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<li id="toc-Formation_and_early_years_(1927–1943)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_early_years_(1927–1943)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation and early years (1927–1943)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_early_years_(1927–1943)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_(1943–1966)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_(1943–1966)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Expansion (1943–1966)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_(1943–1966)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_(1966–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_(1966–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Consolidation (1966–2000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_(1966–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_final_split_(2000–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_final_split_(2000–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline and final split (2000–2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_final_split_(2000–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acquisition_of_Varig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_of_Varig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Acquisition of Varig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_of_Varig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequent-flyer_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequent-flyer_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Frequent-flyer program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequent-flyer_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Accidents and incidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accidents and incidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_accidents_involving_fatalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_accidents_involving_fatalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Major accidents involving fatalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_accidents_involving_fatalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Varig</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA" title="فاريغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاريغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/VARIG" title="VARIG – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="VARIG" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/VARIG" title="VARIG – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="VARIG" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="واریگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واریگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B8" title="바리그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바리그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="बारीग ब्राजिलियन एयरलाइंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बारीग ब्राजिलियन एयरलाइंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/VARIG" title="VARIG – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="VARIG" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92" title="ואריג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואריג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97" title="व्हारिग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हारिग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="فاريج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاريج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="ヴァリグ・ブラジル航空 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァリグ・ブラジル航空" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/VARIG" title="VARIG – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="VARIG" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig_Brazilian_Airlines" title="Varig Brazilian Airlines – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Varig Brazilian Airlines" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varig" title="Varig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Varig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%BA%A6%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="里约格朗德航空 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="里约格朗德航空" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defunct airline of Brazil (1927–2006)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the use of the brand Varig after 2007, see <a href="/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gol Transportes Aéreos">Gol Transportes Aéreos</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258442903">.mw-parser-output .infobox-airline-codes{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#dadde3);color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-weight:bold;line-height:1}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">VARIG – Viação Aérea Rio-Grandense S.A.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Varig_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Varig_logo.svg/220px-Varig_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Varig_logo.svg/330px-Varig_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Varig_logo.svg/440px-Varig_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="144" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="infobox-airline-codes"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="padding-top: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes#IATA_airline_designator" title="Airline codes">IATA</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="padding-top: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes#ICAO_airline_designator" title="Airline codes">ICAO</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_call_signs#Commercial_airline" title="Aviation call signs">Call sign</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="nickname" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;">RG </td> <td class="nickname" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;">VRG </td> <td class="nickname" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;">VARIG </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1927<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1927-05-07</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ceased operations</th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">2006-07-20</span>)</span> (Merged with <a href="/wiki/Gol_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Inteligentes" title="Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes">Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Hubs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro/Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" title="Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Smiles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–2007)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul">Cruzeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/PLUNA" title="PLUNA">PLUNA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Sul_Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Regionais" title="Rio Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais">Rio Sul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nordeste_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Regionais" title="Nordeste Linhas Aéreas Regionais">Nordeste</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><small>Key People List</small></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Otto Ernst Meyer</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ruben Berta</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Erik de Carvalho</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Hélio Smidt</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Fernando Pinto</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>VARIG</b> (acronym for Viação Aérea Rio-Grandense, <i>Rio Grandean Airways</i>) was the first <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> founded in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, in 1927. From 1965 until 1990, it was Brazil's leading airline and virtually its only <a href="/wiki/International_flight" title="International flight">international</a> one. In 2005, Varig went into <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy#Brazil" title="Bankruptcy">judicial restructuring</a>, and in 2006 it was split into two companies – <a href="/wiki/Flex_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Flex Linhas Aéreas">Flex Linhas Aéreas</a>, informally known as "old" Varig, heir to the original airline – now defunct, and "new" Varig, a new company, fully integrated into <a href="/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gol Transportes Aéreos">Gol Airlines</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_early_years_(1927–1943)"><span id="Formation_and_early_years_.281927.E2.80.931943.29"></span>Formation and early years (1927–1943)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation and early years (1927–1943)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sociedade Anônima Empresa de Viação Aérea Rio-Grandense – VARIG</i> was the first national airline established in Brazil. It was founded on 7 May 1927, in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cronologia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cronologia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Otto Ernst Meyer-Labastille,<sup id="cite_ref-cronologia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cronologia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> aviator decorated in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, who immigrated to Brazil in 1921 and noticed how necessary air transportation was for a large country like Brazil. Varig was an off-spring of the German trade company and airline <a href="/wiki/Condor_Syndikat" title="Condor Syndikat">Condor Syndikat</a>, thus sharing the same origin as <a href="/wiki/Syndicato_Condor" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicato Condor">Syndicato Condor</a>, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul">Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul</a>. Condor Syndikat gave the initial operational and financial support and for a short time Varig and the sister-company <a href="/wiki/Syndicato_Condor" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicato Condor">Syndicato Condor</a> operated in partnership. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_rapide_MUSAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dragon_rapide_MUSAL.jpg/262px-Dragon_rapide_MUSAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dragon_rapide_MUSAL.jpg/393px-Dragon_rapide_MUSAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dragon_rapide_MUSAL.jpg/524px-Dragon_rapide_MUSAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>de Havilland Dragon Rapide PP-VAN exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Museu_Aeroespacial" title="Museu Aeroespacial">MUSAL</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first aircraft of VARIG was a ten-passenger <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_J" class="mw-redirect" title="Dornier Do J">Dornier Do J Wal</a> flying boat, transferred from the assets of Condor Syndikat. This aircraft, named <i>Atlântico</i>, was also the first aircraft registered in Brazil as P-BAAA. Operations started on 22 June 1927 with a flight from Porto Alegre to <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande</a> via <a href="/wiki/Pelotas" title="Pelotas">Pelotas</a>. Varig inherited the route rights from Condor Syndikat which since 22 February 1927 had operated the service.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VARIG slowly but consistently in spite of difficulties added aircraft and destinations to its network initially focusing on the state of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>. On 5 August 1942, Varig began its first international route from Porto Alegre to <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a> using its <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide" title="De Havilland Dragon Rapide">de Havilland DH 89 Dragon Rapide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, as the United States declared war against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in the conflict, aviation supplies became scarce, particularly in terms of petrol and replacement parts. Because it used mostly German equipment and had a German manager-director (president), Varig faced particular difficulties. For this reason, Varig's first manager-director Otto Ernst Meyer resigned on 24 December 1941 and shareholders decided that the next manager-director had to be a native-born Brazilian. Érico de Assis Brasil was chosen but he died on an aircraft accident shortly after. It was in 1943 that Varig's first employee, Ruben Martin Berta, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> and German grandparents, was chosen as manager-director, a post he would retain until his death in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_(1943–1966)"><span id="Expansion_.281943.E2.80.931966.29"></span>Expansion (1943–1966)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion (1943–1966)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066032864">.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>table{background:none;margin:0}@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .thumbinner table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .thumbinner caption{display:table-caption}}</style><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:200px;"> <table class="wikitable center"> <caption>Revenue Passenger-Kilometers, scheduled flights only, in millions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Traffic </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>248 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>603 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>1586 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td>2504 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>5826 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>8104 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>10072 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>20877 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>26286 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="reflist" style="text-align:left">Source: ICAO Digest of Statistics 1950–55, IATA World Air Transport Statistics 1960–2000</div> </div></div> <p>One of the first decisions of Ruben Berta was to pursue an expansion plan and to unify the fleet around only one type of aircraft. The chosen one was the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_10_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 10 Electra">Lockheed L-10 Electra</a>. Another ground-breaking suggestion was made on 29 October 1945, when, based on social ideas found on the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">papal encyclicals</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i> and on <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i>, Berta proposed and the assembly approved the transfer of 50% of Varig's shares to a not-for-profit foundation belonging to the employees. The aim of the foundation was to provide health, financial, social and recreational benefits to its employees. Decades later, this foundation would be called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Ruben_Berta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundação Ruben Berta (page does not exist)">Fundação Ruben Berta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Ruben_Berta" class="extiw" title="pt:Fundação Ruben Berta">pt</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varig_Douglas_DC-3_Volpati-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Varig_Douglas_DC-3_Volpati-1.jpg/262px-Varig_Douglas_DC-3_Volpati-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Varig_Douglas_DC-3_Volpati-1.jpg/393px-Varig_Douglas_DC-3_Volpati-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Varig_Douglas_DC-3_Volpati-1.jpg/524px-Varig_Douglas_DC-3_Volpati-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A Douglas DC-3 displayed in Rio de Janeiro</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1946, with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_C-46" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss C-46">Curtiss C-46</a> to its fleet, Varig was able to greatly increase its network by adding cities in the states of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>, facing fierce competition with <a href="/wiki/Real_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Real Transportes Aéreos">Real Transportes Aéreos</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAVAG_%E2%80%93_Sociedade_An%C3%B4nima_Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_A%C3%A9rea_Ga%C3%BAcha" class="mw-redirect" title="SAVAG – Sociedade Anônima Viação Aérea Gaúcha">SAVAG</a>. On 29 February 1952, Varig bought <a href="/wiki/Aero_Geral" title="Aero Geral">Aero Geral</a>, a small airline with concessions to fly from <a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a>. With this purchase, Varig greatly enlarged its operations in Brazil, extending services beyond Rio de Janeiro to Natal along the Brazilian coast and was thus better prepared to compete with <a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair do Brasil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul">Cruzeiro do Sul</a>. In 1949, the Brazilian government granted Varig the concession to fly to the United States, since the original airline that had the concession, Cruzeiro do Sul, was unable to operate the services. The inaugural flight between <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro/Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" title="Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Galeão</a> and New York–Idlewild (later renamed <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>) was on 2 August 1955. The services were operated using three new <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellations</a>. On 30 May 1953, flights to <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> using <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_C-46" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss C-46">Curtiss C-46s</a> started. In January 1956, Varig served 55 cities in Brazil and four abroad, being the second Brazilian airline in terms of passengers transported.