name":"Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eugenics?f_ri=9214"},{"id":134887,"name":"Census","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Census?f_ri=9214"},{"id":138820,"name":"Environmental 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}) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52330428 coauthored" data-work_id="52330428" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52330428/Makeup_Who_You_Are_Self_Expression_Enhances_the_Perceived_Authenticity_and_Public_Promotion_of_Beauty_Work">Makeup Who You Are: Self-Expression Enhances the Perceived Authenticity and Public Promotion of Beauty Work</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although consumers put substantial effort toward their appearance, engaging in beauty work is often seen as inauthentic, posing challenges for beauty companies that increasingly rely on social media-driven product promotion where... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_52330428" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although consumers put substantial effort toward their appearance, engaging in beauty work is often seen as inauthentic, posing challenges for beauty companies that increasingly rely on social media-driven product promotion where authenticity perceptions are consequential. This article draws on existentialist notions of authenticity (wherein the true self is created rather than innate) to explore how framing beauty work as self-expression alters others' perceptions and, in turn, marketing outcomes. First, an archival analysis of Instagram posts demonstrates that rebranding beauty work as self-expression is positively associated with word-of-mouth about beauty products. Six studies then test how motivational information alters perceptions of people who engage in beauty work. Lowered authenticity perceptions arise from observers' default assumption that beauty work is motivated by self-enhancement and serves primarily to conceal appearances. By contrast, self-expression enhances authenticity by leading others to see beauty work as a form of creation rather than concealment. This pattern extends to when people engage in a variety of beauty work transformations but not when beauty work is designed to restore appearances or is framed as connected to the innate self. These findings provide insight into judgments of authenticity and the management of a stigma associated with product use.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52330428" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="69e4e72ca1c504654c895a5e1ebe8ded" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69645127,"asset_id":52330428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69645127/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33614229" href="https://illinois.academia.edu/RosannaSmith">Rosanna K Smith</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33614229" type="text/json">{"id":33614229,"first_name":"Rosanna","last_name":"Smith","domain_name":"illinois","page_name":"RosannaSmith","display_name":"Rosanna K Smith","profile_url":"https://illinois.academia.edu/RosannaSmith?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33614229/10938335/18710625/s65_rosanna.smith.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-52330428">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-52330428"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/LanAnhTon">Lan Anh Ton</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-52330428'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-52330428').html(); 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This article draws on existentialist notions of authenticity (wherein the true self is created rather than innate) to explore how framing beauty work as self-expression alters others' perceptions and, in turn, marketing outcomes. First, an archival analysis of Instagram posts demonstrates that rebranding beauty work as self-expression is positively associated with word-of-mouth about beauty products. Six studies then test how motivational information alters perceptions of people who engage in beauty work. Lowered authenticity perceptions arise from observers' default assumption that beauty work is motivated by self-enhancement and serves primarily to conceal appearances. By contrast, self-expression enhances authenticity by leading others to see beauty work as a form of creation rather than concealment. This pattern extends to when people engage in a variety of beauty work transformations but not when beauty work is designed to restore appearances or is framed as connected to the innate self. These findings provide insight into judgments of authenticity and the management of a stigma associated with product use.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69645127,"asset_id":52330428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33614229,"first_name":"Rosanna","last_name":"Smith","domain_name":"illinois","page_name":"RosannaSmith","display_name":"Rosanna K Smith","profile_url":"https://illinois.academia.edu/RosannaSmith?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33614229/10938335/18710625/s65_rosanna.smith.png"},{"id":203732124,"first_name":"Lan Anh","last_name":"Ton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LanAnhTon","display_name":"Lan Anh 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3122857/Western_versus_Islamic_Human_Rights_Conceptions_A_Critique_of_Cultural_Essentialism_in_the_Discussion_on_Human_Rights">Western" versus" Islamic" Human Rights Conceptions?: A Critique of Cultural Essentialism in the Discussion on Human Rights</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3122857" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a 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type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="859" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication">Communication</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="859" type="text/json">{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2516986]'), work: {"id":2516986,"title":"Transnational Mouridism and the Afro‐Muslim Critique of 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dialogue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intercultural_dialogue?f_ri=9214"},{"id":41608,"name":"Citizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship?f_ri=9214"},{"id":44006,"name":"Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity?f_ri=9214"},{"id":369391,"name":"Murids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Murids?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40590034" data-work_id="40590034" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40590034/The_Lies_that_bind_Anthony_Kwame_Appiah">The Lies that bind. Anthony Kwame Appiah.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40590034" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="be83b18654d9a5693e17ecd5d7f5da92" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60869685,"asset_id":40590034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60869685/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29197916" href="https://antwerp.academia.edu/MarthaClaeys">Martha Claeys</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29197916" type="text/json">{"id":29197916,"first_name":"Martha","last_name":"Claeys","domain_name":"antwerp","page_name":"MarthaClaeys","display_name":"Martha Claeys","profile_url":"https://antwerp.academia.edu/MarthaClaeys?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29197916/8335822/13395155/s65_martha.claeys.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40590034 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40590034"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40590034, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40590034", }); 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Anthony Kwame Appiah.","created_at":"2019-10-11T04:27:25.803-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40590034/The_Lies_that_bind_Anthony_Kwame_Appiah?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_40590034","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60869685,"asset_id":40590034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29197916,"first_name":"Martha","last_name":"Claeys","domain_name":"antwerp","page_name":"MarthaClaeys","display_name":"Martha Claeys","profile_url":"https://antwerp.academia.edu/MarthaClaeys?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29197916/8335822/13395155/s65_martha.claeys.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":26879,"name":"Social Class","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Class?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44461881" data-work_id="44461881" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44461881/Human_Being_and_Vulnerability_Beyond_Constructivism_and_Essentialism_in_Judith_Butler_Steven_Pinker_and_Colin_Gunton">Human Being and Vulnerability: Beyond Constructivism and Essentialism in Judith Butler, Steven Pinker, and Colin Gunton</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Joseph Sverker explores the division between social constructivism and a biologist essentialism by means of Christian theology. For this, Sverker uses a fascinating approach: He lets critical theorist Judith Butler, psycholinguist Steven... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44461881" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Joseph Sverker explores the division between social constructivism and a biologist essentialism by means of Christian theology. For this, Sverker uses a fascinating approach: He lets critical theorist Judith Butler, psycholinguist Steven Pinker, and systematic theologian Colin Gunton interact. While theology plays a central part to make the interaction possible, the context is also that of the school and the effect of institutions on the pupil as a human being and learner.<br /><br />In order to understand what underlies the division between nature and nurture, or biology and the social in school, Sverker develops new central concepts such as a kenotic personalism, a weak ontology of relationality, and a relational and performative reading of evolution. He argues that most fundamental for what it is to be human is the person, vulnerability, bodiliness, openness to the other, and dependence. <br /><br />Sverker concludes that the division between constructivism and essentialism discloses a deeper divide, namely that between fundamentally vulnerable persons on the one hand and constructed independent individuals on the other.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44461881" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e78d7a5b4c5f620155fcbc6b23342401" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64887722,"asset_id":44461881,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64887722/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1616426" href="https://ths.academia.edu/JosephSverker">Joseph Sverker</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1616426" type="text/json">{"id":1616426,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Sverker","domain_name":"ths","page_name":"JosephSverker","display_name":"Joseph Sverker","profile_url":"https://ths.academia.edu/JosephSverker?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1616426/563940/702624/s65_joseph.sverker.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44461881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44461881"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44461881, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44461881", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44461881]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44461881").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44461881").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44461881"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="255" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology">Evolutionary Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="255" type="text/json">{"id":255,"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8717" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personhood_as_Relational">Personhood as Relational</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8717" type="text/json">{"id":8717,"name":"Personhood as Relational","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personhood_as_Relational?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8719" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theological_Anthropology">Theological Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8719" type="text/json">{"id":8719,"name":"Theological Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theological_Anthropology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44461881]'), work: {"id":44461881,"title":"Human Being and Vulnerability: Beyond Constructivism and Essentialism in Judith Butler, Steven Pinker, and Colin Gunton","created_at":"2020-11-09T06:04:42.528-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44461881/Human_Being_and_Vulnerability_Beyond_Constructivism_and_Essentialism_in_Judith_Butler_Steven_Pinker_and_Colin_Gunton?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_44461881","summary":"Joseph Sverker explores the division between social constructivism and a biologist essentialism by means of Christian theology. For this, Sverker uses a fascinating approach: He lets critical theorist Judith Butler, psycholinguist Steven Pinker, and systematic theologian Colin Gunton interact. While theology plays a central part to make the interaction possible, the context is also that of the school and the effect of institutions on the pupil as a human being and learner.\n\nIn order to understand what underlies the division between nature and nurture, or biology and the social in school, Sverker develops new central concepts such as a kenotic personalism, a weak ontology of relationality, and a relational and performative reading of evolution. He argues that most fundamental for what it is to be human is the person, vulnerability, bodiliness, openness to the other, and dependence. \n\nSverker concludes that the division between constructivism and essentialism discloses a deeper divide, namely that between fundamentally vulnerable persons on the one hand and constructed independent individuals on the other.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64887722,"asset_id":44461881,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1616426,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Sverker","domain_name":"ths","page_name":"JosephSverker","display_name":"Joseph Sverker","profile_url":"https://ths.academia.edu/JosephSverker?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1616426/563940/702624/s65_joseph.sverker.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":255,"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":8717,"name":"Personhood as Relational","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personhood_as_Relational?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":8719,"name":"Theological Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theological_Anthropology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":10713,"name":"Christology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":12317,"name":"Judith Butler","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judith_Butler?f_ri=9214"},{"id":16823,"name":"Vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vulnerability?f_ri=9214"},{"id":17920,"name":"Social Constructionism/ Constructivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Constructionism_Constructivism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":68293,"name":"Colin Gunton","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colin_Gunton?f_ri=9214"},{"id":182916,"name":"Relational Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relational_Ontology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":274440,"name":"Steven Pinker","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Steven_Pinker?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1558250" data-work_id="1558250" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1558250/Augustine_on_Predestination_and_Divine_Simplicity_The_Problem_of_Compatibility">Augustine on Predestination and Divine Simplicity: The Problem of Compatibility</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The main aim of this article is to pinpoint and solve the problem of compatibility between Augustine's accounts of God-essence as one, and of God as a discriminative agent, or cause.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1558250" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7069169feeab19a4a81c6c56b9f32447" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30536567,"asset_id":1558250,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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Strand","profile_url":"https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/NarveStrand?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1558250 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1558250"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1558250, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1558250", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1558250 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1558250; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1558250"); 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data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="804" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="804" type="text/json">{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1558250]'), work: {"id":1558250,"title":"Augustine on Predestination and Divine Simplicity: The Problem of Compatibility","created_at":"2012-05-14T01:45:24.913-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1558250/Augustine_on_Predestination_and_Divine_Simplicity_The_Problem_of_Compatibility?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_1558250","summary":"The main aim of this article is to pinpoint and solve the problem of compatibility between Augustine's accounts of God-essence as one, and of God as a discriminative agent, or cause.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30536567,"asset_id":1558250,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1741946,"first_name":"Narve","last_name":"Strand","domain_name":"independentresearcher","page_name":"NarveStrand","display_name":"Narve Strand","profile_url":"https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/NarveStrand?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":825,"name":"Medieval Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":10711,"name":"Augustine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Augustine?f_ri=9214"},{"id":14104,"name":"Political Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":16653,"name":"Augustine of Hippo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Augustine_of_Hippo?f_ri=9214"},{"id":17178,"name":"Ancient Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":20267,"name":"Trinitarian Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trinitarian_Theology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":25507,"name":"Analogy (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analogy_Philosophy_?f_ri=9214"},{"id":32106,"name":"Divine Simplicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Divine_Simplicity?f_ri=9214"},{"id":60667,"name":"Christian Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Theology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":68311,"name":"Predestination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predestination?f_ri=9214"},{"id":69868,"name":"Moral Judgment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Judgment?f_ri=9214"},{"id":620285,"name":"History of Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15244770" data-work_id="15244770" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15244770/Making_connections_Global_Production_Networks_and_World_City_Networks">Making connections: Global Production Networks and World City Networks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">approaches to global economic change. While broadly supportive of the endeavour, we make three observations about this ongoing project. First, we question the utility of emphasizing the common roots of these approaches in World Systems... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15244770" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">approaches to global economic change. While broadly supportive of the endeavour, we make three observations about this ongoing project. First, we question the utility of emphasizing the common roots of these approaches in World Systems Theory given that both have subsequently moved into new epistemological terrain and, additionally, that the language of core and periphery seems ever less pertinent to global economic realities. Second, we seek to highlight the potential dangers of essentializing the global system as one that is primarily shaped by certain kinds of connections -namely the intra-firm relationships of advanced producer service firms -between certain kinds of cities -namely the leading tiers of global cities. Third, we point to the need to expand the interpretations of relationality within global networks to include a wider variety of actors, particularly beyond the corporate realm, and to explore the dynamic power relations between those actors. We also discuss the methodological challenges of expanding the purview of research in this way. This commentary has been stimulated by the articles in the special issue of Global Networks on 'World City Networks and Global Commodity Chains'.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15244770" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f23b3ff50527202e71dfc7dd1473f1fc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43405155,"asset_id":15244770,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43405155/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34314664" href="https://manchester.academia.edu/PeterDicken">Peter Dicken</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34314664" type="text/json">{"id":34314664,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Dicken","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"PeterDicken","display_name":"Peter Dicken","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/PeterDicken?