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remains</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_remains-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human remains subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afontova_Gora_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afontova_Gora_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Afontova Gora 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afontova_Gora_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afontova_Gora_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afontova_Gora_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Afontova Gora 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afontova_Gora_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blond_hair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blond_hair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Blond hair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blond_hair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_proximity_of_Afontova_Gora_3_with_the_Tarim_mummies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_proximity_of_Afontova_Gora_3_with_the_Tarim_mummies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Genetic proximity of Afontova Gora 3 with the Tarim mummies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_proximity_of_Afontova_Gora_3_with_the_Tarim_mummies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Afontova Gora</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="আফনতোভা গোরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফনতোভা গোরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Afontova Gora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Afontova Gora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afontova Gora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Afontova Gora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Афонт тауы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Афонт тауы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Афонт тоосу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Афонт тоосу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Afontova Gora" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afontova Gora" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BA%E8%B7%A1" title="アフォントヴァ山遺跡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフォントヴァ山遺跡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Афонтова гора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Афонтова гора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afontova Gora" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Афонтова гора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Афонтова гора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4072819#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="View the content page [c]" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Afontova_Gora&params=56.026404_N_92.736156_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°01′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">92°44′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.026404°N 92.736156°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.026404; 92.736156</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Complex of archaeological sites in Siberia</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Afontova_Gora&params=56.026404_N_92.736156_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°01′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">92°44′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.026404°N 92.736156°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.026404; 92.736156</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Afontova Gora</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Afontova Gora is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Afontova Gora is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_175x7" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:7px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Afontova_gora" class="mw-redirect" title="Afontova gora"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Afontova<br />Gora</b></i></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.157%;left:63.599%;font-size:0%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Afontova Gora"><img alt="Afontova Gora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/3px-Basic_red_dot.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/5px-Basic_red_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Basic_red_dot.png/6px-Basic_red_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></div></div><div id="annotation_272x157" style="position:absolute; left:272px; top:157px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_20000_BP" title="Template:Continental Asia in 20000 BP"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_5000_BCE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 5000 BCE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span></a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Location of Afontova Gora</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data">Siberia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">Late <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 18,000-12,000 BP</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Okunevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Okunevo culture">Okunevo culture</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Implements_from_Afontova_Gora,_Krasnoyarsk_Regional_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Implements_from_Afontova_Gora%2C_Krasnoyarsk_Regional_Museum.jpg/300px-Implements_from_Afontova_Gora%2C_Krasnoyarsk_Regional_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Implements_from_Afontova_Gora%2C_Krasnoyarsk_Regional_Museum.jpg/450px-Implements_from_Afontova_Gora%2C_Krasnoyarsk_Regional_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Implements_from_Afontova_Gora%2C_Krasnoyarsk_Regional_Museum.jpg/600px-Implements_from_Afontova_Gora%2C_Krasnoyarsk_Regional_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Tools from Afontova Gora in the Krasnoyarsk Regional Museum</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Afontova Gora</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Афонтова гора</span>, "Afont Mountain") is a Late <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> complex of <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites">archaeological sites</a> located on the left <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yenisey_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisey River">Yenisey River</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Afontova Gora has cultural and genetic links to the people from <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta-Buret%27_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta-Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret'</a>. The complex was first excavated in 1884 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Savenkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Savenkov (page does not exist)">Ivan Savenkov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Савенков, Иван Тимофеевич">ru</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Afontova Gora complex consists of multiple <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">stratigraphic</a> layers, of five or more campsites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campsites shows evidence of <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> hunting and were likely the result of an eastward expansion of mammoth hunters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013394-397_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013394-397-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human fossils discovered at Afontova Gora, a male and a girl dated to 17,000~15,000 years BP, were stored in the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites">Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afontova_Gora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Afontova Gora I</b> is situated on the western bank of the Yenisey River and has yielded the remains from horse, mammoth, reindeer, steppe bison, and large canids. A canid tibia has been dated 16,900 years old and the skull has been taxonomically described as being that of a dog, but it is now lost. Its description falls outside of the range of Pleistocene or modern northern wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Afontova Gora II</b> is the site where the human fossil remains were found. The site was first excavated in 1912-1914 by V.I. Gromov.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2008129_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2008129-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, G.P. Sosnovsky, N.K. Auerbach, and V.I. Gromov discovered the first human fossils at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubovaChikisheva2015135_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubovaChikisheva2015135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of mammoth, Arctic fox, Arctic hare, reindeer, bison, and horse were discovered at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013394_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013394-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2008133_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2008133-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afontova Gora II consists of 7 layers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2008133_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2008133-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Layer 3 from Afontova Gora II is the most significant: the layer produced the largest amount of cultural artefacts and is the layer where the human fossil remains were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2008131_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2008131-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 20,000 artefacts were discovered at layer 3: this layer produced over 450 tools and over 250 osseous artefacts (bone, antler, ivory).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2008131_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2008131-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossils of two distinct individuals were discovered in the initial excavations: the upper premolar of an 11-15 year-old child and the left radius, ulna, humerus, phalanx, and frontal bone of an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2008131_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2008131-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Afontova Gora III</b> is the site where the initial excavation was undertaken by Ivan Savenkov in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2008129_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2008129-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was disturbed by mining activities in the late 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2008134_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2008134-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site consists of 3 layers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2008134_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2008134-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Afontova Gora V</b> was discovered in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdovArtemiev200739_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdovArtemiev200739-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of hare, pika, cave lion, horse, reindeer, bison, and partridge were discovered at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdovArtemiev200740_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdovArtemiev200740-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_remains">Human remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afontova_Gora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Human remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandibule_and_atlas_from_Afontova_Gora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mandibule_and_atlas_from_Afontova_Gora.jpg/330px-Mandibule_and_atlas_from_Afontova_Gora.