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<ul id="toc-Pig_iron_for_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_SS_Dalfram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_SS_Dalfram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arrival of SS <i>Dalfram</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_SS_Dalfram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menzies_and_the_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menzies_and_the_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Menzies and the dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menzies_and_the_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Pig_Iron_Bob"_nickname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Pig_Iron_Bob"_nickname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>"Pig Iron Bob" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political dispute in New South Wales</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Dalfram dispute of 1938</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">15 November 1938<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1938-11-15</span>)</span> – 21 January 1939<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1939-01-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;">Workers returned to work "under protest"</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Dalfram dispute of 1938</b> (15 November 1938 – 21 January 1939) was a political industrial dispute at <a href="/wiki/Port_Kembla,_New_South_Wales" title="Port Kembla, New South Wales">Port Kembla</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia protesting the export of <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> from Australia to Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. It became famous for providing the nickname of <i>Pig Iron Bob</i> to Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, later Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pig_iron_for_Japan">Pig iron for Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Dalfram_dispute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pig iron for Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1938, wharf labourers, members of the <a href="/wiki/Waterside_Workers%27_Federation_of_Australia" title="Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia">Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia</a>, led by Ted Roach, refused to load pig iron onto the steamship <a href="/wiki/SS_Dalfram" title="SS Dalfram">SS <i>Dalfram</i></a> headed for Japan. The ship was chartered by <a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui</a> to supply the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Steel_Works" title="Japan Steel Works">Japan Steel Works</a> Ltd in Kobe, a part of a contract for 300,000 tons of pig-iron. The Japan Steel Works was producing military materials for the undeclared war in China.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispute followed the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Japanese Massacre in Nanjing</a> in 1937 during Japan's military expansion into China. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="Australian Council of Trade Unions">Australian Council of Trade Unions</a> in October 1937 called for a boycott of Japanese goods and an embargo on the export of iron to Japan in response to the Japanese aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade unions and many workers argued that the pig iron would be used in bombs and munitions in the invasion of China and articulated that they may also be used against Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-lifelessons_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifelessons-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dalfram was not the first protest against Japanese militarism. In Newcastle during October 1937 Chinese crew deserted the British steamer, <i>SS Silksworth</i>, in protest against the Japanese seizure of all major seaports in China. Sanctuary was given to the Chinese seamen by labour activists. After their successful protest they returned to the ship only when they were promised disembarkation at Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1937, the slogan "No Scrap for the Jap" started appearing on wharves and union offices around Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fremantle waterside workers refused to load supplies on a Japanese whaling vessel in September 1937. In October 1937, Sydney waterside workers walked off the <i>Tamon Maru</i> when they learned that scrap iron was on board and destined for Japan. That month the Waterside Workers' Federation were successful in getting support from the ACTU in organising an embargo or boycott of Japanese imports and exports. Other bans were applied in Port Adelaide, Hobart and Brisbane. </p><p>But it was the coercive conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Workers_Act_1928" title="Transport Workers Act 1928">Transport Workers Act 1928</a>, better known by the workers as the <i>Dog Collar Act</i>, that motivated caution in industrial action by the union movement of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispute highlighted a clear contradiction in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Foreign policy">Australian Foreign policy</a> towards Japanese military expansion and aggression. In May 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Joseph Lyons</a> Government announced the embargo of iron ore from <a href="/wiki/Yampi_Sound" title="Yampi Sound">Yampi Sound</a> in Western Australia to Japan, citing that there were only limited quantities that were needed for local production.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no moves to stop the export of pig iron and scrap metal to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_SS_Dalfram">Arrival of SS <i>Dalfram</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Dalfram_dispute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arrival of SS Dalfram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arrival of the British tramp steamer <i>Dalfram</i>, which berthed at No. 4 jetty in Port Kembla on 15 November 1938, ignited the dispute. When the nature of the cargo and its destination were confirmed,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a walk-off eventuated around 11am. </p><p>The next day at pick up time the <i>Dalfram</i> was the first ship called to be worked. This resulted in refusal by the waterside workers, and as no other ship work was called, thus effectively a lockout eventuated for all ships then at Port Kembla.