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, sensing the need for more modern aircraft, new <a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair 240s</a> were purchased. The addition of the Lockheed Super Constellation and the Convair 240 provoked a deep change of mentality in the culture of Varig, with the introduction of a more cosmopolitan corporate image that would remain until 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairchild-Hil_FH.227B_PP-BUH_Congonhas_06.05.72_edited-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fairchild-Hil_FH.227B_PP-BUH_Congonhas_06.05.72_edited-2.jpg/262px-Fairchild-Hil_FH.227B_PP-BUH_Congonhas_06.05.72_edited-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fairchild-Hil_FH.227B_PP-BUH_Congonhas_06.05.72_edited-2.jpg/393px-Fairchild-Hil_FH.227B_PP-BUH_Congonhas_06.05.72_edited-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fairchild-Hil_FH.227B_PP-BUH_Congonhas_06.05.72_edited-2.jpg/524px-Fairchild-Hil_FH.227B_PP-BUH_Congonhas_06.05.72_edited-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>A Fairchild Hiller FH-227B of <a href="/wiki/VARIG" class="mw-redirect" title="VARIG">VARIG</a> at Congonhas Airport <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> in 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 July 1959, Varig, <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul">Cruzeiro do Sul</a> and <a href="/wiki/VASP" title="VASP">VASP</a> initiated <a href="/wiki/Air_shuttle" title="Air shuttle">air shuttle services</a> between <a href="/wiki/Santos_Dumont_Airport" title="Santos Dumont Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congonhas-S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Congonhas-São Paulo Airport">São Paulo–Congonhas</a> airports, the first of its kind in the world. The three companies coordinated schedules and operations, and shared revenue. The service was a response to the competition imposed by <a href="/wiki/Real_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Real Transportes Aéreos">Real Transportes Aéreos</a>. The idea, baptized as Air bridge (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Ponte Aérea</i>), inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Airlift</a>, was so successful that it was abandoned only in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flights operated on an hourly basis initially by <a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair 240</a> (Varig), <a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair 340</a> (Cruzeiro) and <a href="/wiki/Saab_90_Scandia" title="Saab 90 Scandia">Saab 90 Scandia</a> (VASP). In a few months the shuttle service led by Varig won the battle against Real, which was bought by Varig in 1961. <a href="/wiki/Sadia_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadia Transportes Aéreos">Sadia Transportes Aéreos</a> joined the service in 1968. Between 1975 and 1992, it was operated exclusively by Varig's <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">Lockheed L-188 Electra</a> which for the sake of neutrality did not have the Varig name on the fuselage. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_727-41_PP-VLG_VARIG_CGH_060572_edited-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Boeing_727-41_PP-VLG_VARIG_CGH_060572_edited-2.jpg/262px-Boeing_727-41_PP-VLG_VARIG_CGH_060572_edited-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Boeing_727-41_PP-VLG_VARIG_CGH_060572_edited-2.jpg/393px-Boeing_727-41_PP-VLG_VARIG_CGH_060572_edited-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Boeing_727-41_PP-VLG_VARIG_CGH_060572_edited-2.jpg/524px-Boeing_727-41_PP-VLG_VARIG_CGH_060572_edited-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727-41</a> of VARIG at São Paulo Congonhas airport in 1972</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varig_Boeing_707-320C_PP-VJX_GIG_Nov_1984.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Varig_Boeing_707-320C_PP-VJX_GIG_Nov_1984.png/262px-Varig_Boeing_707-320C_PP-VJX_GIG_Nov_1984.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Varig_Boeing_707-320C_PP-VJX_GIG_Nov_1984.png/393px-Varig_Boeing_707-320C_PP-VJX_GIG_Nov_1984.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Varig_Boeing_707-320C_PP-VJX_GIG_Nov_1984.png/524px-Varig_Boeing_707-320C_PP-VJX_GIG_Nov_1984.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-345C</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro%E2%80%93Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport</a> in 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 December 1959, Varig started to fly their new 35-seat <a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle I</a> between Brazil and New York–Idlewild, stopping at Belem, Trinidad and Nassau; on 2 July 1960, the Caravelles were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-441</a>, which could fly from Rio de Janeiro–Galeão to New York–Idlewild nonstop. The Caravelles were switched to operate trunk routes within Brazil and to <a href="/wiki/Ministro_Pistarini_International_Airport" title="Ministro Pistarini International Airport">Buenos Aires–Ezeiza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrasco_International_Airport" title="Carrasco International Airport">Montevideo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between May and August 1961, after a lengthy battle for the Brazilian market, Varig took over the <a href="/wiki/Real_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Real Transportes Aéreos">Consortium Real-Aerovias-Nacional</a>, which was in serious economic difficulty. This purchase not only made Varig the largest airline in South America but also granted rights to other cities in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> services started on 10 February 1965. Varig had been lobbying for European concessions for more than ten years, but after the sudden shutdown of <a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair do Brasil</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian military government">Brazilian military government</a>, Varig was granted rights previously held by Panair and was ordered to immediately operate all scheduled services, including Panair's flight scheduled to depart that very night from <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro/Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" title="Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Galeão</a> to <a href="/wiki/Recife_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Recife Airport">Recife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Portela_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Portela Airport">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orly_Airport" title="Orly Airport">Paris–Orly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varig also inherited Panair's two <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8-33</a> and the agreement with <a href="/wiki/TAP_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="TAP Portugal">TAP-Transportes Aéreos Portugueses</a> to operate the <i><a href="/wiki/Voo_da_amizade" class="mw-redirect" title="Voo da amizade">Voo da amizade</a></i> (English: <span lang="en">Friendship Flight</span>) between São Paulo–Congonhas, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão and Lisbon, with stops in Recife and Sal, now using Varig's Lockheed L-188 Electra. Originally started on 30 November 1960 by Panair and TAP, only Brazilian and Portuguese citizens or foreigners with permanent residence in Brazil or Portugal were entitled to the purchase of tickets for these flights, which were extremely popular due to their low fares. Those flights operated until 1967.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 14 December 1966, Rubem Berta died of a heart attack. The following day the administrative board elected Erik Oswaldo Kastrup de Carvalho, Berta's right-hand and former Panair employee, as Varig's fourth Director-President.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_(1966–2000)"><span id="Consolidation_.281966.E2.80.932000.29"></span>Consolidation (1966–2000)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consolidation (1966–2000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VARIG_L-188_Electra_Osta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/VARIG_L-188_Electra_Osta.jpg/262px-VARIG_L-188_Electra_Osta.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/VARIG_L-188_Electra_Osta.jpg/393px-VARIG_L-188_Electra_Osta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/VARIG_L-188_Electra_Osta.jpg/524px-VARIG_L-188_Electra_Osta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">Lockheed L-188 Electra</a> at <a href="/wiki/Santos_Dumont_Airport" title="Santos Dumont Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont Airport</a> in 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> brought to Varig the need to replace its older generation aircraft with newer ones. For international flights, the chosen type was the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">Douglas DC-10</a>, which had its first flight with Varig on 1 July 1974, and this aircraft had the range to serve European destinations including Paris without a refuelling stop en route. In the domestic arena, gradually the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737-200</a> became the work-horse.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still as a consequence of the 1973 oil crisis which caused many difficulties to airlines, on 20 May 1975 Varig acquired a controlling interest in <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul">Cruzeiro do Sul</a>, which was in a particularly delicate economic situation. Cruzeiro do Sul was fully integrated into VARIG on 1 January 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 November 1975, the Brazilian Federal Government created the Brazilian Integrated System of Regional Air Transportation and divided the country in five different regions, for which each of five newly created regional airlines received a concession to operate air services. <a href="/wiki/Rio_Sul_Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Regionais" title="Rio Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais">Rio-Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais S/A</a> was the fourth of those regional airlines to be made operational, and it was established by Varig in partnership with Top Táxi Aéreo, <a href="/wiki/Banco_Bradesco" title="Banco Bradesco">Bradesco Bank</a>, and Atlântica-Boavista Insurance. Its services started on 8 September 1976 and its operational area comprised roughly the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Region,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Region, Brazil">Southern</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast</a> regions of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon Rio-Sul was operating as Varig's feeder-airline. </p><p>In February 1979, Carvalho left the Presidency of Varig due to serious illness, being succeeded by Harry Schuetz for a short time, by Hélio Smidt, Berta's nephew, in 1980, and by Rubel Thomas in 1990. </p><p>The 1980s were marked by a modernization of the fleet, growth in the number of destinations and increasing financial problems originated in <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">high inflation</a> and in a foreign currency crisis. Furthermore, with the end of the military régime and the return to democracy in 1985, Varig lost its intimate connection with the ruling powers. In 1990, with a gradual deregulation promoted by the Federal Government, <a href="/wiki/VASP" title="VASP">VASP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transbrasil" title="Transbrasil">Transbrasil</a> were authorized to fly to international destinations, breaking an almost-monopoly held by Varig since 1965 (<a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul">Cruzeiro do Sul</a> was the only exception). More international carriers were also authorized to fly to Brazil, greatly increasing competition.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slowly Varig began to lose its financial health, aggravated by the <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">early 1990s world recession</a> and administration problems. In 1988, a few years after the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo%E2%80%93Guarulhos_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport">São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport</a>, Varig decided to move its operational hub from Rio de Janeiro to São Paulo. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varig_Boeing_767-200ER_PP-VNO_LIS_1995.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Varig_Boeing_767-200ER_PP-VNO_LIS_1995.png/262px-Varig_Boeing_767-200ER_PP-VNO_LIS_1995.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Varig_Boeing_767-200ER_PP-VNO_LIS_1995.png/393px-Varig_Boeing_767-200ER_PP-VNO_LIS_1995.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Varig_Boeing_767-200ER_PP-VNO_LIS_1995.png/524px-Varig_Boeing_767-200ER_PP-VNO_LIS_1995.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767-200ER" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 767-200ER">Boeing 767-200ER</a> departs <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Portela_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Portela Airport">Lisbon Portela Airport</a> in 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1995, Varig bought 49% of the shares of <a href="/wiki/PLUNA" title="PLUNA">Pluna Uruguayan Airlines</a>. </p><p>In an attempt to solve its increasing problems, Carlos Willy Engels became president in 1995, and in 1996 he was succeeded by Fernando Abs da Cruz Souza Pinto, who would be the last president of the consolidation phase in the history of the company. He developed an ambitious project to bring financial and operational health back to the company.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two most visible milestones of this project were the new corporate image launched on 15 October 1996 - the first change since 1955 - and the membership of Varig in <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a> as of 22 October 1997. Varig was its sixth member airline, and the first to join after it was launched only five months earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of some success in the re-organization of the company, Pinto did not have full support of the Ruben Berta Foundation, the controller of Varig and, as a consequence, he left the Presidency of Varig on 28 January 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year he became the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a> of <a href="/wiki/TAP_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="TAP Portugal">TAP Portugal</a> and successfully re-organized that airline. Pinto was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ozires_Silva" title="Ozires Silva">Ozires Silva</a>, former president of the Brazilian aircraft manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_final_split_(2000–2006)"><span id="Decline_and_final_split_.282000.E2.80.932006.29"></span>Decline and final split (2000–2006)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline and final split (2000–2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flex_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Flex Linhas Aéreas">Flex Linhas Aéreas</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varig_Boeing_767-300ER_PP-VPW_FRA_2004-1-10.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Varig_Boeing_767-300ER_PP-VPW_FRA_2004-1-10.png/262px-Varig_Boeing_767-300ER_PP-VPW_FRA_2004-1-10.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Varig_Boeing_767-300ER_PP-VPW_FRA_2004-1-10.png/393px-Varig_Boeing_767-300ER_PP-VPW_FRA_2004-1-10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Varig_Boeing_767-300ER_PP-VPW_FRA_2004-1-10.png/524px-Varig_Boeing_767-300ER_PP-VPW_FRA_2004-1-10.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>A Varig <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767-300ER" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 767-300ER">Boeing 767-300ER</a> on short finals to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>The administration of Ozires Silva, which lasted for only 2.5 years, started with major restructuring in the company, aiming at making Ruben Berta Foundation more powerful and the President-Director weaker. Also, on 28 January 2000, all cargo operations were united under a new airline named <a href="/wiki/Varig_Log%C3%ADstica" title="Varig Logística">VarigLog</a>. </p><p>Despite the reforms, Varig posted a net loss for first time in its history: R$148.6 million by the end of 2000, and then R$523 million in the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, low-cost airline <a href="/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gol Transportes Aéreos">Gol Airlines</a> began operations, with <a href="/wiki/VASP" title="VASP">VASP</a> cutting fares in response. The loss of passengers to competitors caused Varig to lose its top position in the domestic <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> (in terms of passengers per kilometre) to <a href="/wiki/TAM_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="TAM Airlines">TAM Airlines</a>, for the first time since 1961. The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> also weakened Varig’s operational and financial situation. </p><p>In 2002, Ruben Berta Foundation merged the administration of Varig and its subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Rio_Sul_Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Regionais" title="Rio Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais">Rio Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais</a> (which included the brand <a href="/wiki/Nordeste_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Regionais" title="Nordeste Linhas Aéreas Regionais">Nordeste Linhas Aéreas Regionais</a>). The three brands were used separately with Rio-Sul and Nordeste providing feeder services to Varig. </p><p>Year-long discussions to merge Varig with <a href="/wiki/TAM_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="TAM Airlines">TAM Airlines</a> ended unsuccessfully in 2004 and the same year Varig fell to third place in the Brazilian domestic market share, behind TAM and Gol.