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mandibule_and_atlas_from_Afontova_Gora.jpg/495px-Mandibule_and_atlas_from_Afontova_Gora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mandibule_and_atlas_from_Afontova_Gora.jpg/660px-Mandibule_and_atlas_from_Afontova_Gora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>The mandibule, teeth and atlas from Afontova Gora, discovered in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The bodies of two individuals, known as <i>Afontova Gora 2</i> (AG2) and <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> (AG3) were discovered within the complex (the name Afontova Gora 1 refers to the remains of a <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canid</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afontova_Gora_2">Afontova Gora 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afontova_Gora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Afontova Gora 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human fossil remains of <i>Afontova Gora 2</i> were discovered in the 1920s at Afontova Gora II and stored at the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains are dated to around 17,000 BP<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (16,930-16,490 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In 2009, researchers visited the Hermitage Museum and extracted DNA from the humerus of <i>Afontova Gora 2</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu201390_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu201390-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite significant contamination, researchers succeeded in extracting <a href="/wiki/Deep_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep sequencing">low coverage</a> genomes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu2013_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA analysis confirmed that the individual was male.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu2013_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The individual showed close genetic affinities to <i>Mal'ta 1</i> (Mal'ta boy).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu201389_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu201389-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Afontova Gora 2</i> also showed greater genetic affinity for the <a href="/wiki/Karitiana_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Karitiana people">Karitiana people</a> than for the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu201389_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavanSkoglundGrafMetspalu201389-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1.9-2.7% of the genome was Neanderthal in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afontova Gora 2 belong to the Y-DNA <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-NWT01" title="Haplogroup Q-NWT01">haplogroup Q1a1-F746</a>, an uniparental genetic marker that is infrequently observed in modern populations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afontova_Gora_3">Afontova Gora 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afontova_Gora&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Afontova Gora 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations_(with_Ancient_North_Eurasians_highlighted).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations_%28with_Ancient_North_Eurasians_highlighted%29.png/440px-Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations_%28with_Ancient_North_Eurasians_highlighted%29.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations_%28with_Ancient_North_Eurasians_highlighted%29.png/660px-Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations_%28with_Ancient_North_Eurasians_highlighted%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations_%28with_Ancient_North_Eurasians_highlighted%29.png/880px-Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_present-day_individuals_from_worldwide_populations_%28with_Ancient_North_Eurasians_highlighted%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Genetic proximity of Afontova Gora with other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> populations (<a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta">Mal'ta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yana_RHS" class="mw-redirect" title="Yana RHS">Yana</a>), within a principal component analysis of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations.<sup id="cite_ref-TG_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afontova_Gora_II_tooth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Afontova_Gora_II_tooth.jpg/220px-Afontova_Gora_II_tooth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Afontova_Gora_II_tooth.jpg/330px-Afontova_Gora_II_tooth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Afontova_Gora_II_tooth.jpg/440px-Afontova_Gora_II_tooth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>One of the five Afontova Gora teeth of individual <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> (AG3), dated circa 16,090 cal BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2014, more human fossil remains were discovered at Afontova Gora II during <a href="/wiki/Rescue_archaeology" title="Rescue archaeology">salvage excavation</a> before the construction of a new bridge over the Yenesei River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains belonged to two different females: the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">atlas</a> of an adult female and the mandible and five lower teeth of a teenage girl (<i>Afontova Gora 3</i>) estimated to be around 14–15 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubovaChikisheva2015135_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubovaChikisheva2015135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the new findings were presumed to be roughly contemporaneous with <i>Afontova Gora 2</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, direct <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating#Accelerator_mass_spectrometry" title="Radiocarbon dating">AMS dating</a> revealed that <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> is dated to around 16,090 cal BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathiesonAlpaslan-RoodenbergPosthSzécsényi-Nagy201852-53_(Supplementary)_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathiesonAlpaslan-RoodenbergPosthSzécsényi-Nagy201852-53_(Supplementary)-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mandible of <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> was described as being gracile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr201610_(Supplementary)_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr201610_(Supplementary)-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers analyzing the dental morphology of <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> concluded that the teeth showed distinct characteristics with most similarities to another fossil (the Listvenka child) from the <a href="/wiki/Altai-Sayan_region" title="Altai-Sayan region">Altai-Sayan region</a> and were neither western nor eastern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubovaChikisheva2015142_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubovaChikisheva2015142-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> and Listvenka showed distinct dental characteristics that were also different from other Siberian fossils, including those from Mal'ta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubovaChikisheva2015141-142_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubovaChikisheva2015141-142-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNA was extracted from one of the teeth of <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> and analyzed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to <i>Afontova Gora 2</i>, researchers were able to obtain <a href="/wiki/Deep_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep sequencing">higher coverage</a> genomes from <i>Afontova Gora 3</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA analysis confirmed that the individual was female.