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id="toc-Groups_partially_derived_from_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups_partially_derived_from_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Groups_partially_derived_from_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Groups_partially_derived_from_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_American_contribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_contribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Native American contribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_contribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jomon_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jomon_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Jomon people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jomon_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siberian_and_Asian_Holocene_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siberian_and_Asian_Holocene_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Siberian and Asian Holocene populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siberian_and_Asian_Holocene_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tarim_mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarim_mummies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Tarim mummies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarim_mummies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Han_Chinese_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Han_Chinese_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 North Han Chinese populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Han_Chinese_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asian_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asian_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 West Asian populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asian_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 European populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenotype_prediction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenotype_prediction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Phenotype prediction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phenotype_prediction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phenotype prediction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phenotype_prediction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anthropologic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropologic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Anthropologic research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropologic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_blond_hair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_blond_hair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Evolution of blond hair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_blond_hair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Comparative mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="প্রাচীন উত্তর ইউরেশীয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাচীন উত্তর ইউরেশীয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroasi%C3%A1ticos_septentrionales_antiguos" title="Euroasiáticos septentrionales antiguos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Euroasiáticos septentrionales antiguos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_Iparraldeko_Eurasiarrak" title="Antzinako Iparraldeko Eurasiarrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako Iparraldeko Eurasiarrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دیرین شمال اوراسیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیرین شمال اوراسیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EB%B6%81%EC%9C%A0%EB%9D%BC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="고대 북유라시아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 북유라시아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeogenetic name for an ancestral genetic component</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Ancient North Eurasian</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:294px;max-width:294px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:310px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Figurines_from_central_Siberia_Mal%27ta_(grey_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Figurines_from_central_Siberia_Mal%27ta_%28grey_background%29.jpg/290px-Figurines_from_central_Siberia_Mal%27ta_%28grey_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Figurines_from_central_Siberia_Mal%27ta_%28grey_background%29.jpg/435px-Figurines_from_central_Siberia_Mal%27ta_%28grey_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Figurines_from_central_Siberia_Mal%27ta_%28grey_background%29.jpg/580px-Figurines_from_central_Siberia_Mal%27ta_%28grey_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="1506" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a> ivory figurines (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 24,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>-<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 15,000 BP). Some of the figurines wear hooded overalls with decorative stripes.<a href="#cite_note-RGB-1">[1]</a> <a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient North Eurasian is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Ancient North Eurasian is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians.png/300px-Map_of_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians.png/450px-Map_of_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians.png/600px-Map_of_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div><div id="annotation_211x18" style="position:absolute; left:211px; top:18px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta– Buret</a></div><div id="annotation_178x33" style="position:absolute; left:178px; top:33px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a></div><div id="annotation_145x22" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:22px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Denisova_Cave" title="Denisova Cave">Denisova Cave</a></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.157%;left:63.599%;font-size:0%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="Ancient North Eurasian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/4px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/6px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/8px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.324%;left:73.74%;font-size:0%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="Ancient North Eurasian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/4px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/6px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/8px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.687%;left:56.017%;font-size:0%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><img alt="Ancient North Eurasian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/4px-Location_dot_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/6px-Location_dot_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_dot_black.svg/8px-Location_dot_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div id="annotation_272x157" style="position:absolute; left:272px; top:157px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_20000_BP" title="Template:Continental Asia in 20000 BP"> ◁ </a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_5000_BCE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 5000 BCE"> ▷ </a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Approximate location of the Ancient North Eurasians <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 24,000~16,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetics</a>, the term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the people of the <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 24,000 BP) and populations closely related to them, such as the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> individuals from <a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a> in Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlegontovChangmaiZidkovaLogacheva2016-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Genetic studies also revealed that the ANE are closely related to the remains of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Yana_Rhinoceros_Horn_Site" title="Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site">Yana culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 32,000 BP), which were named Ancient North Siberians (ANS). Ancient North Eurasians are predominantly of West Eurasian ancestry (related to European <a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnons</a> and ancient and modern peoples in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>) who arrived in Siberia via the "northern route", but also derive a significant amount of their ancestry (c. 1/3) from an East Eurasian source, having arrived to Siberia via the "southern route".