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<span>Major themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionist_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionist_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zionist views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zionist_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zionist views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zionist_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1915:_Early_engagement_with_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1915:_Early_engagement_with_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-1915: Early engagement with Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1915:_Early_engagement_with_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1915–38:_Further_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915–38:_Further_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1915–38: Further development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1915–38:_Further_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_1938:_Zionist_views_from_Israel_and_post-Independence_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_1938:_Zionist_views_from_Israel_and_post-Independence_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post 1938: Zionist views from Israel and post-Independence Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_1938:_Zionist_views_from_Israel_and_post-Independence_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_and_academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary and academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialogue_and_existence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialogue_and_existence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dialogue and existence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialogue_and_existence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ich-Du" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ich-Du"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span><i>Ich-Du</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ich-Du-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ich-Es" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ich-Es"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span><i>Ich-Es</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ich-Es-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Students_and_colleagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students_and_colleagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Students and colleagues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students_and_colleagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasidism_and_mysticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasidism_and_mysticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hasidism and mysticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasidism_and_mysticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Published works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Published works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_writings_(German)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_writings_(German)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Original writings (German)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_writings_(German)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Collected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Correspondence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Buber</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="مارتن بوبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن بوبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="مارتین بوبر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین بوبر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Марцін Бубер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марцін Бубер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Бубер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мартин Бубер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Μάρτιν Μπούμπερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρτιν Μπούμπερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="مارتین بوبر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین بوبر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B4_%EB%B6%80%EB%B2%84" title="마르틴 부버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르틴 부버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարտին Բուբեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտին Բուբեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन बुबेर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्टिन बुबेर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="מרטין בובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין בובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಮಾರ್ಟಿನ್‌ ಬುಬರ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರ್ಟಿನ್‌ ಬುಬರ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მარტინ ბუბერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარტინ ბუბერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Buber" title="Martinus Buber – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martinus Buber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C4%ABns_B%C5%ABbers" title="Martīns Būbers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Martīns Būbers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="مارتن بوبر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتن بوبر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="マルティン・ブーバー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルティン・ブーバー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਬੂਬਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਬੂਬਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="مارٹن بوبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارٹن بوبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="مارتین بوبر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارتین بوبر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бубер, Мартин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бубер, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1" title="مارتین بوبەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارتین بوبەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Бубер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мартин Бубер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Бубер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартин Бубер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="مارٹن بوبر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارٹن بوبر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Martin Buber" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%AF" title="马丁·布伯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马丁·布伯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="מארטין בובער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מארטין בובער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%AF" title="馬丁·布伯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬丁·布伯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%AF" title="马丁·布伯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马丁·布伯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q84423#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German-Israeli philosopher (1878–1965)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Martin Buber</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Buber_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Buber_portrait.jpg/220px-Martin_Buber_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Buber_portrait.jpg/330px-Martin_Buber_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Buber_portrait.jpg/440px-Martin_Buber_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1785" data-file-height="2399" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">February 8, 1878<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 13, 1965<span style="display:none">(1965-06-13)</span> (aged 87)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem, Israel">Jerusalem, Israel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">philosophical anthropology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Ich-Du</i> (I–Thou) and <i>Ich-Es</i> (I–It)<br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_dialogue" title="Philosophy of dialogue">philosophy of dialogue</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Buber_Signature_from_Goldman_Collection.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Martin_Buber_Signature_from_Goldman_Collection.png/150px-Martin_Buber_Signature_from_Goldman_Collection.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Martin_Buber_Signature_from_Goldman_Collection.png/225px-Martin_Buber_Signature_from_Goldman_Collection.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Martin_Buber_Signature_from_Goldman_Collection.png/300px-Martin_Buber_Signature_from_Goldman_Collection.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="276" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martin Buber</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מרטין בובר</span>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Martin Buber</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈmaʁtiːn̩<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbuːbɐ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c1\/De-Martin_Buber.ogg\/De-Martin_Buber.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Martin Buber.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/De-Martin_Buber.ogg/De-Martin_Buber.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Martin_Buber.ogg" title="File:De-Martin Buber.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">מארטין בובער</span>; February 8, 1878 – June 13, 1965) was an Austrian-Israeli <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> best known for his <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_dialogue" title="Philosophy of dialogue">philosophy of dialogue</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a> centered on the distinction between the <a href="/wiki/I_and_Thou" title="I and Thou">I–Thou</a> relationship and the I–It relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Buber came from a family of observant Jews, but broke with Jewish custom to pursue secular studies in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. He produced writings about Zionism and worked with various bodies within the Zionist movement extensively over a nearly 50-year period spanning his time in Europe and the Near East. In 1923, Buber wrote his famous essay on existence, <i><a href="/wiki/I_and_Thou" title="I and Thou">Ich und Du</a></i> (later translated into English as <i>I and Thou</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1925 he began translating the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> into the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>. </p><p>He was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> ten times, and the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> seven times.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Buber_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Martin_Buber_1963.jpg/200px-Martin_Buber_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Martin_Buber_1963.jpg/300px-Martin_Buber_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Martin_Buber_1963.jpg/400px-Martin_Buber_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="3041" /></a><figcaption>Buber in 1963</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martin (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> name: <i>מָרְדֳּכַי,</i> <i>Mordechai</i>) Buber was born in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to an Orthodox Jewish family. Buber was a direct descendant of the 16th-century rabbi <a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Isaac_Katzenellenbogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Meir ben Isaac Katzenellenbogen">Meir Katzenellenbogen</a>, known as the Maharam (מהר"ם), the Hebrew acronym for “<b>M</b>ordechai, <b>H</b>a<b>R</b>av (the Rabbi), <b>M</b>eir”, of <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> is another notable relative.<sup id="cite_ref-unbroken_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unbroken-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the divorce of his parents when he was three years old, he was raised by his grandfather in Lemberg (now <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> in Ukraine).<sup id="cite_ref-unbroken_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unbroken-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Buber" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon Buber">Solomon Buber</a>, was a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinic Literature">Rabbinic Literature</a>. At home, Buber spoke <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> and German. In 1892, Buber returned to his father's house in <a href="/wiki/Lemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemberg">Lemberg</a>. </p><p>Despite Buber's putative connection to the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a> as a descendant of Katzenellenbogen, a personal religious crisis led him to break with Jewish <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">religious customs</a>. He began reading <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood1969_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood1969-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter two, in particular, inspired him to pursue studies in philosophy. In 1896, Buber went to study in Vienna (philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>, German studies, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>). </p><p>In 1898, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> movement, participating in congresses and organizational work. In 1899, while studying in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Buber met his future wife, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paula_Winkler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paula Winkler (page does not exist)">Paula Winkler</a>, a "brilliant Catholic writer from a Bavarian peasant family"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who in 1901 left the Catholic Church and in 1907 <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">converted to Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buber, initially, supported and celebrated the Great War as a "world historical mission" for Germany along with Jewish intellectuals to civilize the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers believe that while in Vienna during and after World War I, he was influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Moreno" title="Jacob L. Moreno">Jacob L. Moreno</a>, particularly the use of the term ‘encounter’.