<sup id="cite_ref-Varig:_Eterna_Pioneira_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varig:_Eterna_Pioneira-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VARIG applied to the Commercial Bankruptcy and Reorganization Court in Rio de Janeiro on 17 June 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-TAP_ends_investment_talks_with_Varig_after_carrier_files_for_bankruptcy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAP_ends_investment_talks_with_Varig_after_carrier_files_for_bankruptcy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varig_files_for_bankruptcy_in_Brazil_and_US_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varig_files_for_bankruptcy_in_Brazil_and_US-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the commencement of "judicial reorganization" proceedings pursuant to the New Bankruptcy and Restructuring Law of Brazil (Law 11.101).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The request was granted on 22 June 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VARIG continued to provide services despite its financial troubles.<sup id="cite_ref-Varig:_Eterna_Pioneira_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varig:_Eterna_Pioneira-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varig_MD-11_PP-VPK_CDG_2004-5-28.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Varig_MD-11_PP-VPK_CDG_2004-5-28.png/262px-Varig_MD-11_PP-VPK_CDG_2004-5-28.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Varig_MD-11_PP-VPK_CDG_2004-5-28.png/393px-Varig_MD-11_PP-VPK_CDG_2004-5-28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Varig_MD-11_PP-VPK_CDG_2004-5-28.png/524px-Varig_MD-11_PP-VPK_CDG_2004-5-28.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>A Varig <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11">MD-11</a> on short final to <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to raise funds, the Bankruptcy and Reorganization Court decided to sell two of Varig's subsidiaries: </p> <ul><li>in November 2005 the maintenance centre <a href="/wiki/TAP_Maintenance_%26_Engineering" title="TAP Maintenance & Engineering">VEM Maintenance & Engineering</a> was sold to a consortium presided by the Portuguese airline <a href="/wiki/TAP_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="TAP Portugal">TAP Portugal</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-TAP_Portugal_takes_control_of_Varig_subsidiaries_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAP_Portugal_takes_control_of_Varig_subsidiaries-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in December 2005 the cargo division <a href="/wiki/Varig_Log%C3%ADstica" title="Varig Logística">VarigLog</a> was sold to Volo do Brasil, a consortium started by the <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> fund <a href="/wiki/MatlinPatterson_Global_Advisors" class="mw-redirect" title="MatlinPatterson Global Advisors">MatlinPatterson Global Advisors</a> and three Brazilian investors (Marco Antonio Audi, Marco Hapfel and Luiz Gallo). The negotiation was concluded in June 2006.</li></ul> <p>After two unsuccessful attempts to auction the airline as a whole, the bankruptcy court decided to split the airline in two different judicial entities, informally known as "old" Varig and "new" Varig: </p> <ul><li>The first portion, formally called Nordeste Linhas Aéreas S/A and informally known as "old" Varig, comprised the brand Nordeste, one aircraft, debts, liabilities, legal disputes, various assets, concessions and properties of the original Varig. Since "old" Varig, could not use the name Varig anymore, the company used the brand-name Nordeste for a while and in 2008 it began using the name <a href="/wiki/Flex_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Flex Linhas Aéreas">Flex Linhas Aéreas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grabois_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabois-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second portion, formally called <a href="/wiki/VRG_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" class="mw-redirect" title="VRG Linhas Aéreas">VRG Linhas Aéreas</a> and informally known as "new" Varig, is a brand new airline which comprises the brands Varig and Rio-Sul, Varig's route rights, all aircraft but one and the Smiles mileage program. "New" Varig was auctioned on 14 July 2006 to Volo do Brasil (owner of VarigLog) and legal procedures finalized on 20 July 2006;<sup id="cite_ref-Grabois_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabois-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Since 23 October 2007, the former <i>Viação Aérea Rio-Grandense S/A</i> was judicially known as <i>Nordeste Linhas Aéreas S/A</i>, and operated under the brand-name <a href="/wiki/Flex_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Flex Linhas Aéreas">Flex Linhas Aéreas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 August 2009, the <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Aviation_Agency_of_Brazil" title="National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil">National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil</a> renewed the authorization of Flex to operate non-regular passenger, cargo and postal services.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Flex operated flights on behalf of other airlines, as contracted. </p><p>Between 17 June 2005 and 2 September 2009, "old Varig" remained in Recovery Order in the 1st Business Court of Rio de Janeiro, under the leadership of Judges Luiz Roberto Ayoub and Miguel Dau. After the bankruptcy protection was lifted, the administration of the airline could have returned to its original owner, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Ruben_Berta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundação Ruben Berta (page does not exist)">Fundação Ruben Berta</a>, which still owned 87% of the shares of Varig.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Fundação Ruben Berta preferred to keep a judicial administrator.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2006 "old" Varig sold its participation in <a href="/wiki/PLUNA" title="PLUNA">PLUNA</a> (49% of the shares) to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Uruguay">Uruguayan Government</a>. </p><p>On 31 January 2007, Varig Brazilian Airlines ("old" Varig) was suspended from membership in <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a> for not fulfilling membership pre-requisites,<sup id="cite_ref-Star_Alliance_boots_Varig_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_Alliance_boots_Varig-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VARIG_to_leave_Star_Alliance_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VARIG_to_leave_Star_Alliance-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 19 October 2008, the <a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a> <a href="/wiki/Airline_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline code">code</a> RG and the callsign Varig officially ceased to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of accumulated debts, on 20 August 2010, at the request of the airline administrator, the 1st Business Court of Rio de Janeiro declared Flex bankrupt and initiated the process of liquidation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 10 September, the bankruptcy process was suspended at the request of Ruben Berta Foundation and the company returned in practical terms to recovery order status until the validity of the bankruptcy is judged.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acquisition_of_Varig">Acquisition of Varig</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Acquisition of Varig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gol Transportes Aéreos">Gol Transportes Aéreos</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varig_Boeing_737-700_PR-VBU_GIG_2010-5-30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Varig_Boeing_737-700_PR-VBU_GIG_2010-5-30.png/262px-Varig_Boeing_737-700_PR-VBU_GIG_2010-5-30.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Varig_Boeing_737-700_PR-VBU_GIG_2010-5-30.png/393px-Varig_Boeing_737-700_PR-VBU_GIG_2010-5-30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Varig_Boeing_737-700_PR-VBU_GIG_2010-5-30.png/524px-Varig_Boeing_737-700_PR-VBU_GIG_2010-5-30.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>A Varig <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">Boeing 737-700</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gale%C3%A3o_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Galeão Airport">Galeão Airport</a> in 2010 in final livery during acquisition by <a href="/wiki/Gol_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Inteligentes" title="Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes">Gol Linhas Aéreas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>VRG Linhas Aéreas S/A was fully integrated in <a href="/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gol Transportes Aéreos">Gol Linhas Aéreas</a>. </p><p>On 21 July 2006, the "new" Varig canceled all its flights, except for Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo shuttle service, which remained in operation through an agreement with "old" Varig. On 28 July 2006, "new" Varig announced that it would cut 60% of its staff. </p><p>Between September and November 2006, "new" Varig announced its intentions to gradually resume some international and domestic flights.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 December 2006, the <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Aviation_Agency_of_Brazil" title="National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil">National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil</a> issued the final certificate to "new" Varig, making it fully operational.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the certificate was granted, orders for 16 aircraft were announced, to bring the fleet to 31 aircraft and the operational agreement with "old" Varig expired.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 March 2007, <a href="/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gol Transportes Aéreos">Gol Airlines</a> purchased "new Varig" (VRG Linhas Aéreas) for US$320 million,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and announced that VRG Linhas Aéreas, the operator of the brand VARIG, would continue to operate under its original name. The transaction was completed on 9 April 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new owner radically restructured the fleet, the network, eliminated the First Class cabin from the aircraft, and gradually transformed the brand Varig into the arm of Gol Group specialized in international scheduled and charter medium and long-haul destinations. On 23 October 2007, Varig's new corporate image was unveiled, stressing the orange colour of Gol.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Other_News_-_10/29/2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Other_News_-_10/29/2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 September 2008, Gol was merged into VRG Linhas Aéreas and thus VRG Linhas Aéreas became an airline with two different brands: Varig and Gol.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, on mid-April 2009, Varig's booking systems were integrated into Gol's and the Smiles frequent flyer program was reformulated to include Gol. In June 2009, "new" Varig ceased to operate its own flights and started to use Gol's flight numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2006 to 2009, "new" Varig was obliged by contract to purchase a minimum of 140 hours/month of services from "old" Varig. Therefore, some of VRG Linhas Aéreas flights operated with Gol flight numbers were actually flown with chartered aircraft from Flex Linhas Aéreas.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_fleet">Historical fleet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fleet list below based on the standard published Varig history.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varig_Douglas_DC-8-33_Volpati-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Varig_Douglas_DC-8-33_Volpati-1.jpg/262px-Varig_Douglas_DC-8-33_Volpati-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Varig_Douglas_DC-8-33_Volpati-1.jpg/393px-Varig_Douglas_DC-8-33_Volpati-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Varig_Douglas_DC-8-33_Volpati-1.jpg/524px-Varig_Douglas_DC-8-33_Volpati-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>One of the DC-8-33 inherited from <a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair do Brasil</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varig_Boeing_737-241_Volpati-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Varig_Boeing_737-241_Volpati-1.jpg/262px-Varig_Boeing_737-241_Volpati-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Varig_Boeing_737-241_Volpati-1.jpg/393px-Varig_Boeing_737-241_Volpati-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Varig_Boeing_737-241_Volpati-1.jpg/524px-Varig_Boeing_737-241_Volpati-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A Boeing 737-200 in 1977</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VARIG_Brasil_Boeing_747-341_(PP-VOA_24106_701)_(6382736855).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/VARIG_Brasil_Boeing_747-341_%28PP-VOA_24106_701%29_%286382736855%29.jpg/262px-VARIG_Brasil_Boeing_747-341_%28PP-VOA_24106_701%29_%286382736855%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/VARIG_Brasil_Boeing_747-341_%28PP-VOA_24106_701%29_%286382736855%29.jpg/393px-VARIG_Brasil_Boeing_747-341_%28PP-VOA_24106_701%29_%286382736855%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/VARIG_Brasil_Boeing_747-341_%28PP-VOA_24106_701%29_%286382736855%29.jpg/524px-VARIG_Brasil_Boeing_747-341_%28PP-VOA_24106_701%29_%286382736855%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>A Boeing 747-300</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avi%C3%A3o_abandonado_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Avi%C3%A3o_abandonado_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg/262px-Avi%C3%A3o_abandonado_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Avi%C3%A3o_abandonado_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg/393px-Avi%C3%A3o_abandonado_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Avi%C3%A3o_abandonado_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg/524px-Avi%C3%A3o_abandonado_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>B727-41F PP-VLG abandoned at Rio de Janeiro Airport</figcaption></figure> <table class="toccolours sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin:1em auto;"> <caption><b>Varig Historical Fleet</b> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="lightblue"> <th>Aircraft </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Years of operation </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_J" class="mw-redirect" title="Dornier Do J">Dornier Do J Wal</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1927–1930 </td> <td>First aircraft registered in Brazil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Komet" title="Dornier Komet">Dornier Merkur</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1928–1930 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_MS.130" title="Morane-Saulnier MS.130">Morane-Saulnier 130</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1930–1931 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Klemm_Kl_25" title="Klemm Kl 25">Klemm L-25</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1930–1937 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nieuport-Delage_NiD_640" title="Nieuport-Delage NiD 640">Nieuport-Delage 641</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1931 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Junkers_A50" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers A50">Junkers A-50 Junior</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1931–1944 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Junkers_F.13" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers F.13">Junkers F.13 ke</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1932–1948 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_108" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Bf 108">Messerschmitt Bf-108 Taifun</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BFW_M.20" title="BFW M.20">Messersschmitt M-20B</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1937–1948 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52/3m</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1938–1942 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_58" class="mw-redirect" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 58">Focke-Wulf Fw 58C Weihe</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1940–1941 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide" title="De Havilland Dragon Rapide">de Havilland DH 89 Dragon Rapide</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1942 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CANT_Z.1012" title="CANT Z.1012">CANT Z.1012</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1942 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiat_G.2" title="Fiat G.2">Fiat G.2</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1942–1945 