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValliniMarcianiAneliBortolini2022Supplementary_Information,_p._17-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipson+17-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-19">[18]</a> Around 20,000 to 25,000 years ago, a branch of Ancient North Eurasian people mixed with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northern_East_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Northern East Asians">Ancient East Asians</a>, which led to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Ancestral Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Ancient Paleo-Siberian</a> populations. It is unknown exactly where this population admixture took place, and two opposing theories have put forth different migratory scenarios that united the Ancient North Eurasians with ancient East Asian populations.<a href="#cite_note-Raff188-20">[19]</a> Later, ANE populations migrated westward into Europe and admixed with European <a href="/wiki/Western_hunter-gatherer" title="Western hunter-gatherer">Western hunter-gatherer</a> (WHG)-related groups to form the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_hunter-gatherer" title="Eastern hunter-gatherer">Eastern Hunter-Gatherer</a> (EHG) group, which later admixed with <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus hunter-gatherers</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herder" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Steppe Herder">Western Steppe Herder</a> group, which became widely dispersed across Eurasia during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[20]</a> ANE ancestry has spread throughout Eurasia and the Americas in various migrations since the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, and more than half of the world's population today derives between 5 and 42% of their genomes from the Ancient North Eurasians.<a href="#cite_note-Reich2018-22">[21]</a> Significant ANE ancestry can be found in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. It has been suggested that their mythology may have featured narratives shared by both Indo-European and some Native American cultures, such as the existence of a metaphysical <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a> and a fable in which a dog guards the path to the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthonyBrown2019104–106-23">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genetic studies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> The ANE lineage, also known as Paleolithic Siberians, is defined by association with the "<a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta boy">Mal'ta boy</a>" (MA-1), the remains of an individual who lived during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, 24,000 years ago in central <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, discovered in the 1920s. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Yana_Rhinoceros_Horn_Site" title="Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site">Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site</a> samples, and Afontova Gora individuals, they are collectively referred to as 'Ancient North Siberians', although 'Ancient North Eurasian' is also used as collective name for both MA-1 and Yana remains.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sikora_182–188-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mal%27ta_boy_(MA-1)_with_tomb_artifacts,_Hermitage_Museum,_Saint-Petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mal%27ta_boy_%28MA-1%29_with_tomb_artifacts%2C_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Saint-Petersburg.jpg/330px-Mal%27ta_boy_%28MA-1%29_with_tomb_artifacts%2C_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Saint-Petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mal%27ta_boy_%28MA-1%29_with_tomb_artifacts%2C_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Saint-Petersburg.jpg/495px-Mal%27ta_boy_%28MA-1%29_with_tomb_artifacts%2C_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Saint-Petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mal%27ta_boy_%28MA-1%29_with_tomb_artifacts%2C_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Saint-Petersburg.jpg/660px-Mal%27ta_boy_%28MA-1%29_with_tomb_artifacts%2C_Hermitage_Museum%2C_Saint-Petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta boy">Mal'ta boy</a> (MA-1), dated 24,000 BP, with tomb artifacts, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> (Hall 11),<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Saint-Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> The Ancient North Eurasians represent a Paleolithic Siberian cluster, more closely related to European hunter-gatherers than to East and Southeast Asian populations.<a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-29">[28]</a> It is suggested that the ANE ancestry found among modern human populations was largely contributed from a population linked to Afontova Gora (AG2/3), rather than Malta (MA1) or Yana.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Ancient North Eurasian associated <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-chromosome haplogroups</a> are <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_P1_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA)">P-M45</a>, and its subclades <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)">R</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_P_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup P</a> is inferred to have originated around 44,000 years ago in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and is downstream to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K2b_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup K2b (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup K2b</a> found among the <a href="/wiki/Tianyuan_man" title="Tianyuan man">Tianyuan man</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern China">Northern China</a>. Their maternal haplogroup belonged to subclades of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U" title="Haplogroup U">haplogroup U</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PC_Analysis_MA-1_and_AG3_(detail).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PC_Analysis_MA-1_and_AG3_%28detail%29.png/231px-PC_Analysis_MA-1_and_AG3_%28detail%29.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PC_Analysis_MA-1_and_AG3_%28detail%29.png/347px-PC_Analysis_MA-1_and_AG3_%28detail%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PC_Analysis_MA-1_and_AG3_%28detail%29.png/462px-PC_Analysis_MA-1_and_AG3_%28detail%29.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="464" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Human principal component analysis (PCA) with ancient human genomes projected on top.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:233px;max-width:233px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:QpGraph_Maier_et_al._2023_ANE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/QpGraph_Maier_et_al._2023_ANE.jpg/231px-QpGraph_Maier_et_al._2023_ANE.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/QpGraph_Maier_et_al._2023_ANE.jpg/347px-QpGraph_Maier_et_al._2023_ANE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/QpGraph_Maier_et_al._2023_ANE.jpg/462px-QpGraph_Maier_et_al._2023_ANE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1724" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A qpGraph model by Maier et al. 2023, showing the possible formation of Ancient North Siberians/Eurasians (ANS/ANE) and their subsequent contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Ancient Paleo-Siberians</a> and Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-:6-37">[36]</a></div></div></div></div></div> The formation of the Ancient North Eurasian/Siberian (ANE/ANS) gene pool likely occurred very early by the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> dispersal by the admixture of an 'Ancient West Eurasian' population via the 'northern route' through <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> into Siberia, with an '<a href="/wiki/Ancient_East_Eurasians" title="Ancient East Eurasians">Ancient East Eurasian</a>' via the 'southern route'. The West Eurasian source was distantly related to the Upper Paleolithic remains in Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Goyet_Caves" title="Goyet Caves">Goyet specimen</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kostenki-14" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostenki-14">Kostenki-14</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sungir" title="Sungir">Sungir</a> individuals, and ultimately expanded from a population hub in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>. The 'East Eurasian' source can be associated with ancestry found in the 40,000 year old <a href="/wiki/Tianyuan_man" title="Tianyuan man">Tianyuan man</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern China">Northern China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Springer_International_Publishing-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-19">[18]</a> Overall, Ancient North Eurasians are best described as admixture between an Ancient West Eurasian lineage (71%), with approximately 29% geneflow from an East Eurasian source.