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, Buber became an honorary professor at the <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe_University_Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main">University of Frankfurt am Main</a>, but resigned from his professorship in protest immediately after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power in 1933. He then founded the Central Office for Jewish Adult Education, which became an increasingly important body as the German government forbade Jews from public education. In 1938, Buber left Germany and settled in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, receiving a professorship at <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> and lecturing in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and introductory <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. In 1947, he was forced to flee his home in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tor" title="Abu Tor">Abu Tor</a>, Jerusalem, due to the advance of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the creation of the <a href="/wiki/1948_in_Israel" title="1948 in Israel">state of Israel in 1948</a>, Buber became the best known Israeli philosopher. After 1948, Buber lived in <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said's</a> family home in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buber and Paula had two children: a son, Rafael Buber, and a daughter, Eva Strauss-Steinitz. They helped raise their granddaughters <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Goldschmidt" title="Barbara Goldschmidt">Barbara Goldschmidt</a> (1921–2013) and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Buber_Agassi" title="Judith Buber Agassi">Judith Buber Agassi</a> (1924–2018), born by their son Rafael's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Margarete_Buber-Neumann" title="Margarete Buber-Neumann">Margarete Buber-Neumann</a>. Buber's wife Paula Winkler died in 1958 in Venice, and he died at his home in the <a href="/wiki/Talbiya" title="Talbiya">Talbiya</a> neighborhood of Jerusalem on June 13, 1965. </p><p>Buber was a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_themes">Major themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Peshischa" title="Peshischa">Peshischa Hasidism</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DCDDE0"> Rebbes & Disciples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Yitzchak_of_Peshischa" title="Yaakov Yitzchak of Peshischa">Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz</a> (<i>Yid Hakudosh</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa" title="Simcha Bunim of Peshischa">Simcha Bunim Bonhardt</a> (<i>Rebbe Reb Bunim</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Moshe_of_Peshischa" title="Avraham Moshe of Peshischa">Avraham Moshe Bonhardt</a> (<i>Illui Hakudosh</i>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Disciples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaakov_Yitzchak_Rabinowicz_(II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz (II) (page does not exist)">Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz (II)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biala_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Biala (Hasidic dynasty)">Biala Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Asher_Rabinowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshua Asher Rabinowicz (page does not exist)">Joshua Asher Rabinowicz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Porisov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Porisov (Hasidic dynasty)">Porisov Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shmuel_Abba_Zychlinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shmuel Abba Zychlinski (page does not exist)">Shmuel Abba Zychlinski</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zychlin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zychlin (Hasidic dynasty)">Zychlin Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Aryeh_Guterman" title="Yaakov Aryeh Guterman">Yaakov Aryeh Guterman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radzymin_(Hasidic_Dynasty)" title="Radzymin (Hasidic Dynasty)">Radzymin Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Kotzk" title="Menachem Mendel of Kotzk">Menachem Mendel Morgensztern</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kotzk" title="Kotzk">Kotzk Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avrohom_Bornsztain" title="Avrohom Bornsztain">Avrohom Bornsztain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sochatchov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sochatchov (Hasidic dynasty)">Sochatchov Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Yosef_Leiner" title="Mordechai Yosef Leiner">Mordechai Yosef Leiner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Izhbitza-Radzin" title="Izhbitza-Radzin">Izhbitza Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Meir_Alter" title="Yitzchak Meir Alter">Yitzchak Meir Alter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Ger Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yehuda_Leib_Eiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yehuda Leib Eiger (page does not exist)">Yehuda Leib Eiger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lublin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Lublin (Hasidic dynasty)">Lublin Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Yitzhak_Kalish" title="Israel Yitzhak Kalish">Israel Yitzhak Kalish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vurka_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vurka (Hasidic dynasty)">Vurka Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaakov_Dovid_Kalish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaakov Dovid Kalish (page does not exist)">Yaakov Dovid Kalish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amshinov" title="Amshinov">Amshinov Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shraga_Fayvel_Dancyger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shraga Fayvel Dancyger (page does not exist)">Shraga Fayvel Dancyger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleksander_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty)">Aleksander Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Zvi_Landau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron Zvi Landau (page does not exist)">Aaron Zvi Landau</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikov_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strikov (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Strikov Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Biderman" title="Moshe Biderman">Moshe Biderman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lelov" title="Lelov">Lelov Hasidism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Hersh_Mordechai_Bonhardt" title="Tzvi Hersh Mordechai Bonhardt">Tzvi Hersh Mordechai Bonhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerachmiel_Rabinowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yerachmiel Rabinowicz (page does not exist)">Yerachmiel Rabinowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosson_Nuta_of_Makov" title="Nosson Nuta of Makov">Nosson Nuta of Makov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Menachem_Justman" title="Pinchas Menachem Justman">Pinchas Menachem Justman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avraham_Landau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avraham Landau (page does not exist)">Avraham Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yechiel_Meir_of_Gostynin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yechiel Meir of Gostynin (page does not exist)">Yechiel Meir of Gostynin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_of_Sieniawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel of Sieniawa (page does not exist)">Samuel of Sieniawa</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temerl_Bergson" title="Temerl Bergson">Temerl Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przysucha" title="Przysucha">Przysucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism_in_Poland" title="Hasidic Judaism in Poland">Hasidic Judaism in Poland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Buber</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peshischa" title="Template:Peshischa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peshischa" title="Template talk:Peshischa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peshischa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peshischa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Buber's evocative, sometimes poetic, writing style marked the major themes in his work: the retelling of <a href="/wiki/Hasidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidism">Hasidic</a> and Chinese tales, <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> commentary, and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> dialogue. A <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">cultural Zionist</a>, Buber was active in the Jewish and educational communities of Germany and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuber199692_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuber199692-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a staunch supporter of a <a href="/wiki/Binational_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Binational solution">binational solution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, and, after the establishment of the Jewish state of Israel, of a regional federation of Israel and Arab states. His influence extends across the humanities, particularly in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">religious existentialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuber199634_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuber199634-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buber's attitude toward <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> was tied to his desire to promote a vision of "Hebrew humanism".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Laurence J. Silberstein, the terminology of "Hebrew humanism" was coined to "distinguish [Buber's] form of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> from that of the official Zionist movement" and to point to how "Israel's problem was but a distinct form of the universal human problem. Accordingly, the task of Israel as a distinct nation was inexorably linked to the task of humanity in general".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zionist_views">Zionist views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Zionist views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1915:_Early_engagement_with_Zionism">Pre-1915: Early engagement with Zionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-1915: Early engagement with Zionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92_-_%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_(_1899)_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_(_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D)_-_%D7%99._-PHG-1016402.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Jewish Student Association in Leipzig, with Buber in the center surrounded by other members (1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92_-_%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%28_1899%29_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%28_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%29_-_%D7%99._-PHG-1016402.png/220px-%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92_-_%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%28_1899%29_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%28_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%29_-_%D7%99._-PHG-1016402.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92_-_%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%28_1899%29_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%28_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%29_-_%D7%99._-PHG-1016402.png/330px-%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92_-_%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%28_1899%29_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%28_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%29_-_%D7%99._-PHG-1016402.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92_-_%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%28_1899%29_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%28_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%29_-_%D7%99._-PHG-1016402.png/440px-%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%92_-_%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%28_1899%29_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2_%28_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%29_-_%D7%99._-PHG-1016402.