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_10_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 10 Electra">Lockheed L-10 A/E Electra</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>1943–1955 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3/C-47</a> </td> <td>47 </td> <td>1946–1971 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noorduyn_Norseman" title="Noorduyn Norseman">Noorduyn C-64 Norseman</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1947–1950 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_C-46_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando">Curtiss C-46/Super C-46 Commando</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td>1948–1970 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair 240</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>1954–1969 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed L-1049G/H Super Constellation</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1955–1967 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle I (III)</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1959–1979 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-441</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1960–1979 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair 340/440</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>1961–1967 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas DC-6B</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1961–1968 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">Lockheed L-188 A/C Electra</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>1962–1992 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Convair_990" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair 990">Convair 990A</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1963–1971 </td> <td>Received from <a href="/wiki/Aerovias_Brasil" title="Aerovias Brasil">Aerovias Brasil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8-33</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1965–1975 </td> <td>Received from <a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair do Brasil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748" title="Hawker Siddeley HS 748">Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (Avro)</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>1966–1976 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-320/320C</a> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>1966–1990 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_99" title="Beechcraft Model 99">Beechcraft 99 Airliner</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1968 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Hiller_FH-227" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild Hiller FH-227">Fairchild Hiller FH-227B</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1970–1975 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727-100</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>1970–2006 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>1974–2006 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737-200</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>1975–2003 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300-B4-203</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1980–1990 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-200</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1981–1996 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-300/300 Combi</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1985–2000<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767-200/200ER</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>1986–2004, 2008 </td> <td>Some operated for "new" Varig </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-300</a> </td> <td>48 </td> <td>1987–2009 </td> <td>1 to <a href="/wiki/Flex_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Flex Linhas Aéreas">Flex Linhas Aéreas</a><br />Some operated for "new" Varig </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767-300ER</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>1989–2008 </td> <td>Some operated for "new" Varig </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-400</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1991–1994 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11">McDonnell Douglas MD-11</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td>1991–2007 </td> <td>Some operated for "new" Varig </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-400</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>2000–2006 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">Boeing 737-700</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>2001–2006 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">Boeing 737-800</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2001–2006 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777-200ER</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>2001–2006 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-500</a> </td> <td>25 </td> <td>2003–2006 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757-200</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2004–2006 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequent-flyer_program">Frequent-flyer program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Frequent-flyer program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smiles was Varig's <a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">frequent-flyer program</a> until 20 July 2006. Points could be used for services from Varig, its subsidiaries, and its <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a> partners including flights, upgrades, holidays, hotel stays and car rentals. Smiles was part of the "new Varig" package bought by <a href="/wiki/Gol_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Inteligentes" title="Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes">Gol Airlines</a>. All miles were honored and eventually Smiles became Gol's own frequent-flyer program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents_and_incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Accidents and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a>, in its over 75 year history, Varig has had a total of 39 accidents or incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_accidents_involving_fatalities">Major accidents involving fatalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Major accidents involving fatalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>28 February 1942: a <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52/3m</a> registration PP-VAL, crashed shortly after take-off from <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a>. Seven of the 23 occupants died, including 2 crew members.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>20 June 1944: a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_10_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 10 Electra">Lockheed 10 A/E Electra</a> registration PP-VAQ on approach to <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a> after a flight from <a href="/wiki/Pelotas_International_Airport" title="Pelotas International Airport">Pelotas</a> during a storm crashed on the waters of <a href="/wiki/Gua%C3%ADba_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaíba river">Guaíba river</a>. All 10 passengers and crew died.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2 August 1949: a <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_C-46_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando">Curtiss C-46AD-10-CU Commando</a> registration PP-VBI operating a flight from <a href="/wiki/Congonhas-S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Congonhas-São Paulo Airport">São Paulo–Congonhas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a> made an emergency landing on rough terrain near the location of <a href="/wiki/Jaquirana" title="Jaquirana">Jaquirana</a>, approximately 20 minutes before landing in Porto Alegre, following fire on the cargo hold. Of the 36 passengers and crew aboard, 5 died.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4 June 1954: a <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_C-46_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando">Curtiss C-46A-45-CU Commando</a> registration PP-VBZ operating a cargo flight between <a href="/wiki/Congonhas-S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Congonhas-São Paulo Airport">São Paulo–Congonhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a> crashed during take-off from São Paulo. All crew of 3 died.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7 April 1957: a <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_C-46_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando">Curtiss C-46AD-10-CU Commando</a> registration PP-VCF operating a flight from <a href="/wiki/Comandante_Gustavo_Kraemer_Airport" title="Comandante Gustavo Kraemer Airport">Bagé</a> to <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a> crashed during take-off in Bagé following a fire developed in the left main gear wheel well and consequent technical difficulties. All 40 passengers and crew died.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>14 August 1957: <a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_850" title="Varig Flight 850">Varig Flight 850</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1049" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed L-1049">Lockheed L-1049</a> registration PP-VDA operating a flight from <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Salgado Filho International Airport</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>, suffered a failure on the engine 2 during the flight, but landed successfully in <a href="/wiki/Las_Am%C3%A9ricas_International_Airport" title="Las Américas International Airport">Las Américas International Airport</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, the passengers were reallocated to other flights and the Constellation took off with only 11 crew, but, during the flight, the engine 4 accelerated unevenly and pieces of the prop flew off and hit the engine 3, causing an explosion, the aircraft tried to land in the ocean but one flight attendant drowned and died during the crash landing, the other 10 survived.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>18 October 1957: a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47A-80-DL</a> registration PP-VCS operating a cargo flight from <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a> crashed upon take-off. The crew of two died.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>12 April 1960: a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas C-53</a> registration PP-CDS operating a flight on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul">Cruzeiro do Sul</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pelotas_International_Airport" title="Pelotas International Airport">Pelotas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a> collided with two other aircraft, crashed and caught fire after it deviated to the right on take-off and an over correction caused a sharp turn to the left. Of the 22 passengers and crew aboard, 10 died.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>27 November 1962: <a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_810" title="Varig Flight 810">Varig Flight 810</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-441</a> registration PP-VJB operating flight 810 from <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro%E2%80%93Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Galeão</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Lima</a> after initiating an overshoot procedure at the suggestion of the control tower because it was too high, proceeded to start another approach when it crashed into La Cruz peak, 8 miles away from Lima Airport. Possibly there was a misinterpretation of navigation instruments. All 97 passengers and crew aboard died.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>22 December 1962: a <a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair CV-240">Convair CV-240-2</a>, registration PP-VCQ, flying from <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_International_Airport" title="Brasília International Airport">Brasília</a> via <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte/Pampulha_%E2%80%93_Carlos_Drummond_de_Andrade_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Belo Horizonte/Pampulha – Carlos Drummond de Andrade Airport">Belo Horizonte-Pampulha</a>, descended below the prescribed altitude while on final approach to Brasília, struck trees, skidded and fell to one side. One crew member died, out of 40 occupants of the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 July 1963: a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47B-20-DK</a> registration PP-VBV flying from <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carazinho" title="Carazinho">Carazinho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauro_Kurtz_Airport" title="Lauro Kurtz Airport">Passo Fundo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erechim_Airport" title="Erechim Airport">Erechim</a> collided with trees on high ground and crashed shortly before arriving in Passo Fundo. Of the 18 passengers and crew aboard, 15 died.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>5 March 1967: a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8-33</a> registration PP-PEA operating <a href="/wiki/Varig_Airlines_Flight_837" class="mw-redirect" title="Varig Airlines Flight 837">flight 837</a> from <a href="/wiki/Beirut%E2%80%93Rafic_Hariri_International_Airport" title="Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport">Beirut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci-Fiumicino_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport">Rome-Fiumicino</a> to <a href="/wiki/Recife/Guararapes%E2%80%93Gilberto_Freyre_International_Airport" title="Recife/Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport">Recife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro%E2%80%93Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Galeão</a> via <a href="/wiki/Roberts_International_Airport" title="Roberts International Airport">Monrovia</a> caught fire after a mistaken approach to Monrovia, missing the threshold of the runway by 6,023 ft. Of the 90 passengers and crew aboard 51 died as well as 5 on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>9 June 1973: a cargo <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-327C</a> registration PP-VJL flying from <a href="/wiki/Viracopos-Campinas_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Viracopos-Campinas International Airport">Viracopos-Campinas International Airport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro/Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" title="Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Galeão</a> while making an instrument approach to Rio de Janeiro–Galeão had technical problems with the spoilers which eventually caused the aircraft to pitch down, descended fast, struck approach lights and a ditch. Two of four occupants died.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>11 July 1973: a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-345C</a> registration PP-VJZ operating <a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_820" title="Varig Flight 820">flight 820</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro/Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" title="Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Galeão</a> to <a href="/wiki/Orly_Airport" title="Orly Airport">Paris-Orly</a> made a successful emergency landing at an open field 5 km before landing, after reporting fire in a rear lavatory. However, 123 of the 134 passengers and crew aboard died, overcome by smoke and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a> before the aircraft could be evacuated, the most likely cause was a lit cigarette thrown into the aircraft's lavatory trash. Subsequently, in-flight smoking was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>30 January 1979: <a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_967" title="Varig Flight 967">a cargo Boeing 707-323C</a> registration PP-VLU operating flight 967 en route from <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Tokyo-Narita</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro/Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" title="Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Galeão</a> via <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles</a> went missing over the Pacific Ocean some 30 minutes (200 km ENE) from Tokyo. Causes are unknown since the wreck was never found. Among other cargo, the aircraft was carrying either 53 or 153 paintings by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Brazilian">Japanese Brazilian</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Manabu_Mabe" title="Manabu Mabe">Manabu Mabe</a>, worth US$1.24 million. The aircraft was flown by Gilberto Araújo da Silva, who was also the captain and survivor of the accident with <a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_820" title="Varig Flight 820">Flight 820</a> six years earlier. The crew of 6 died and their bodies were never recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3 January 1987: a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-379C</a> registration PP-VJK operating <a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_797" title="Varig Flight 797">flight 797</a> from <a href="/wiki/Port_Bouet_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Bouet Airport">Abidjan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro/Gale%C3%A3o_International_Airport" title="Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport">Rio de Janeiro–Galeão</a> crashed due to a failure on engine 1 shortly after take-off. While attempting to return to the airport for an emergency landing, it crashed on a field 18 km away from Abidjan's airport. Of the 51 passengers and crew aboard, a single passenger survived.