<a href="#cite_note-:8-19">[18]</a> Grebenyuk et al. argues that 'Ancient North Eurasians' were "Early Upper Paleolithic tribes of hunters" and linked to similar groups associated with Southern Siberian sites. These communities of Southern Siberian and Central Asian hunters belonged to one of the earliest migration waves of anatomically modern humans into Siberia. The authors summarized that "the initial peopling of Northeastern Asia by the anatomically modern humans could have happened both from West to East and from South to North".<a href="#cite_note-Springer_International_Publishing-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Studies_on_Ancient_North_Eurasian_remains">Studies on Ancient North Eurasian remains</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Studies on Ancient North Eurasian remains">edit</a>]</div> The ANE/ANS-associated samples from the <a href="/wiki/Yana_Rhinoceros_Horn_Site" title="Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site">Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site</a> (31,600 BP) in Northeastern Siberia and the closely related remains from the <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a> (MA1), and the individuals associated with the <a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a> site (AG2/3), can be modeled to derive their ancestry from an Ancient West Eurasian lineage, with significant amounts of admixture from an East Eurasian lineage (22–50%).<a href="#cite_note-40">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalter2013-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Lipson and Reich (2017) modeled the Mal'ta sample to be derived from a West Eurasian source (82%), with additional admixture from a lineage related to East Asians (18%), while also noting the possibility for a reversed geneflow from Mal'ta into East Asians, which however had less support with the available data.<a href="#cite_note-Lipson+17-12">[12]</a> Yang et al. 2020 modeled both the Yana specimens and the Mal'ta sample as a merger of a sister lineage of the 'European hunter-gatherer' <a href="/wiki/Kostenki-14" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostenki-14">Kostenki-14</a>, contributing around 68% ancestry, and of a lineage contemporary to the 'Basal-East Asian' <a href="/wiki/Tianyuan_man" title="Tianyuan man">Tianyuan man</a>, contributing around 32% ancestry, while finding no evidence for a reversed geneflow from ANE/ANS into Tianyuan or modern East Asians.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Mao et al. 2021 models both Yana and Afontova Gora remains with around 73% West Eurasian and 27% East Eurasian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Sikora et al. 2019 analyzed the genetic remains of the <a href="/wiki/Yana_Rhinoceros_Horn_Site" title="Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site">Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site</a> and found them to be closely related to the Ancient North Eurasians. The collectively named both populations as Ancient North Siberian. They modeled the ANE/ANS to derived between 71–78% West Eurasian ancestry and between 22–29% East Eurasian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Sikora_182–1882-49">[47]</a> Sikora et al. also notes that the Ancient North Eurasians (Malta and Afontova Gora individuals) are unlikely to be direct descendants of the 'Ancient North Siberian' Yana population; rather, the study argues, both are sister lineages sharing a common ancestor. According to Sikora et al., the Malta sample may additionally also have received some 'early <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus hunter-gatherer</a>' geneflow (c. 11%).<a href="#cite_note-Sikora_182–1882-49">[47]</a> This scenario is questioned by Maier et al. 2023, who state that this conclusion is contradicted by other published articles, and that the direction of gene flow as well as observed affinity between ANE and CHG populations cannot be demonstrated by analysis of admixture graphs, but need further investigation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier_et_al.2023-50">[48]</a> By using a newly developed version of <a href="/wiki/ADMIXTOOLS" title="ADMIXTOOLS">ADMIXTOOLS</a>, they estimate around 76% West Eurasian ancestry and 24% East Eurasian ancestry for both the Yana and Mal'ta remains.<a href="#cite_note-:4-51">[49]</a> Zhang et al. 2023 summarized that the Ancient North Siberians (Yana remains) are best described to derive 71% ancestry from a West Eurasian lineage and 29% ancestry from an East Eurasian lineage. The Yana remains are closely related to the Mal'ta and Afontova Gora remains, but not identical with them.<a href="#cite_note-:8-19">[18]</a> Vallini et al. 2022/2024 described the Ancient North Eurasians as falling into "an intermediate position between the two axes, the result of a palaeolithic admixture", deriving around 50% from West Eurasian and 50% from East Eurasian sources.<a href="#cite_note-:5-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:422-52">[50]</a> Allentoft et al. 2024 modeled the Yana specimens, the Mal'ta sample as well as the Afontova Gora remains as 65% West Eurasian and 35% East Eurasian.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> A different but geographically close specimen, known as the <a href="/wiki/Salkhit" title="Salkhit">Salkhit</a> individual (c. 34,000 BP) from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mongolia">Northern Mongolia</a> was found to display a complex relation to the Yana individuals. While the Yana individuals derived between 25–33% of their ancestry from a Tianyuan-like source, the Salkhit individual derived around 25% ancestry from the Yana lineage and 75% from the Tianyuan lineage, suggesting bi-directional geneflow between Ancient West and East Eurasian populations in Northeastern Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-:6-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:277px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mal%27ta_statuette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mal%27ta_statuette.jpg/158px-Mal%27ta_statuette.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mal%27ta_statuette.jpg/237px-Mal%27ta_statuette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mal%27ta_statuette.jpg/316px-Mal%27ta_statuette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="902" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mal%27ta_statuette_3D_modelling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mal%27ta_statuette_3D_modelling.jpg/158px-Mal%27ta_statuette_3D_modelling.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mal%27ta_statuette_3D_modelling.jpg/237px-Mal%27ta_statuette_3D_modelling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mal%27ta_statuette_3D_modelling.jpg/316px-Mal%27ta_statuette_3D_modelling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="899" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">One of the "<a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta Venus">Mal'ta figurines</a>" with facial features, and 3D rendering.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></div></div></div></div>By c. 32kya, populations carrying ANE-related ancestry were probably widely distributed across northeast Eurasia. They may have expanded as far as Alaska and the Yukon, but were forced to abandon high latitude regions following the onset of harsher climatic conditions that came with the Last Glacial Maximum.