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15244770 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15244770"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15244770, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15244770", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15244770 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15244770; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15244770"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15244770 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15244770"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15244770; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15244770]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15244770").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15244770").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15244770"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology">Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2923" type="text/json">{"id":2923,"name":"Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="242131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Networks">Global Networks</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="242131" type="text/json">{"id":242131,"name":"Global Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Networks?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1413503" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Systems_Theory">World Systems Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1413503" type="text/json">{"id":1413503,"name":"World Systems Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Systems_Theory?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15244770]'), work: {"id":15244770,"title":"Making connections: Global Production Networks and World City Networks","created_at":"2015-08-28T02:19:06.276-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15244770/Making_connections_Global_Production_Networks_and_World_City_Networks?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_15244770","summary":"approaches to global economic change. While broadly supportive of the endeavour, we make three observations about this ongoing project. First, we question the utility of emphasizing the common roots of these approaches in World Systems Theory given that both have subsequently moved into new epistemological terrain and, additionally, that the language of core and periphery seems ever less pertinent to global economic realities. Second, we seek to highlight the potential dangers of essentializing the global system as one that is primarily shaped by certain kinds of connections -namely the intra-firm relationships of advanced producer service firms -between certain kinds of cities -namely the leading tiers of global cities. Third, we point to the need to expand the interpretations of relationality within global networks to include a wider variety of actors, particularly beyond the corporate realm, and to explore the dynamic power relations between those actors. We also discuss the methodological challenges of expanding the purview of research in this way. This commentary has been stimulated by the articles in the special issue of Global Networks on 'World City Networks and Global Commodity Chains'.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43405155,"asset_id":15244770,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34314664,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Dicken","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"PeterDicken","display_name":"Peter Dicken","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/PeterDicken?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2923,"name":"Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":242131,"name":"Global Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Networks?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1413503,"name":"World Systems Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Systems_Theory?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1543964" data-work_id="1543964" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1543964/Race_normativity_and_the_history_of_sexuality_Magnus_Hirschfelds_racism_and_early_twentieth_century_sexology">'Race', normativity and the history of sexuality: Magnus Hirschfeld's racism and early-twentieth-century sexology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Hirschfeld, and its racialized reception. Hirschfeld, a Jewish German homosexual physician and activist, was instrumental in establishing sexology in Germany during the first three decades of the twentieth-century, until his lifework was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1543964" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Hirschfeld, and its racialized reception. Hirschfeld, a Jewish German homosexual physician and activist, was instrumental in establishing sexology in Germany during the first three decades of the twentieth-century, until his lifework was destroyed by the Nazi regime. He is best known today for his theorisations of sexuality. However, following the events of 1933 he turned his attention from sexuality to an analysis racism, which became one of the first studies of this kind. The article retraces key moments in the formation and destruction of Hirschfeld's sexology, and his own critique of racism, in a bid to address broader questions the about the politics of biological and cultural normativity. It argues that while for Hirschfeld the 'natural human' was sexualized, he considered his or her racialisation an invention of normative discourses that aimed to naturalise scientific ideas as universal 'truths'.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1543964" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="824e1b1684b09101b9f8bdbd00efb491" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38235148,"asset_id":1543964,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38235148/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1705899" href="https://birkbeck.academia.edu/HeikeBauer">Heike Bauer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1705899" type="text/json">{"id":1705899,"first_name":"Heike","last_name":"Bauer","domain_name":"birkbeck","page_name":"HeikeBauer","display_name":"Heike Bauer","profile_url":"https://birkbeck.academia.edu/HeikeBauer?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1705899/589016/13676920/s65_heike.bauer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1543964 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1543964"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1543964, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1543964", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1543964]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1543964").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1543964").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1543964"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">25</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="384" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Studies">German Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="384" type="text/json">{"id":384,"name":"German Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="699" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies">Queer Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="699" type="text/json">{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1543964]'), work: {"id":1543964,"title":"'Race', normativity and the history of sexuality: Magnus Hirschfeld's racism and early-twentieth-century sexology","created_at":"2012-05-08T20:24:21.226-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1543964/Race_normativity_and_the_history_of_sexuality_Magnus_Hirschfelds_racism_and_early_twentieth_century_sexology?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_1543964","summary":"Hirschfeld, and its racialized reception. Hirschfeld, a Jewish German homosexual physician and activist, was instrumental in establishing sexology in Germany during the first three decades of the twentieth-century, until his lifework was destroyed by the Nazi regime. He is best known today for his theorisations of sexuality. However, following the events of 1933 he turned his attention from sexuality to an analysis racism, which became one of the first studies of this kind. The article retraces key moments in the formation and destruction of Hirschfeld's sexology, and his own critique of racism, in a bid to address broader questions the about the politics of biological and cultural normativity. It argues that while for Hirschfeld the 'natural human' was sexualized, he considered his or her racialisation an invention of normative discourses that aimed to naturalise scientific ideas as universal 'truths'.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38235148,"asset_id":1543964,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1705899,"first_name":"Heike","last_name":"Bauer","domain_name":"birkbeck","page_name":"HeikeBauer","display_name":"Heike Bauer","profile_url":"https://birkbeck.academia.edu/HeikeBauer?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1705899/589016/13676920/s65_heike.bauer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":384,"name":"German Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":3248,"name":"Constructivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constructivism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":3563,"name":"Sexology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":4714,"name":"Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexuality?f_ri=9214"},{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality?f_ri=9214"},{"id":5247,"name":"Critical Race Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory?f_ri=9214"},{"id":6463,"name":"History of Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Sexuality?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":10758,"name":"Modernity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modernity?f_ri=9214"},{"id":11639,"name":"Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":12912,"name":"Normativity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normativity?f_ri=9214"},{"id":14887,"name":"History Of Sexology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Sexology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":14943,"name":"Social Norms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Norms?f_ri=9214"},{"id":16356,"name":"Antisemitism/Racisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism_Racisms?f_ri=9214"},{"id":16787,"name":"Fin de Siecle Literature \u0026 Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fin_de_Siecle_Literature_and_Culture?f_ri=9214"},{"id":21003,"name":"Sexuality And Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexuality_And_Culture?f_ri=9214"},{"id":36439,"name":"Sexuality Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexuality_Studies?f_ri=9214"},{"id":43150,"name":"Anti-Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-Racism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":62216,"name":"Norms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Norms?f_ri=9214"},{"id":484264,"name":"Magnus Hirschfeld","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnus_Hirschfeld?f_ri=9214"},{"id":745311,"name":"History of Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Gender_and_Sexuality?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33207729" data-work_id="33207729" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33207729/Truth_the_Self_and_Political_Critique_Authenticity_and_Radical_Politics_in_1960s_America">Truth, the Self, and Political Critique: Authenticity and Radical Politics in 1960s America</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the United States during the 1960s and 1970s, appeals to authenticity were deployed across the political spectrum. Taken together, these notions offered competing and often contradictory accounts of what authenticity entailed, where it... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33207729" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the United States during the 1960s and 1970s, appeals to authenticity were deployed across the political spectrum. Taken together, these notions offered competing and often contradictory accounts of what authenticity entailed, where it resided, and who could be authentic. Despite how ideologically diverse and protean these claims were, many activists chose to hold onto the term rather than jettison it. They contested popular accounts of who and what was authentic and deployed the term for their own purposes. In doing so, they were able to advance a variety of political causes. By analyzing four texts associated with movement politics of the time, this article shows how authenticity appeals could help marginalized groups to contest oppressive stereotypes, animate resistant practices of truth telling, and provide alternative accounts of justice, freedom, equality, and solidarity. In this article, I first show that the political potential of such appeals can be detached from the purported truth of their ontological claims, and second, that while it is possible to deploy authenticity strategi-cally—that is, without really believing that an inner self exists—such a deployment may eclipse some of the more potent discursive effects offered by such appeals.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33207729" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f350322d7bb226be9ad3b94d4b269c59" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53286935,"asset_id":33207729,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53286935/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1402830" href="https://wesleyan.academia.edu/NinaHagel">Nina Hagel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1402830" type="text/json">{"id":1402830,"first_name":"Nina","last_name":"Hagel","domain_name":"wesleyan","page_name":"NinaHagel","display_name":"Nina Hagel","profile_url":"https://wesleyan.academia.edu/NinaHagel?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1402830/780474/27108445/s65_nina.hagel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33207729 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33207729"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33207729, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33207729", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33207729]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33207729").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33207729").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33207729"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements">Social Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="208" type="text/json">{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5579" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authenticity">Authenticity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5579" type="text/json">{"id":5579,"name":"Authenticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authenticity?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15057" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Power">Black Power</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15057" type="text/json">{"id":15057,"name":"Black Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Power?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33207729]'), work: {"id":33207729,"title":"Truth, the Self, and Political Critique: Authenticity and Radical Politics in 1960s America","created_at":"2017-05-26T06:41:35.413-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33207729/Truth_the_Self_and_Political_Critique_Authenticity_and_Radical_Politics_in_1960s_America?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_33207729","summary":"In the United States during the 1960s and 1970s, appeals to authenticity were deployed across the political spectrum. Taken together, these notions offered competing and often contradictory accounts of what authenticity entailed, where it resided, and who could be authentic. Despite how ideologically diverse and protean these claims were, many activists chose to hold onto the term rather than jettison it. They contested popular accounts of who and what was authentic and deployed the term for their own purposes. In doing so, they were able to advance a variety of political causes. By analyzing four texts associated with movement politics of the time, this article shows how authenticity appeals could help marginalized groups to contest oppressive stereotypes, animate resistant practices of truth telling, and provide alternative accounts of justice, freedom, equality, and solidarity. In this article, I first show that the political potential of such appeals can be detached from the purported truth of their ontological claims, and second, that while it is possible to deploy authenticity strategi-cally—that is, without really believing that an inner self exists—such a deployment may eclipse some of the more potent discursive effects offered by such appeals.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53286935,"asset_id":33207729,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1402830,"first_name":"Nina","last_name":"Hagel","domain_name":"wesleyan","page_name":"NinaHagel","display_name":"Nina Hagel","profile_url":"https://wesleyan.academia.edu/NinaHagel?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1402830/780474/27108445/s65_nina.hagel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":5579,"name":"Authenticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authenticity?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":15057,"name":"Black Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Power?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":19963,"name":"New Left","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Left?f_ri=9214"},{"id":417372,"name":"Authenticity and Self","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authenticity_and_Self?f_ri=9214"},{"id":553704,"name":"Civility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civility?f_ri=9214"},{"id":676402,"name":"Second Wave Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Wave_Feminism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":926581,"name":"Anti Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_Essentialism?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25456289" data-work_id="25456289" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25456289/Jorge_Garcia_and_the_Ordinary_Use_of_Racist_Belief_2017_">Jorge Garcia and the Ordinary Use of "Racist Belief" (2017)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wittgenstein’s “grammatical method” analyzes multiple uses of language across contexts of use, with the aim of identifying differences and dissolving conceptual confusion. This paper uses Wittgenstein’s method to undermine Jorge L. A.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25456289" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wittgenstein’s “grammatical method” analyzes multiple uses of language across contexts of use, with the aim of identifying differences and dissolving conceptual confusion. This paper uses Wittgenstein’s method to undermine Jorge L. A. Garcia’s volitional account of racism. Garcia claims that his theory accommodates the ordinary use of terms like “racist belief.” However, he did not consider whether such terms might have multiple uses/meanings. My paper identifies three uses of “racist belief” that escape Garcia’s analysis. Consequently, philosophers should take Wittgenstein’s advice to heart: do not assume that target-terms have a single use, but “look and see” whether they do. <br /> <br />The article is available here: <a href="https://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/purchase?openform&fp=soctheorpract&id=soctheorpract_2017_0999_2_8_3" rel="nofollow">https://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/purchase?openform&fp=soctheorpract&id=soctheorpract_2017_0999_2_8_3</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25456289" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="07a069977eef12b1243ebe42f0e7989f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62287942,"asset_id":25456289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62287942/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="609068" href="https://jmu.academia.edu/AlbertoUrquidez">Alberto G Urquidez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="609068" type="text/json">{"id":609068,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Urquidez","domain_name":"jmu","page_name":"AlbertoUrquidez","display_name":"Alberto G Urquidez","profile_url":"https://jmu.academia.edu/AlbertoUrquidez?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/609068/212564/107814383/s65_alberto.urquidez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25456289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25456289"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25456289, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25456289", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25456289]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25456289").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25456289").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25456289"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">29</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="807" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language">Philosophy Of Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="807" type="text/json">{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="893" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="893" type="text/json">{"id":893,"name":"Pragmatism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3277" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism">Race and Racism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3277" type="text/json">{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25456289]'), work: {"id":25456289,"title":"Jorge Garcia and the Ordinary Use of \"Racist Belief\" (2017)","created_at":"2016-05-19T06:20:11.880-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25456289/Jorge_Garcia_and_the_Ordinary_Use_of_Racist_Belief_2017_?