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The Jewish Student Association in Leipzig with Buber in the center (1899)</figcaption></figure> <p>Approaching Zionism from his own personal viewpoint, a young Buber disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> about their respective positions on Zionism. Herzl did not envision Zionism as a movement with religious objectives. In contrast, Buber believed the potential of Zionism was for social and spiritual enrichment. For example, Buber argued that following the formation of the Israeli state, there would need to be reforms to Judaism: "We need someone who would do for Judaism what <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> has <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">done for the Catholic Church</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herzl and Buber would continue, in mutual respect and disagreement, to work towards their respective goals for the rest of their lives. In 1902, Buber became the editor of the weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt_(Herzl)" title="Die Welt (Herzl)">Die Welt</a></i>, the central organ of the Zionist movement. However, a year later he became involved with the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> movement. Buber admired how the Hasidic communities actualized their religion in daily life and culture. In stark contrast to the busy Zionist organizations, which were always mulling political concerns, the Hasidim were focused on the values which Buber had long advocated for Zionism to adopt. In 1904, he withdrew from much of his Zionist organizational work, and devoted himself to study and writing, as in that same year, he published his thesis, <i>Beiträge zur Geschichte des Individuationsproblems</i>, on <a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nikolaus Cusanus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart20112_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart20112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1910 essay entitled "He and We," Buber established himself and Herzl (who had died in 1904) as diametrically opposed in their perspectives on Zionism. Buber described Herzl by saying, "The impulse of the elementally active person (Elementaraktiver) to act is so strong that it prevents him from acquiring knowledge for the sake of knowledge," and, according to Buber, when a person like Herzl is aware of his Jewishness, "In him awakens the will to help the Jews to whom he belongs, to lead the where they can experience freedom and security. Now he does what his will tells He does not see anything else."<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_2000_18–26_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2000_18–26-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that same essay, Buber would draw a parallel between Herzl and <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>, the founder of Hasidism, arguing that both seek to reinstate the Jewish people, the difference coming in their approaches; Herzl affecting change indirectly via history whereas Baal Shem Tov sought to achieve improvement directly through religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_2000_18–26_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2000_18–26-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1915–38:_Further_development"><span id="1915.E2.80.9338:_Further_development"></span>1915–38: Further development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1915–38: Further development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F-JNF039458.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Martin Buber, Yitzhak Ben Zvi, and Leo Herman in Jerusalem (1915)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F-JNF039458.jpeg/203px-%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F-JNF039458.jpeg" decoding="async" width="203" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F-JNF039458.jpeg/304px-%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F-JNF039458.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F-JNF039458.jpeg/406px-%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F-JNF039458.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Martin Buber, Yitzhak Ben Zvi, and Leo Herman in Jerusalem (1915)</figcaption></figure> <p>Buber produced multiple writings on Zionism and nationalism during this period, expanding upon broader ideas related to Zionism. In light of the outbreak of WWI, Buber engaged in debates with fellow German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Cohen" title="Hermann Cohen">Hermann Cohen</a> in 1915 on the nature of nationalism and Zionism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Cohen, whose argument was based in messianic principles, believed that a Jewish minority was essential to a broader German national identity, Buber argued that, "Judaism may well be taken up in messianic humanity, to be melted into it; we do not, however, consider that the Jewish people must disappear among contemporary humanity so that a messianic humanity might arise."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buber continued to explore and develop his views on Zionism in these years. One such notable piece of writing is a letter to a professor entitled "Concepts and Reality" in 1916. In this letter, Buber addresses the issues of nationalism, Messianism, and Hebrew within the Zionist movement of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buber argued that nationalism is not a natural phenomenon, and that Zionism is a movement centered around religiosity, not nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Buber, the messianic movement within Zionism is obscured by those in liberal Jewish and anti-Zionist circles, who argue that Messianism necessitates a diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the importance of the Hebrew language, Buber believed, "Hebrew is not first and foremost a vernacular but the single language that can fully absorb and express the sublime values of Judaism."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1920s, Martin Buber started advocating a <a href="/wiki/Binational_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Binational solution">binational</a> Jewish-Arab state, stating that the Jewish people should proclaim "its desire to live in peace and brotherhood with the Arab people, and to develop the common homeland into a republic in which both peoples will have the possibility of free development."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buber rejected the idea of Zionism as just another <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">national movement</a>, and wanted instead to see the creation of an exemplary society; a society which would not be characterized by Jewish domination of the Arabs. He was influenced by cultural Zionist <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buber believed that it was necessary for the Zionist movement to reach a consensus with the Arabs even at the cost of the Jews remaining a minority in the country. In 1925, he, alongside his friend <a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_Magnes" title="Judah Leon Magnes">Judah Magnes</a>, was involved in the creation of the organization <a href="/wiki/Brit_Shalom_(political_organization)" title="Brit Shalom (political organization)">Brit Shalom</a> (Covenant of Peace), which advocated the creation of a binational state,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and throughout the rest of his life, he hoped and believed that Jews and Arabs one day would live in peace in a joint nation. </p><p>In a 1929 essay entitled "The National Home and National Policy in Palestine," Buber explores Jewish right to the land of Israel before engaging with the question of Jewish-Arab relations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Buber, the Zionist right to establish a country in Israel originates from their ancient, ancestral connection to the land, the fact that Jews have worked to cultivate the land in recent years, and the future prospect that a Jewish state offers as both a cultural center for Judaism and a model for creating a new social organization, referencing the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buber goes on to discuss, broadly, the necessity for injustice in order to survive, and focuses it to the Zionist perspective by writing, "It is indeed true that there can be no life without injustice. The fact that there is no living creature that can live and thrive without destroying another existing organism has a symbolic significance as regards our human life. But the human aspect of life begins the moment we say to ourselves: We will not do more injustice to others than we are forced to do to exist."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buber then uses this perspective to argue in favor of <a href="/wiki/Binationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Binationalism">Binationalism</a> as means to establish a combination of potential coexistence and national independence.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_1938:_Zionist_views_from_Israel_and_post-Independence_Zionism">Post 1938: Zionist views from Israel and post-Independence Zionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post 1938: Zionist views from Israel and post-Independence Zionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Buber_(997009326773305171).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Martin Buber in Israel (1962)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Martin_Buber_%28997009326773305171%29.jpg/220px-Martin_Buber_%28997009326773305171%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Martin_Buber_%28997009326773305171%29.jpg/330px-Martin_Buber_%28997009326773305171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Martin_Buber_%28997009326773305171%29.jpg/440px-Martin_Buber_%28997009326773305171%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption>Martin Buber in Israel (1962)</figcaption></figure> <p>Living and writing in Jerusalem, Buber increased his political involvement, and continued to develop his ideas on Zionism. In 1942, he co‑founded the <a href="/wiki/Ihud" title="Ihud">Ihud</a> party, which advocated a bi-nationalist program. Nevertheless, he was connected with decades of friendship to Zionists and philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Max Brod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Bergmann" title="Hugo Bergmann">Hugo Bergmann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Weltsch" title="Felix Weltsch">Felix Weltsch</a>, who were close friends of his from old European times in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and Vienna to the Jerusalem of the 1940s through the 1960s. </p><p>Buber evaluated the competing strains of cultural and political Zionism from a somewhat teleological perspective in a 1948 piece "Zionism and Zionism".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He summarizes these two competing perspectives as, on the one hand, "returning and restoring the true Israel, whose spirit and life would once again no longer exist beside each other," and, on the other hand, as a process of "normalization," and that to be "normal," a "nation needs a land, a language, and independence. Thus, one must only go and acquire those commodities, and the rest will take care of itself."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According Buber, as Jews and Israel succeed at being a "normal nation," the drive for a spiritual and cultural rebirth is lost, and the war being waged over political structure threatens to become a war for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948, Buber advocated Israel's participation in a federation of "<a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>" states wider than just Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buber outlines this concept in "Zionism and Zionism". For Buber, Israel has the potential to serve as an example for the "Near East" as, in his Binationalist perspective, two independent nations, could each maintain their own cultural identity, "but both united in the enterprise of developing their common homeland and in the federal management of shared matters. On the strength of that covenant we wish to return once more to the union of Near Eastern nations, to build an economy integrated in that of the Near East, to carry out policies in the framework of the life of the Near East, and, God willing, to send the "living idea" forth to the world from the Near East once again."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this same time period Buber remained critical of many policies and leaders of the new Israeli government. He was particularly vocal about the treatment of Arab refugees, and was unafraid to criticize top leadership like <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, the first Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_and_academic_career">Literary and academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literary and academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin-Buber-Haus_Heppenheim.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Martin-Buber-Haus_Heppenheim.JPG/220px-Martin-Buber-Haus_Heppenheim.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Martin-Buber-Haus_Heppenheim.JPG/330px-Martin-Buber-Haus_Heppenheim.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Martin-Buber-Haus_Heppenheim.JPG/440px-Martin-Buber-Haus_Heppenheim.