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Populations genetically similar to MA-1 and Afontova Gora were an important genetic contributor to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="European peoples">Europeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Central Asia">Ancient Central Asians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of South Asia">South Asians</a>, and some East Asian groups, in order of significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisNadelRollefsonMerrett2016-56">[54]</a> Lazaridis et al. (2016:10) note "a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia". A 2016 study found that the global maximum of ANE ancestry occurs in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ket_people" title="Ket people">Kets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlegontovChangmaiZidkovaLogacheva2016-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisNadelRollefsonMerrett2016-56">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANE_deer_tooth_pendant_from_Denisova_Cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ANE_deer_tooth_pendant_from_Denisova_Cave.jpg/170px-ANE_deer_tooth_pendant_from_Denisova_Cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ANE_deer_tooth_pendant_from_Denisova_Cave.jpg/255px-ANE_deer_tooth_pendant_from_Denisova_Cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ANE_deer_tooth_pendant_from_Denisova_Cave.jpg/340px-ANE_deer_tooth_pendant_from_Denisova_Cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Deer tooth pendant of an ANE woman, from <a href="/wiki/Denisova_Cave" title="Denisova Cave">Denisova Cave</a>, dated circa 24,700 years BP.<a href="#cite_note-EE-57">[55]</a></figcaption></figure> The ancient Bronze-age-steppe <a href="/wiki/Yamna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamna culture">Yamnaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo</a> cultures were found to have a significant ANE-like component at c. 25–50% via their EHG and CHG ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kozintsev_135–145-59">[57]</a> According to Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018 between 14% and 38% of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta–Buret' (ANE) population. This difference is caused by the penetration of posterior "Neo-Siberian" migrations into the Americas, with the lowest percentages of ANE ancestry found in Inuit and Alaskan Natives, as these groups are the result of migrations into the Americas roughly 5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-MayarVinnerde_Barros_Damgaardde_la_Fuente2018-60">[58]</a> Estimates for ANE ancestry among first wave Native Americans show higher percentages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongKhruninNicholsPushkarev2017-61">[59]</a> such as 41% (36-45%) for those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> region in South America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongKhruninNicholsPushkarev2017-61">[59]</a> The other gene flow in Native Americans (the remainder of their ancestry) was of an East Asian-related origin, specifically diverged from other East Asians c. 30,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu2013-62">[60]</a> Gene sequencing of another south-central Siberian <a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">people (Afontova Gora-2)</a> dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures to that of Mal'ta boy-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu2013-62">[60]</a> Genomic studies also indicate that the ANE component was brought to Western Europe by people related to the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a>, long after the Paleolithic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlegontovChangmaiZidkovaLogacheva2016-6">[6]</a> It is reported in modern-day Europeans (10%–20%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlegontovChangmaiZidkovaLogacheva2016-6">[6]</a> Earlier ANE ancestry is found in European hunter-gatherer populations through Paleolithic interactions with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Hunter-Gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers">Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers</a>, which resulted in populations such as Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGüntherMalmströmSvenssonOmrak2018-63">[61]</a> Western Hunter-Gatherers of the <a href="/wiki/Ripari_Villabruna#Villabruna_1" title="Ripari Villabruna">Villabruna cluster</a> also carried the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">Y-haplogroup R1b</a>, derived from the Ancient North Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)">haplogroup R</a>*, indicating "an early link between Europe and the western edge of the Steppe Belt of Eurasia."<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> A deer tooth pendant impregnated with the genetic material of an ANE woman was found in the <a href="/wiki/Denisova_Cave" title="Denisova Cave">Denisova Cave</a>, and dated to circa 24,700 years before present. She is closely related to Mal'ta and Afontova Gora specimens, found further east.<a href="#cite_note-EE-57">[55]</a> An early Neolithic Central Asian specimen (Tutkaul1) from <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> was found to be primarily derived from Ancient North Eurasians with some additional Neolithic Iranian-related inputs. The sample is closely related to Afontova Gora 3 (AG3) and Mal’ta 1, as well as to the West Siberian hunter-gatherers (Tyumen and Sosnoviy). While the sample also displays affinity for <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern hunter-gatherers</a> (EHGs), AG3 was found to be closer to EHGs than Tutkaul1, who instead may be a good proxy for ANE-related ancestry among ancient populations from the Iran and the Turan region.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[20]</a> The Ancient Tianyuan Man and modern East/Southeast Asian populations were found to lack Upper Paleolithic Western Eurasian or ANE-related admixture, suggesting "resistance of those groups to the incoming UP population movements", or alternatively a subsequent reexpansion from a genetically East Asian-like population reservoir.<a href="#cite_note-:5-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groups_partially_derived_from_the_Ancient_North_Eurasians">Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_contribution">Native American contribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Native American contribution">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANE_dispertion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ANE_dispertion.jpg/390px-ANE_dispertion.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ANE_dispertion.jpg/585px-ANE_dispertion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ANE_dispertion.jpg/780px-ANE_dispertion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10604" data-file-height="4536" /></a><figcaption>The "Ancient North Eurasian" (ANE) network, consisted of several Paleolithic Siberian samples and contributed ancestry towards a wide variety of populations across Eurasia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_peopling_of_America.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/First_peopling_of_America.png/220px-First_peopling_of_America.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/First_peopling_of_America.png/330px-First_peopling_of_America.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/First_peopling_of_America.png/440px-First_peopling_of_America.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>The map shows the origin of the first major wave of Native Americans. Involved are the ANE (Ancestral Northern Eurasian, which are related to Europeans) and the NEA (Northeast Asians, which are an East Asian-related people). The admixture happened somewhere in Northeast Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYuSpyrouKarapetianShnaider2020-64">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> According to Jennifer Raff, the Ancient North Eurasian population mixed with a daughter population of ancient East Asians, who they encountered around 25,000 years ago, which led to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> ancestral populations. However, the exact location where the admixture took place is unknown, and the migratory movements that united the two populations are a matter of debate.<a href="#cite_note-Raff188-20">[19]</a> Vallini et al. 2024 notes that the "position of Native Americans suggests a primarily East Asian ancestry, with a smaller contribution from palaeolithic West Eurasian populations".<a href="#cite_note-:422-52">[50]</a> One theory supposes that Ancient North Eurasians migrated south to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Siberia">Southern Siberia</a>, where they would have encountered and mixed with ancient East Asians. Genetic evidence from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> supports this area as the location where the admixture took place.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> However, a third theory, the "Beringian standstill hypothesis", suggests that East Asians instead migrated north to Northeastern Siberia, where they mixed with ANE, and later diverged in Beringia, where distinct Native American lineages formed. This theory is supported by <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">maternal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nuclear DNA</a> evidence.