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mtDNA analysis revealed that <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup R (mtDNA)">mitochondrial Haplogroup R1b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 2.9-3.7% of the genome was Neanderthal in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2016 study, researchers determined that <i>Afontova Gora 2</i>, <i>Afontova Gora 3</i>, and <i>Mal'ta 1</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta boy">Mal'ta boy</a>) shared common descent and were clustered together in a <i>Mal'ta cluster</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetically, <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> is not closer to <i>Afontova Gora 2</i> when compared to <i>Mal'ta 1</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When compared to <i>Mal'ta 1</i>, the <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> lineage apparently contributed more to modern humans and is genetically closer to Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blond_hair">Blond hair</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afontova_Gora&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Blond hair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">Phenotypic analysis</a> shows that <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> carries the derived rs12821256 allele associated with, and likely causal for, <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond</a> hair color, making <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> the earliest individual known to carry this derived allele.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathiesonAlpaslan-RoodenbergPosthSzécsényi-Nagy201852-53_"Supplementary_Information_page_52:_"The_derived_allele_of_the_KITLG_SNP_rs12821256_that_is_associated_with_–_and_likely_causal_for_blond_hair_in_Europeans_is_present_in_one_hunter-gatherer_from_each_of_Samara,_Motala_and_Ukraine_(I0124,_I0014_and_I1763),_as_well_as_several_later_individuals_with_Steppe_ancestry._Since_the_allele_is_found_in_populations_with_EHG_but_not_WHG_ancestry,_it_suggests_that_its_origin_is_in_the_Ancient_North_Eurasian_(ANE)_population._Consistent_with_this,_we_observe_that_the_earliest_known_individual_with_the_derived_allele_(supported_by_two_reads)_is_the_ANE_individual_Afontova_Gora_3,_which_is_directly_dated_to_16130-15749_cal_BCE_(14710±60_BP,_MAMS-27186:_a_previously_unpublished_date_that_we_newly_report_here)._We_cannot_determine_the_status_of_rs12821256_in_Afontova_Gora_2_and_MA-1_due_to_lack_of_sequence_coverage_at_this_SNP."_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathiesonAlpaslan-RoodenbergPosthSzécsényi-Nagy201852-53_"Supplementary_Information_page_52:_"The_derived_allele_of_the_KITLG_SNP_rs12821256_that_is_associated_with_–_and_likely_causal_for_blond_hair_in_Europeans_is_present_in_one_hunter-gatherer_from_each_of_Samara,_Motala_and_Ukraine_(I0124,_I0014_and_I1763),_as_well_as_several_later_individuals_with_Steppe_ancestry._Since_the_allele_is_found_in_populations_with_EHG_but_not_WHG_ancestry,_it_suggests_that_its_origin_is_in_the_Ancient_North_Eurasian_(ANE)_population._Consistent_with_this,_we_observe_that_the_earliest_known_individual_with_the_derived_allele_(supported_by_two_reads)_is_the_ANE_individual_Afontova_Gora_3,_which_is_directly_dated_to_16130-15749_cal_BCE_(14710±60_BP,_MAMS-27186:_a_previously_unpublished_date_that_we_newly_report_here)._We_cannot_determine_the_status_of_rs12821256_in_Afontova_Gora_2_and_MA-1_due_to_lack_of_sequence_coverage_at_this_SNP."-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allele was found in three later members of the largely ANE-derived <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherers">Eastern Hunter-Gatherers</a> populations from Samara, Motala and Ukraine <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10,000 BP</span>, suggesting that it originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population before spreading to western Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-APR_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APR-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hundreds of millions of copies of this mutated alelle (a <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphism</a>) are at the root of the classic European blond hair mutation, as massive population migrations from the Eurasian steppe, by a people who had substantial <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> ancestry, entered continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_(with_Asia_geographic_extension).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png/660px-Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png/990px-Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png/1320px-Archaeogenetic_analysis_of_human_skin_pigmentation_in_Europe_%28with_Asia_geographic_extension%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4551" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>The mutation for blond hair is thought to have originated among the Afontova Gora population of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> (ANE) cline of south-central Siberia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genetic_proximity_of_Afontova_Gora_3_with_the_Tarim_mummies">Genetic proximity of Afontova Gora 3 with the Tarim mummies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afontova_Gora&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetic proximity of Afontova Gora 3 with the Tarim mummies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiaohe_cemetery_(female_mummy_with_European_features).