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_25456289","summary":"Wittgenstein’s “grammatical method” analyzes multiple uses of language across contexts of use, with the aim of identifying differences and dissolving conceptual confusion. This paper uses Wittgenstein’s method to undermine Jorge L. A. Garcia’s volitional account of racism. Garcia claims that his theory accommodates the ordinary use of terms like “racist belief.” However, he did not consider whether such terms might have multiple uses/meanings. My paper identifies three uses of “racist belief” that escape Garcia’s analysis. Consequently, philosophers should take Wittgenstein’s advice to heart: do not assume that target-terms have a single use, but “look and see” whether they do.\r\n\r\nThe article is available here: https://www.pdcnet.org/pdc/bvdb.nsf/purchase?openform\u0026fp=soctheorpract\u0026id=soctheorpract_2017_0999_2_8_3","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62287942,"asset_id":25456289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":609068,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Urquidez","domain_name":"jmu","page_name":"AlbertoUrquidez","display_name":"Alberto G Urquidez","profile_url":"https://jmu.academia.edu/AlbertoUrquidez?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/609068/212564/107814383/s65_alberto.urquidez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":893,"name":"Pragmatism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":5247,"name":"Critical Race Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":11639,"name":"Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":14023,"name":"Wittgenstein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wittgenstein?f_ri=9214"},{"id":15312,"name":"Philosophy Of Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Race?f_ri=9214"},{"id":19118,"name":"Pragmatism (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatism_Philosophy_?f_ri=9214"},{"id":24868,"name":"Social Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Practice?f_ri=9214"},{"id":24900,"name":"Philosophy of Language (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Language_Anthropology_?f_ri=9214"},{"id":25678,"name":"Language Games","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Games?f_ri=9214"},{"id":25976,"name":"Wittgensteinian Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wittgensteinian_Ethics?f_ri=9214"},{"id":28682,"name":"Epistemology, Pragmatism and Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology_Pragmatism_and_Practice?f_ri=9214"},{"id":29238,"name":"Wittgensteinian Therapists","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wittgensteinian_Therapists?f_ri=9214"},{"id":36138,"name":"Ordinary Language Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ordinary_Language_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":37425,"name":"Contemporary Pragmatism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Pragmatism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":48596,"name":"Essentialism, Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":63500,"name":"Non-Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":76577,"name":"Philosophy of Language (esp. Wittgenstein, Rule-following, and the Normativity of Meaning)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Language_esp._Wittgenstein_Rule-following_and_the_Normativity_of_Meaning_?f_ri=9214"},{"id":104331,"name":"Charles Mills","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charles_Mills?f_ri=9214"},{"id":156902,"name":"Prescription","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prescription?f_ri=9214"},{"id":439758,"name":"Charles Wright Mills","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charles_Wright_Mills?f_ri=9214"},{"id":442735,"name":"Description","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Description?f_ri=9214"},{"id":696744,"name":"Revisionism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revisionism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":759848,"name":"Ordinary Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ordinary_Language?f_ri=9214"},{"id":926581,"name":"Anti Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":982612,"name":"Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ludwig_Wittgensteins_Philosophy_of_Language?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1489607" data-work_id="1489607" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1489607/Tabula_Rasa_and_Human_Nature">Tabula Rasa and Human Nature</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It is widely believed that the philosophical concept of ‘tabula rasa’ originates with Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding and refers to a state in which a child is as formless as a blank slate. Given that both these beliefs are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1489607" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It is widely believed that the philosophical concept of ‘tabula rasa’ originates with Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding and refers to a state in which a child is as formless as a blank slate. Given that both these beliefs are entirely false, this article will examine why they have endured from the eighteenth century to the present. Attending to the history of philosophy, psychology, psychiatry and feminist scholarship it will be shown how the image of the tabula rasa has been used to signify an originary state of formlessness, against which discourses on the true nature of the human being can differentiate their position. The tabula rasa has operated less as a substantive position than as a whipping post. However, it will be noted that innovations in psychological theory over the past decade have begun to undermine such narratives by rendering unintelligible the idea of an ‘originary’ state of human nature.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1489607" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="02983a30f37797b0f5dc386901eac5e1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":11650354,"asset_id":1489607,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/11650354/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1058729" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/RobbieDuschinsky">Robbie Duschinsky</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1058729" type="text/json">{"id":1058729,"first_name":"Robbie","last_name":"Duschinsky","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"RobbieDuschinsky","display_name":"Robbie Duschinsky","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/RobbieDuschinsky?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1058729/380939/106338511/s65_robbie.duschinsky.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1489607 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1489607"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1489607, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1489607", }); 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Given that both these beliefs are entirely false, this article will examine why they have endured from the eighteenth century to the present. Attending to the history of philosophy, psychology, psychiatry and feminist scholarship it will be shown how the image of the tabula rasa has been used to signify an originary state of formlessness, against which discourses on the true nature of the human being can differentiate their position. The tabula rasa has operated less as a substantive position than as a whipping post. However, it will be noted that innovations in psychological theory over the past decade have begun to undermine such narratives by rendering unintelligible the idea of an ‘originary’ state of human nature.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":11650354,"asset_id":1489607,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1058729,"first_name":"Robbie","last_name":"Duschinsky","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"RobbieDuschinsky","display_name":"Robbie Duschinsky","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/RobbieDuschinsky?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1058729/380939/106338511/s65_robbie.duschinsky.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":252,"name":"Developmental 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Platonism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cambridge_Platonism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":31852,"name":"Albertus Magnus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Albertus_Magnus?f_ri=9214"},{"id":31939,"name":"Embodiment Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embodiment_Theory?f_ri=9214"},{"id":76258,"name":"Gustave Le Bon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gustave_Le_Bon?f_ri=9214"},{"id":83182,"name":"Andrew Marvell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Andrew_Marvell?f_ri=9214"},{"id":93905,"name":"Purity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Purity?f_ri=9214"},{"id":354236,"name":"Nature vs Nurture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature_vs_Nurture?f_ri=9214"},{"id":390266,"name":"Lady Masham e Locke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lady_Masham_e_Locke?f_ri=9214"},{"id":442737,"name":"Tabula Rasa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tabula_Rasa?f_ri=9214"},{"id":620285,"name":"History of Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":983874,"name":"Modern British Philosophy (Shaftesbury","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_British_Philosophy_Shaftesbury?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30029235" data-work_id="30029235" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30029235/The_Manner_of_Blackness_in_Nella_Larsens_Passing">The Manner of Blackness in Nella Larsen's Passing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Commentators have suggested that Nella Larsen’s Passing rejects the view that there is some sort of black essence. I want to challenge this reading. Since Irene is the most vocal advocate of an essence in respect to which all blacks are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30029235" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Commentators have suggested that Nella Larsen’s Passing rejects the view that there is some sort of black essence. I want to challenge this reading. Since Irene is the most vocal advocate of an essence in respect to which all blacks are homogeneous, much of the evidence for thinking that Passing is skeptical about such an essence amounts to evidence for not trusting Irene’s judgment in general, and for not trusting her judgment on this matter in particular. My arguments, then, will often involve explaining why Passing is not leading the reader to mistrust Irene’s judgment on this matter. Now, what exactly is meant by a black essence is, explicitly in this book, mysterious. Nevertheless, I hope to shed some light on how Passing understands the nature of this something, this je ne sais quoi, peculiar to blacks. My tentative interpretation is that this something is an intangible and indefinite manner of being that is neither a conscious choice nor an inborn fact of biology, but rather a given of culture. I take this, in effect, blackness manner to be, so Passing seems to indicate, a function of one’s belief that one is black in a milieu of pervasive anti-black prejudice. Passing, as I see it, thus has something to offer those of us today who struggle to adjudicate between a pull towards essentialism and a pull towards constructionism. What Passing emphasizes in this discussion is the possibility that, in addition to biological and societal influences, one’s mind state is a crucial ingredient to one’s racial identity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30029235" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1246103f754767d6c5ff92f1b96f97fd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65636246,"asset_id":30029235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65636246/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3747559" href="https://austincc.academia.edu/MichaelIstvanJr">Michael A Istvan Jr.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3747559" type="text/json">{"id":3747559,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Istvan Jr.","domain_name":"austincc","page_name":"MichaelIstvanJr","display_name":"Michael A Istvan Jr.","profile_url":"https://austincc.academia.edu/MichaelIstvanJr?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3747559/1538971/16484246/s65_michael.istvan_jr..jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30029235 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30029235"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30029235, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30029235", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30029235]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30029235").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30029235").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30029235"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">129</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing">Creative Writing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1" type="text/json">{"id":1,"name":"Creative Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature">American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10" type="text/json">{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies">Black Studies Or African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296" type="text/json">{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30029235]'), work: {"id":30029235,"title":"The Manner of Blackness in Nella Larsen's Passing","created_at":"2016-11-22T10:05:56.130-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30029235/The_Manner_of_Blackness_in_Nella_Larsens_Passing?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_30029235","summary":"Commentators have suggested that Nella Larsen’s Passing rejects the view that there is some sort of black essence. I want to challenge this reading. Since Irene is the most vocal advocate of an essence in respect to which all blacks are homogeneous, much of the evidence for thinking that Passing is skeptical about such an essence amounts to evidence for not trusting Irene’s judgment in general, and for not trusting her judgment on this matter in particular. My arguments, then, will often involve explaining why Passing is not leading the reader to mistrust Irene’s judgment on this matter. Now, what exactly is meant by a black essence is, explicitly in this book, mysterious. Nevertheless, I hope to shed some light on how Passing understands the nature of this something, this je ne sais quoi, peculiar to blacks. My tentative interpretation is that this something is an intangible and indefinite manner of being that is neither a conscious choice nor an inborn fact of biology, but rather a given of culture. I take this, in effect, blackness manner to be, so Passing seems to indicate, a function of one’s belief that one is black in a milieu of pervasive anti-black prejudice. Passing, as I see it, thus has something to offer those of us today who struggle to adjudicate between a pull towards essentialism and a pull towards constructionism. What Passing emphasizes in this discussion is the possibility that, in addition to biological and societal influences, one’s mind state is a crucial ingredient to one’s racial identity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65636246,"asset_id":30029235,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3747559,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Istvan Jr.","domain_name":"austincc","page_name":"MichaelIstvanJr","display_name":"Michael A Istvan Jr.","profile_url":"https://austincc.academia.edu/MichaelIstvanJr?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3747559/1538971/16484246/s65_michael.istvan_jr..jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1,"name":"Creative Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creative_Writing?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29987329" data-work_id="29987329" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29987329/The_Important_Book">The Important Book</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Margaret Wise Brown's The Important Book, which is a childrens' picture book, provides an excellent opportunity to discuss metaphysics. The book opens up for our reflection the viability of a certain metaphysical account of the nature of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29987329" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Margaret Wise Brown's The Important Book, which is a childrens' picture book, provides an excellent opportunity to discuss metaphysics. The book opens up for our reflection the viability of a certain metaphysical account of the nature of objects. In making a distinction between the important feature or property of an object and all the others that it simply is or has, The Important Book operates with the assumption that all objects have what metaphysicians call an essential property. As the book has it, while there are many things that are true of any object, only one is essential to it. These other things are accidents or non-essential properties of the object. 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The book opens up for our reflection the viability of a certain metaphysical account of the nature of objects. In making a distinction between the important feature or property of an object and all the others that it simply is or has, The Important Book operates with the assumption that all objects have what metaphysicians call an essential property. As the book has it, while there are many things that are true of any object, only one is essential to it. These other things are accidents or non-essential properties of the object. Essentialism is the metaphysical view that objects have one property — their essential property — that cannot change while the object remains the same thing.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50446596,"asset_id":29987329,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":957783,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Wartenberg","domain_name":"mtholyoke","page_name":"ThomasWartenberg","display_name":"Thomas E Wartenberg","profile_url":"https://mtholyoke.academia.edu/ThomasWartenberg?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15711806" data-work_id="15711806" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15711806/George_Prochnik_The_Impossible_Exile_Stefan_Zweig_at_the_End_of_the_World_New_York_Other_Press_2014_400_pp">George Prochnik, The Impossible Exile: Stefan Zweig at the End of the World. New York: Other Press, 2014. 400 pp.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15711806" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2014d2946ef0b3c4e334d84d14e7cca9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38772586,"asset_id":15711806,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38772586/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10735075" href="https://uni-freiburg.academia.edu/DavidEickhoff">David Eickhoff</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10735075" type="text/json">{"id":10735075,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Eickhoff","domain_name":"uni-freiburg","page_name":"DavidEickhoff","display_name":"David Eickhoff","profile_url":"https://uni-freiburg.academia.edu/DavidEickhoff?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15711806 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15711806"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15711806, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15711806", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15711806]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15711806").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15711806").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15711806"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27442" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hannah_Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27442" type="text/json">{"id":27442,"name":"Hannah Arendt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hannah_Arendt?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34611" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exile_Literature">Exile Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34611" type="text/json">{"id":34611,"name":"Exile Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exile_Literature?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82656" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fame">Fame</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82656" type="text/json">{"id":82656,"name":"Fame","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fame?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15711806]'), work: {"id":15711806,"title":"George Prochnik, The Impossible Exile: Stefan Zweig at the End of the World. New York: Other Press, 2014. 400 pp.","created_at":"2015-09-15T00:07:20.941-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15711806/George_Prochnik_The_Impossible_Exile_Stefan_Zweig_at_the_End_of_the_World_New_York_Other_Press_2014_400_pp?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_15711806","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38772586,"asset_id":15711806,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10735075,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Eickhoff","domain_name":"uni-freiburg","page_name":"DavidEickhoff","display_name":"David Eickhoff","profile_url":"https://uni-freiburg.academia.edu/DavidEickhoff?