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3 September 1989: a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737-241</a> registration PP-VMK operating <a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_254" title="Varig Flight 254">flight 254</a> flying from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo/Guarulhos_International_Airport" title="São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport">São Paulo–Guarulhos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Val_de_Cans_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Val de Cans International Airport">Belém-Val de Cans</a> via <a href="/wiki/Uberaba_Airport" title="Uberaba Airport">Uberaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uberl%C3%A2ndia_Airport" title="Uberlândia Airport">Uberlândia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Genoveva_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Genoveva Airport">Goiânia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_International_Airport" title="Brasília International Airport">Brasília</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperatriz_Airport" title="Imperatriz Airport">Imperatriz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marab%C3%A1_Airport" title="Marabá Airport">Marabá</a> crashed near <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_do_Xingu" title="São José do Xingu">São José do Xingu</a> while on its last leg of the flight due to a <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilot</a> <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigational</a> error, which led to <a href="/wiki/Fuel_exhaustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel exhaustion">fuel exhaustion</a> and a subsequent <a href="/wiki/Belly_landing" title="Belly landing">belly landing</a> into the jungle, 450 miles (724 km) southwest of Marabá. Out of 54 occupants, there were 13 fatalities, all of them passengers. The survivors were discovered two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>14 February 1997: a Boeing 737-241 registration PP-CJO operating flight 265, flying from <a href="/wiki/Marab%C3%A1_Airport" title="Marabá Airport">Marabá</a> to <a href="/wiki/Caraj%C3%A1s_Airport" title="Carajás Airport">Carajás</a> while on touch-down procedures at Carajás during a thunderstorm, had its right main gear collapsed rearwards causing the aircraft to veer off the right of the runway. The aircraft crashed into the forest. One crew member died.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents">Incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>30 May 1972: a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">Lockheed L-188 Electra</a> registration PP-VJL operating a flight between <a href="/wiki/Congonhas-S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Congonhas-São Paulo Airport">São Paulo–Congonhas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Filho_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salgado Filho International Airport">Porto Alegre</a> was hijacked. The hijacker demanded money. The aircraft was stormed and the hijacker was shot.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/21px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/42px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/19px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/29px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/38px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/19px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/29px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/38px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Brazil" title="List of defunct airlines of Brazil">List of defunct airlines of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Brazil" title="List of airlines of Brazil">List of airlines of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_de_Mello_Bastos" title="Paulo de Mello Bastos">Paulo de Mello Bastos</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cronologia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cronologia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cronologia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130906225815/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u108398.shtml">"Veja a cronologia da crise da Varig"</a> [Varig's Crisis Chronology]. <i><a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S._Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Folha de S. Paulo">Folha de S. Paulo</a></i> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Folha_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Folha Online">Folha Online</a>. 8 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u108398.shtml">the original</a> on 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.+Paulo&rft.atitle=Veja+a+cronologia+da+crise+da+Varig&rft.date=2006-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffolha%2Fdinheiro%2Fult91u108398.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstituto_Histórico-Cultural_da_Aeronáutica1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Instituto Histórico-Cultural da Aeronáutica (1990). <i>História Geral da Aeronáutica Brasileira: de 1921 às vésperas da criação do Ministério da Aeronáutica</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. 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Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. pp. 192–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9"><bdi>978-85-7430-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Eterna+Pioneira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+and+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=192-194&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS+and+Beting+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-901-9&rft.aulast=Beting&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft.au=Beting%2C+Joelmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetingBeting2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009). <i>Varig: Eterna Pioneira</i> (in Portuguese). 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Star Alliance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+Alliance%3A+A+Chronological+History&rft.pub=Star+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staralliance.com%2Fassets%2Fdoc%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fmember-airlines%2Fpdf%2Fstar_backgrounder_history_chronological.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetingBeting2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009). <i>Varig: Eterna Pioneira</i> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. pp. 224–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9"><bdi>978-85-7430-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Eterna+Pioneira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+and+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=224-226&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS+and+Beting+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-901-9&rft.aulast=Beting&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft.au=Beting%2C+Joelmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetingBeting2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009). <i>Varig: Eterna Pioneira</i> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9"><bdi>978-85-7430-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Eterna+Pioneira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+and+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS+and+Beting+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-901-9&rft.aulast=Beting&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft.au=Beting%2C+Joelmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varig:_Eterna_Pioneira-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Varig:_Eterna_Pioneira_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varig:_Eterna_Pioneira_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetingBeting2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009). <i>Varig: Eterna Pioneira</i> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9"><bdi>978-85-7430-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Eterna+Pioneira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+and+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS+and+Beting+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-901-9&rft.aulast=Beting&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft.au=Beting%2C+Joelmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAP_ends_investment_talks_with_Varig_after_carrier_files_for_bankruptcy-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TAP_ends_investment_talks_with_Varig_after_carrier_files_for_bankruptcy_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint2005" class="citation news cs1">Flint, Perry (21 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130117065557/http://atwonline.com/airline-financedata/news/tap-ends-investment-talks-varig-after-carrier-files-bankruptcy-0309">"TAP ends investment talks with Varig after carrier files for bankruptcy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_World" title="Air Transport World">Air Transport World</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atwonline.com/airline-financedata/news/tap-ends-investment-talks-varig-after-carrier-files-bankruptcy-0309">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TAP+ends+investment+talks+with+Varig+after+carrier+files+for+bankruptcy&rft.date=2005-06-21&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatwonline.com%2Fairline-financedata%2Fnews%2Ftap-ends-investment-talks-varig-after-carrier-files-bankruptcy-0309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varig_files_for_bankruptcy_in_Brazil_and_US-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varig_files_for_bankruptcy_in_Brazil_and_US_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231041936/http://en.mercopress.com/2005/06/20/varig-files-for-bankruptcy-in-brazil-and-us">"Varig files for bankruptcy in Brazil and US"</a>. MercoPress. 20 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2005/06/20/varig-files-for-bankruptcy-in-brazil-and-us">the original</a> on 31 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Varig+files+for+bankruptcy+in+Brazil+and+US&rft.date=2005-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2005%2F06%2F20%2Fvarig-files-for-bankruptcy-in-brazil-and-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/_ato2004-2006/2005/lei/L11101.htm">"Lei n˚11.101, de 9 de fevereiro de 2005"</a> (in Portuguese). Presidência da República: Casa Civil. 9 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lei+n%CB%9A11.101%2C+de+9+de+fevereiro+de+2005&rft.pub=Presid%C3%AAncia+da+Rep%C3%BAblica%3A+Casa+Civil&rft.date=2005-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil%2F_ato2004-2006%2F2005%2Flei%2FL11101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandra2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gandra, Alana (22 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/arquivo/node/432814">"Justiça autoriza plano de recuperação da Varig"</a> (in Portuguese). Agência Brasil<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justi%C3%A7a+autoriza+plano+de+recupera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+Varig&rft.pub=Ag%C3%AAncia+Brasil&rft.date=2005-06-22&rft.aulast=Gandra&rft.aufirst=Alana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagenciabrasil.ebc.com.br%2Farquivo%2Fnode%2F432814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2012">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130907005340/http://en.mercopress.com/2006/04/06/lat-aviation-news">"Lat. Aviation news"</a>. <i>MercoPress</i>. 6 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2006/04/06/lat-aviation-news">the original</a> on 7 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MercoPress&rft.atitle=Lat.+Aviation+news.&rft.date=2006-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2006%2F04%2F06%2Flat-aviation-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAP_Portugal_takes_control_of_Varig_subsidiaries-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TAP_Portugal_takes_control_of_Varig_subsidiaries_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuyck2005" class="citation news cs1">Buyck, Cathy (7 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130118005222/http://atwonline.com/airline-financedata/news/tap-portugal-takes-control-varig-subsidiaries-0309-0">"TAP Portugal takes control of Varig subsidiaries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_World" title="Air Transport World">Air Transport World</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atwonline.com/airline-financedata/news/tap-portugal-takes-control-varig-subsidiaries-0309-0">the original</a> on 18 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TAP+Portugal+takes+control+of+Varig+subsidiaries&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft.aulast=Buyck&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatwonline.com%2Fairline-financedata%2Fnews%2Ftap-portugal-takes-control-varig-subsidiaries-0309-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabois-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grabois_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grabois_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabois2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grabois, Ana Paula (20 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valoronline.com.br/?online/transportes/63/3801395/oficializada-venda-da-varig-para-variglog-pelo-preco-de-r-52,324-milhoes">"Oficializada venda da Varig para VarigLog pelo preço de R$52,334 milhões"</a> (in Portuguese). Valor Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oficializada+venda+da+Varig+para+VarigLog+pelo+pre%C3%A7o+de+R%2452%2C334+milh%C3%B5es&rft.pub=Valor+Online&rft.date=2006-07-20&rft.aulast=Grabois&rft.aufirst=Ana+Paula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valoronline.com.br%2F%3Fonline%2Ftransportes%2F63%2F3801395%2Foficializada-venda-da-varig-para-variglog-pelo-preco-de-r-52%2C324-milhoes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130907005742/http://en.mercopress.com/2006/07/21/brazil-s-varig-sold-in-auction-to-former-cargo-unit">"Brazil's Varig Sold in Auction to Former Cargo Unit"</a>. <i>MercoPress</i>. 21 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2006/07/21/brazil-s-varig-sold-in-auction-to-former-cargo-unit">the original</a> on 7 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MercoPress&rft.atitle=Brazil%27s+Varig+Sold+in+Auction+to+Former+Cargo+Unit&rft.date=2006-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2006%2F07%2F21%2Fbrazil-s-varig-sold-in-auction-to-former-cargo-unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetingBeting2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009). <i>Varig: Eterna Pioneira</i> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9"><bdi>978-85-7430-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Eterna+Pioneira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+and+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS+and+Beting+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-901-9&rft.aulast=Beting&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft.au=Beting%2C+Joelmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosas2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rosas, Rafael (22 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valoronline.com.br/?online/transportes/63/4597212/em-recuperacao-judicial,-velha-varig-pode-voltar-a-voar-em-dezembro,-agora-com-o-nome-de-flex">"Em recuperação judicial, "velha" Varig pode voltar a voar em dezembro, agora com o nome de Flex"</a> (in Portuguese). Valor Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Em+recupera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+judicial%2C+%22velha%22+Varig+pode+voltar+a+voar+em+dezembro%2C+agora+com+o+nome+de+Flex&rft.pub=Valor+Online&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft.aulast=Rosas&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valoronline.com.br%2F%3Fonline%2Ftransportes%2F63%2F4597212%2Fem-recuperacao-judicial%2C-velha-varig-pode-voltar-a-voar-em-dezembro%2C-agora-com-o-nome-de-flex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgência_Nacional_de_Aviação_Civil2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (20 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160224/http://www.anac.gov.br/arquivos/pdf/Ata%20da%20Reuni%C3%A3o%20de%20Diretoria%20de%2018%20de%20agosto%20de%202009.pdf">"Renovação de concessão operacional para a Nordeste Linhas Aéreas (Flex)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). Ata de reunião da ANAC realizada em 18 de agosto de 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anac.gov.br/arquivos/pdf/Ata%20da%20Reuni%C3%A3o%20de%20Diretoria%20de%2018%20de%20agosto%20de%202009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renova%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+concess%C3%A3o+operacional+para+a+Nordeste+Linhas+A%C3%A9reas+%28Flex%29&rft.pub=Ata+de+reuni%C3%A3o+da+ANAC+realizada+em+18+de+agosto+de+2009&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.au=Ag%C3%AAncia+Nacional+de+Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Civil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anac.gov.br%2Farquivos%2Fpdf%2FAta%2520da%2520Reuni%25C3%25A3o%2520de%2520Diretoria%2520de%252018%2520de%2520agosto%2520de%25202009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaeta2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baeta, Zínia (3 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valoronline.com.br/?impresso/legislacao_&_tributos/197/5797036/justica-do-rio-encerra-processo--de-recuperacao-judicial-da-varig">"Justiça do Rio encerra processo de recuperação judicial da Varig"</a> (in Portuguese). Valor Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justi%C3%A7a+do+Rio+encerra+processo+de+recupera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+judicial+da+Varig&rft.pub=Valor+Online&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft.aulast=Baeta&rft.aufirst=Z%C3%ADnia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valoronline.com.br%2F%3Fimpresso%2Flegislacao_%26_tributos%2F197%2F5797036%2Fjustica-do-rio-encerra-processo--de-recuperacao-judicial-da-varig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomatsuBaeta2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Komatsu, Alberto; Baeta, Zínia (23 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valoronline.com.br/?impresso/legislacao_/197/6446905/gol-pode-ser-acionada-por-credores-da-varig">"Gol pode ser acionada por credores da Varig"</a> (in Portuguese). Valor Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gol+pode+ser+acionada+por+credores+da+Varig&rft.pub=Valor+Online&rft.date=2010-08-23&rft.aulast=Komatsu&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Baeta%2C+Z%C3%ADnia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valoronline.com.br%2F%3Fimpresso%2Flegislacao_%2F197%2F6446905%2Fgol-pode-ser-acionada-por-credores-da-varig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Star_Alliance_boots_Varig-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Star_Alliance_boots_Varig_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus2006" class="citation news cs1">Straus, Brian (25 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130117103859/http://atwonline.com/airline-financedata/news/star-alliance-boots-varig-0309">"Star Alliance boots Varig"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_World" title="Air Transport World">Air Transport World</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atwonline.com/airline-financedata/news/star-alliance-boots-varig-0309">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Star+Alliance+boots+Varig&rft.date=2006-12-25&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatwonline.com%2Fairline-financedata%2Fnews%2Fstar-alliance-boots-varig-0309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VARIG_to_leave_Star_Alliance-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VARIG_to_leave_Star_Alliance_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725123713/http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/rgleavingstaralliance-prp/">"VARIG to leave Star Alliance"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a>. 