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Martin Buber's house (1916–38) in <a href="/wiki/Heppenheim" title="Heppenheim">Heppenheim</a>, Germany. Now the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Council of Christians and Jews">ICCJ</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Buber_and_Rabbi_Binyamin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Martin_Buber_and_Rabbi_Binyamin.jpg/220px-Martin_Buber_and_Rabbi_Binyamin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Martin_Buber_and_Rabbi_Binyamin.jpg/330px-Martin_Buber_and_Rabbi_Binyamin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Martin_Buber_and_Rabbi_Binyamin.jpg/440px-Martin_Buber_and_Rabbi_Binyamin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1715" /></a><figcaption>Martin Buber and Rabbi Binyamin in Palestine (1920–30)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnes_and_Buber_testifying_before_the_Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Magnes_and_Buber_testifying_before_the_Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry.jpg/220px-Magnes_and_Buber_testifying_before_the_Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Magnes_and_Buber_testifying_before_the_Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry.jpg/330px-Magnes_and_Buber_testifying_before_the_Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Magnes_and_Buber_testifying_before_the_Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry.jpg/440px-Magnes_and_Buber_testifying_before_the_Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption>Buber (left) and <a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_Magnes" title="Judah Leon Magnes">Judah Leon Magnes</a> testifying before the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry" title="Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</a> in Jerusalem (1946)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Buber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Martin_Buber.jpg/220px-Martin_Buber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Martin_Buber.jpg/330px-Martin_Buber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Martin_Buber.jpg/440px-Martin_Buber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Buber in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarter</a> in Jerusalem, prior to 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1905 he worked for the publishing house Rütten & Loening as a lecturer; there he initiated and supervised the completion of the social psychological monograph series <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Gesellschaft_(series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Gesellschaft (series) (page does not exist)">Die Gesellschaft</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Gesellschaft_(Schriftenreihe)" class="extiw" title="de:Die Gesellschaft (Schriftenreihe)">de</a>]</span></i>. </p><p>From 1906 until 1914, Buber published editions of Hasidic, mystical, and mythic texts from Jewish and world sources. In 1916, he moved from Berlin to <a href="/wiki/Heppenheim" title="Heppenheim">Heppenheim</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he helped establish the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish National Committee (page does not exist)">Jewish National Committee</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to improve the condition of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> Jews. During that period he became the editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Jude_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Jude (magazine)">Der Jude</a></i> (German for "The Jew"), a Jewish monthly (until 1924). In 1921, Buber began his close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Franz Rosenzweig</a>. In 1922, he and Rosenzweig co-operated in Rosenzweig's <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Jewish_Learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Jewish Learning (page does not exist)">House of Jewish Learning</a>, known in Germany as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehrhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehrhaus (page does not exist)">Lehrhaus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zank2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zank2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, Buber wrote his famous essay on existence, <i><a href="/wiki/I_and_Thou" title="I and Thou">Ich und Du</a></i> (later translated into English as <i>I and Thou</i>). Though he edited the work later in his life, he refused to make substantial changes. In 1925, he began, in conjunction with Franz Rosenzweig, translating the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> into German (<i>Die Schrift</i>). He himself called this translation <i>Verdeutschung</i> ("Germanification"), since it does not always use literary German language, but instead attempts to find new dynamic (often newly invented) equivalent phrasing to respect the multivalent Hebrew original. Between 1926 and 1930, Buber co-edited the quarterly <i>Die Kreatur</i> ("The Creature").<sup id="cite_ref-BuberBiemann2002_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuberBiemann2002-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, Buber became an honorary professor at the <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe_University_Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main">University of Frankfurt am Main</a>. He resigned in protest from his professorship immediately after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power in 1933. On October 4, 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> authorities forbade him to lecture. In 1935, he was expelled from the <i>Reichsschrifttumskammer</i> (the National Socialist authors' association). He then founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Office_for_Jewish_Adult_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Office for Jewish Adult Education (page does not exist)">Central Office for Jewish Adult Education</a>, which became an increasingly important body, as the German government forbade Jews to attend public education.<sup id="cite_ref-BuberMendes-Flohr2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuberMendes-Flohr2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazi administration increasingly obstructed this body. </p><p>Finally, in 1938, Buber left Germany, and settled in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, then capital of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandate Palestine</a>. He received a professorship at <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a>, there lecturing in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and introductory <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. The lectures he gave during the first semester were published in the book <i>The problem of man</i> (<i>Das Problem des Menschen</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-Schaeder1991_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaeder1991-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in these lectures he discusses how the question "What is Man?" became the central one in <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">philosophical anthropology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He participated in the discussion of the Jews' problems in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and of the Arab question – working out of his Biblical, philosophic, and Hasidic work. </p><p>He became a member of the group <i><a href="/wiki/Ihud" title="Ihud">Ihud</a></i>, which aimed at a <a href="/wiki/Binational_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Binational solution">bi-national</a> state for <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> and Jews in Palestine. Such a binational confederation was viewed by Buber as a more proper fulfillment of Zionism than a solely Jewish state. In 1949, he published his work <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paths_in_Utopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paths in Utopia (page does not exist)">Paths in Utopia</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Paths_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paths-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he detailed his <a href="/wiki/Communitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Communitarian">communitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> views and his theory of the "dialogical community" founded upon interpersonal "dialogical relationships". </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Buber began lecture tours in Europe and the United States. In 1952, he argued with <a href="/wiki/Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jung">Jung</a> over the existence of God.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guide for the Perplexed"><img alt="Guide for the Perplexed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/175px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/263px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/350px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmonean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boethusians" title="Boethusians">Boethusian</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Alexandria" title="Aristobulus of Alexandria">Aristobulus of Alexandria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Influenced by:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismaili philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Kalam" title="Jewish Kalam">Jewish Kalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Spanish and European:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Ibn Gabirol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_bar_Hiyya" title="Abraham bar Hiyya">Abraham bar Hiyya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Tzaddik" title="Joseph ibn Tzaddik">Joseph ibn Tzaddik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shem-Tov_ibn_Falaquera" title="Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera">Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joshua" title="Moses ben Joshua">Moses of Narbonne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Isaac ben Sheshet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elia_del_Medigo" title="Elia del Medigo">Elia del Medigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Minz" title="Judah Minz">Judah Minz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_Abravanel" title="Judah Leon Abravanel">Judah Leon Abravanel</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Yemenite:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natan%27el_al-Fayyumi" title="Natan'el al-Fayyumi">Natan'el al-Fayyumi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hoter_ben_Shlomo" title="Hoter ben Shlomo">Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Other:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_ibn_Merwan_al-Mukkamas" title="David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas">al-Mukkamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hibat_Allah_Abu%27l-Barakat_al-Baghdaadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi">Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides#Influence" title="Maimonides">Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalists">Kabbalist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaism">Karaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Talmudists" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudists">Talmudic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tosafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosafists">Tosafist</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Modern</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_philosophy" title="Orthodox Jewish philosophy">Orthodox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_philosophy" title="Chabad philosophy">Chabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Chassidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Existentialist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mussar_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar movement">Mussar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Rambamist</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sanches" title="Francisco Sanches">Francisco Sanches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uriel_da_Costa" title="Uriel da Costa">Uriel da Costa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Maimon" title="Salomon Maimon">Salomon Maimon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo" title="Joseph Solomon Delmedigo">Joseph Solomon Delmedigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Ba%27al_Shem_of_Chelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm">Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Elijah_Ashkenazi" title="Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi">Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Ashkenazi" title="Tzvi Ashkenazi">Tzvi Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hirsch" title="Samuel Hirsch">Samuel Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa" title="Simcha Bunim of Peshischa">Simcha Bunim of Peshischa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Abendana" title="Jacob Abendana">Jacob Abendana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cardoso" title="Isaac Cardoso">Isaac Cardoso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Nieto" title="David Nieto">David Nieto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Orobio_de_Castro" title="Isaac Orobio de Castro">Isaac Orobio de Castro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_David_Luzzatto" title="Samuel David Luzzatto">Samuel David Luzzatto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Benamozegh" title="Elijah Benamozegh">Elijah Benamozegh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Berkovits" title="Eliezer Berkovits">Eliezer Berkovits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Eliyahu Dessler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Chouchani" title="Monsieur Chouchani">Monsieur Chouchani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Buber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph Soloveitchik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%">Topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anger_in_Judaism" title="Anger in Judaism">Anger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_in_Judaism" title="Happiness in Judaism">Happiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy_in_Jewish_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy in Jewish philosophy">Microcosm–macrocosm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Righteousness</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template talk:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Buber is famous for his thesis of dialogical existence, as he described in the book <i>I and Thou</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his work dealt with a range of issues including religious consciousness, modernity, the concept of evil, ethics, education, and Biblical hermeneutics.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman1996_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman1996-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buber rejected the label of "philosopher" or "theologian", claiming he was not interested in ideas, only personal experience, and could not discuss God, but only relationships to God.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically, Buber's social philosophy on points of <a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">prefiguration</a> aligns with that of anarchism, though Buber explicitly disavowed the affiliation in his lifetime and justified the existence of a state under limited conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Brody2018_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brody2018-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silberstein1990_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silberstein1990-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialogue_and_existence">Dialogue and existence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dialogue and existence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>I and Thou</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buber introduced his thesis on human existence. Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Feuerbach</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Essence_of_Christianity" title="The Essence of Christianity">The Essence of Christianity</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>'s <i>Single One</i>, Buber worked upon the premise of existence as encounter.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explained this philosophy using the word pairs of <i>Ich-Du</i> and <i>Ich-Es</i> to categorize the modes of consciousness, interaction, and <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a> through which an individual engages with other individuals, inanimate objects, and all reality in general. Theologically, he associated the first with the Jewish Jesus and the second with the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">apostle Paul</a> (formerly Saul of Tarsus, a Jew).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosophically, these word pairs express complex ideas about modes of being—particularly how a person exists and actualizes that existence. As Buber argues in <i>I and Thou</i>, a person is at all times engaged with the world in one of these modes. </p><p>The generic motif Buber employs to describe the dual modes of being is one of dialogue (<i>Ich-Du</i>) and monologue (<i>Ich-Es</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-KramerGawlick2003_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KramerGawlick2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of communication, particularly language-oriented communication, is used both in describing dialogue/monologue through metaphors and expressing the interpersonal nature of human existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ich-Du"><i>Ich-Du</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ich-Du"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ich‑Du</i> ("I‑Thou" or "I‑You" – 'you' in a very personal, connected sense. 'Du' in German means 'you', but is generally only used to a closely-connected person, such as a close relative) is a relationship that stresses the mutual, holistic existence of two beings. It is a concrete encounter, because these beings meet one another in their authentic existence, without any qualification or objectification of one another. Even imagination and ideas do not play a role in this relation. In an I–Thou encounter, infinity and universality are made actual (rather than being merely concepts).<sup id="cite_ref-KramerGawlick2003_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KramerGawlick2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buber stressed that an <i>Ich‑Du</i> relationship lacks any composition (e. g., structure) and communicates no content (e. g., information). Despite the fact that <i>Ich‑Du</i> cannot be proven to happen as an event (e. g., it cannot be measured), Buber stressed that it is real and perceivable. A variety of examples are used to illustrate <i>Ich‑Du</i> relationships in daily life—two lovers, an observer and a cat, the author and a tree, and two strangers on a train. Common English words used to describe the <i>Ich‑Du</i> relationship include encounter, meeting, dialogue, mutuality, and exchange. </p><p>One key <i>Ich‑Du</i> relationship Buber identified was that which can exist between a human being and God. Buber argued that this is the only way in which it is possible to interact with God, and that an <i>Ich‑Du</i> relationship with anything or anyone connects in some way with the eternal relation to God. </p><p>To create this I–Thou relationship with God, a person has to be open to the idea of such a relationship, but not actively pursue it. The pursuit of such a relation creates qualities associated with It‑ness, and so would prevent an I‑You relation, limiting it to I‑It. Buber claims that if we are open to the I–Thou, God eventually comes to us in response to our welcome. Also, because the God Buber describes is completely devoid of qualities, this I–Thou relationship lasts as long as the individual wills it. When the individual finally returns to the I‑It way of relating, this acts as a barrier to deeper relationship and community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ich-Es"><i>Ich-Es</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ich-Es"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Ich-Es</i> ("I‑It") relationship is nearly the opposite of <i>Ich‑Du</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KramerGawlick2003_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KramerGawlick2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas in <i>Ich‑Du</i> the two beings encounter one another, in an <i>Ich‑Es</i> relationship the beings do not actually meet. Instead, the "I" confronts and qualifies an idea, or conceptualization, of the being in its presence and treats that being as an object. All such objects are considered merely mental representations, created and sustained by the individual mind. This is based partly on Kant's theory of <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenon</a>, in that these objects reside in the cognitive agent's mind, existing only as thoughts. Therefore, the <i>Ich‑Es</i> relationship is in fact a relationship with oneself; it is not a dialogue, but a monologue. </p><p>In the <i>Ich-Es</i> relationship, an individual treats other things, people, etc., as objects to be used and experienced. Essentially, this form of objectivity relates to the world in terms of the self – how an object can serve the individual's interest. </p><p>Buber argued that human life consists of an oscillation between <i>Ich‑Du</i> and <i>Ich‑Es</i>, and that in fact <i>Ich‑Du</i> experiences are rather few and far between. In diagnosing the various perceived ills of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> (e. g., isolation, dehumanization, etc.), Buber believed that the expansion of a purely analytic, material view of existence was at heart an advocation of <i>Ich‑Es</i> relations - even between human beings. Buber argued that this paradigm devalued not only existents, but the meaning of all existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Students_and_colleagues">Students and colleagues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Students and colleagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buber was a sort of mentor figure in the lives of <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, the 'Kabbalist of the Holy City' and the 'Marxist Rabbi' of Berlin during the era leading up to, overlapping with proceeding after the Holocaust (Benjamin died during his escape from Europe, but Buber retained contact with Scholem after the war).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_I_Came_to_the_Kabbalah_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_I_Came_to_the_Kabbalah-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While his relationship with these two was sometimes unilaterally contentious (with the students occasionally attacking or critiquing their patron somewhat viciously) Buber acted as an impresario, publisher and by various means as one of the great sponsors of their careers and growing reputations. Scholem was to be amongst the friends and interested parties who helped attend to and orchestrate Buber's eventual emigration to Palestine from the very beginning stages of that discussion during the rise of Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_I_Came_to_the_Kabbalah_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_I_Came_to_the_Kabbalah-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They corresponded also in regards to their work with <a href="/wiki/Brit_Shalom_(political_organization)" title="Brit Shalom (political organization)">Brit Shalom</a>, an early think-tank that was tasked with figuring out the dynamics of two-state solution to be brokered between Israel and Palestine more than twenty years before Israel became a nation state—and also about a great many issues regarding their shared interest in ancient, sacred and often mystical Jewish literature whilst keeping tabs likewise on mutual acquaintances and important publications in their fields of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholem dedicated his bibliography of the Zohar to Buber.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hasidism_and_mysticism">Hasidism and mysticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hasidism and mysticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buber was a scholar, interpreter, and translator of Hasidic lore. He viewed Hasidism as a source of cultural renewal for Judaism, frequently citing examples from the Hasidic tradition that emphasized community, interpersonal life, and meaning in common activities (e. g., a worker's relation to his tools). The Hasidic ideal, according to Buber, emphasized a life lived in the unconditional presence of God, where there was no distinct separation between daily habits and religious experience. This was a major influence on Buber's philosophy of anthropology, which considered the basis of human existence as dialogical. </p><p>In 1906, Buber published <i>Die Geschichten des Rabbi Nachman</i>, a collection of the tales of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a>, a renowned Hasidic <i><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">rebbe</a></i>, as interpreted and retold in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo%E2%80%90Hasidism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo‐Hasidism (page does not exist)">Neo-Hasidic</a> fashion by Buber. Two years later, Buber published <i>Die Legende des Baalschem</i> (stories of the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>), the founder of Hasidism.<sup id="cite_ref-Zank2006_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zank2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1951, Buber received the <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> award of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>.</li> <li>In 1953, he received the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Prize_of_the_German_Book_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Prize of the German Book Trade">Peace Prize of the German Book Trade</a>.</li> <li>In 1958, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Prize" title="Israel Prize">Israel Prize</a> in the humanities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1961, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bialik_Prize" title="Bialik Prize">Bialik Prize</a> for Jewish thought.<sup id="cite_ref-bialik_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bialik-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1963, he won the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">Erasmus Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English">In English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1937, I and Thou, transl. by Ronald Gregor Smith, Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark. 2nd Edition New York: Scribners, 1958. 1st Scribner Classics ed. New York, NY: Scribner, 2000, c1986</li> <li>1952, Eclipse of God, New York: Harper and Bros. 2nd Edition Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977.</li> <li>1952, Good & Evil, New York: Scribner</li> <li>1957, Pointing the Way, transl. Maurice Friedman, New York: Harper, 1957, 2nd Edition New York: Schocken, 1974.</li> <li>1960, The Origin and Meaning of Hasidism, transl. M. Friedman, New York: Horizon Press.</li> <li>1964, Daniel: Dialogues on Realization, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.</li> <li>1965, The Knowledge of Man, transl. Ronald Gregor Smith and Maurice Friedman, New York: Harper & Row. 2nd Edition New York, 1966.</li> <li>1966, The Way of Response: Martin Buber; Selections from his Writings, edited by N. N. Glatzer. New York: Schocken Books.</li> <li>1967a, A Believing Humanism: My Testament, translation of Nachlese (Heidelberg 1965) by M. Friedman, New York: Simon and Schuster.</li> <li>1967b, On Judaism, edited by Nahum Glatzer and transl. by Eva Jospe and others, New York: Schocken Books.</li> <li>1968, On the Bible: Eighteen Studies, edited by Nahum Glatzer, New York: Schocken Books.</li> <li>1970a, I and Thou, a new translation with a prologue “I and you” and notes by Walter Kaufmann, New York: Scribner's Sons.</li> <li>1970b, Mamre: Essays in Religion, translated by <a href="/wiki/Greta_Hort" title="Greta Hort">Greta Hort</a>, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.</li> <li>1970c, Martin Buber and the Theater, Including Martin Buber's “Mystery Play” Elijah, edited and translated with three introductory essays by Maurice Friedman, New York, Funk &Wagnalls.</li> <li>1972, Encounter: Autobiographical Fragments. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court.</li> <li>1973a, On Zion: the History of an Idea, with a new foreword by Nahum N. Glatzer, Translated from the German by Stanley Godman, New York: Schocken Books.</li> <li>1973b, Meetings, edited with an introduction and bibliography by Maurice Friedman, La Salle, Ill.: Open Court Pub. Co. 3rd ed. London, New York: Routledge, 2002.</li> <li>1983, A Land of Two Peoples: Martin Buber on Jews and Arabs, edited with commentary by Paul R. Mendes-Flohr, New York: Oxford University Press. 2nd Edition Gloucester, Mass.: *Peter Smith, 1994</li> <li>1985, Ecstatic Confessions, edited by Paul Mendes-Flohr, translated by Esther Cameron, San Francisco: Harper & Row.</li> <li>1991a, Chinese Tales: Zhuangzi, Sayings and Parables and Chinese Ghost and Love stories, translated by Alex Page, with an introduction by Irene Eber, Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International.</li> <li>1991b, Tales of the Hasidim, foreword by Chaim Potok, New York: Schocken Books, distributed by Pantheon.</li> <li>1992, On Intersubjectivity and Cultural Creativity, edited and with an introduction by S.N. Eisenstadt, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>1994, Scripture and Translation, Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig, translated by Lawrence Rosenwald with Everett Fox. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</li> <li>1996, Paths in Utopia, translated by R.F. Hull. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.</li> <li>1999a, The First Buber: Youthful Zionist Writings of Martin Buber, edited and translated from the German by Gilya G. Schmidt, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.</li> <li>1999b, Martin Buber on Psychology and Psychotherapy: Essays, Letters, and Dialogue, edited by Judith Buber Agassi, with a foreword by Paul Roazin, New York: Syracuse University Press.