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":27442,"name":"Hannah Arendt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hannah_Arendt?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":34611,"name":"Exile Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exile_Literature?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":82656,"name":"Fame","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fame?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":605954,"name":"Literature and Culture of the Weimar Republic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_and_Culture_of_the_Weimar_Republic?f_ri=9214"},{"id":696216,"name":"Weimarer Republik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weimarer_Republik?f_ri=9214"},{"id":959187,"name":"Diaspora Jewish Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diaspora_Jewish_Literature?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1992251,"name":"Literatur der Weimarer Republik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literatur_der_Weimarer_Republik?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24872989" data-work_id="24872989" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24872989/ESENCJALISTYCZNA_KONCEPCJA_CZ%C5%81OWIEKA_U_M%C5%81ODEGO_KAROLA_MARKSA_w_%C5%9Bwietle_interpretacji_Leszka_Ko%C5%82akowskiego_">ESENCJALISTYCZNA KONCEPCJA CZŁOWIEKA U MŁODEGO KAROLA MARKSA (w świetle interpretacji Leszka Kołakowskiego)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It is commonly assumed that an important contribution of Karl Marx to social thought was the recognition of social origins of human being. German philosopher argued that humans do not exist outside of society. At the physiological level... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24872989" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It is commonly assumed that an important contribution of Karl Marx to social thought was the recognition of social origins of human being. German philosopher argued that humans do not exist outside of society. At the physiological level people are animals, their human aspect has social origin. However, Marx was not consistent in this statement. Declaring criticism of essentialist views, at the same time, especially in his early works, he referred to the concept of human nature, which suggested that he wasn’t able to abandon that views. In his writings, what is emphasize by Leszek Kołakowski, there is an idea of the ahistorical pattern of human, independent from the cultural, social influences present. That pattern is the basis for the key categories developed by Marks in his early works, such as: alienation, commodity fetishism, false consciousness.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24872989" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="16498c8e37a08d8696ffd2b7bf33b47d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45194873,"asset_id":24872989,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45194873/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4204420" href="https://uw.academia.edu/%C5%81ukaszIwasi%C5%84ski">Łukasz Iwasiński</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4204420" type="text/json">{"id":4204420,"first_name":"Łukasz","last_name":"Iwasiński","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"ŁukaszIwasiński","display_name":"Łukasz Iwasiński","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/%C5%81ukaszIwasi%C5%84ski?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4204420/1652167/4278671/s65__ukasz.iwasi_ski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24872989 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24872989"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24872989, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24872989", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24872989]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24872989").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24872989").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24872989"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1698" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism">Marxism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1698" type="text/json">{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33298" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Karl_Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33298" type="text/json">{"id":33298,"name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Karl_Marx?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41079" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alienation">Alienation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="41079" type="text/json">{"id":41079,"name":"Alienation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alienation?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24872989]'), work: {"id":24872989,"title":"ESENCJALISTYCZNA KONCEPCJA CZŁOWIEKA U MŁODEGO KAROLA MARKSA (w świetle interpretacji Leszka Kołakowskiego)","created_at":"2016-04-29T03:50:46.292-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24872989/ESENCJALISTYCZNA_KONCEPCJA_CZ%C5%81OWIEKA_U_M%C5%81ODEGO_KAROLA_MARKSA_w_%C5%9Bwietle_interpretacji_Leszka_Ko%C5%82akowskiego_?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_24872989","summary":"It is commonly assumed that an important contribution of Karl Marx to social thought was the recognition of social origins of human being. German philosopher argued that humans do not exist outside of society. At the physiological level people are animals, their human aspect has social origin. However, Marx was not consistent in this statement. Declaring criticism of essentialist views, at the same time, especially in his early works, he referred to the concept of human nature, which suggested that he wasn’t able to abandon that views. In his writings, what is emphasize by Leszek Kołakowski, there is an idea of the ahistorical pattern of human, independent from the cultural, social influences present. That pattern is the basis for the key categories developed by Marks in his early works, such as: alienation, commodity fetishism, false consciousness.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45194873,"asset_id":24872989,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4204420,"first_name":"Łukasz","last_name":"Iwasiński","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"ŁukaszIwasiński","display_name":"Łukasz Iwasiński","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/%C5%81ukaszIwasi%C5%84ski?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4204420/1652167/4278671/s65__ukasz.iwasi_ski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":33298,"name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Karl_Marx?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":41079,"name":"Alienation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alienation?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":135163,"name":"Species-Being","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Species-Being?f_ri=9214"},{"id":979550,"name":"Alienacja","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alienacja?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1444982,"name":"Karol Marks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Karol_Marks?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6861422" data-work_id="6861422" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6861422/Things_are_the_same_as_their_essences_Notes_on_Aristotle_s_Metaphysics_Z_6">Things are the same as their “essences”? Notes on Aristotle’s Metaphysics Z-6</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">I discuss Aristotle’s views in Metaphysics VII.6 (Z.6) on the issue whether each thing is the same as its essence. I propose a deflationary interpretation according to which Z-6 develops a “logical approach” (logikos) in which “sameness”... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6861422" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">I discuss Aristotle’s views in Metaphysics VII.6 (Z.6) on the issue whether each thing is the same as its essence. I propose a deflationary interpretation according to which Z-6 develops a “logical approach” (logikos) in which “sameness” amounts only to coextensiveness between definiendum and definiens with no attention to more specific issues about ontological and explanatory features of definitions</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6861422" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a7d79953967e0dae065f0736b7f23381" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55478160,"asset_id":6861422,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55478160/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11473619" href="https://unicamp.academia.edu/LucasAngioni">Lucas Angioni</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11473619" type="text/json">{"id":11473619,"first_name":"Lucas","last_name":"Angioni","domain_name":"unicamp","page_name":"LucasAngioni","display_name":"Lucas Angioni","profile_url":"https://unicamp.academia.edu/LucasAngioni?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11473619/3364566/23260997/s65_lucas.angioni.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6861422 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6861422"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6861422, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6861422", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6861422]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6861422").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6861422").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6861422"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="804" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="804" type="text/json">{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2019" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2019" type="text/json">{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17178" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Philosophy">Ancient Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17178" type="text/json">{"id":17178,"name":"Ancient Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6861422]'), work: {"id":6861422,"title":"Things are the same as their “essences”? Notes on Aristotle’s Metaphysics Z-6","created_at":"2014-04-24T14:01:08.623-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6861422/Things_are_the_same_as_their_essences_Notes_on_Aristotle_s_Metaphysics_Z_6?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_6861422","summary":"I discuss Aristotle’s views in Metaphysics VII.6 (Z.6) on the issue whether each thing is the same as its essence. I propose a deflationary interpretation according to which Z-6 develops a “logical approach” (logikos) in which “sameness” amounts only to coextensiveness between definiendum and definiens with no attention to more specific issues about ontological and explanatory features of definitions","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55478160,"asset_id":6861422,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11473619,"first_name":"Lucas","last_name":"Angioni","domain_name":"unicamp","page_name":"LucasAngioni","display_name":"Lucas Angioni","profile_url":"https://unicamp.academia.edu/LucasAngioni?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11473619/3364566/23260997/s65_lucas.angioni.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":17178,"name":"Ancient Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":25198,"name":"Ancient Greek Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Greek_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_256475" data-work_id="256475" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/256475/Using_Thematic_Analysis_In_Psychology">Using Thematic Analysis In Psychology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_256475" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines to those wanting to start thematic analysis, or conduct it in a more deliberate and rigorous way, and consider potential pitfalls in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, we outline the disadvantages and advantages of thematic analysis. We conclude by advocating thematic analysis as a useful and flexible method for qualitative research in and beyond psychology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/256475" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b65a20a78e6edfdc175ddd15ea3056a6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":3238712,"asset_id":256475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/3238712/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="212547" href="https://westengland.academia.edu/VictoriaClarke">Victoria Clarke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="212547" type="text/json">{"id":212547,"first_name":"Victoria","last_name":"Clarke","domain_name":"westengland","page_name":"VictoriaClarke","display_name":"Victoria Clarke","profile_url":"https://westengland.academia.edu/VictoriaClarke?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/212547/48833/57393/s65_victoria.clarke.212547"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_256475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="256475"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 256475, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_256475", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=256475]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_256475").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_256475").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="256475"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="805" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontology">Ontology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="805" type="text/json">{"id":805,"name":"Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="815" type="text/json">{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=256475]'), work: {"id":256475,"title":"Using Thematic Analysis In Psychology","created_at":"2010-07-04T22:56:25.558-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/256475/Using_Thematic_Analysis_In_Psychology?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_256475","summary":"Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines to those wanting to start thematic analysis, or conduct it in a more deliberate and rigorous way, and consider potential pitfalls in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, we outline the disadvantages and advantages of thematic analysis. We conclude by advocating thematic analysis as a useful and flexible method for qualitative research in and beyond psychology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":3238712,"asset_id":256475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":212547,"first_name":"Victoria","last_name":"Clarke","domain_name":"westengland","page_name":"VictoriaClarke","display_name":"Victoria Clarke","profile_url":"https://westengland.academia.edu/VictoriaClarke?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/212547/48833/57393/s65_victoria.clarke.212547"}],"research_interests":[{"id":805,"name":"Ontology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=9214"},{"id":13801,"name":"Social Constructionism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Constructionism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":36437,"name":"Thematic Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thematic_Analysis?f_ri=9214"},{"id":57394,"name":"Semantic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantic?f_ri=9214"},{"id":123233,"name":"Qualitative data analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_data_analysis?f_ri=9214"},{"id":171375,"name":"Thematic Maps","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thematic_Maps?f_ri=9214"},{"id":357996,"name":"Codes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Codes?f_ri=9214"},{"id":461439,"name":"Themes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Themes?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1367148,"name":"Data Coding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Coding?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1390507,"name":"Latent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latent?f_ri=9214"},{"id":2422307,"name":"Theme Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theme_Development?f_ri=9214"},{"id":3639293,"name":"Familiarisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Familiarisation?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12247219 coauthored" data-work_id="12247219" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12247219/Thomas_Aquinas_Teacher_of_Transhumanity">Thomas Aquinas: Teacher of Transhumanity?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper considers and argues against the transhumanist claim that biotechnological improvements can lead to the creation of a new species of "transhumans" or "post-humans." We argue, utilizing Thomistic metaphysical principles, that it... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12247219" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper considers and argues against the transhumanist claim that biotechnological improvements can lead to the creation of a new species of "transhumans" or "post-humans." We argue, utilizing Thomistic metaphysical principles, that it is a category mistake to think that enhancing current abilities leads to a difference in degree, rather than in kind. Since an enhanced human will only differ from other humans in non-essential ways, concerns that biotechnology will destroy human nature, and thus the ontological grounds for moral law, are unfounded.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12247219" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="071a1436cdd086d11447da29a119d8b3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56525999,"asset_id":12247219,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56525999/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6956344" href="https://loyno.academia.edu/JohnHBoyer">John H Boyer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6956344" type="text/json">{"id":6956344,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Boyer","domain_name":"loyno","page_name":"JohnHBoyer","display_name":"John H Boyer","profile_url":"https://loyno.academia.edu/JohnHBoyer?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6956344/6098236/28670682/s65_john.boyer.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12247219">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12247219"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MeadowsGeoffrey">Geoffrey Meadows</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12247219'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12247219').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12247219 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12247219"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12247219, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12247219", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12247219 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12247219; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12247219"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12247219 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12247219"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12247219; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12247219]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12247219").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12247219").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12247219"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="804" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="804" type="text/json">{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1441" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Anthropology">Philosophical Anthropology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1441" type="text/json">{"id":1441,"name":"Philosophical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Anthropology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12247219]'), work: {"id":12247219,"title":"Thomas Aquinas: Teacher of Transhumanity?","created_at":"2015-05-05T09:21:25.019-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12247219/Thomas_Aquinas_Teacher_of_Transhumanity?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_12247219","summary":"This paper considers and argues against the transhumanist claim that biotechnological improvements can lead to the creation of a new species of \"transhumans\" or \"post-humans.\" We argue, utilizing Thomistic metaphysical principles, that it is a category mistake to think that enhancing current abilities leads to a difference in degree, rather than in kind. Since an enhanced human will only differ from other humans in non-essential ways, concerns that biotechnology will destroy human nature, and thus the ontological grounds for moral law, are unfounded.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56525999,"asset_id":12247219,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6956344,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Boyer","domain_name":"loyno","page_name":"JohnHBoyer","display_name":"John H Boyer","profile_url":"https://loyno.academia.edu/JohnHBoyer?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6956344/6098236/28670682/s65_john.boyer.jpg"},{"id":87108,"first_name":"Geoffrey","last_name":"Meadows","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MeadowsGeoffrey","display_name":"Geoffrey Meadows","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MeadowsGeoffrey?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/87108/24293/37852366/s65_geoffrey.meadows.