21 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staralliance.com/en/press/rgleavingstaralliance-prp/">the original</a> on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VARIG+to+leave+Star+Alliance&rft.pub=Star+Alliance&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staralliance.com%2Fen%2Fpress%2Frgleavingstaralliance-prp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetingBeting2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009). <i>Varig: Eterna Pioneira</i> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9"><bdi>978-85-7430-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Eterna+Pioneira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+and+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS+and+Beting+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-901-9&rft.aulast=Beting&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft.au=Beting%2C+Joelmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/negocos+servcos,justca-decreta-falenca-da-flex--antga-varg,not_32467,0.htm">"Justiça decreta falência da Flex, antiga Varig"</a> (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. 20 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justi%C3%A7a+decreta+fal%C3%AAncia+da+Flex%2C+antiga+Varig&rft.pub=O+Estado+de+S.+Paulo&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomia.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fnegocos%2Bservcos%2Cjustca-decreta-falenca-da-flex--antga-varg%2Cnot_32467%2C0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaguna2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laguna, Eduardo (20 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824045830/http://www.valoronline.com.br/?online%2Ftransportes%2F63%2F6445432%2Fjustica-do-rio-decreta-falencia-da-antiga-varig">"Justiça do Rio decreta a falência da antiga Varig"</a> (in Portuguese). Valor Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valoronline.com.br/?online/transportes/63/6445432/justica-do-rio-decreta-falencia-da-antiga-varig">the original</a> on 24 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justi%C3%A7a+do+Rio+decreta+a+fal%C3%AAncia+da+antiga+Varig&rft.pub=Valor+Online&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft.aulast=Laguna&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valoronline.com.br%2F%3Fonline%2Ftransportes%2F63%2F6445432%2Fjustica-do-rio-decreta-falencia-da-antiga-varig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaeta2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baeta, Zínia (10 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valoronline.com.br/online/empresas/44/307116/processo-de-falencia-da-varig-e-suspenso">"Processo de falência da Varig é suspenso"</a> (in Portuguese). Valor Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Processo+de+fal%C3%AAncia+da+Varig+%C3%A9+suspenso&rft.pub=Valor+Online&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.aulast=Baeta&rft.aufirst=Z%C3%ADnia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valoronline.com.br%2Fonline%2Fempresas%2F44%2F307116%2Fprocesso-de-falencia-da-varig-e-suspenso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130921222402/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u112718.shtml">"Varig começa a operar mais 7 rotas em dezembro"</a> [Varig to start seven more routes in December] (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Folha_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Folha Online">Folha Online</a>. 28 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u112718.shtml">the original</a> on 21 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Varig+come%C3%A7a+a+operar+mais+7+rotas+em+dezembro&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffolha%2Fdinheiro%2Fult91u112718.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortes2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Portes, Ivone (14 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130921223518/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u113136.shtml">"Varig recebe certificado de homologação e concessões da Anac"</a> [Varig receives approval certificate and concessions from Anac] (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Folha_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Folha Online">Folha Online</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u113136.shtml">the original</a> on 21 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Varig+recebe+certificado+de+homologa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+concess%C3%B5es+da+Anac&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft.aulast=Portes&rft.aufirst=Ivone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffolha%2Fdinheiro%2Fult91u113136.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetingBeting2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009). <i>Varig: Eterna Pioneira</i> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. pp. 260–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9"><bdi>978-85-7430-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Eterna+Pioneira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+and+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=260-263&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS+and+Beting+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-901-9&rft.aulast=Beting&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft.au=Beting%2C+Joelmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.clarin.com/suplementos/economico/2007/04/01/n-00702.htm">"Planes de Gol para Varig"</a> [Gol's plans for Varig]. <i><a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarín</a></i> (in Spanish). 1 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clar%C3%ADn&rft.atitle=Planes+de+Gol+para+Varig&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.clarin.com%2Fsuplementos%2Feconomico%2F2007%2F04%2F01%2Fn-00702.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2007/03/28/brazilian-budget-airline-gol-takes-over-full-control-of-varig">"Brazilian budget airline GOL takes over full control of Varig"</a>. <i>MercoPress</i>. 28 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MercoPress.&rft.atitle=Brazilian+budget+airline+GOL+takes+over+full+control+of+Varig&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2007%2F03%2F28%2Fbrazilian-budget-airline-gol-takes-over-full-control-of-varig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.clarin.com/diario/2007/03/29/elpais/p-02102.htm">"La brasileña Gol compró a Varig"</a> [Brazilian airline Gol bought Varig]. <i><a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarín</a></i> (in Spanish). 28 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clar%C3%ADn&rft.atitle=La+brasile%C3%B1a+Gol+compr%C3%B3+a+Varig&rft.date=2007-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.clarin.com%2Fdiario%2F2007%2F03%2F29%2Felpais%2Fp-02102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetingBeting2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009). <i>Varig: Eterna Pioneira</i> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9"><bdi>978-85-7430-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Eterna+Pioneira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+and+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS+and+Beting+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-901-9&rft.aulast=Beting&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft.au=Beting%2C+Joelmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetingBeting2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009). <i>Varig: Eterna Pioneira</i> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9"><bdi>978-85-7430-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Eterna+Pioneira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+and+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS+and+Beting+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-901-9&rft.aulast=Beting&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft.au=Beting%2C+Joelmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Other_News_-_10/29/2007-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Other_News_-_10/29/2007_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130117111654/http://atwonline.com/operations-maintenance/news/other-news-10292007-0309-0">"Other News - 10/29/2007"</a>. Air Transport World. 30 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atwonline.com/operations-maintenance/news/other-news-10292007-0309-0">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Other+News+-+10%2F29%2F2007&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatwonline.com%2Foperations-maintenance%2Fnews%2Fother-news-10292007-0309-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331013704/http://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=71&data=29%2F09%2F2008">"Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil: Decisão n˚384, de 25 de setembro de 2008"</a> (in Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União. 29 September 2008. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1677-7042">1677-7042</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=71&data=29/09/2008">the original</a> on 31 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ag%C3%AAncia+Nacional+de+Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Civil%3A+Decis%C3%A3o+n%CB%9A384%2C+de+25+de+setembro+de+2008&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Di%C3%A1rio+Oficial+da+Uni%C3%A3o&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft.issn=1677-7042&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov.br%2Fimprensa%2Fvisualiza%2Findex.jsp%3Fjornal%3D1%26pagina%3D71%26data%3D29%2F09%2F2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrade, Artur Luiz (31 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panrotas.com.br/canais/redacao/plantao/portal_reader_noticia.asp?cod_not=39670">"Gol unifica empresas mas mantém marcas Gol e Varig"</a> (in Portuguese). Panrotas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gol+unifica+empresas+mas+mant%C3%A9m+marcas+Gol+e+Varig&rft.pub=Panrotas&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Artur+Luiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panrotas.com.br%2Fcanais%2Fredacao%2Fplantao%2Fportal_reader_noticia.asp%3Fcod_not%3D39670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110404020107/http://www.aviacaobrasil.com.br/wp/empresas_aereas/nacionais_passageiros_e_carga/flex_linhas_aereas_brasil">"Flex Linhas Aéreas (Brasil)"</a> (in Portuguese). Aviação Brasil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviacaobrasil.com.br/wp/empresas_aereas/nacionais_passageiros_e_carga/flex_linhas_aereas_brasil">the original</a> on 4 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flex+Linhas+A%C3%A9reas+%28Brasil%29&rft.pub=Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Brasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviacaobrasil.com.br%2Fwp%2Fempresas_aereas%2Fnacionais_passageiros_e_carga%2Fflex_linhas_aereas_brasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeting,_GianfrancoBeting,_Joelmir2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beting, Gianfranco; Beting, Joelmir (2009). <i>Varig: Eterna Pioneira</i> (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre and São Paulo: EDIPUCRS and Beting Books. pp. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-901-9"><bdi>978-85-7430-901-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Eterna+Pioneira&rft.place=Porto+Alegre+and+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS+and+Beting+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-901-9&rft.au=Beting%2C+Gianfranco&rft.au=Beting%2C+Joelmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2015" class="citation news cs1">Young, Kathryn M. (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904231657/http://atwonline.com/blog/brazilian-beauty">"Brazilian Beauty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_World" title="Air Transport World">Air Transport World</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+record+for+Varig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fdatabase%2Fdblist.php%3Fsorteer%3Ddatekey_desc%26kind%3D%25%26cat%3D%25%26page%3D1%26field%3DOperatorkey%26var%3D4638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereira1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pereira, Aldo (1987). <i>Breve História da Aviação Comercial Brasileira</i> (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Europa. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+Hist%C3%B3ria+da+Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Comercial+Brasileira&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Europa&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Aldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Verão de 1942". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 42–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ver%C3%A3o+de+1942&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=42-48&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereira1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pereira, Aldo (1987). <i>Breve História da Aviação Comercial Brasileira</i> (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Europa. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+Hist%C3%B3ria+da+Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Comercial+Brasileira&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Europa&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Aldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "O Electra e o temporal". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 61–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=O+Electra+e+o+temporal&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=61-65&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/336361">"Accident description PP-VBI"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VBI&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F336361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Fogo a bordo". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 83–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fogo+a+bordo&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=83-86&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/335085">"Accident description PP-VBZ"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VBZ&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F335085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Bloqueio do profundor". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 140–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bloqueio+do+profundor&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=140-144&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/334507">"Accident description PP-VCF"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VCF&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F334507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Incêndio sorrateiro". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 153–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inc%C3%AAndio+sorrateiro&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=153-158&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/cultura-e-lazer/almanaque/noticia/2020/05/geraldo-knippling-o-piloto-da-varig-que-se-tornou-uma-lenda-da-aviacao-mundial-ck9udg26r00kv015nauyey3to.html">"Accident description PP-VDA"</a>. 