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> According to Grebenyuk, after 20,000 BP, a branch of Ancient East Asians migrated to Northeastern Siberia, and mixed with descendants of the ANE, leading to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Ancient Paleo-Siberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> populations in Extreme Northeastern Asia.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Springer_International_Publishing-38">[37]</a> However, the Beringian standstill hypothesis is not supported by <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">paternal</a> DNA evidence, which may reflect different population histories for paternal and maternal lineages in Native Americans, which is not uncommon and has been observed in other populations.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> The descendants of admixture between ANE and ancient East Asians include <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Ancestral Native American</a>, which are specific archaeogenetic lineages, based on the genome of an infant found at the Upward Sun River site (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-MayarPotterVinnerSteinrücken2018-69">[67]</a> The AB and the Ancestral Native American (ANA) lineage formed about 25,000 years ago, and subsequently diverged from each other, with the AB staying in the Beringian region, while the Ancestral Native Americans populated the Americas. The ANE genetic contribution to late-Paeolithic Ancestral Native Americans (USR1 specimen, dated to 11,500 BP in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a> specimen, dated to 12,600 BP in Montana) is estimated at 36.8%.<a href="#cite_note-TG-70">[68]</a> There are also the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberians">Ancient Paleo-Siberians</a>, populations represented by the Late Upper Paeolithic Lake Baikal Ust'Kyakhta-3 (UKY) 14,050-13,770 BP. They carried 30% ANE ancestry and 70% East Asian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYuSpyrouKarapetianShnaider2020-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jomon_people">Jomon people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jomon people">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_people" title="Jōmon people">Jōmon people</a>, the pre-<a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> population of Japan, mainly derived their ancestry from East Asian lineages, but also received geneflow from the ANE-related "Ancient North Siberians" (represented by samples from the <a href="/wiki/Yana_Rhinoceros_Horn_Site" title="Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site">Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site</a>) prior to the migration from the Asian mainland to the Japanese archipelago. Jōmon ancestry is still found among the inhabitants of present-day Japan: most markedly among the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a>, who are considered the direct descendants of the Jōmon people, and to a small, but significant degree among the majority of the Japanese population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsadaKawai2021-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siberian_and_Asian_Holocene_populations">Siberian and Asian Holocene populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Siberian and Asian Holocene populations">edit</a>]</div> Altai hunter-gatherer is the name given to Middle Holocene Siberian hunter-gatherers within the <a href="/wiki/Altai-Sayan_region" title="Altai-Sayan region">Altai-Sayan region</a> in Southern Siberia. They originated from the admixture of Paleo-Siberian and Ancient North Eurasian groups and show increased affinity towards Native Americans. Bronze Age groups from North and Inner Asia with significant ANE ancestry (e.g. Lake Baikal hunter-gatherers, <a href="/wiki/Okunevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Okunevo culture">Okunevo pastoralists</a>) can be successfully modeled with Altai hunter-gatherers as a proximal ANE-derived ancestry source.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kozintsev_2022-74">[72]</a> West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSHG) is a specific archaeogenetic lineage that was first reported by Narasimhan et al. (2019). It can be modeled as 20% EHG, 73% ANE and 6% <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asian</a>. Although only represented by three sampled hunter-gatherer individuals from <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a> in the Russian Forest Zone east of the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> dated ca. 5,000 BCE, high-levels of WSHG-like ancestry can be detected in various populations of Central Asia until the Bronze Age. The population of the <a href="/wiki/Botai_culture" title="Botai culture">Botai culture</a>, while probably not directly descended from WSHG, displays a high affinity with the WSHG lineage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhan2019-75">[73]</a> The European-Siberian cline defined by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern hunter-gatherer-like ancestry</a> stretched from Central Europe to Siberia and was already established 10,000 years ago, including the West Siberian hunter-gatherers, all deriving their ancestry primarily from Paleolithic Siberians (ANE).<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarim-mumia-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tarim-mumia-4.jpg/220px-Tarim-mumia-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tarim-mumia-4.jpg/330px-Tarim-mumia-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tarim-mumia-4.jpg/440px-Tarim-mumia-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Xiaohe" title="Princess of Xiaohe">Princess of Xiaohe</a>", one of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a>, the "best representatives" of Ancient North Eurasians.<a href="#cite_note-Dist-77">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> Among the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asians</a> (ANA) of the Neolithic to Early Bronze Age period, Baikal Eneolithic (Baikal_EN) and Baikal Early Bronze Age (Baikal_EBA) derived 6.4% to 20.1% ancestry from ANE, while the rest of their ancestry was derived from ANA. Fofonovo_EN near by Lake Baikal were mixture of 12-17% ANE ancestry and 83-87% ANA ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeongWangWilkinTaylor2020-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tarim_mummies">Tarim mummies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tarim mummies">edit</a>]</div> A 2021 genetic study on the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> found that they were primarily descended from a population represented by the <a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a> 3 specimen (AG3), genetically displaying "high affinity" with it.<a href="#cite_note-Dist-77">[75]</a> The genetic profile of the Afontova Gora 3 individual represented about 72% of the ancestry of the Tarim mummies, while the remaining 28% of their ancestry was derived from a population represented by the <a href="/wiki/Baikal_EBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal EBA">Baikal EBA</a> (Early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Northeast Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Baikal_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal Lake">Baikal</a> populations).<a href="#cite_note-Dist-77">[75]</a> The Tarim mummies are thus one of the rare <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> populations who derive most of their ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a> (ANE, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta">Mal'ta</a> and Afontova Gora populations), despite their distance in time (around 14,000 years).<a href="#cite_note-Dist-77">[75]</a> Having survived in a type of "genetic bottleneck" in the Tarim basin where they preserved and perpetuated their ANE ancestry, the Tarim mummies, more than any other ancient populations, can be considered as "the best representatives" of the Ancient North Eurasians among all sampled known Bronze Age populations.<a href="#cite_note-Dist-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Han_Chinese_populations">North Han Chinese populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North Han Chinese populations">edit</a>]</div> Several studies reveal minor West Eurasian-derived admixture among <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> Han Chinese, especially those living in <a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaanbei" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaanbei">Shaanbei</a> (2–5%).<a href="#cite_note-:12-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Ancient North Eurasian admixture is more dominant among Shaanxi Han Chinese compared to other Han subgroups.