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1441,"name":"Philosophical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Anthropology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":3115,"name":"Posthumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posthumanism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":10860,"name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thomas_Aquinas?f_ri=9214"},{"id":11861,"name":"Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":15027,"name":"Scholastic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scholastic_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":34273,"name":"Transhumanism/Posthumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism_Posthumanism?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50475695" data-work_id="50475695" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50475695/Coloring_the_Field_Gender_Race_and_the_Politics_of_Fieldwork">Coloring the Field: Gender, “Race,” and the Politics of Fieldwork</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">My experiences combining research and activism within the Japanese-Canadian community reflect a growing concern among feminist and anti-racist scholars with the politics of work among people marginalized by racism and sexism. This concern... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50475695" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">My experiences combining research and activism within the Japanese-Canadian community reflect a growing concern among feminist and anti-racist scholars with the politics of work among people marginalized by racism and sexism. This concern arises within a context where "other voices" are being heard, but the legitimacy of one individual or group to represent another is being challenged. Such challenges require that essentialism and naturalism be addressed politically and theoretically, a difficult irony given the need to utilize essentialist categories to address the oppressive conditions under which they emerged. To do so, a critical theory of political construction is required.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50475695" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="97d97303db5d14f288d569efa3178d03" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68448097,"asset_id":50475695,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68448097/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="135625426" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AudreyKobayashi">Audrey Kobayashi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="135625426" type="text/json">{"id":135625426,"first_name":"Audrey","last_name":"Kobayashi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AudreyKobayashi","display_name":"Audrey Kobayashi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AudreyKobayashi?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50475695 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50475695"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50475695, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50475695", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50475695]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50475695").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50475695").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50475695"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="262" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography">Human Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="262" type="text/json">{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11639" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racism">Racism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11639" type="text/json">{"id":11639,"name":"Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50475695]'), work: {"id":50475695,"title":"Coloring the Field: Gender, “Race,” and the Politics of Fieldwork","created_at":"2021-07-31T19:10:27.777-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50475695/Coloring_the_Field_Gender_Race_and_the_Politics_of_Fieldwork?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_50475695","summary":"My experiences combining research and activism within the Japanese-Canadian community reflect a growing concern among feminist and anti-racist scholars with the politics of work among people marginalized by racism and sexism. This concern arises within a context where \"other voices\" are being heard, but the legitimacy of one individual or group to represent another is being challenged. Such challenges require that essentialism and naturalism be addressed politically and theoretically, a difficult irony given the need to utilize essentialist categories to address the oppressive conditions under which they emerged. To do so, a critical theory of political construction is required.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68448097,"asset_id":50475695,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":135625426,"first_name":"Audrey","last_name":"Kobayashi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AudreyKobayashi","display_name":"Audrey Kobayashi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AudreyKobayashi?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":11639,"name":"Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":18182,"name":"Naturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturalism?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11986201" data-work_id="11986201" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11986201/Fatal_attraction_The_intuitive_appeal_of_GMO_opposition">Fatal attraction: The intuitive appeal of GMO opposition</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Public opposition to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) remains strong. By contrast, studies demon- strate again and again that GM crops make a valuable contribution to the development of a sustainable type of agriculture. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11986201" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Public opposition to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) remains strong. By contrast, studies demon- strate again and again that GM crops make a valuable contribution to the development of a sustainable type of agriculture. The discrepancy between public opinion and the scientific evidence requires an explanation. We argue that intuitive expectations about the world render the human mind vulnerable to particular misrepresentations of GMOs. We explain how the involvement of particular intuitions accounts for the popularity, persistence, and typical features of GM opposition and tackle possible objections to our approach. To conclude, we discuss the implications for science education, science communica- tion, and the environmental movement.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11986201" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="65111ee95a9d1ca476b1747022a0fe32" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47281487,"asset_id":11986201,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47281487/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="123970" href="https://tilburguniversity.academia.edu/StefaanBlancke">Stefaan Blancke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="123970" type="text/json">{"id":123970,"first_name":"Stefaan","last_name":"Blancke","domain_name":"tilburguniversity","page_name":"StefaanBlancke","display_name":"Stefaan Blancke","profile_url":"https://tilburguniversity.academia.edu/StefaanBlancke?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/123970/316874/19929606/s65_stefaan.blancke.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11986201 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11986201"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11986201, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11986201", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11986201]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11986201").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11986201").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11986201"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="236" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology">Cognitive Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="236" type="text/json">{"id":236,"name":"Cognitive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="254" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion">Emotion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="254" type="text/json">{"id":254,"name":"Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11986201]'), work: {"id":11986201,"title":"Fatal attraction: The intuitive appeal of GMO opposition","created_at":"2015-04-17T04:42:42.816-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11986201/Fatal_attraction_The_intuitive_appeal_of_GMO_opposition?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_11986201","summary":"Public opposition to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) remains strong. By contrast, studies demon- strate again and again that GM crops make a valuable contribution to the development of a sustainable type of agriculture. The discrepancy between public opinion and the scientific evidence requires an explanation. We argue that intuitive expectations about the world render the human mind vulnerable to particular misrepresentations of GMOs. We explain how the involvement of particular intuitions accounts for the popularity, persistence, and typical features of GM opposition and tackle possible objections to our approach. To conclude, we discuss the implications for science education, science communica- tion, and the environmental movement.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47281487,"asset_id":11986201,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":123970,"first_name":"Stefaan","last_name":"Blancke","domain_name":"tilburguniversity","page_name":"StefaanBlancke","display_name":"Stefaan Blancke","profile_url":"https://tilburguniversity.academia.edu/StefaanBlancke?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/123970/316874/19929606/s65_stefaan.blancke.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":236,"name":"Cognitive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":254,"name":"Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":255,"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=9214"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":6439,"name":"Public Understanding Of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Understanding_Of_Science?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9200,"name":"Science, Technology and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_Technology_and_Society?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=9214"},{"id":11096,"name":"Cultural Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Evolution?f_ri=9214"},{"id":18225,"name":"Plant biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_biotechnology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability?f_ri=9214"},{"id":20348,"name":"Plant breeding and genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_breeding_and_genetics?f_ri=9214"},{"id":41368,"name":"Genetically Modified Crops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetically_Modified_Crops?f_ri=9214"},{"id":86617,"name":"GMO Biosafety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GMO_Biosafety?f_ri=9214"},{"id":124526,"name":"Genetically modified organisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetically_modified_organisms?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41364576" data-work_id="41364576" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41364576/Perrenialsm_Essentialism_Progressivism_Recontructionism">Perrenialsm, Essentialism, Progressivism, Recontructionism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Within the epistemological frame that focuses on the nature of knowledge and how we come to know, there are four major educational philosophies, each related to one or more of the general or world philosophies just discussed. These... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41364576" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Within the epistemological frame that focuses on the nature of knowledge and how we come to know, there are four major educational philosophies, each related to one or more of the general or world philosophies just discussed. These educational philosophical approaches are currently used in classrooms the world over. They are Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and Reconstructionism. These educational philosophies focus heavily on WHAT we should teach, the curriculum aspect.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41364576" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c342b244562fa848dcbb09122e1ba753" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61562469,"asset_id":41364576,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61562469/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="138154506" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TheresiaWulandari5">Theresia Wulandari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="138154506" type="text/json">{"id":138154506,"first_name":"Theresia","last_name":"Wulandari","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TheresiaWulandari5","display_name":"Theresia Wulandari","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TheresiaWulandari5?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41364576 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41364576"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41364576, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41364576", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41364576 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41364576; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41364576"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41364576 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41364576"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41364576; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41364576]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41364576").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41364576").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41364576"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122777" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Progressivism">Progressivism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122777" type="text/json">{"id":122777,"name":"Progressivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Progressivism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="162125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filsafat">Filsafat</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="162125" type="text/json">{"id":162125,"name":"Filsafat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filsafat?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="785447" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="785447" type="text/json">{"id":785447,"name":"Reconstructionism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reconstructionism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41364576]'), work: {"id":41364576,"title":"Perrenialsm, Essentialism, Progressivism, Recontructionism","created_at":"2019-12-19T10:44:19.385-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41364576/Perrenialsm_Essentialism_Progressivism_Recontructionism?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_41364576","summary":"Within the epistemological frame that focuses on the nature of knowledge and how we come to know, there are four major educational philosophies, each related to one or more of the general or world philosophies just discussed. These educational philosophical approaches are currently used in classrooms the world over. They are Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and Reconstructionism. These educational philosophies focus heavily on WHAT we should teach, the curriculum aspect.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61562469,"asset_id":41364576,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":138154506,"first_name":"Theresia","last_name":"Wulandari","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TheresiaWulandari5","display_name":"Theresia Wulandari","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TheresiaWulandari5?f_ri=9214","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":122777,"name":"Progressivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Progressivism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":162125,"name":"Filsafat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filsafat?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":785447,"name":"Reconstructionism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reconstructionism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":899407,"name":"Perenialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perenialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1939470,"name":"Makalah Filsafat Pendidikan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Makalah_Filsafat_Pendidikan?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13285792" data-work_id="13285792" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13285792/Synchronicity_as_Coincidence_between_Fragments_of_the_Real_and_the_Imaginary">Synchronicity as Coincidence between Fragments of the Real and the Imaginary</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Jung coined the term "synchronicity" to refer to personally-meaningful coincidences which give the impression of revealing an "acausal orderedness." Lacan formalized the distinction between the registers of the Imaginary, Symbolic and the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13285792" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Jung coined the term "synchronicity" to refer to personally-meaningful coincidences which give the impression of revealing an "acausal orderedness." Lacan formalized the distinction between the registers of the Imaginary, Symbolic and the Real—with synchronicity occurring when the Real overlaps with the Imaginary in such a way as to elevate mundane reality to the level of the numinous. This essay explores the notion of coincidence as guiding light, orienting and reorienting us on our journeys away from outmoded beliefs and into new ways of living.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13285792" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9846d47d95d9c67a2f525632be6da58b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38004489,"asset_id":13285792,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38004489/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2496907" href="https://thenewcentre.academia.edu/JonahDempcy">Jonah Dempcy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2496907" type="text/json">{"id":2496907,"first_name":"Jonah","last_name":"Dempcy","domain_name":"thenewcentre","page_name":"JonahDempcy","display_name":"Jonah Dempcy","profile_url":"https://thenewcentre.academia.edu/JonahDempcy?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2496907/1142575/21035758/s65_jonah.dempcy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13285792 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13285792"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13285792, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13285792", }); 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His work offers both an informative source for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9092884" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Sargon Donabed provides a comprehensive overview of the modern Assyrian story, merging emic and etic perspectives of their struggle to attain sovereignty over the past century and beyond. His work offers both an informative source for Assyrian ethnic history and an alternative reading for Mesopotamian regional history as a whole." -- Nabil Al-Tikriti, University of Mary Washington <br /> <br />"In telling the story of modern Assyrian responses to a history of tragedy, Sargon Donabed helps us understand them as actors in their own right. He thereby rewrites Iraqi history from the perspective of the oppressed. No longer may we ignore the plight of this misunderstood minority." -- Paul S. Rowe, Trinity Western University</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9092884" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="13de128689f8b23cb488f2b7933e9ae7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35481257,"asset_id":9092884,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35481257/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="784089" href="https://rwu.academia.edu/SargonDonabed">Sargon Donabed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="784089" type="text/json">{"id":784089,"first_name":"Sargon","last_name":"Donabed","domain_name":"rwu","page_name":"SargonDonabed","display_name":"Sargon Donabed","profile_url":"https://rwu.academia.edu/SargonDonabed?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/784089/1082792/11323320/s65_sargon.donabed.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9092884 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9092884"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9092884, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9092884", }); 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u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34538636/Wisdom_and_Culture">Wisdom and Culture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wisdom is often considered to be the pinnacle of human development. Though it is universally cherished, it is unclear whether the concept of wisdom can be applied similarly across cultures. We review the emerging research on this topic,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34538636" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wisdom is often considered to be the pinnacle of human development. Though it is universally cherished, it is unclear whether the concept of wisdom can be applied similarly across cultures. We review the emerging research on this topic, exploring extant scholarly definitions, portrayals of wisdom in the world’s philosophies, folk beliefs concerning wisdom and its development, and empirical insights evaluating expression of wisdom-related characteristics. There appears to be a large amount of convergence in scholarly and cross-cultural folk concepts, suggesting that wisdom involves certain aspects of pragmatic reasoning, with less clarity concerning emotion regulatory and prosocial aspects of wisdom. Folk beliefs about wisdom vary across cultures in the degree to which they emphasize social components and characterize development of wisdom as an incremental ability (vs. an immutable entity). Cultures also vary in the likelihood of expressing wisdom. We conclude by calling for a culturally-grounded understanding of the distribution and function of wisdom-related psychological phenomena.