6 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VDA&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgauchazh.clicrbs.com.br%2Fcultura-e-lazer%2Falmanaque%2Fnoticia%2F2020%2F05%2Fgeraldo-knippling-o-piloto-da-varig-que-se-tornou-uma-lenda-da-aviacao-mundial-ck9udg26r00kv015nauyey3to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/334381">"Accident description PP-VCS"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VCS&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F334381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/333803">"Accident description PP-CDS"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-CDS&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F333803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Decolagem sinuosa". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 187–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decolagem+sinuosa&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=187-189&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/333193">"Accident description PP-VJB"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VJB&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F333193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Back course". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 217–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Back+course&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=217-222&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/333177">"ASN Aircraft accident Convair CV-240-2 PP-VCQ Brasilia, DF"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a>. 16 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Convair+CV-240-2+PP-VCQ+Brasilia%2C+DF&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F333177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/333076">"Accident description PP-VBV"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VBV&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F333076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Circulando na cerração". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 239–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Circulando+na+cerra%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=239-242&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/332193">"Accident description PP-PEA"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-PEA&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F332193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Armadilha na aproximação". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 249–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armadilha+na+aproxima%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=249-255&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19730609-0">Accident description for PP-VJL</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a>. Retrieved on 9 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/330145">"Accident description PP-VJZ"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VJZ&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F330145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "No céu de Paris". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 285–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=No+c%C3%A9u+de+Paris&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=285-290&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/328671">"Accident description PP-VLU"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VLU&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F328671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/326866">"Accident description PP-VJK"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VJK&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F326866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Na escuridão da noite africana". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 345–351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Na+escurid%C3%A3o+da+noite+africana&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=345-351&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/04/world/49-lost-as-plane-crashes-in-africa.html?src=pm">"49 Lost as Plane Crashes in Africa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 4 January 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=49+Lost+as+Plane+Crashes+in+Africa&rft.date=1987-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F01%2F04%2Fworld%2F49-lost-as-plane-crashes-in-africa.html%3Fsrc%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1987" class="citation news cs1">Brooke, James (5 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/05/world/no-hope-for-more-survivors-in-africa-crash.html?src=pm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'No Hope' For More Survivors in Africa Crash"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27No+Hope%27+For+More+Survivors+in+Africa+Crash&rft.date=1987-01-05&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F01%2F05%2Fworld%2Fno-hope-for-more-survivors-in-africa-crash.html%3Fsrc%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/326246">"Accident description PP-VMK"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-VMK&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F326246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermano_da_Silva2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Rumo errado". <i>O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996</i> (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 352–360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2"><bdi>978-85-7430-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rumo+errado&rft.btitle=O+rastro+da+bruxa%3A+hist%C3%B3ria+da+avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+comercial+brasileira+no+s%C3%A9culo+XX+atrav%C3%A9s+dos+seus+acidentes+1928%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Porto+Alegre&rft.pages=352-360&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=EDIPUCRS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-85-7430-760-2&rft.aulast=Germano+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Ari+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1989" class="citation news cs1">Brooke, James (6 September 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/06/world/after-trek-from-brazil-crash-survivor-says-46-of-54-live.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm">"After Trek From Brazil Crash, Survivor Says 46 of 54 Live"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130906224445/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/06/world/after-trek-from-brazil-crash-survivor-says-46-of-54-live.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+Trek+From+Brazil+Crash%2C+Survivor+Says+46+of+54+Live&rft.date=1989-09-06&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F09%2F06%2Fworld%2Fafter-trek-from-brazil-crash-survivor-says-46-of-54-live.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dprint%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/324264">"Accident description PP-CJO"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accident+description+PP-CJO&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F324264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/330488">"Incident description PP-VJL"</a>. Aviation Safety Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incident+description+PP-VJL&rft.pub=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasn.flightsafety.org%2Fasndb%2F330488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooksley1996" class="citation journal cs1">Cooksley, Peter (September–October 1996). "Celestial Coaches: Dornier's Record Breaking Komet and Merkur". <i>Air Enthusiast</i> (65): 20–24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Celestial+Coaches%3A+Dornier%27s+Record+Breaking+Komet+and+Merkur&rft.issue=65&rft.pages=20-24&rft.date=1996-09%2F1996-10&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Cooksley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2022" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Barry (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSz3zgEACAAJ"><i>Varig: Star of Brazil</i></a>. Airlines Series, Vol. 6. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781802822502" title="Special:BookSources/9781802822502"><bdi>9781802822502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varig%3A+Star+of+Brazil&rft.place=Stamford%2C+Lincs%2C+UK&rft.series=Airlines+Series%2C+Vol.+6&rft.pub=Key+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781802822502&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSz3zgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastellitti" class="citation journal cs1">Castellitti, Carolina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022526618822132">"Varig, "a Real Brazilian Embassy Outside": Anthropological reflections on aviation and national imaginaries"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Journal_of_Transport_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Journal of Transport History (page does not exist)">The Journal of Transport History</a></i>. <b>40</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Sage_Journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Journals">Sage Journals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022526618822132">10.1177/0022526618822132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Transport+History&rft.atitle=Varig%2C+%E2%80%9Ca+Real+Brazilian+Embassy+Outside%E2%80%9D%3A+Anthropological+reflections+on+aviation+and+national+imaginaries&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022526618822132&rft.aulast=Castellitti&rft.aufirst=Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0022526618822132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVarig" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varig&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Varig" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Varig">Varig</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.varig.com.br/english/">Varig Archive (2000–2002)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.varig.com.br/english/rghome-p.htm">Varig Archive (1997–1999)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.varig.com.br">Varig Archive</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/operators/4638">VARIG Accidents as per Aviation Safety Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/rg.htm">Timetable Images of Varig</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Varig" title="Template:Varig"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Varig" title="Template talk:Varig"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Varig" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Varig"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Varig" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Varig</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordeste_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Regionais" title="Nordeste Linhas Aéreas Regionais">Nordeste Linhas Aéreas Regionais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Sul_Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Regionais" title="Rio Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais">Rio Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul">Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Log%C3%ADstica" title="Varig Logística">Varig Logística</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents<br />and<br />incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_810" title="Varig Flight 810">Flight 810</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_837" title="Varig Flight 837">Flight 837</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_820" title="Varig Flight 820">Flight 820</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_967" title="Varig Flight 967">Flight 967</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_797" title="Varig Flight 797">Flight 797</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_254" title="Varig Flight 254">Flight 254</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flex_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Flex Linhas Aéreas">Flex Linhas Aéreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voo_da_Amizade" title="Voo da Amizade">Voo da Amizade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Airlines_of_Brazil_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Brazil&#124;link=Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Airlines_of_Brazil" title="Template:Airlines of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Airlines_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Airlines of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Airlines_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Airlines of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Airlines_of_Brazil_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Brazil&#124;link=Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Brazil" title="List of airlines of Brazil">Airlines of Brazil</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azul_Brazilian_Airlines" title="Azul Brazilian Airlines">Azul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gol Transportes Aéreos">Gol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LATAM_Brasil" class="mw-redirect" title="LATAM Brasil">LATAM Brasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_airline" title="Regional airline">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azul_Conecta" title="Azul Conecta">Azul Conecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="MAP Linhas Aéreas">MAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaet%C3%A9_Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Abaeté Aviação">Abaeté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apu%C3%AD_T%C3%A1xi_A%C3%A9reo" title="Apuí Táxi Aéreo">Apuí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voepass" title="Voepass">Voepass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">Charter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avion_Express_Brasil" title="Avion Express Brasil">Avion Express Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux_Express" title="Dux Express">Dux Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapper_(company)" title="Flapper (company)">Flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placar_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Placar Linhas Aéreas">Placar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideral_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Sideral Linhas Aéreas">Sideral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Total Linhas Aéreas">Total Linhas Aéreas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asas_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Asas Linhas Aéreas">ASAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azul_Brazilian_Airlines" title="Azul Brazilian Airlines">Azul Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braspress_Air_Cargo" title="Braspress Air Cargo">Braspress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux_Express" title="Dux Express">Dux Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gol Transportes Aéreos">Gollog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LATAM_Cargo_Brasil" title="LATAM Cargo Brasil">LATAM Cargo Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levu_Air_Cargo" title="Levu Air Cargo">Levu Air Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Logistics" title="Modern Logistics">Modern Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideral_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Sideral Linhas Aéreas">Sideral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Total Linhas Aéreas">Total Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Express" title="Total Express">Total Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-scheduled_airline" title="Non-scheduled airline">Non-scheduled</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosul_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Aerosul Linhas Aéreas">Aerosul</a></li> <li>Amazonaves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTA_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="ASTA Linhas Aéreas">ASTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugomes_Air_T%C3%A1xi_A%C3%A9reo" title="Dugomes Air Táxi Aéreo">Dugomes Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaus_Aerot%C3%A1xi" title="Manaus Aerotáxi">Manaus Aerotáxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RICO_Taxi_A%C3%A9reo" title="RICO Taxi Aéreo">RICO Taxi Aéreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_T%C3%A1xi_A%C3%A9reo" title="Global Táxi Aéreo">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADder_Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Líder Aviação">Líder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAM_Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Executiva" title="TAM Aviação Executiva">TAM Executiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piquiatuba_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Piquiatuba Transportes Aéreos">Piquiatuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaet%C3%A9_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Abaeté Linhas Aéreas">Abaeté (1994-2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LATAM_Cargo_Brasil" title="LATAM Cargo Brasil">ABSA Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aero_Geral" title="Aero Geral">Aero Geral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerolloyd_Iguass%C3%BA" title="Aerolloyd Iguassú">Aerolloyd Iguassú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronorte" title="Aeronorte">Aeronorte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerovias_Brasil" title="Aerovias Brasil">Aerovias Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerovias_Minas_Gerais" title="Aerovias Minas Gerais">Aerovias Minas Gerais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Minas_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Air Minas Linhas Aéreas">Air Minas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Vias" title="Air Vias">Air Vias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Air_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="América Air Linhas Aéreas">América Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_A%C3%A9rea_Arco-%C3%8Dris" title="Viação Aérea