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other union organisations were quick to support the Port Kembla waterside workers, including the Illawarra Trades and Labour Council, Sydney Labour Council, the Federated Ironworkers' Association, Federated Engine Drivers' and Firemen's Association, and the Australian Workers Union. Even the Indian seamen on board the <i>Dalfram</i> refused to move the ship to another berth where non union labour could be employed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for the strike by Waterside Workers' Federation Federal officials and the Federal Labor Party has been categorised as lukewarm by historians. This was a dispute where local decision making was essentially driving the action, with support among more leftwing unionists around Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispute dragged on for 10 weeks and 2 days and received financial support from around Australia, particularly from the Australian Labour movement, but also from the Chinese immigrant community in Sydney who supplied truckloads of produce to help the families of the striking workers.<sup id="cite_ref-lifelessons_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifelessons-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menzies_and_the_dispute">Menzies and the dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Dalfram_dispute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Menzies and the dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attorney General Robert Menzies first threatened use of the Transport Workers Act on 28 November 1938. He accused the union of dictating foreign policy, and argued that the elected government had the sole right to decide goods to be traded and what relationships were to be established with foreign powers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menzies met with WWF leader <a href="/wiki/Jim_Healy_(trade_unionist)" title="Jim Healy (trade unionist)">Jim Healy</a> on 7 December. That day the Transport Workers' Act was applied at Port Kembla. Only one licence was taken out and that was publicly burned in front of Customs House. There was immediate support from other unions for the strike action and the wharves were declared black.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 December, BHP laid off 4000 men claiming that the Dalfram dispute was responsible for bringing everything to a standstill.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attorney-General Menzies made an attempt to settle the dispute by calling a meeting with the Combined Union Committee at Wollongong for 11 January 1939. Workers responded by little demonstrations along the small coal mining villages along the coast and over 1000 people in Wollongong.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menzies met with the Mayor and dignitaries in the Wollongong Hotel. He was due to meet with union officials across the road but the large crowd initially prevented him. The police inspector present asked local union official Ted Roach if he could organise safe passage through the crowd. Union members thus cleared a path through the crowd for Menzies to walk to the meeting with officials.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Pig_Iron_Bob"_nickname"><span id=".22Pig_Iron_Bob.22_nickname"></span>"Pig Iron Bob" nickname</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Dalfram_dispute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Pig Iron Bob" nickname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was during the Dalfram dispute that the title "Pig Iron Bob" was coined in reference to the then Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>. Local union official Ted Roach claimed<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the epithet was first used by Mrs. Gwendoline Croft, a member of the local women's relief committee.<sup id="cite_ref-lifelessons_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifelessons-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later picked up by the Rev. Bill Hobbin, a former Methodist minister, and Stan Moran, the well-known wharfie and communist Domain orator.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_end_and_aftermath">Dispute end and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Dalfram_dispute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dispute end and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 January 1939, after 10 weeks and two days on strike the waterside workers at Port Kembla decided to load the pig iron "under protest".<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lyons government policy of appeasement of Japanese military aggression and opposition to the trade union bans on trade with Japan were not entirely unanimous. External Affairs minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> appears to have attempted to undermine the government policy according to at least one historian, who conjectures this may have been due to Hughes' past links with the Waterside Workers' Federation, being the first President of the union in 1902. The day after the workers at Port Kembla capitulated Billy Hughes delivered a vitriolic speech attacking Japanese militarism and its threat to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 January, Jim Healy met with Government representatives and received an unofficial assurance that no more pig-iron would be shipped to Japan, although it is debated to whether this was actually the case or that some shipments of scrap metal and pig iron were made.