<a href="#cite_note-:13-81">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Asian_populations">West Asian populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: West Asian populations">edit</a>]</div> A model has been presented by Vallini et al. 2024, suggesting that Ancient Iranians (Iranian hunter-gatherers) formed from a deep Ancient West Eurasian lineage (WEC2, around 72%), and from minor geneflow from <a href="/wiki/Basal_Eurasian" title="Basal Eurasian">Basal Eurasian</a> (around 18%) and Ancient East Eurasian (around 10%) sources. The Ancient West Eurasian component associated with Iranian hunter-gatherers is inferred to have diverged from the West Eurasian Core lineage (represented by <a href="/wiki/Kostenki-14" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostenki-14">Kostenki-14</a>; WEC), with the WEC2 component staying in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>, while the proper WEC component expanded into Europe.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_populations">European populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: European populations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern Hunter-Gatherer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer">Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a></div> Lazaridis et al. (2014) detected ANE ancestry among modern European populations in proportions up to 20%.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In ancient European populations, the ANE genetic component is visible in tests of the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya people</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015-58">[56]</a> but not of Western or Central Europeans predating the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisPattersonMittnik2014-84">[82]</a> ANE ancestry was introduced in the European gene pool with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern Hunter-Gatherer</a> (EHG) lineage which derived significant ancestry from the ANE, c. 70%, with the remaining ancestry from a group more closely related to, but distinct from, <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Western Hunter-Gatherers</a> (WHGs).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisNadelRollefsonMerrett2016-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2019-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[20]</a> It is represented by multiple individuals, such as from <a href="/wiki/Yuzhny_Oleny" title="Yuzhny Oleny">Yuzhny Oleny</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">kya</a>, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual from <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya, as well as individuals from Sidelkino and Popovo. After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Western Hunter-Gatherers</a> (WHG) and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe. Evidence suggests that as Ancient North Eurasians migrated westward from Eastern Siberia, they absorbed Western Hunter-Gatherers and other West Eurasian populations as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathiesonAlpaslan-RoodenbergPosthSzécsényi-Nagy2018-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[20]</a> Villalba-Mouco et al. 2023 confirmed the strong affinity between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers</a> (EHG) to the Ancient North Eurasians, and also found a low affinity to the Tianyuan man, explained by them having received significant amounts of ANE ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA2-87">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer">Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer</a> (SHG) is represented by several individuals buried at <a href="/wiki/Motala" title="Motala">Motala</a>, Sweden ca. 6000 BC. They were descended from <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Western Hunter-Gatherers</a> who initially settled <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> from the south, and received later admixture from EHG who entered Scandinavia from the north through the coast of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazaridisPattersonMittnikRenaud2014-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGüntherMalmströmSvenssonOmrak2018-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittnik2018-90">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a> (WSH) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[c]</a> This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry, and was formed from EHG and CHG (<a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus hunter-gatherer</a>) in about equal proportions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeongBalanovskyLukianovaKahbatkyzy2019-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phenotype_prediction">Phenotype prediction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phenotype prediction">edit</a>]</div> Genomic studies by Raghavan et al. (2014) and Fu et al. (2016) suggested that Mal'ta boy may have had brown eyes, and relatively dark hair and dark skin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglund_et_al.2014-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> while cautioning that this analysis was based on an extremely low coverage of DNA that might not give an accurate prediction of pigmentation.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Mathieson, et al. (2018) could not determine if Mal'ta 1 boy had the derived allele associated with blond hair in ANE descendants, as they could obtain no coverage for this SNP.<a href="#cite_note-APR-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropologic_research">Anthropologic research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anthropologic research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg/170px-Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg/255px-Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg/340px-Loulan_beauty_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a>, a "<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Loulan_Beauty_(2004)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Loulan Beauty (2004)">Beauty of Loulan</a>" dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BCE</figcaption></figure> Han Kangxin (1994) Described the mummies found in the cemetery of Gumugou as possessing "clear western racial characteristics" approximating those of a so-called "proto-European type". Whereas he asserted that among the seven mummies in the suburbs of Loulan cemetery six possessed "clear European characteristics" approximating the Saka population of the southern Pamirs within the 6th century B.C.E; while one of them possessed "Mongoloid" traits.<a href="#cite_note-Han_Kangxin-98">[95]</a> Kozintsev (2020, 2022) argues that the historical Southern Siberian <a href="/wiki/Okunevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Okunevo culture">Okunevo population</a>, and other Paleo-Siberians, which derive high amounts of their ancestry from Ancient North Eurasians, as possessing a distinct craniometric phenotype, which he dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Americanoid" title="Americanoid">Americanoid</a>", which represents the variation of the first humans in Siberia and should not be associated solely with ancient <a href="/wiki/Caucasoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasoid">Caucasoids</a>. The Ancient North Eurasians themselves originated among Ancient West Eurasians, and represent a "<a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">Boreal</a>" variation of early humans. Craniometric data on ANE-rich remains (such as from <a href="/wiki/Botai_culture" title="Botai culture">Botai</a>), show them to cluster most closely with remains from the <a href="/wiki/Pit-Comb_Ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit-Comb Ware culture">Pit-Comb Ware culture</a> in Eastern Europe, and to take up a more "western" position.