</li> <li>1999c, Gog and Magog: A Novel, translated from the German by Ludwig Lewisohn, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.</li> <li>2002a, The Legend of the Baal-Shem, translated by Maurice Friedman, London: Routledge.</li> <li>2002b, Between Man and Man, translated by Ronald Gregor-Smith, with an introduction by Maurice Friedman, London, New York: Routledge.</li> <li>2002c, The Way of Man: According to the Teaching of Hasidim, London: Routledge.</li> <li>2002d, The Martin Buber Reader: Essential Writings, edited by Asher D. Biemann, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li>2002e, Ten Rungs: Collected Hasidic Sayings, translated by Olga Marx, London: Routledge.</li> <li>2003, Two Types of Faith, translated by Norman P. Goldhawk with an afterword by David Flusser, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_writings_(German)"><span id="Original_writings_.28German.29"></span>Original writings (German)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Original writings (German)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i>Die Geschichten des Rabbi Nachman</i> (1906)</li> <li><i>Die fünfzigste Pforte</i> (1907)</li> <li><i>Die Legende des Baalschem</i> (1908)</li> <li><i>Ekstatische Konfessionen</i> (1909)</li> <li><i>Chinesische Geister- und Liebesgeschichten</i> (1911)</li> <li><i>Daniel – Gespräche von der Verwirklichung</i> (1913)</li> <li><i>Die jüdische Bewegung – gesammelte Aufsätze und Ansprachen 1900–1915</i> (1916)</li> <li><i>Vom Geist des Judentums – Reden und Geleitworte</i> (1916)</li> <li><i>Die Rede, die Lehre und das Lied – drei Beispiele</i> (1917)</li> <li><i>Ereignisse und Begegnungen</i> (1917)</li> <li><i>Der grosse Maggid und seine Nachfolge</i> (1922)</li> <li><i>Reden über das Judentum</i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_and_Thou" title="I and Thou">Ich und Du</a></i> (1923) <ul><li>Translation: <i><a href="/wiki/I_and_Thou" title="I and Thou">I and Thou</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a> (Touchstone: 1970)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Das Verborgene Licht</i> (1924)</li> <li><i>Die chassidischen Bücher</i> (1928)</li> <li><i>Aus unbekannten Schriften</i> (1928)</li> <li><i>Zwiesprache</i> (1932)</li> <li><i>Kampf um Israel – Reden und Schriften 1921–1932</i> (1933)</li> <li><i>Hundert chassidische Geschichten</i> (1933)</li> <li><i>Die Troestung Israels : aus Jeschajahu, Kapitel 40 bis 55</i> (1933); with Franz Rosenzweig</li> <li><i>Erzählungen von Engeln, Geistern und Dämonen</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Das Buch der Preisungen</i> (1935); with Franz Rosenzweig</li> <li><i>Deutung des Chassidismus – drei Versuche</i> (1935)</li> <li><i>Die Josefslegende in aquarellierten Zeichnungen eines unbekannten russischen Juden der Biedermeierzeit</i> (1935)</li> <li><i>Die Schrift und ihre Verdeutschung</i> (1936); with Franz Rosenzweig</li> <li><i>Aus Tiefen rufe ich Dich – dreiundzwanzig Psalmen in der Urschrift</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>Das Kommende : Untersuchungen zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Messianischen Glaubens – 1. Königtum Gottes</i> (1936 ?)</li> <li><i>Die Stunde und die Erkenntnis – Reden und Aufsätze 1933–1935</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>Zion als Ziel und als Aufgabe – Gedanken aus drei Jahrzehnten – mit einer Rede über Nationalismus als Anhang</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>Worte an die Jugend</i> (1938)</li> <li><i>Moseh</i> (1945)</li> <li><i>Dialogisches Leben – gesammelte philosophische und pädagogische Schriften</i> (1947)</li> <li><i>Der Weg des Menschen : nach der chassidischen Lehre</i> (1948)</li> <li><i>Das Problem des Menschen</i> (1948, Hebrew text 1942)</li> <li><i>Die Erzählungen der Chassidim</i> (1949)</li> <li><i>Gog und Magog – eine Chronik</i> (1949, Hebrew text 1943)</li> <li><i>Israel und Palästina – zur Geschichte einer Idee</i> (1950, Hebrew text 1944)</li> <li><i>Der Glaube der Propheten</i> (1950)</li> <li><i>Pfade in Utopia</i> (1950)</li> <li><i>Zwei Glaubensweisen</i> (1950)</li> <li><i>Urdistanz und Beziehung</i> (1951)</li> <li><i>Der utopische Sozialismus</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Bilder von Gut und Böse</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Die Chassidische Botschaft</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Recht und Unrecht – Deutung einiger Psalmen</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>An der Wende – Reden über das Judentum</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Zwischen Gesellschaft und Staat</i> (1952)</li> <li><i>Das echte Gespräch und die Möglichkeiten des Friedens</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Einsichten : aus den Schriften gesammelt</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Reden über Erziehung</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Gottesfinsternis – Betrachtungen zur Beziehung zwischen Religion und Philosophie</i> (1953) <ul><li>Translation <i>Eclipse of God: Studies in the Relation Between Religion and Philosophy</i> (Harper and Row: 1952)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Hinweise – gesammelte Essays</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Die fünf Bücher der Weisung – Zu einer neuen Verdeutschung der Schrift</i> (1954); with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Franz Rosenzweig</a></li> <li><i>Die Schriften über das dialogische Prinzip</i> (<i>Ich und Du</i>, <i>Zwiesprache</i>, <i>Die Frage an den Einzelnen</i>, <i>Elemente des Zwischenmenschlichen</i>) (1954)</li> <li><i>Sehertum – Anfang und Ausgang</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>Der Mensch und sein Gebild</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>Schuld und Schuldgefühle</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Begegnung – autobiographische Fragmente</i> (1960)</li> <li><i>Logos : zwei Reden</i> (1962)</li> <li><i>Nachlese</i> (1965)</li></ul> </div> <p><i>Chinesische Geister- und Liebesgeschichten</i> included the first German translation ever made of <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Stories_from_a_Chinese_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio">Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio</a></i>. Alex Page translated the <i>Chinesische Geister- und Liebesgeschichten</i> as "Chinese Tales", published in 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Humanities_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanities Press">Humanities Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_works">Collected works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Collected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Werke</i> 3 volumes (1962–1964) </p> <ul><li>I <i>Schriften zur Philosophie</i> (1962)</li> <li>II <i>Schriften zur Bibel</i> (1964)</li> <li>III <i>Schriften zum Chassidismus</i> (1963)</li></ul> <p><i>Martin Buber Werkausgabe</i> (MBW). Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften / Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, ed. Paul Mendes-Flohr & Peter Schäfer with Martina Urban; 21 volumes planned (2001–) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correspondence">Correspondence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Correspondence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Briefwechsel aus sieben Jahrzehnten 1897–1965</i> (1972–1975) </p> <ul><li>I : <i>1897–1918</i> (1972)</li> <li>II : <i>1918–1938</i> (1973)</li> <li>III : <i>1938–1965</i> (1975)</li></ul> <p>Several of his original writings, including his personal archives, are preserved in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a>, formerly the Jewish National and University Library, located on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contextual therapy">Contextual therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Neher" title="André Neher">André Neher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israel_Prize_recipients" title="List of Israel Prize recipients">List of Israel Prize recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bialik_Prize" title="Bialik Prize">List of Bialik Prize recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Jewish existentialism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roberthsarkissian.com/iof/BUBER.HTM">"Island of Freedom - Martin Buber"</a>. <i>Roberthsarkissian.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roberthsarkissian.com&rft.atitle=Island+of+Freedom+-+Martin+Buber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roberthsarkissian.com%2Fiof%2FBUBER.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuber1970" class="citation book cs1">Buber, Martin (1970). <i>I and Thou</i>. US: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684717258" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684717258"><bdi>978-0684717258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+and+Thou&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0684717258&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=1421">"Nomination Database"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Nomination+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D1421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unbroken-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unbroken_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unbroken_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenstein1990" class="citation cs2">Rosenstein, Neil (1990), <i>The Unbroken Chain: Biographical Sketches and Genealogy of Illustrious Jewish Families from the 15th–20th Century</i>, vol. 1, 2 (revised ed.), New York: CIS, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9610578-4-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9610578-4-X"><bdi>0-9610578-4-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unbroken+Chain%3A+Biographical+Sketches+and+Genealogy+of+Illustrious+Jewish+Families+from+the+15th%E2%80%9320th+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=CIS&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-9610578-4-X&rft.aulast=Rosenstein&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood1969-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood1969_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1969" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Robert E (December 1, 1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinbubersonto0000wood"><i>Martin Buber's Ontology: An Analysis of I and Thou</i></a></span>. Northwestern University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinbubersonto0000wood/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-0650-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-0650-5"><bdi>978-0-8101-0650-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%27s+Ontology%3A+An+Analysis+of+I+and+Thou&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1969-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-0650-5&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Robert+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinbubersonto0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pity of It All: A History of Jews in Germany 1743–1933. p. 238. (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-5964-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-5964-4">0-8050-5964-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tameri.com/csw/exist/buber.shtml">"The Existential Primer"</a>. Tameri<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Existential+Primer&rft.pub=Tameri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tameri.com%2Fcsw%2Fexist%2Fbuber.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elon, Amos. (2002). The Pity of It All: A History of Jews in Germany, 1743–1933. New York: Metropolitan Books. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 318–319. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-5964-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-5964-4">0-8050-5964-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310223129/http://psykodramainstitutt.no/uf/90000_99999/97040/a25ec6c0cf0b2d0496ee4f634e0fb344.pdf">"Jacob Levy Moreno's encounter term: a part of a social drama"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psykodramainstitutt.no</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psykodramainstitutt.no/uf/90000_99999/97040/a25ec6c0cf0b2d0496ee4f634e0fb344.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psykodramainstitutt.no&rft.atitle=Jacob+Levy+Moreno%27s+encounter+term%3A+a+part+of+a+social+drama&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsykodramainstitutt.no%2Fuf%2F90000_99999%2F97040%2Fa25ec6c0cf0b2d0496ee4f634e0fb344.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blatner.com/adam/pdntbk/BuberMoreno.html">"Moreno's Influence on Martin Buber's Dialogical Philosophy"</a>. <i>Blatner.