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34538636" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b2946829832745f71e6ccc37125767f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54404090,"asset_id":34538636,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54404090/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57707" href="https://uwaterloo.academia.edu/IgorGrossmann">Igor Grossmann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57707" type="text/json">{"id":57707,"first_name":"Igor","last_name":"Grossmann","domain_name":"uwaterloo","page_name":"IgorGrossmann","display_name":"Igor Grossmann","profile_url":"https://uwaterloo.academia.edu/IgorGrossmann?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57707/16931/159369361/s65_igor.grossmann.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34538636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34538636"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34538636, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34538636", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34538636]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34538636").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34538636").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34538636"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5067" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology">Cultural Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5067" type="text/json">{"id":5067,"name":"Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5515" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Psychology">Cross-Cultural Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5515" type="text/json">{"id":5515,"name":"Cross-Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7674" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wisdom">Wisdom</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7674" type="text/json">{"id":7674,"name":"Wisdom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wisdom?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34538636]'), work: {"id":34538636,"title":"Wisdom and Culture","created_at":"2017-09-11T07:49:50.110-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34538636/Wisdom_and_Culture?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_34538636","summary":"Wisdom is often considered to be the pinnacle of human development. Though it is universally cherished, it is unclear whether the concept of wisdom can be applied similarly across cultures. We review the emerging research on this topic, exploring extant scholarly definitions, portrayals of wisdom in the world’s philosophies, folk beliefs concerning wisdom and its development, and empirical insights evaluating expression of wisdom-related characteristics. There appears to be a large amount of convergence in scholarly and cross-cultural folk concepts, suggesting that wisdom involves certain aspects of pragmatic reasoning, with less clarity concerning emotion regulatory and prosocial aspects of wisdom. Folk beliefs about wisdom vary across cultures in the degree to which they emphasize social components and characterize development of wisdom as an incremental ability (vs. an immutable entity). Cultures also vary in the likelihood of expressing wisdom. We conclude by calling for a culturally-grounded understanding of the distribution and function of wisdom-related psychological phenomena. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54404090,"asset_id":34538636,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57707,"first_name":"Igor","last_name":"Grossmann","domain_name":"uwaterloo","page_name":"IgorGrossmann","display_name":"Igor Grossmann","profile_url":"https://uwaterloo.academia.edu/IgorGrossmann?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57707/16931/159369361/s65_igor.grossmann.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5067,"name":"Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":5515,"name":"Cross-Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross-Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":7674,"name":"Wisdom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wisdom?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":12478,"name":"Emotion Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotion_Regulation?f_ri=9214"},{"id":14248,"name":"Practical Reasoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Practical_Reasoning?f_ri=9214"},{"id":32199,"name":"Prosocial Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prosocial_Behavior?f_ri=9214"},{"id":54830,"name":"Epistemological beliefs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemological_beliefs?f_ri=9214"},{"id":88597,"name":"Lifespan Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lifespan_Development?f_ri=9214"},{"id":180300,"name":"Beliefs and attitudes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beliefs_and_attitudes?f_ri=9214"},{"id":868359,"name":"Social Maturity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Maturity?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8005189" data-work_id="8005189" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8005189/Bilingualism_Changes_Childrens_Beliefs_about_what_is_Innate">Bilingualism Changes Children's Beliefs about what is Innate</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Young children engage in essentialist reasoning about natural kinds, believing that many traits are innately determined. This study investigated whether personal experience with second language acquisition could alter children’s... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8005189" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Young children engage in essentialist reasoning about natural kinds, believing that many traits are innately determined. This study investigated whether personal experience with second language acquisition could alter children’s essentialist biases. In a switched-at-birth paradigm, five- and six-year-old monolingual and simultaneous bilingual children expected that a baby’s native language, an animal’s vocalizations, and an animal’s physical traits would match those of a birth rather than an adoptive parent. We predicted that sequential bilingual children, who had been exposed to a new language after age three, would show greater understanding that languages are learned. Surprisingly, sequential bilinguals showed reduced essentialist beliefs about all traits: they were significantly more likely than other children to believe that human language, animal vocalizations, and animal physical traits would be learned through experience rather than innately endowed. These findings suggest that bilingualism in the preschool years can profoundly change children’s essentialist biases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8005189" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32a442181eb946566c754bd1c1128453" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34468516,"asset_id":8005189,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34468516/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="193534" href="https://concordia.academia.edu/KristaBH">Krista Byers-Heinlein</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="193534" type="text/json">{"id":193534,"first_name":"Krista","last_name":"Byers-Heinlein","domain_name":"concordia","page_name":"KristaBH","display_name":"Krista Byers-Heinlein","profile_url":"https://concordia.academia.edu/KristaBH?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/193534/90585/33082465/s65_krista.byers-heinlein.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8005189 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8005189"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8005189, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8005189", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8005189]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8005189").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8005189").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8005189"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="236" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology">Cognitive Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="236" type="text/json">{"id":236,"name":"Cognitive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="252" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology">Developmental Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="252" type="text/json">{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition">Second Language Acquisition</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1008" type="text/json">{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8005189]'), work: {"id":8005189,"title":"Bilingualism Changes Children's Beliefs about what is Innate","created_at":"2014-08-17T20:28:46.868-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8005189/Bilingualism_Changes_Childrens_Beliefs_about_what_is_Innate?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_8005189","summary":"Young children engage in essentialist reasoning about natural kinds, believing that many traits are innately determined. This study investigated whether personal experience with second language acquisition could alter children’s essentialist biases. In a switched-at-birth paradigm, five- and six-year-old monolingual and simultaneous bilingual children expected that a baby’s native language, an animal’s vocalizations, and an animal’s physical traits would match those of a birth rather than an adoptive parent. We predicted that sequential bilingual children, who had been exposed to a new language after age three, would show greater understanding that languages are learned. Surprisingly, sequential bilinguals showed reduced essentialist beliefs about all traits: they were significantly more likely than other children to believe that human language, animal vocalizations, and animal physical traits would be learned through experience rather than innately endowed. These findings suggest that bilingualism in the preschool years can profoundly change children’s essentialist biases.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34468516,"asset_id":8005189,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":193534,"first_name":"Krista","last_name":"Byers-Heinlein","domain_name":"concordia","page_name":"KristaBH","display_name":"Krista Byers-Heinlein","profile_url":"https://concordia.academia.edu/KristaBH?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/193534/90585/33082465/s65_krista.byers-heinlein.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":236,"name":"Cognitive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":2313,"name":"Multi- \u0026 Bilingualism \u0026 Biliteracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multi-_and_Bilingualism_and_Biliteracy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":6088,"name":"Inductive Reasoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inductive_Reasoning?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":46948,"name":"Bilingualism and Multilingualism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bilingualism_and_Multilingualism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":47268,"name":"Bilingualism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bilingualism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":54533,"name":"Children","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Children?f_ri=9214"},{"id":86502,"name":"Folk Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folk_Biology?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71641472" data-work_id="71641472" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71641472/Rethinking_the_Rise_of_China_A_Postcolonial_Critique_of_China_and_a_Chinese_Critique_of_the_Postcolonial">Rethinking the Rise of China: A Postcolonial Critique of China and a Chinese Critique of the Postcolonial</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article is intended to rethink a symbiotic but otherwise inadequately attended relationship between postcolonial studies and Chinese academia at a time when the rise of China evokes epistemic, ontological and empirical challenges for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71641472" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article is intended to rethink a symbiotic but otherwise inadequately attended relationship between postcolonial studies and Chinese academia at a time when the rise of China evokes epistemic, ontological and empirical challenges for critical reflection. Above all, I argue that China is situated in her postcolonial conditions in such a way that these conditions largely define China's multi‐faceted positioning as colonial agent, (semi‐)colonial victim, recipient of colonialist ideology, overthrower of that ideology and its accompanying world‐system, and contender for the “top place” within such a world‐system. Postcolonial theory hence becomes relevant and productive in terms of its potential to problematize various puzzles, contradictions and tensions during China's rise like widespread disregard of basic civic values, political partisanship in scholarship, aggravation of the East‐West divide and rising Chinese exceptionalism. Additionally, however, this article also pinpoints the need to transform and reshape the oftentimes Eurocentric inclination in postcolonial studies through an incorporation of the revolutionary and post‐revolutionary experiences in China and elsewhere. Doing so therefore calls for a post‐revolutionary paradigm as proposed by Wang Hui, among others. I thus advocate cross‐fertilization, rather than mutual exclusion, not only be-tween the postcolonial and post‐revolutionary paradigms but also between postcolonial studies and Chinese scholarship/academia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71641472" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6d88dfd4d55cb0024ee1b9f48d40e838" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81010629,"asset_id":71641472,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81010629/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7410743" href="https://nus.academia.edu/JinbaTenzin">Jinba Tenzin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7410743" type="text/json">{"id":7410743,"first_name":"Jinba","last_name":"Tenzin","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"JinbaTenzin","display_name":"Jinba Tenzin","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/JinbaTenzin?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7410743/2718926/3572353/s65_jinba.tenzin.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71641472 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71641472"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71641472, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71641472", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71641472]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71641472").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71641472").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71641472"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2860" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies">Postcolonial Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2860" type="text/json">{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71641472]'), work: {"id":71641472,"title":"Rethinking the Rise of China: A Postcolonial Critique of China and a Chinese Critique of the Postcolonial","created_at":"2022-02-15T16:13:13.874-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71641472/Rethinking_the_Rise_of_China_A_Postcolonial_Critique_of_China_and_a_Chinese_Critique_of_the_Postcolonial?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_71641472","summary":"This article is intended to rethink a symbiotic but otherwise inadequately attended relationship between postcolonial studies and Chinese academia at a time when the rise of China evokes epistemic, ontological and empirical challenges for critical reflection. Above all, I argue that China is situated in her postcolonial conditions in such a way that these conditions largely define China's multi‐faceted positioning as colonial agent, (semi‐)colonial victim, recipient of colonialist ideology, overthrower of that ideology and its accompanying world‐system, and contender for the “top place” within such a world‐system. Postcolonial theory hence becomes relevant and productive in terms of its potential to problematize various puzzles, contradictions and tensions during China's rise like widespread disregard of basic civic values, political partisanship in scholarship, aggravation of the East‐West divide and rising Chinese exceptionalism. Additionally, however, this article also pinpoints the need to transform and reshape the oftentimes Eurocentric inclination in postcolonial studies through an incorporation of the revolutionary and post‐revolutionary experiences in China and elsewhere. Doing so therefore calls for a post‐revolutionary paradigm as proposed by Wang Hui, among others. I thus advocate cross‐fertilization, rather than mutual exclusion, not only be-tween the postcolonial and post‐revolutionary paradigms but also between postcolonial studies and Chinese scholarship/academia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81010629,"asset_id":71641472,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7410743,"first_name":"Jinba","last_name":"Tenzin","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"JinbaTenzin","display_name":"Jinba Tenzin","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/JinbaTenzin?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7410743/2718926/3572353/s65_jinba.tenzin.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":2989,"name":"World Systems Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Systems_Analysis?f_ri=9214"},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=9214"},{"id":5903,"name":"Postsocialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postsocialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":7443,"name":"Communism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":38429,"name":"Global South","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_South?f_ri=9214"},{"id":40221,"name":"Revolutionary Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revolutionary_Theory?f_ri=9214"},{"id":47736,"name":"Decolonial Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decolonial_Thought?f_ri=9214"},{"id":50541,"name":"Knowledge Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Production?f_ri=9214"},{"id":51334,"name":"Orientalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientalism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":60644,"name":"Maoism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maoism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":75327,"name":"Global Capitalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Capitalism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":205373,"name":"The Rise of China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Rise_of_China?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1019273,"name":"Colonialism and Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism_and_Imperialism?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37912503" data-work_id="37912503" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37912503/Totalit%C3%A4t_und_Entfremdung_Was_Marx_der_j%C3%BCngsten_kritischen_Wissenschaft_voraus_hat_2018_">Totalität und Entfremdung. Was Marx der jüngsten „kritischen“ Wissenschaft voraus hat (2018)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Im vorliegenden Artikel wird dem Vorwurf des Essentialismus der Marxschen Entfremdungstheorie nachgegangen und dafür die paradigmatischen Marx-Kritiken von Heinrich, Jaeggi und Rosa nachgezeichnet (1). Ausgehend davon wird gezeigt, dass... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37912503" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Im vorliegenden Artikel wird dem Vorwurf des Essentialismus der Marxschen Entfremdungstheorie nachgegangen und dafür die paradigmatischen Marx-Kritiken von Heinrich, Jaeggi und Rosa nachgezeichnet (1). Ausgehend davon wird gezeigt, dass Marx’ Entfremdungstheorie entgegen den gängigen Deutungen ohne essentialistische Prämissen vom Wesen oder der Natur des Menschen auskommt (2). Der Marx der Ökonomisch-philosophischen Manuskripte wird gegen den Vorwurf des Essentialismus verteidigt und damit der Versuch unternommen, seine frühe Entfremdungstheorie zu retten, indem sie nicht‑essentialistisch rekonstruiert wird. Anschließend wird diskutiert, wie sinnvollerweise an den Entfremdungsbegriff vor dem Hintergrund von Marx’ Erkenntnissen aus dem Kapital angeknüpft werden kann und in diesem Zusammenhang auf Schwächen der Theorien von Jaeggi und Rosa eingegangen (3 und 4). Zum Schluss wird kurz angedeutet, warum die Entfremdungstheorie weiterhin von Bedeutung sein kann (5).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37912503" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e784c8bb3ddfd9a08e80d308326cf34" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58071799,"asset_id":37912503,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58071799/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34188369" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlexanderLingk">Alexander Lingk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34188369" type="text/json">{"id":34188369,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Lingk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlexanderLingk","display_name":"Alexander Lingk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlexanderLingk?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34188369/15752238/21478344/s65_alexander.lingk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37912503 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37912503"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37912503, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37912503", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37912503]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37912503").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37912503").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37912503"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1698" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism">Marxism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1698" type="text/json">{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8235" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Economics">Philosophy Of Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8235" type="text/json">{"id":8235,"name":"Philosophy Of Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Economics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8428" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Louis_Althusser">Louis Althusser</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8428" type="text/json">{"id":8428,"name":"Louis Althusser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Louis_Althusser?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37912503]'), work: {"id":37912503,"title":"Totalität und Entfremdung. Was Marx der jüngsten „kritischen“ Wissenschaft voraus hat (2018)","created_at":"2018-12-04T10:22:36.585-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37912503/Totalit%C3%A4t_und_Entfremdung_Was_Marx_der_j%C3%BCngsten_kritischen_Wissenschaft_voraus_hat_2018_?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_37912503","summary":"Im vorliegenden Artikel wird dem Vorwurf des Essentialismus der Marxschen Entfremdungstheorie nachgegangen und dafür die paradigmatischen Marx-Kritiken von Heinrich, Jaeggi und Rosa nachgezeichnet (1). Ausgehend davon wird gezeigt, dass Marx’ Entfremdungstheorie entgegen den gängigen Deutungen ohne essentialistische Prämissen vom Wesen oder der Natur des Menschen auskommt (2). Der Marx der Ökonomisch-philosophischen Manuskripte wird gegen den Vorwurf des Essentialismus verteidigt und damit der Versuch unternommen, seine frühe Entfremdungstheorie zu retten, indem sie nicht‑essentialistisch rekonstruiert wird. Anschließend wird diskutiert, wie sinnvollerweise an den Entfremdungsbegriff vor dem Hintergrund von Marx’ Erkenntnissen aus dem Kapital angeknüpft werden kann und in diesem Zusammenhang auf Schwächen der Theorien von Jaeggi und Rosa eingegangen (3 und 4). Zum Schluss wird kurz angedeutet, warum die Entfremdungstheorie weiterhin von Bedeutung sein kann (5).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58071799,"asset_id":37912503,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34188369,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Lingk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlexanderLingk","display_name":"Alexander Lingk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlexanderLingk?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34188369/15752238/21478344/s65_alexander.lingk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":8235,"name":"Philosophy Of Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Economics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":8428,"name":"Louis Althusser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Louis_Althusser?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9705,"name":"Capitalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capitalism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":10428,"name":"Value Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Theory?f_ri=9214"},{"id":10806,"name":"Marxist theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxist_theory?f_ri=9214"},{"id":11400,"name":"Philosophy of Social Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Social_Science?f_ri=9214"},{"id":15264,"name":"Work and Labour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Work_and_Labour?f_ri=9214"},{"id":17440,"name":"Humanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":19573,"name":"Philosophies of Human Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophies_of_Human_Nature?f_ri=9214"},{"id":22547,"name":"Social and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":28013,"name":"Capital Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capital_Structure?f_ri=9214"},{"id":28427,"name":"Marxist political economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxist_political_economy?f_ri=9214"},{"id":41079,"name":"Alienation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alienation?f_ri=9214"},{"id":69180,"name":"Social reproduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_reproduction?f_ri=9214"},{"id":268096,"name":"Totality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Totality?f_ri=9214"},{"id":758920,"name":"Michael Heinrich","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michael_Heinrich?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1114980,"name":"Hartmut Rosa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hartmut_Rosa?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11384105" data-work_id="11384105" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11384105/Make_Me_Gay_What_Neuro_interventions_Tell_Us_About_Sexual_Orientation_and_Why_it_Matters_for_Gay_Rights">Make Me Gay: What Neuro-interventions Tell Us About Sexual Orientation and Why it Matters for Gay Rights</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Forthcoming Chapter in "Neurointerventions and the Law" with Oxford University Press ed. Nicole Vincent. Feedback Appreciated Abstract: Current legal arguments for gay rights use gay primarily to refer to individuals that have same-sex... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11384105" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Forthcoming Chapter in "Neurointerventions and the Law" with Oxford University Press ed. Nicole Vincent.<br />Feedback Appreciated<br /><br />Abstract: Current legal arguments for gay rights use gay primarily to refer to individuals that have same-sex erotic desires. However, as this chapter argues using a thought experiment based on a neurointervention that would alter the orientation of one’s erotic desires, the term gay should be understood in a broader sense to include a more diverse group of individuals, including some individuals that do not have same-sex erotic desires. For this reason, the current restrictive use of the term gay presumed in legal discourse doesn’t capture the entire gay community that we should want to extend rights to. To rectify this problem with the way that arguments for gay rights are being framed, this chapter suggests that we expand the use of the term gay in legal discourse to encompass a more heterogeneous population than the one picked out by same-sex-attracted individuals, and it explains some of the advantages of doing so.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11384105" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="57e5b7c765b3cdcfff69212f895dba0b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61854888,"asset_id":11384105,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61854888/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27667420" href="https://umich.academia.edu/AndrewVierra">Andrew Vierra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27667420" type="text/json">{"id":27667420,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Vierra","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"AndrewVierra","display_name":"Andrew Vierra","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/AndrewVierra?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27667420/7870537/22168780/s65_andrew.vierra.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11384105 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11384105"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11384105, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11384105", }); 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Nicole Vincent.\nFeedback Appreciated\n\nAbstract: Current legal arguments for gay rights use gay primarily to refer to individuals that have same-sex erotic desires. However, as this chapter argues using a thought experiment based on a neurointervention that would alter the orientation of one’s erotic desires, the term gay should be understood in a broader sense to include a more diverse group of individuals, including some individuals that do not have same-sex erotic desires. For this reason, the current restrictive use of the term gay presumed in legal discourse doesn’t capture the entire gay community that we should want to extend rights to. To rectify this problem with the way that arguments for gay rights are being framed, this chapter suggests that we expand the use of the term gay in legal discourse to encompass a more heterogeneous population than the one picked out by same-sex-attracted individuals, and it explains some of the advantages of doing so.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61854888,"asset_id":11384105,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27667420,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Vierra","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"AndrewVierra","display_name":"Andrew Vierra","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/AndrewVierra?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27667420/7870537/22168780/s65_andrew.vierra.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":248,"name":"Social 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Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Sexuality?f_ri=9214"},{"id":146074,"name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxford_University_Press?f_ri=9214"},{"id":203862,"name":"University of Warwick","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University_of_Warwick?f_ri=9214"},{"id":480285,"name":"Georgia State University","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgia_State_University?f_ri=9214"},{"id":575775,"name":"Cultural appropriation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_appropriation?f_ri=9214"},{"id":980525,"name":"Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lesbian_Gay_Bisexual_Transgender_Studies?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1744977,"name":"Neurointervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurointervention?f_ri=9214"},{"id":2621142,"name":"Lesbian and Gay History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lesbian_and_Gay_History?f_ri=9214"},{"id":2621143,"name":"Citrizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citrizenship?f_ri=9214"},{"id":2621144,"name":"Sexualtiy Gender and National Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexualtiy_Gender_and_National_Identity?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47733981" data-work_id="47733981" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47733981/A_Clarificatory_Note_about_Popper_on_Essentialism">A Clarificatory Note about Popper on Essentialism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In many of his publications, Karl Popper was highly critical of essentialism. In recent decades there has been a revival of essentialism in philosophy. However, modern essentialism, unlike its traditional version, is not undermined by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47733981" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In many of his publications, Karl Popper was highly critical of essentialism. In recent decades there has been a revival of essentialism in philosophy. However, modern essentialism, unlike its traditional version, is not undermined by Popper's arguments against essentialism. To some extent Popper recognised that, in that he proposed an essentialist theory himself. But his criticism of some aspects of modern essentialism was the product of confusion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47733981" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="811aa0aef08db91aca32579fe0ac9efb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66679405,"asset_id":47733981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66679405/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="88927" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DannyFrederick">Danny Frederick</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="88927" type="text/json">{"id":88927,"first_name":"Danny","last_name":"Frederick","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DannyFrederick","display_name":"Danny Frederick","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DannyFrederick?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/88927/24754/3689653/s65_danny.frederick.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47733981 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47733981"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47733981, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47733981", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47733981]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47733981").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47733981").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47733981"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology">Epistemology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="815" type="text/json">{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="821" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science">Philosophy of Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="821" type="text/json">{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2019" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2019" type="text/json">{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47733981]'), work: {"id":47733981,"title":"A Clarificatory Note about Popper on Essentialism","created_at":"2021-04-25T14:06:30.688-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47733981/A_Clarificatory_Note_about_Popper_on_Essentialism?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_47733981","summary":"In many of his publications, Karl Popper was highly critical of essentialism. In recent decades there has been a revival of essentialism in philosophy. However, modern essentialism, unlike its traditional version, is not undermined by Popper's arguments against essentialism. To some extent Popper recognised that, in that he proposed an essentialist theory himself. But his criticism of some aspects of modern essentialism was the product of confusion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66679405,"asset_id":47733981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":88927,"first_name":"Danny","last_name":"Frederick","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DannyFrederick","display_name":"Danny Frederick","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DannyFrederick?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/88927/24754/3689653/s65_danny.frederick.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":20177,"name":"Karl Popper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Karl_Popper?f_ri=9214"},{"id":101756,"name":"Necessity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Necessity?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30350462" data-work_id="30350462" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30350462/Theory_and_Practice_in_Essene_Law">Theory and Practice in Essene Law</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book offers a novel approach for the study of law in the Judean Desert Scrolls, using the prism of legal theory. Following a couple of decades of scholarly consensus withdrawing from the "Essene hypothesis," it proposes to revive the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30350462" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book offers a novel approach for the study of law in the Judean Desert Scrolls, using the prism of legal theory. Following a couple of decades of scholarly consensus withdrawing from the "Essene hypothesis," it proposes to revive the term, and suggests employing it for the sectarian movement as a whole, while considering the group that lived in Qumran as the Yahad. It further proposes a new suggestion for the emergence of the Yahad, based on the roles of the Examiner and the Instructor in the two major legal codes, the Damascus Document and the Community Rule.<br /><br />The understanding of Essene law is divided into concepts and practices, in order to emphasize the discrepancy between creed, rhetoric, and practices. The abstract exploration of notions such as time, space, obligation, intention, and retribution, is then compared against the realities of social practices, including admission, initiation, covenant, leadership, reproof, and punishment.<br /><br />The legal analysis yields several new suggestions for the study of the scrolls: first, Amihay proposes to rename the two strands of thought of Jewish law, formerly referred to as "nominalism" and "realism," with the terms "legal essentialism" and "legal formalism." The two laws of admission in the Community Rule are distinguished as two different laws, one of an association for a group as a whole, the other as an admission of an individual. The law of reproof is proven to be an independent legal procedure, rather than a preliminary stage of prosecution. The methodological division in this study of thought and practice provides a nuanced approach for the study of law in general, and religious law in particular.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30350462" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a29a11164473f65e9e8eda8f1abe7f5e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50802756,"asset_id":30350462,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50802756/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5669" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AryehAmihay">Aryeh Amihay</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5669" type="text/json">{"id":5669,"first_name":"Aryeh","last_name":"Amihay","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AryehAmihay","display_name":"Aryeh Amihay","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AryehAmihay?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5669/2192/105467806/s65_aryeh.amihay.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30350462 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30350462"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30350462, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30350462", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30350462 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30350462; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30350462"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30350462 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30350462"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30350462; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30350462]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30350462").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30350462").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30350462"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">31</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="541" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Law">Jewish Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="541" type="text/json">{"id":541,"name":"Jewish Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Law?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="983" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies">Jewish Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="983" type="text/json">{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30350462]'), work: {"id":30350462,"title":"Theory and Practice in Essene Law","created_at":"2016-12-09T07:16:30.540-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30350462/Theory_and_Practice_in_Essene_Law?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_30350462","summary":"This book offers a novel approach for the study of law in the Judean Desert Scrolls, using the prism of legal theory. Following a couple of decades of scholarly consensus withdrawing from the \"Essene hypothesis,\" it proposes to revive the term, and suggests employing it for the sectarian movement as a whole, while considering the group that lived in Qumran as the Yahad. It further proposes a new suggestion for the emergence of the Yahad, based on the roles of the Examiner and the Instructor in the two major legal codes, the Damascus Document and the Community Rule.\n\nThe understanding of Essene law is divided into concepts and practices, in order to emphasize the discrepancy between creed, rhetoric, and practices. The abstract exploration of notions such as time, space, obligation, intention, and retribution, is then compared against the realities of social practices, including admission, initiation, covenant, leadership, reproof, and punishment.\n\nThe legal analysis yields several new suggestions for the study of the scrolls: first, Amihay proposes to rename the two strands of thought of Jewish law, formerly referred to as \"nominalism\" and \"realism,\" with the terms \"legal essentialism\" and \"legal formalism.\" The two laws of admission in the Community Rule are distinguished as two different laws, one of an association for a group as a whole, the other as an admission of an individual. The law of reproof is proven to be an independent legal procedure, rather than a preliminary stage of prosecution. The methodological division in this study of thought and practice provides a nuanced approach for the study of law in general, and religious law in particular.