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg/220px-Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg/330px-Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg/440px-Xiaohe_cemetery_%28female_mummy_with_European_features%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Xiaohe" title="Princess of Xiaohe">Princess of Xiaohe</a>", one of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A 2021 genetic study on the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> found that they were primarily descended from a population represented by the <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> specimen (AG3), genetically displaying "high affinity" with it.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic profile of the <i>Afontova Gora 3</i> individual represented about 72% of the ancestry of the Tarim mummies, while the remaining 28% of their ancestry was derived from <a href="/wiki/Baikal_EBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal EBA">Baikal EBA</a> (Early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Baikal_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikal Lake">Baikal</a> populations).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tarim mummies are thus one of the rare <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> populations who derive most of their ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient North Eurasians">Ancient North Eurasians</a> (ANE, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mal'ta">Mal'ta</a> and Afontova Gora populations), despite their distance in time (around 14,000 years).<sup id="cite_ref-Dist_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dist-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than any other ancient populations, they can be considered as "the best representatives" of the Ancient North Eurasians.<sup id="cite_ref-Dist_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dist-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afontova_Gora&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy#Hominina" title="Human taxonomy">before <i>Homo</i></a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3.3</span> <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">Ma</a> – 300 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lomekwi" title="Lomekwi">Lomekwi</a> (3.3 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a> (2.6–1.7 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> (1.76–0.13 Ma) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian</a> (1.5 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a> (500–130 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clactonian" title="Clactonian">Clactonian</a> (424–400 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulo-Yabrudian_complex" title="Acheulo-Yabrudian complex">Mugharan</a> (400–220 ka)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300–50 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> (160–40 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a> (145–20 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micoquien" title="Micoquien">Micoquien</a> (130–70 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangoan" title="Sangoan">Sangoan</a> (130–10 ka)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 50–12 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Initial Upper Paleolithic">Initial Upper Paleolithic</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emiran" title="Emiran">Emiran</a> (50–40 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmarian" title="Ahmarian">Ahmarian</a> (46–42 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian</a> (36–18 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Aurignacian" title="Levantine Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> (35–29 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a> (20–10 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebaran">Kebaran</a> (18–12.5 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian_Mesolithic" title="Trialetian Mesolithic">Trialetian</a> (16–8 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a> (14.5–11.5 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a> (12.2–10.8 ka)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe#Upper_Paleolithic_:_50,000–10,000_BP" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohunician" title="Bohunician">Bohunician</a> (48–40 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a> (44.5–36 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician" title="Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician">Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician</a> (43–32 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> (43–26 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeletian" title="Szeletian">Szeletian</a> (41,000-37,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigordian" title="Périgordian">Périgordian</a> (35–20 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a> (33–24 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlovian_culture" title="Pavlovian culture">Pavlovian</a> (29–25 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> (22–17 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a> (20–10 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> (17–12 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg</a> (15.5–13.1 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federmesser_culture" title="Federmesser culture">Federmesser</a> (14–12.8 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azilian" title="Azilian">Azilian</a> (14–10 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrensburg_culture" title="Ahrensburg culture">Ahrensburg</a> (13–12 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiderian_culture" title="Swiderian culture">Swiderian</a> (11–8 ka)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Paleolithic" title="History of Africa">Africa</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khormusan" title="Khormusan">Khormusan</a> (42–18 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> (25–11 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfan_culture" title="Halfan culture">Halfan</a> (22–14 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadan_culture" title="Qadan culture">Qadan</a> (15—11 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebilian" title="Sebilian">Sebilian</a> (15–11 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburran_industry" title="Eburran industry">Eburran</a> (15–5 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magosian" title="Magosian">Magosian</a> (10–8 ka)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Siberia" title="Prehistory of Siberia">Siberia</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret'</a> (24–15 ka)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afontova Gora</a> (21–12 ka}</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afontova_Gora&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVasil'ev1992" class="citation journal cs1">Vasil'ev, Sergey A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25800619">"The Late Paleolithic of the Yenisei: A New Outline"</a>. <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 337. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-7537">0892-7537</a>. <q>p.337 "At 18,000-16,000 B.P., these were replaced by the Final Paleolithic Afontova and Kokorevo cultures" (...) p.355 "The radiocarbon dates for the cross sections of Afontova Gora II [11,330 B.P. +/ 270 years (Mo-343) and 20,900 B.P. + 300 years (GIN-117)] seem unlikely."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=The+Late+Paleolithic+of+the+Yenisei%3A+A+New+Outline&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0892-7537&rft.aulast=Vasil%27ev&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25800619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfontova+Gora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner_IIOvodovPavlova201354-55_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner_IIOvodovPavlova2013">Turner II, Ovodov & Pavlova 2013</a>, p. 54-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013394-397-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013394-397_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2013">Hopkins 2013</a>, p. 394-397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermonpréFedorovDanilovGaleta2017" class="citation journal cs1">Germonpré, Mietje; Fedorov, Sergey; Danilov, Petr; Galeta, Patrik; Jimenez, Elodie-Laure; Sablin, Mikhail; Losey, Robert J. 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Since the allele is found in populations with EHG but not WHG ancestry, it suggests that its origin is in the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population. Consistent with this, we observe that the earliest known individual with the derived allele (supported by two reads) is the ANE individual Afontova Gora 3, which is directly dated to 16130-15749 cal BCE (14710±60 BP, MAMS-27186: a previously unpublished date that we newly report here). We cannot determine the status of rs12821256 in Afontova Gora 2 and MA-1 due to lack of sequence coverage at this SNP.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APR-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-APR_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathiesonAlpaslan-RoodenbergPosthSzécsényi-Nagy2018">Mathieson et al. 2018</a> "Supplementary Information page 52: "The derived allele of the KITLG SNP rs12821256 that is associated with – and likely causal for blond hair in Europeans is present in one hunter-gatherer from each of Samara, Motala and Ukraine (I0124, I0014 and I1763), as well as several later individuals with Steppe ancestry. Since the allele is found in populations with EHG but not WHG ancestry, it suggests that its origin is in the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population. Consistent with this, we observe that the earliest known individual with the derived allele (supported by two reads) is the ANE individual Afontova Gora 3, which is directly dated to 16130-15749 cal BCE (14710±60 BP, MAMS-27186: a previously unpublished date that we newly report here). We cannot determine the status of rs12821256 in Afontova Gora 2 and MA-1 due to lack of sequence coverage at this SNP."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich2018" class="citation book cs1">Reich, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLNSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>Who We are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198821250" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198821250"><bdi>978-0198821250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+We+are+and+How+We+Got+Here%3A+Ancient+DNA+and+the+New+Science+of+the+Human+Past&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0198821250&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuLNSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfontova+Gora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Fan (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04052-7">"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>599</b> (7884): 256–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7">10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580821">8580821</a></span>. <q>To understand this mixed genetic profile, we used qpAdm to explore admixture models of the Dzungarian groups with Tarim_EMBA1 or a terminal Pleistocene individual (AG3) from the Siberian site of Afontova Gora31, as a source (Supplementary Data 1D). AG3 is a distal representative of the ANE ancestry and shows a high affinity with Tarim_EMBA1.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+genomic+origins+of+the+Bronze+Age+Tarim+Basin+mummies&rft.volume=599&rft.issue=7884&rft.pages=256-261&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580821%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-021-04052-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfontova+Gora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Fan (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04052-7">"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>599</b> (7884): 256–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7">10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580821">8580821</a></span>. <q>Using qpAdm, we modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the Afontova Gora site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+genomic+origins+of+the+Bronze+Age+Tarim+Basin+mummies&rft.volume=599&rft.issue=7884&rft.pages=256-261&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580821%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-021-04052-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfontova+Gora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dist-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dist_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dist_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Fan (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04052-7">"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>599</b> (7884): 256–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7">10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580821">8580821</a></span>. <q>The Tarim mummies are among only a few known Holocene populations that derive the majority of their ancestry from Pleistocene ANE groups, who once made up the huntergatherer populations of southern Siberia, and which are represented by individual genomes from