Arco-Íris">Arco-Íris</a></li> <li>Arruda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Brasil" title="ATA Brasil">ATA Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avianca_Brasil" title="Avianca Brasil">Avianca Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BETA_Cargo" title="BETA Cargo">BETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRA_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="BRA Transportes Aéreos">BRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_Central_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Brasil Central Linhas Aéreas">Brasil Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasmex_%E2%80%93_Brasil_Minas_Express" title="Brasmex – Brasil Minas Express">Brasmex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brava_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Brava Linhas Aéreas">Brava Linhas Aéreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_A%C3%A9rea_Limitada" title="Central Aérea Limitada">Central Aérea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLT_Cargo" title="COLT Cargo">COLT Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condor_Syndikat" title="Condor Syndikat">Condor Syndikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Cruiser Linhas Aéreas">Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Cruzeiro_do_Sul" title="Serviços Aéreos Cruzeiro do Sul">Cruzeiro do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empresa_de_Transporte_A%C3%A9reo" title="Empresa de Transporte Aéreo">ETA</a></li> <li>Digex Aero Cargo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flex_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Flex Linhas Aéreas">Flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Fly Linhas Aéreas">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyways_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Flyways Linhas Aéreas">Flyways</a></li> <li>Frigopar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gensa" title="Gensa">GENSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisul_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Helisul Linhas Aéreas">Helisul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrasil_STAR" title="Interbrasil STAR">Interbrasil STAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itapemirim_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Itapemirim Transportes Aéreos">Itapemirim (1990-2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itapemirim_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_(2020%E2%80%932022)" title="Itapemirim Transportes Aéreos (2020–2022)">Itapemirim (2020-2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companhia_Ita%C3%BA_de_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Companhia Itaú de Transportes Aéreos">Itaú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Brasileiras" title="Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras">LAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Paulistas_%E2%80%93_LAP" class="mw-redirect" title="Linhas Aéreas Paulistas – LAP">Linhas Aéreas Paulistas</a></li> <li>LATB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litor%C3%A2nea_Aero_T%C3%A1xi" title="Litorânea Aero Táxi">Litorânea Aero Táxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3ide_A%C3%A9reo_Nacional" title="Lóide Aéreo Nacional">Lóide Aéreo Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mais_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Mais Linhas Aéreas">Mais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Top_Airlines" title="Master Top Airlines">MTA Master Top Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companhia_Meridional_de_Transportes" title="Companhia Meridional de Transportes">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Meta Linhas Aéreas">Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAB_%E2%80%93_Navega%C3%A7%C3%A3o_A%C3%A9rea_Brasileira" class="mw-redirect" title="NAB – Navegação Aérea Brasileira">NAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Nacional" title="Transportes Aéreos Nacional">Nacional (1946-1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacional_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Nacional Transportes Aéreos">Nacional (2000-2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Natal" title="Linhas Aéreas Natal">Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHT_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" class="mw-redirect" title="NHT Linhas Aéreas">NHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noar_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Noar Linhas Aéreas">Noar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordeste_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Regionais" title="Nordeste Linhas Aéreas Regionais">Nordeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYRBA_do_Brasil" class="mw-redirect" title="NYRBA do Brasil">NYRBA do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OceanAir" class="mw-redirect" title="OceanAir">OceanAir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Mineira_de_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Organização Mineira de Transportes Aéreos">OMTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Pantanal Linhas Aéreas">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraense_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Paraense Transportes Aéreos">Paraense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voepass_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" class="mw-redirect" title="Voepass Linhas Aéreas">Passaredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Pena Transportes Aéreos">PENTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidente_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Presidente Transportes Aéreos">Presidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promodal_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Promodal Transportes Aéreos">Promodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puma_Air" title="Puma Air">Puma Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Real Transportes Aéreos">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rico_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Rico Linhas Aéreas">Rico Linhas Aéreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Rio Linhas Aéreas">Rio Linhas Aéreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Sul_Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Regionais" title="Rio Sul Serviços Aéreos Regionais">Rio Sul</a></li> <li>Rota do Sol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadia_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadia Transportes Aéreos">Sadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAVAG_%E2%80%93_Sociedade_An%C3%B4nima_Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_A%C3%A9rea_Ga%C3%BAcha" class="mw-redirect" title="SAVAG – Sociedade Anônima Viação Aérea Gaúcha">SAVAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_A%C3%A9reos_Condor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serviços Aéreos Condor">Serviços Aéreos Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SETE_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="SETE Linhas Aéreas">SETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skymaster_Airlines" title="Skymaster Airlines">Skymaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Sol Linhas Aéreas">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterna_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Sterna Linhas Aéreas">Sterna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicato_Condor" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicato Condor">Syndicato Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Bandeirantes" title="Transportes Aéreos Bandeirantes">TABA (1945-1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TABA_%E2%80%93_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_da_Bacia_Amaz%C3%B4nica" class="mw-redirect" title="TABA – Transportes Aéreos da Bacia Amazônica">TABA (1976-1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAC_%E2%80%93_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Catarinense" class="mw-redirect" title="TAC – Transportes Aéreos Catarinense">TAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAF_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="TAF Linhas Aéreas">TAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAL_%E2%80%93_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Ltda" class="mw-redirect" title="TAL – Transportes Aéreos Ltda">TAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAM_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="TAM Express">TAM Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAM_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Meridionais" class="mw-redirect" title="TAM Transportes Aéreos Meridionais">TAM-Meridionais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS_%E2%80%93_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="TAS – Transportes Aéreos Salvador">TAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Sul-Americanos" title="Transportes Aéreos Sul-Americanos">TASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavaj_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Tavaj Linhas Aéreas">TAVAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCA_%E2%80%93_Transportes_Carga_A%C3%A9rea" class="mw-redirect" title="TCA – Transportes Carga Aérea">TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportes_Charter_do_Brasil" title="Transportes Charter do Brasil">TCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAM_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="TEAM Linhas Aéreas">TEAM</a></li> <li>Transair International</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transbrasil" title="Transbrasil">Transbrasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linha_A%C3%A9rea_Transcontinental_Brasileira" title="Linha Aérea Transcontinental Brasileira">Transcontinental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIP_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="TRIP Linhas Aéreas">TRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TwoFlex" class="mw-redirect" title="TwoFlex">TwoFlex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos" title="Universal Transportes Aéreos">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_A%C3%A9rea_Bahiana" title="Viação Aérea Bahiana">VAB</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Varig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varig_Log%C3%ADstica" title="Varig Logística">Varig Logística</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_A%C3%A9rea_Santos_Dumont" title="Viação Aérea Santos Dumont">VASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASP" title="VASP">VASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASP#VASPEX" title="VASP">VASPEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Brasil_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" title="Via Brasil Linhas Aéreas">Via Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viabras" title="Viabras">Viabras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voe_Minas_Gerais" title="Voe Minas Gerais">Voe Minas Gerais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOTEC" class="mw-redirect" title="VOTEC">VOTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebJet_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" class="mw-redirect" title="WebJet Linhas Aéreas">Webjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitejets" title="Whitejets">Whitejets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Wright" title="Linhas Aéreas Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_Star_Alliance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Star_Alliance" title="Template:Star Alliance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Star_Alliance" title="Template talk:Star Alliance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star_Alliance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star Alliance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_Star_Alliance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founder members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Airways_International" title="Thai Airways International">Thai Airways International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Airlines" title="Aegean Airlines">Aegean Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Air China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways" title="All Nippon Airways">All Nippon Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines" title="Asiana Airlines">Asiana Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Airlines" title="Austrian Airlines">Austrian Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avianca" title="Avianca">Avianca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airlines" title="Brussels Airlines">Brussels Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copa_Airlines" title="Copa Airlines">Copa Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_Airlines" title="Croatia Airlines">Croatia Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptair" title="Egyptair">Egyptair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines" title="Ethiopian Airlines">Ethiopian Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVA_Air" title="EVA Air">EVA Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines" title="LOT Polish Airlines">LOT Polish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Airlines" title="Shenzhen Airlines">Shenzhen Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines" title="Swiss International Air Lines">Swiss International Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAP_Air_Portugal" title="TAP Air Portugal">TAP Air Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Canada_Express" title="Air Canada Express">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Canada_Jetz" title="Air Canada Jetz">Jetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Canada_Rouge" title="Air Canada Rouge">Rouge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_India_Express" title="Air India Express">Air India Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Japan" title="Air Japan">Air Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand_Link" title="Air New Zealand Link">Air New Zealand Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlink" title="Airlink">Airlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANA_Wings" title="ANA Wings">ANA Wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AJet" title="AJet">AJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avianca" title="Avianca">Avianca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avianca_Costa_Rica" title="Avianca Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avianca_Ecuador" title="Avianca Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avianca_El_Salvador" title="Avianca El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avianca_Express" title="Avianca Express">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avianca_Guatemala" title="Avianca Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avianca_Honduras" title="Avianca Honduras">Honduras</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copa_Airlines_Colombia" title="Copa Airlines Colombia">Copa Airlines Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Regional" title="Lufthansa Regional">Lufthansa Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Air" title="Olympic Air">Olympic Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAP_Express" title="TAP Express">TAP Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni_Air" title="Uni Air">Uni Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Express" title="United Express">United Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_Star_Alliance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logo_of_Star_Alliance.svg/100px-Logo_of_Star_Alliance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logo_of_Star_Alliance.svg/150px-Logo_of_Star_Alliance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logo_of_Star_Alliance.svg/200px-Logo_of_Star_Alliance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="115" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intermodal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juneyao_Air" title="Juneyao Air">Juneyao Air</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adria_Airways" title="Adria Airways">Adria Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansett_Australia" title="Ansett Australia">Ansett Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue1" title="Blue1">Blue1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Midland_International" title="British Midland International">British Midland International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Mexicana de Aviación">Mexicana de Aviación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Airlines" title="Shanghai Airlines">Shanghai Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanair" title="Spanair">Spanair</a></li> <li>TAM <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LATAM_Brasil" class="mw-redirect" title="LATAM Brasil">Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LATAM_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="LATAM Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Airways" title="US Airways">US Airways</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Varig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861197#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/103145857116022922874">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5054200-X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93014594">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007381902005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varig&oldid=1259811978">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varig&oldid=1259811978</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Varig" title="Category:Varig">Varig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_airlines_of_Brazil" 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