<a href="#cite_note-Kozintsev_135–145-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kozintsev_2022-74">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg/220px-%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg/330px-%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg/440px-%E8%B7%9D%E4%BB%8A3800%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%B2%B3%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B0%B8%E5%A4%8D%E5%8E%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a female individual from <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Cemetery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Museum" title="Xinjiang Museum">Xinjiang Museum</a>. The Tarim mummies are considered as the "best representatives" of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> Zhang et al. (2021) proposed that the 'Western' like features of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> could be attributed to their Ancient North Eurasian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Previous craniometric analyses on the early Tarim mummies found that they formed their own cluster, and clustered with neither European-related Steppe pastoralists of the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo cultures</a>, nor with inhabitants of the Western Asian <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> culture, nor with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">East Asian populations</a> further east, but displayed an affinity for two specimens from the <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappan</a> site of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_blond_hair">Evolution of blond hair</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Evolution of blond hair">edit</a>]</div> Blond hair is associated with a <a href="/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Single nucleotide polymorphism">single nucleotide polymorphism</a>, the mutated allele rs12821256 of the KITLG gene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlbergHanel2020-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuentherTasicLuoBedell2014-106">[103]</a> The earliest known individual with this allele is a female south-central Siberian ANE individual from the <a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora 3</a> site, which is dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 17,000 before present (the earlier ANE <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta boy">Mal'ta boy</a> lacks the sequence coverage to make this determination).<a href="#cite_note-Evans2019-107">[104]</a> The allele then appears later in ANE-derived <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern Hunter-Gatherer</a> (EHG) populations at <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, Motala and Ukraine, circa 10,000 BP, and then in populations with <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe ancestry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APR-97">[94]</a> Mathieson, et al. (2018) thus argued that this allele originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population, before spreading to western Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-APR-97">[94]</a> Geneticist <a href="/wiki/David_Reich_(geneticist)" title="David Reich (geneticist)">David Reich</a> said that the <a href="/wiki/KITLG" class="mw-redirect" title="KITLG">KITLG</a> gene for blond hair probably entered continental Europe in a population migration wave from the Eurasian steppe, by a population carrying substantial Ancient North Eurasian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Reich201i-108">[105]</a> Hanel and Carlberg (2020) likewise report that populations derived Ancient North Eurasian ancestry, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern Hunter-Gatherers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnayas</a>, were responsible for transmitting this gene to Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlbergHanel2020-102">[99]</a> The gene was also found among the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2021-109">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_(with_Asia_geographic_extension).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png/800px-Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png/1200px-Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png/1600px-Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4551" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>The mutation for blond hair is thought to have originated among the <a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a> population of the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) cline of south-central Siberia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_mythology">Comparative mythology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparative mythology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque.jpg/238px-Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque.jpg/357px-Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque.jpg/476px-Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1092" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque_with_three_snakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque_with_three_snakes.jpg/238px-Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque_with_three_snakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque_with_three_snakes.jpg/357px-Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque_with_three_snakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque_with_three_snakes.jpg/476px-Mal%27ta_centrally_perforated_ivory_plaque_with_three_snakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1092" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a> centrally perforated ivory plaques with abstract circles, and three snakes<a href="#cite_note-RGB-1">[1]</a> According to archeologist Don Hitchcock "the snake is rare in northern hemisphere Paleolithic art, presumably because the cold conditions precluded a wide distribution of snakes. In addition, it can be seen that the snakes have very broad heads, as though they belong to the <a href="/wiki/Cobra" title="Cobra">Cobra</a> group - yet Cobras are now known only in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">southern asian</a> localities." It has yet to be clarrified how the creators of these ivory plaques know snakes, or if there are other possible interpretations for these.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a></div></div></div></div> Since the term 'Ancient North Eurasian' refers to a genetic bridge of connected mating networks, scholars of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative mythology</a> have argued that they probably shared myths and beliefs that could be reconstructed via the comparison of stories attested within cultures that were not in contact for millennia and stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American continent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthonyBrown2019104–106-23">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mytheme" title="Mytheme">mytheme</a> of the dog guarding the <a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworld</a> possibly stems from an older Ancient North Eurasian belief, as suggested by similar motifs found in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Indo-European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian mythology</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquoian</a>, and in Central and South American beliefs, a fierce guard dog was located in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, perceived as the path of souls in the afterlife, and getting past it was a test. The Siberian <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungus</a> believed in a guardian-of-the-afterlife dog and a spirit dog that would absorb the dead man's soul and act as a guide in the afterlife. In Indo-European myths, the figure of the dog is embodied by <a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharvara">Sarvarā</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a>. In Zoroastrianism, two four-eyed dogs guard the bridge to the afterlife called <a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_W._Anthony" title="David W. Anthony">Anthony</a> and Brown note that it might be one of the oldest mythemes recoverable through <a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthonyBrown2019104–106-23">[22]</a> A second canid-related series of beliefs, myths and rituals connected dogs with healing rather than death. For instance, Ancient Near Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaq</a> myths are prone to associate dogs with healing and generally categorised dogs as impure. A similar myth-pattern is assumed for the Eneolithic site of <a href="/wiki/Botai_culture" title="Botai culture">Botai</a> in Kazakhstan, dated to 3500 BC, which might represent the dog as absorber of illness and guardian of the household against disease and evil. In Mesopotamia, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nintinugga" title="Nintinugga">Nintinugga</a>, associated with healing, was accompanied or symbolized by dogs. Similar absorbent-puppy healing and sacrifice rituals were practiced in Greece and Italy, among the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, again possibly influenced by Near Eastern traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthonyBrown2019104–106-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Western Hunter-Gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Siberia" title="Prehistory of Siberia">Prehistory of Siberia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RGB-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RGB_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGB_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBednarik2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bednarik RG (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307759436">"Pleistocene Palaeoart of Asia"</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882125-0"><bdi>978-0-19-882125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+We+are+and+How+We+Got+Here%3A+Ancient+DNA+and+the+New+Science+of+the+Human+Past&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882125-0&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuLNSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+North+Eurasian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2021-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang2021_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhang2021">Zhang 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://donsmaps.com/malta.html">"The Mal'ta - Buret' venuses and culture in Siberia"</a>. donsmaps.