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blatner.com&rft.atitle=Moreno%27s+Influence+on+Martin+Buber%27s+Dialogical+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blatner.com%2Fadam%2Fpdntbk%2FBuberMoreno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Mendes-Flohr, <i>Martin Buber: A Life of Faith and Dissent</i>, p.252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Jacobs2017" class="citation book cs1">Jack Jacobs, ed. (March 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eJsDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA"><i>Jews and Leftist Politics</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10757-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-10757-0"><bdi>978-1-108-10757-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Leftist+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft.isbn=978-1-108-10757-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6eJsDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosen, Steven. (1987). <i>Food for the Spirit: Vegetarianism and the World Religions</i>. Bala Books. p. 45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896470224" title="Special:BookSources/9780896470224">9780896470224</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuber199692-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuber199692_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuber1996">Buber 1996</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuber199634-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuber199634_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuber1996">Buber 1996</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaeder1973" class="citation book cs1">Schaeder, Grete (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hebrewhumanismof00scha/page/11"><i>The Hebrew humanism of Martin Buber</i></a>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hebrewhumanismof00scha/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1483-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-1483-X"><bdi>0-8143-1483-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+humanism+of+Martin+Buber&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-8143-1483-X&rft.aulast=Schaeder&rft.aufirst=Grete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhebrewhumanismof00scha%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberstein1989" class="citation book cs1">Silberstein, Laurence J (1989). <i>Martin Buber's Social and Religious Thought: Alienation and the quest for meaning</i>. New York: New York University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-7886-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-7886-0"><bdi>0-8147-7886-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%27s+Social+and+Religious+Thought%3A+Alienation+and+the+quest+for+meaning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8147-7886-0&rft.aulast=Silberstein&rft.aufirst=Laurence+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodes1971" class="citation book cs1">Hodes, Aubrey (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinbuberintim00hode/page/174"><i>Martin Buber: An Intimate Portrait</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinbuberintim00hode/page/174">174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-45904-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-45904-6"><bdi>0-670-45904-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%3A+An+Intimate+Portrait&rft.pages=174&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-670-45904-6&rft.aulast=Hodes&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinbuberintim00hode%2Fpage%2F174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart20112-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart20112_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2011" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Jon (May 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFQWBkpEbwsC"><i>Kierkegaard and Existentialism</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shofar&rft.atitle=Martin+Buber%27s+Conception+of+the+Relative+and+the+Absolute+Life&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42943022%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0882-8539&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Gilya+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42943022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarash2015" class="citation cs2">Barash, Jeffrey Andrew (June 16, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110402223-004/html?lang=en">"Politics 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href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48877750"><i>The Martin Buber reader : essential writings</i></a>. 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New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">261–</span>267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-24051-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-24051-1"><bdi>0-312-24051-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48877750">48877750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martin+Buber+reader+%3A+essential+writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48877750&rft.isbn=0-312-24051-1&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F48877750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/48877750">"The Martin Buber reader : essential writings | WorldCat.org"</a>. <i>www.worldcat.org</i>. p. 264<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldcat.org&rft.atitle=The+Martin+Buber+reader+%3A+essential+writings+%7C+WorldCat.org&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F48877750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/48877750">"The Martin Buber reader : essential writings | WorldCat.org"</a>. <i>www.worldcat.org</i>. p. 289<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldcat.org&rft.atitle=The+Martin+Buber+reader+%3A+essential+writings+%7C+WorldCat.org&rft.pages=289&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F48877750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuber2005" class="citation book cs1">Buber, Martin (2005) [1954]. "We Need The Arabs, They Need Us!". In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mendes-Flohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Mendes-Flohr">Mendes-Flohr, Paul</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landoftwopeoples00mart"><i>A Land of Two Peoples</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-07802-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-07802-7"><bdi>0-226-07802-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=We+Need+The+Arabs%2C+They+Need+Us%21&rft.btitle=A+Land+of+Two+Peoples&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-226-07802-7&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandoftwopeoples00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/48877750">"The Martin Buber reader : essential writings | WorldCat.org"</a>. <i>www.worldcat.org</i>. p. 290<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldcat.org&rft.atitle=The+Martin+Buber+reader+%3A+essential+writings+%7C+WorldCat.org&rft.pages=290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F48877750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Adam, Kirst (April 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/05/06/modernity-faith-and-martin-buber">"Modernity, Faith, and Martin Buber"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Modernity%2C+Faith%2C+and+Martin+Buber&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Kirst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2019%2F05%2F06%2Fmodernity-faith-and-martin-buber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Buber.html">"Martin Buber"</a>. <i>Jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Martin+Buber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fbiography%2FBuber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zank2006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zank2006_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zank2006_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZank2006" class="citation book cs1">Zank, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRjAUsonXGwC"><i>New perspectives on Martin Buber</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148998-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148998-3"><bdi>978-3-16-148998-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+perspectives+on+Martin+Buber&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148998-3&rft.aulast=Zank&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRjAUsonXGwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuberBiemann2002-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BuberBiemann2002_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuberBiemann2002" class="citation book cs1">Buber, Martin; Biemann, Asher D (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BTzPiYZUIPwC"><i>The Martin Buber reader: essential writings</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29290-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29290-4"><bdi>978-0-312-29290-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martin+Buber+reader%3A+essential+writings&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29290-4&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Biemann%2C+Asher+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBTzPiYZUIPwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuberMendes-Flohr2005-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BuberMendes-Flohr2005_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuber2005" class="citation book cs1">Buber, Martin (2005). Mendes-Flohr, Paul R (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landoftwopeoples00mart"><i>A land of two peoples: Martin Buber on Jews and Arabs</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07802-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07802-1"><bdi>978-0-226-07802-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+land+of+two+peoples%3A+Martin+Buber+on+Jews+and+Arabs&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07802-1&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandoftwopeoples00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaeder1991-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schaeder1991_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuber1991" class="citation cs2">Buber, Martin (1991), "Martin Buber: A Biographical Sketch", in Schaeder, Grete (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGi6968aQSoC&pg=PA52"><i>The letters of Martin Buber: a life of dialogue</i></a>, Syracuse University Press, p. 52, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0420-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0420-4"><bdi>978-0-8156-0420-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Buber%3A+A+Biographical+Sketch&rft.btitle=The+letters+of+Martin+Buber%3A+a+life+of+dialogue&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0420-4&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGi6968aQSoC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuber2002" class="citation book cs1">Buber, Martin (2002). Biemann, Asher D (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BTzPiYZUIPwC&pg=PA12"><i>The Martin Buber reader: essential writings</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312292904" title="Special:BookSources/9780312292904"><bdi>9780312292904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martin+Buber+reader%3A+essential+writings&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780312292904&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBTzPiYZUIPwC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaeder1973" class="citation cs2">Schaeder, Grete (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7e4AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Hebrew humanism of Martin Buber</i></a>, Wayne State University Press, p. 29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814314838" title="Special:BookSources/9780814314838"><bdi>9780814314838</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+humanism+of+Martin+Buber&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780814314838&rft.aulast=Schaeder&rft.aufirst=Grete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7e4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paths-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paths_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuber1996" class="citation book cs1">Buber, Martín (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXGSnCcRaUwC"><i>Paths in Utopia</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0421-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0421-1"><bdi>978-0-8156-0421-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+in+Utopia&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0421-1&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXGSnCcRaUwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider" class="citation cs2">Schneider, Herbert W, "The historical significance of Buber's philosophy", <i>The philosophy of Martin Buber</i>, p. 471, <q>...the retort he actually made, namely, that a scientist should not make judgments beyond his science. Such an insistence on hard and fast boundaries among sciences is not in the spirit of Buber's empiricism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+historical+significance+of+Buber%27s+philosophy&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+Martin+Buber&rft.pages=471&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Herbert+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman1996-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman1996_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1996" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Maurice S (July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WFoU5LdDu6cC"><i>Martin Buber and the human sciences</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2876-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-2876-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber+and+the+human+sciences&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2876-4&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Maurice+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWFoU5LdDu6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes1988" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Pamela (1988). <i>Buber</i>. London: Peter Hablan. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870015-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-870015-08-8"><bdi>1-870015-08-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buber&rft.place=London&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Peter+Hablan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=1-870015-08-8&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brody2018-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brody2018_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody2018" class="citation book cs1">Brody, Samuel Hayim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Db5QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT37">"The True Front: Buber and Landauer on Anarchism and Revolution"</a>. <i>Martin Buber's Theopolitics</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03537-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03537-0"><bdi>978-0-253-03537-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+True+Front%3A+Buber+and+Landauer+on+Anarchism+and+Revolution&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%27s+Theopolitics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-253-03537-0&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hayim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDb5QDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silberstein1990-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silberstein1990_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberstein1990" class="citation book cs1">Silberstein, Laurence J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhsUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281"><i>Martin Buber's Social and Religious Thought: Alienation and the Quest for Meaning</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7910-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7910-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-7910-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%27s+Social+and+Religious+Thought%3A+Alienation+and+the+Quest+for+Meaning&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7910-1&rft.aulast=Silberstein&rft.aufirst=Laurence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhsUCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuber2002" class="citation book cs1">Buber, Martin (2002) [1947]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fPU5xfv4SMC&pg=PA228"><i>Between Man and Man</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">250–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415278263" title="Special:BookSources/9780415278263"><bdi>9780415278263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Man+and+Man&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E250-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415278263&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fPU5xfv4SMC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangton2010" class="citation book cs1">Langton, Daniel (2010). <i>The Apostle Paul in the Jewish Imagination</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostle+Paul+in+the+Jewish+Imagination&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Langton&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KramerGawlick2003-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KramerGawlick2003_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KramerGawlick2003_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KramerGawlick2003_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramerGawlick2003" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Kenneth; Gawlick, Mechthild (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VgvSa1_l0BEC"><i>Martin Buber's I and thou: practicing living dialogue</i></a>. Paulist Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4158-6"><bdi>978-0-8091-4158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%27s+I+and+thou%3A+practicing+living+dialogue&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2003-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4158-6&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Gawlick%2C+Mechthild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVgvSa1_l0BEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem1981" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom (1981). <i>Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship</i>. JPS. pp. 7, 13, <span class="nowrap">25–</span>29, 88, 105, 110, 116, 118, 127, 138, 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Benjamin%3A+The+Story+of+a+Friendship&rft.pages=7%2C+13%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E29%2C+88%2C+105%2C+110%2C+116%2C+118%2C+127%2C+138%2C+186&rft.pub=JPS&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_I_Came_to_the_Kabbalah-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_I_Came_to_the_Kabbalah_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_I_Came_to_the_Kabbalah_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/gershom-scholem/how-i-came-to-the-kabbalah/">"How I Came to the Kabbalah"</a>. <i>Commentary Magazine</i>. May 1, 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+I+Came+to+the+Kabbalah&rft.date=1980-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fgershom-scholem%2Fhow-i-came-to-the-kabbalah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholem" class="citation book cs1">Scholem, Gershom. <i>A Life In Letters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+In+Letters&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208115723/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashyag/Tashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashyah">"Recipients"</a> (in Hebrew). Israel Prize. 1958. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashyag/Tashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashyah">the original</a> on February 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipients&rft.pub=Israel+Prize&rft.date=1958&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.education.gov.il%2FEducationCMS%2FUnits%2FPrasIsrael%2FTashyag%2FTashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm%3FDictionaryKey%3DTashyah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bialik-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bialik_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217143811/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/_MultimediaServer/Documents/12516738.pdf">"List of Bialik Prize recipients 1933–2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/_MultimediaServer/Documents/12516738.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Bialik+Prize+recipients+1933%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=Tel+Aviv+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tel-aviv.gov.il%2FHebrew%2F_MultimediaServer%2FDocuments%2F12516738.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendes-Flohr2019" class="citation book cs1">Mendes-Flohr, Paul (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-qKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA313"><i>Martin Buber</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15304-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15304-0"><bdi>978-0-300-15304-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15304-0&rft.aulast=Mendes-Flohr&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-qKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chiang, Lydia Sing-Chen. <i>Collecting The Self: Body And Identity In Strange Tale Collections Of Late Imperial China</i> (<i>Volume 67 of Sinica Leidensia</i>). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004142037" title="Special:BookSources/9004142037">9004142037</a>, 9789004142039. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgSqRGTP7UoC&pg=PA62">62</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/brenner-archiv/projekte/jerusalem/links/jnul.pdf">"Archivbestände in der Jewish National and University Library"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Uibk.ac.at</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uibk.ac.at&rft.atitle=Archivbest%C3%A4nde+in+der+Jewish+National+and+University+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uibk.ac.at%2Fbrenner-archiv%2Fprojekte%2Fjerusalem%2Flinks%2Fjnul.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Biographies</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZink1978" class="citation cs2">Zink, Wolfgang (1978), <i>Martin Buber – 1878/1978</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber+%E2%80%93+1878%2F1978&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Zink&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoen1991" class="citation cs2">Coen, Clara Levi (1991), <i>Martin Buber</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Coen&rft.aufirst=Clara+Levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1981" class="citation cs2">Friedman, Maurice (1981), <i>Martin Buber's Life and Work: The Early Years, 1878–1923</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%27s+Life+and+Work%3A+The+Early+Years%2C+1878%E2%80%931923&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1983" class="citation cs2">Friedman, Maurice (1983), <i>Martin Buber's Life and Work: The Middle Years, 1923–1945</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%27s+Life+and+Work%3A+The+Middle+Years%2C+1923%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1984" class="citation cs2">Friedman, Maurice (1984), <i>Martin Buber's Life and Work: The Later Years, 1945–1965</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%27s+Life+and+Work%3A+The+Later+Years%2C+1945%E2%80%931965&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourel2015" class="citation cs2">Bourel, Dominique (2015), <i>Martin Buber: Sentinelle de l'humanité</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%3A+Sentinelle+de+l%27humanit%C3%A9&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bourel&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendes-Flohr2019" class="citation cs2">Mendes-Flohr, Paul (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XQ-LDwAAQBAJ&q=Paul+mendes+flohr"><i>Martin Buber: A Life of Faith and Dissent</i></a>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300245233" title="Special:BookSources/9780300245233"><bdi>9780300245233</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber%3A+A+Life+of+Faith+and+Dissent&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780300245233&rft.aulast=Mendes-Flohr&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXQ-LDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPaul%2Bmendes%2Bflohr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilppFriedman1967" class="citation cs2">Schilpp, Paul Arthur; Friedman, Maurice (1967), <i>The philosophy of Martin Buber</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+Martin+Buber&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Schilpp&rft.aufirst=Paul+Arthur&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz1978" class="citation cs2">Horwitz, Rivka (1978), <i>Buber's way to "I and thou" – an historical analysis and the first publication of Martin Buber's lectures "Religion als Gegenwart"</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buber%27s+way+to+%22I+and+thou%22+%E2%80%93+an+historical+analysis+and+the+first+publication+of+Martin+Buber%27s+lectures+%22Religion+als+Gegenwart%22&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Rivka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohnBuber1980" class="citation cs2">Cohn, Margot; Buber, Rafael (1980), <i>Martin Buber – a bibliography of his writings, 1897–1978</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber+%E2%80%93+a+bibliography+of+his+writings%2C+1897%E2%80%931978&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Buber%2C+Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2010" class="citation cs2">Israel, Joachim (2010), <i>Martin Buber – Dialogphilosophie in Theorie und Praxis</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Buber+%E2%80%93+Dialogphilosophie+in+Theorie+und+Praxis&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargulies2017" class="citation cs2">Margulies, Hune (2017), <i>Will and Grace: Meditations on the Dialogical Philosophy of Martin Buber.</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Will+and+Grace%3A+Meditations+on+the+Dialogical+Philosophy+of+Martin+Buber.&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Margulies&rft.aufirst=Hune&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morgan, W. John and Guilherme, Alexandre (2014), <i>Buber and Education: Dialogue as Conflict Resolution </i>, Routledge, Taylor and Francis, London and New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81692-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81692-2">978-0-415-81692-2</a>.</li> <li>Nelson, Eric S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXUpDwAAQBAJ&q=chineSe+buddhist+german"><i>Chinese and Buddhist Philosophy in Early Twentieth-Century German Thought</i></a> London: Bloomsbury. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350002555" title="Special:BookSources/9781350002555">9781350002555</a>.</li> <li>Mendes-Flohr, Paul. [2019] ‘’Martin Buber - A Life of Faith and Dissent’’, Yale, New Haven & London</li> <li>Margulies, Hune (2022) "Martin Buber and Eastern Wisdom Teachings: The Recovery of the Spiritual Imagination", Cambridge Scholars Publishers, UK.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Buber&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Martin Buber</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martin_Buber" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Martin Buber">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84423" class="extiw" title="d:Q84423">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/judaica/search/quick?query=Buber%2C+martin">Literature by and about Martin Buber in University Library JCS Frankfurt am Main: Digital Collections Judaica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buber.de/en/">Martin Buber Homepage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718204259/http://buber.de/en/">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/buber/">Martin Buber – The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article by Sarah Scott</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZank" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zank, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buber/">"Martin Buber"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Buber&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Zank&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fbuber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Buber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martinbuberinstitute.dialogicalecology.org">The Martin Buber Institute for Dialogical Ecology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.cjh.org/primo-explore/search?query=creator,contains,Martin%20Buber,AND&tab=default_tab&search_scope=LBI&vid=lbi&facet=tlevel,include,online_resources&facet=creator,include,Buber,%20M&mode=advanced&offset=0">Digitized works by Martin Buber</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Baeck Institute, New York">Leo Baeck Institute, New York</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdgTgcmMcXPfP3RdjFBT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118516477">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081898">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118944280">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118944280">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00434688">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Buber, Martin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000754">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35023282">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990009521&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX897259">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/17895">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068439903">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span 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