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melbourne waterside workers refused to load scrap iron on to a German ship in May 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute brought together the Illawarra labour movement and elements of Sydney's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Sydney#Japan,_World_War_II_and_the_People's_Republic" title="Chinese immigration to Sydney">Chinese immigrant community</a> and contributed in a small way to the breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lifelessons_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifelessons-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much more significantly, it heralded a rising militancy in Australia by the Waterside' Workers Federation and the union movement as World War II was about to unfold.<sup id="cite_ref-GregMallory_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture_and_remembrance">Popular culture and remembrance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Dalfram_dispute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular culture and remembrance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A union song to commemorate the dispute was composed by Clem Parkinson in 1964 titled <i>The Pig-Iron Song</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2006, the Illawarra Branch of the Society for the Study of Labour History erected a Plaque to commemorate the dispute, located near the Number 4 Jetty at Port Kembla where the <i>Dalfram</i> docked. Her Excellency Madam Fu Yng, the Chinese Ambassador, unveiled the Plaque.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Mike Donaldson and Nick Southall published <i>Against fascism and war</i> about the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, a feature-length film documentary was released called <i>The Dalfram Dispute, 1938: Pig Iron Bob</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contributors to the documentary included historians Stuart Macintyre, Les Louis, Glenn Mitchell, Drew Cottle, Greg Mallory and curator of the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_Memorial_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall">Nanjing Massacre Memorial</a> Zhu ChengShan. </p><p>The documentary was shortlisted for the 2015 NSW Premier's Multimedia History Prize. It was also a finalist in the 15th Screen Producers Association of Australia Awards for feature documentary.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2015, ambassador to Australia Ma Zhaoxu of the People's Republic of China highlighted the Dalfram dispute as a remembered moment in the relationship between Australian and Chinese people when they stood together for common cause.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Dalfram_dispute&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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Armada">Black Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green ban</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_Dalfram_dispute&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhite1979" class="citation journal cs1">White, Jon (1979). "The Port Kembla Pig Iron Strike of 1938". <i>Labour History</i> (79). Australian Society for the Study of Labour History: 63–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27508384">10.2307/27508384</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27508384">27508384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour+History&rft.atitle=The+Port+Kembla+Pig+Iron+Strike+of+1938&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=63-77&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27508384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27508384%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1938+Dalfram+dispute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GregMallory-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GregMallory_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mallory, Greg (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1048&context=labour1999">"The 1938 Dalfram Pig-iron Dispute and Wharfies Leader, Ted Roach"</a>. <i>The Hummer</i>. <b>3</b> (2). Australian Society for the Study of Labour History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hummer&rft.atitle=The+1938+Dalfram+Pig-iron+Dispute+and+Wharfies+Leader%2C+Ted+Roach&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1048%26context%3Dlabour1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1938+Dalfram+dispute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1979" class="citation journal cs1">White, Jon (1979). "The Port Kembla Pig Iron Strike of 1938". <i>Labour History</i> (79). Australian Society for the Study of Labour History: 63–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27508384">10.2307/27508384</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27508384">27508384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour+History&rft.atitle=The+Port+Kembla+Pig+Iron+Strike+of+1938&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=63-77&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27508384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27508384%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1938+Dalfram+dispute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labourhistorycanberra.org/2014/11/2001-conference-chinese-seamen-and-australian-labour/">"2001 ASSLH conference – Chinese seamen and Australian labour: The mass desertion from the <i>SS Silksworth</i> at Newcastle, October 1937"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+ASSLH+conference+%E2%80%93+Chinese+seamen+and+Australian+labour%3A+The+mass+desertion+from+the+SS+Silksworth+at+Newcastle%2C+October+1937&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flabourhistorycanberra.org%2F2014%2F11%2F2001-conference-chinese-seamen-and-australian-labour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1938+Dalfram+dispute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a> and Vic Bird, Sino-Japanese dispute—Chinese view of SS Silksworth, Series A 1606, D 41/1/1, <i>SS Silksworth Dispute of 1937: A Memoir</i>, Melbourne May Day Committee, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1979" class="citation journal cs1">White, Jon (1979). 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