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=donsmaps.com&rft.atitle=The+Mal%27ta+-+Buret%27+venuses+and+culture+in+Siberia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdonsmaps.com%2Fmalta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+North+Eurasian" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipsonReich2017">Lipson & Reich (2017)</a> model the ANE as 18% East Asian and the remainder West Eurasian. Posth et al. 2018 models the Mal'ta boy as 16% East Asian and remainder West Eurasian. <a href="#CITEREFSikora_et_al.2019">Sikora et al. (2019)</a> model the Yana individuals as 22–29% East Eurasian and the remainder West Eurasian ("Using admixture graphs and outgroup-based estimation of mixture proportions, we find that ANS can be modelled as early West Eurasian with an approximately 22% contribution from early East Asians"). <a href="#CITEREFMassilani_et_al.2020">Massilani et al. (2020)</a>: "In agreement with previous results (10), the Yana individuals are estimated to have about one-third of their ancestry from early East Eurasians and the remaining two-thirds from the early West Eurasians."<a href="#CITEREFValliniMarcianiAneliBortolini2022">Vallini et al. (2022)</a> model Yana as 50% West Eurasian and 50% East Eurasian. <a href="#CITEREFMaier_et_al.2023">Maier et al. (2023)</a> modeled the ANE/ANS as around 25% East Eurasian and 75% West Eurasian. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipsonReich2017">Lipson & Reich (2017)</a> model the ANA as 18% East Eurasian and the remainder West Eurasian. Posth et al. 2018 models the Mal'ta boy as 16% East Eurasian and remainder West Eurasian. <a href="#CITEREFSikora_et_al.2019">Sikora et al. (2019)</a> model the Yana individuals as 22% East Eurasian and the remainder West Eurasian ("Using admixture graphs and outgroup-based estimation of mixture proportions, we find that ANS can be modelled as early West Eurasian with an approximately 22% contribution from early East Asians"). <a href="#CITEREFMassilani_et_al.2020">Massilani et al. (2020)</a>: "In agreement with previous results (10), the Yana individuals are estimated to have about one-third of their ancestry from early East Eurasians and the remaining two-thirds from the early West Eurasians." <a href="#CITEREFValliniMarcianiAneliBortolini2022">Vallini et al. (2022)</a> model Yana as 50% West Eurasian and 50% East Eurasian. <a href="#CITEREFMaier_et_al.2023">Maier et al. (2023)</a> modeled the ANE/ANS as around 25% East Eurasian and 75% West Eurasian. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> "Recent paleogenomic studies have shown that migrations of Western steppe herders (WSH) beginning in the Eneolithic (ca. 3300–2700 BCE) profoundly transformed the genes and cultures of Europe and central Asia... The migration of these Western steppe herders (WSH), with the Yamnaya horizon (ca. 3300–2700 BCE) as their earliest representative, contributed not only to the European Corded Ware culture (ca. 2500–2200 BCE) but also to steppe cultures located between the Caspian Sea and the Altai-Sayan mountain region, such as the Afanasievo (ca. 3300–2500 BCE) and later Sintashta (2100–1800 BCE) and Andronovo (1800–1300 BCE) cultures."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeongWilkinAmgalantugsBouwman2018-91">[89]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_North_Eurasian&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyBrown2019" class="citation book cs1">Anthony DW, Brown DR (2019). 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genetics">Evolutionary genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Human-chimp MRCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_genetics" title="Neanderthal genetics">Neanderthal genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_genome_project" title="Neanderthal genome project">Neanderthal genome project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">Genetic variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_country" title="Blood type distribution by country">Blood type distribution by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test" title="Genealogical DNA test">Genealogical DNA test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_genetics" title="Race and genetics">Race and genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_DNA_project" title="Surname DNA project">Surname DNA project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Genetic history</a> by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Africa" title="Genetic history of Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_North_Africa" title="Genetic history of North Africa">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_West_Africa" title="Genetic history of West Africa">West Africa‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Central_Africa" title="Genetic history of Central Africa">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Eastern_Africa" title="Genetic history of Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Southern_Africa" title="Genetic history of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">African diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_India" title="Peopling of India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Anatolian_farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Anatolian farmers">Early Anatolian farmers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus hunter-gatherer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_hunter-gatherer" title="Western hunter-gatherer">Western hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_hunter-gatherer" title="Eastern hunter-gatherer">Eastern hunter-gatherer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient North Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Ancient Paleo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_China" title="Peopling of China">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Peopling of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a> by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Basques" title="Origin of the Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bosniaks" title="Genetic studies on Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Bulgarians" title="Genetic studies on Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats" title="Genetic studies on Croats">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Romanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Romanians">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Russians" title="Genetic studies on Russians">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sami" title="Genetic studies on Sami">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Serbs" title="Genetic studies on Serbs">Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li>MENA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Arabs" title="Genetic studies on Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Azerbaijanis" title="Origin of the Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Moroccans" title="Genetic studies on Moroccans">Moroccans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Turkish_people" title="Genetic studies on Turkish people">Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Gujarati_people" title="Genetic studies on Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sinhalese" title="Genetic studies on Sinhalese">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils">Tamils (Sri Lankan)</a></li></ul></li> <li>East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Han_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies_on_Japanese_people" title="Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southeast Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Filipinos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sub-Saharan Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Hutu_and_Tutsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Hutu and Tutsi">Hutu/Tutsi</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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