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50802756,"asset_id":30350462,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5669,"first_name":"Aryeh","last_name":"Amihay","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AryehAmihay","display_name":"Aryeh Amihay","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AryehAmihay?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5669/2192/105467806/s65_aryeh.amihay.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":541,"name":"Jewish Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Law?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":2193,"name":"Spatial Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Practices?f_ri=9214"},{"id":3767,"name":"Law and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Society?f_ri=9214"},{"id":3772,"name":"Legal History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_History?f_ri=9214"},{"id":4460,"name":"Dead Sea Scrolls (Religion)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dead_Sea_Scrolls_Religion_?f_ri=9214"},{"id":5248,"name":"Legal Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Theory?f_ri=9214"},{"id":6627,"name":"Jewish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_History?f_ri=9214"},{"id":6728,"name":"Philosophy Of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Law?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9755,"name":"Second Temple Judaism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Temple_Judaism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":12609,"name":"Legal Realism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Realism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":17656,"name":"Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community?f_ri=9214"},{"id":28616,"name":"Intention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intention?f_ri=9214"},{"id":28787,"name":"Nominalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nominalism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":33008,"name":"Sectarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sectarianism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":42815,"name":"Retributivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retributivism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=9214"},{"id":55757,"name":"Essenes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essenes?f_ri=9214"},{"id":60459,"name":"Second Temple Period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Temple_Period?f_ri=9214"},{"id":74486,"name":"Qumran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qumran?f_ri=9214"},{"id":75811,"name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dead_Sea_Scrolls?f_ri=9214"},{"id":82195,"name":"Initiation Rituals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Initiation_Rituals?f_ri=9214"},{"id":109960,"name":"Admission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Admission?f_ri=9214"},{"id":128493,"name":"Punishment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punishment?f_ri=9214"},{"id":136158,"name":"Obedience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obedience?f_ri=9214"},{"id":137787,"name":"Communalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communalism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":197284,"name":"Communes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communes?f_ri=9214"},{"id":810660,"name":"Obligations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obligations?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8194049" data-work_id="8194049" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8194049/Closed_and_Open_Concepts_of_Religion_The_Problem_of_Essentialism_in_Teaching_about_Religion">Closed and Open Concepts of Religion: The Problem of Essentialism in Teaching about Religion</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Essentialist concepts of religion are common in the teaching of religion in schools and to a certain extent also in the academic discipline of religious studies. In this article, a number of problems with essentialist perceptions of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8194049" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Essentialist concepts of religion are common in the teaching of religion in schools and to a certain extent also in the academic discipline of religious studies. In this article, a number of problems with essentialist perceptions of religion are discussed. In the first part of the article a thesis is maintained, according to which essentialist conceptions of religion or specific religions are too limited to be of value in the teaching of religion. This is done through examples of essentialist expressions on religion. The examples are grouped according to a typology of different kinds of essentialism. Two main categories, each with two sub-categories are identified. Thus, the category of essentialism regarding the substance of religion is divided into transcendental or theological essentialism (which presupposes the existence of a sacred power of some kind, the experience of which is the basis for religion), and core essentialism (where it is presupposed that certain ideas or concepts constitute religion as a general category or specific religions). Likewise, the category of essentialism regarding the function of religion has two sub-categories: positive and negative essentialism. These kinds of essentialism presuppose that religion or specific religions are inherently good or harmful respectively to human beings. Examples from each of these categories are given and discussed. In the second part of the article, Benson Saler’s open concept of religion is presented as an alternative to essentialist or bounded perceptions. It is based on Ludwig Wittgenstein’s idea of family resemblances and on prototype theory. In connection with this, it is argued that a certain kind of conscious ethnocentrism is needed as a point of departure in the study and teaching of religion. The metaphor of education as a journey from the familiar out into the unfamiliar and back again is suggested as a possible pattern for such teaching. <br />If you want a copy of the paper, please let me know. E-mail: <a href="mailto:thy@du.se" rel="nofollow">thy@du.se</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8194049" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b1df2161e036e485e17c223a1c024e7f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51953712,"asset_id":8194049,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51953712/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="697196" href="https://du-se.academia.edu/TorstenHylen">Torsten Hylén</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="697196" type="text/json">{"id":697196,"first_name":"Torsten","last_name":"Hylén","domain_name":"du-se","page_name":"TorstenHylen","display_name":"Torsten Hylén","profile_url":"https://du-se.academia.edu/TorstenHylen?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/697196/350484/417227/s65_torsten.hylen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8194049 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8194049"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8194049, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8194049", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8194049 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8194049; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8194049"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8194049 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8194049"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8194049; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8194049]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8194049").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8194049").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8194049"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1601" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education">Teacher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1601" type="text/json">{"id":1601,"name":"Teacher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism">Essentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9214" type="text/json">{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48550" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies">Religious Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48550" type="text/json">{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="257019" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies_and_Educational_Studies">Religious Studies and Educational Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="257019" type="text/json">{"id":257019,"name":"Religious Studies and Educational Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies_and_Educational_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8194049]'), work: {"id":8194049,"title":"Closed and Open Concepts of Religion: The Problem of Essentialism in Teaching about Religion","created_at":"2014-09-04T00:18:47.949-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8194049/Closed_and_Open_Concepts_of_Religion_The_Problem_of_Essentialism_in_Teaching_about_Religion?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_8194049","summary":"Essentialist concepts of religion are common in the teaching of religion in schools and to a certain extent also in the academic discipline of religious studies. In this article, a number of problems with essentialist perceptions of religion are discussed. In the first part of the article a thesis is maintained, according to which essentialist conceptions of religion or specific religions are too limited to be of value in the teaching of religion. This is done through examples of essentialist expressions on religion. The examples are grouped according to a typology of different kinds of essentialism. Two main categories, each with two sub-categories are identified. Thus, the category of essentialism regarding the substance of religion is divided into transcendental or theological essentialism (which presupposes the existence of a sacred power of some kind, the experience of which is the basis for religion), and core essentialism (where it is presupposed that certain ideas or concepts constitute religion as a general category or specific religions). Likewise, the category of essentialism regarding the function of religion has two sub-categories: positive and negative essentialism. These kinds of essentialism presuppose that religion or specific religions are inherently good or harmful respectively to human beings. Examples from each of these categories are given and discussed. In the second part of the article, Benson Saler’s open concept of religion is presented as an alternative to essentialist or bounded perceptions. It is based on Ludwig Wittgenstein’s idea of family resemblances and on prototype theory. In connection with this, it is argued that a certain kind of conscious ethnocentrism is needed as a point of departure in the study and teaching of religion. The metaphor of education as a journey from the familiar out into the unfamiliar and back again is suggested as a possible pattern for such teaching.\r\nIf you want a copy of the paper, please let me know. E-mail: thy@du.se","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51953712,"asset_id":8194049,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":697196,"first_name":"Torsten","last_name":"Hylén","domain_name":"du-se","page_name":"TorstenHylen","display_name":"Torsten Hylén","profile_url":"https://du-se.academia.edu/TorstenHylen?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/697196/350484/417227/s65_torsten.hylen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1601,"name":"Teacher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":257019,"name":"Religious Studies and Educational Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies_and_Educational_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39720870" data-work_id="39720870" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39720870/New_speakers_and_language_ideology_some_observations_and_suggestions">New speakers and language ideology: some observations and suggestions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Celtic Sociolinguistics Symposium 2018, NUI Galway Proponents of the 'new speaker' concept have heralded a shift away from language learning ideologies that focus on emulation of native-speaker models, which they describe as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39720870" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Celtic Sociolinguistics Symposium 2018, NUI Galway<br /><br />Proponents of the 'new speaker' concept have heralded a shift away from language learning ideologies that focus on emulation of native-speaker models, which they describe as 'essentialism' (O'Rourke and Pujolar 2013; O'Rourke and Walsh 2015), or 'native authenticism' (Hornsby and Quentel 2013). These ideologies are presented as potentially harmful and counter-productive both to native speakers (by romanticizing and museifying them) and to second-language learners and speakers (by stigmatizing hybridized new speaker varieties and focusing on language deficits rather than skills). <br /><br />It is claimed by new speaker scholars that more 'social constructionist' ideologies are gaining ground among some L2 speaker communities, and that these offer a path away from more essentialist models. However, as these scholars also acknowledge, 'essentialist' deference to native-speaker models remains a prominent strand in the ideologies of new speakers. Focusing on the Celtic languages, this paper will argue that the case against 'essentialist' ideologies may be reductive and overstated, and that new speaker scholars have not adequately considered how a shift away from native-speaker models might play out in practice, e.g. in corpus planning and pedagogy.<br /><br />'Essentialist' or 'native authenticist' ideologies may potentially have benefits in language learning, identity construction, and in some cases are clearly closely linked to deeply-held motivations for acquiring the second language. 'Native authenticists' are often among the most committed language activists and may play an out-sized role in development of resources and networks. Scholars should pay more attention to ways in which ideological clarification might take place, bringing actors with differing language ideologies and backgrounds together constructively.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39720870" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="656ce84f524e5861aeccabaa769d230a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59896195,"asset_id":39720870,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59896195/download_file?st=MTczMzk5NjQ5Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3973149" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Gillechr%C3%ACostMacGillE%C3%B2in">Christopher Lewin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3973149" type="text/json">{"id":3973149,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Lewin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GillechrìostMacGillEòin","display_name":"Christopher Lewin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Gillechr%C3%ACostMacGillE%C3%B2in?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3973149/1496055/1822646/s65_gille-chr_ost.macgill-e_in.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39720870 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39720870"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39720870, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39720870", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39720870]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39720870").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39720870").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39720870"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition">Second Language Acquisition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1008" type="text/json">{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1217" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cornish_Language">Cornish Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1217" type="text/json">{"id":1217,"name":"Cornish Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cornish_Language?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celtic_Studies">Celtic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1392" type="text/json">{"id":1392,"name":"Celtic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celtic_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1395" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_linguistics">Irish linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1395" type="text/json">{"id":1395,"name":"Irish linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_linguistics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39720870]'), work: {"id":39720870,"title":"New speakers and language ideology: some observations and suggestions","created_at":"2019-06-29T10:21:54.892-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39720870/New_speakers_and_language_ideology_some_observations_and_suggestions?f_ri=9214","dom_id":"work_39720870","summary":"Celtic Sociolinguistics Symposium 2018, NUI Galway\n\nProponents of the 'new speaker' concept have heralded a shift away from language learning ideologies that focus on emulation of native-speaker models, which they describe as 'essentialism' (O'Rourke and Pujolar 2013; O'Rourke and Walsh 2015), or 'native authenticism' (Hornsby and Quentel 2013). These ideologies are presented as potentially harmful and counter-productive both to native speakers (by romanticizing and museifying them) and to second-language learners and speakers (by stigmatizing hybridized new speaker varieties and focusing on language deficits rather than skills). \n\nIt is claimed by new speaker scholars that more 'social constructionist' ideologies are gaining ground among some L2 speaker communities, and that these offer a path away from more essentialist models. However, as these scholars also acknowledge, 'essentialist' deference to native-speaker models remains a prominent strand in the ideologies of new speakers. Focusing on the Celtic languages, this paper will argue that the case against 'essentialist' ideologies may be reductive and overstated, and that new speaker scholars have not adequately considered how a shift away from native-speaker models might play out in practice, e.g. in corpus planning and pedagogy.\n\n'Essentialist' or 'native authenticist' ideologies may potentially have benefits in language learning, identity construction, and in some cases are clearly closely linked to deeply-held motivations for acquiring the second language. 'Native authenticists' are often among the most committed language activists and may play an out-sized role in development of resources and networks. Scholars should pay more attention to ways in which ideological clarification might take place, bringing actors with differing language ideologies and backgrounds together constructively.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59896195,"asset_id":39720870,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3973149,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Lewin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GillechrìostMacGillEòin","display_name":"Christopher Lewin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Gillechr%C3%ACostMacGillE%C3%B2in?f_ri=9214","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3973149/1496055/1822646/s65_gille-chr_ost.macgill-e_in.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1217,"name":"Cornish Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cornish_Language?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1392,"name":"Celtic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celtic_Studies?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":1395,"name":"Irish linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_linguistics?f_ri=9214","nofollow":false},{"id":2524,"name":"Sociolinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociolinguistics?f_ri=9214"},{"id":5579,"name":"Authenticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authenticity?f_ri=9214"},{"id":6672,"name":"Celtic Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celtic_Linguistics?f_ri=9214"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=9214"},{"id":11504,"name":"Breton linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Breton_linguistics?f_ri=9214"},{"id":12754,"name":"Language Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Ideology?f_ri=9214"},{"id":42889,"name":"Celtic Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celtic_Languages?f_ri=9214"},{"id":50024,"name":"Language Teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Teaching?f_ri=9214"},{"id":54255,"name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scottish_Gaelic?f_ri=9214"},{"id":178059,"name":"Language policy and planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_policy_and_planning?f_ri=9214"},{"id":218149,"name":"Irish language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_language?f_ri=9214"},{"id":326262,"name":"Scottish Gaelic linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scottish_Gaelic_linguistics?f_ri=9214"},{"id":661082,"name":"Corpus planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_planning?f_ri=9214"},{"id":999795,"name":"Native Speaker","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_Speaker?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1300002,"name":"Breton language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Breton_language?f_ri=9214"},{"id":1789356,"name":"New speakers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_speakers?f_ri=9214"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Essentialism?after=50%2C39720870" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Essentialism?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a 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