the archaeological sites of Mal'ta (MA-1)29 and Afontova Gora (AG3). (...) The Tarim mummies are currently the best representative of the pre-pastoralist ANE-related population that once inhabited Central Asia and southern Siberia (Extended Data Fig. 2A), even though Tarim_EMBA1 postdates these populations in time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+genomic+origins+of+the+Bronze+Age+Tarim+Basin+mummies&rft.volume=599&rft.issue=7884&rft.pages=256-261&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8580821%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04052-7&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-021-04052-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfontova+Gora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The earliest known example of the classic European blond hair mutation is in an Ancient North Eurasian from the Lake Baikal region of eastern Siberia from seventeen thousand years ago. The hundreds of millions of copies of this mutation in central and western Europe today likely derive from a massive migration of people bearing Ancient North Eurasian ancestry, an event that is related in the next chapter."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afontova_Gora&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrozdovArtemiev2007" class="citation journal cs1">Drozdov, N. I; Artemiev, E. V (2007). "The Paleolithic site of Afontova Gora: Recent findings and new issues". <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeology,_Ethnology_and_Anthropology_of_Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia">Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1): 39–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1563011007010033">10.1134/S1563011007010033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162267751">162267751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology%2C+Ethnology+and+Anthropology+of+Eurasia&rft.atitle=The+Paleolithic+site+of+Afontova+Gora%3A+Recent+findings+and+new+issues&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-45&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1563011007010033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162267751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drozdov&rft.aufirst=N.+I&rft.au=Artemiev%2C+E.+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfontova+Gora" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuPosthHajdinjakPetr2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fu, Qiaomei; Posth, Cosimo; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Petr, Martin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Furtwängler, Anja; Haak, Wolfgang; Meyer, Matthias; Mittnik, Alissa; Nickel, Birgit; Peltzer, Alexander; Rohland, Nadin; Slon, Viviane; Talamo, Sahra; Lazaridis, Iosif; Lipson, Mark; Mathieson, Iain; Schiffels, Stephan; Skoglund, Pontus; Derevianko, Anatoly P; Drozdov, Nikolai; Slavinsky, Vyacheslav; Tsybankov, Alexander; Cremonesi, Renata Grifoni; Mallegni, Francesco; Gély, Bernard; Vacca, Eligio; Morales, Manuel R. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+genomic+history+of+southeastern+Europe&rft.volume=555&rft.issue=7695&rft.pages=197-203&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6091220%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.555..197M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature25778&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29466330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F135616%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=Alpaslan-Roodenberg%2C+Song%C3%BCl&rft.au=Posth%2C+Cosimo&rft.au=Sz%C3%A9cs%C3%A9nyi-Nagy%2C+Anna&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Olalde%2C+I%C3%B1igo&rft.au=Broomandkhoshbacht%2C+Nasreen&rft.au=Candilio%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Cheronet%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Ferry%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Gamarra%2C+Beatriz&rft.au=Fortes%2C+Gloria+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.au=Haak%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Jones%2C+Eppie&rft.au=Keating%2C+Denise&rft.au=Krause-Kyora%2C+Ben&rft.au=Kucukkalipci%2C+Isil&rft.au=Michel%2C+Megan&rft.au=Mittnik%2C+Alissa&rft.au=N%C3%A4gele%2C+Kathrin&rft.au=Novak%2C+Mario&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Pfrengle%2C+Saskia&rft.au=Sirak%2C+Kendra&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Vai%2C+Stefania&rft.au=Alexandrov%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Alt%2C+Kurt+W.&rft.au=Andreescu%2C+Radian&rft.au=Antonovi%C4%87%2C+Dragana&rft.au=Ash%2C+Abigail&rft.au=Atanassova%2C+Nadezhda&rft.au=Bacvarov%2C+Krum&rft.au=Guszt%C3%A1v%2C+Mende+Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Bocherens%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Bolus%2C+Michael&rft.au=Boronean%C5%A3%2C+Adina&rft.au=Boyadzhiev%2C+Yavor&rft.au=Budnik%2C+Alicja&rft.au=Burmaz%2C+Josip&rft.au=Chohadzhiev%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Conard%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Cottiaux%2C+Richard&rft.au=%C4%8Cuka%2C+Maja&rft.au=Cupillard%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Drucker%2C+Doroth%C3%A9e+G.&rft.au=Elenski%2C+Nedko&rft.au=Francken%2C+Michael&rft.au=Galabova%2C+Borislava&rft.au=Ganetsovski%2C+Georgi&rft.au=G%C3%A9ly%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Hajdu%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rft.au=Handzhyiska%2C+Veneta&rft.au=Harvati%2C+Katerina&rft.au=Higham%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Iliev%2C+Stanislav&rft.au=Jankovi%C4%87%2C+Ivor&rft.au=Karavani%C4%87%2C+Ivor&rft.au=Kennett%2C+Douglas+J.&rft.au=Kom%C5%A1o%2C+Darko&rft.au=Kozak%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Labuda%2C+Damian&rft.au=Lari%2C+Martina&rft.au=Lazar%2C+Catalin&rft.au=Leppek%2C+Maleen&rft.au=Leshtakov%2C+Krassimir&rft.au=Vetro%2C+Domenico+Lo&rft.au=Los%2C+D%C5%BEeni&rft.au=Lozanov%2C+Ivaylo&rft.au=Malina%2C+Maria&rft.au=Martini%2C+Fabio&rft.au=McSweeney%2C+Kath&rft.au=Meller%2C+Harald&rft.au=Men%C4%91u%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Marko&rft.au=Mirea%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Moiseyev%2C+Vyacheslav&rft.au=Petrova%2C+Vanya&rft.au=Price%2C+T.+Douglas&rft.au=Simalcsik%2C+Angela&rft.au=Sineo%2C+Luca&rft.au=%C5%A0laus%2C+Mario&rft.au=Slavchev%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Stanev%2C+Petar&rft.au=Starovi%C4%87%2C+Andrej&rft.au=Szeniczey%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rft.au=Talamo%2C+Sahra&rft.au=Teschler-Nicola%2C+Maria&rft.au=Thevenet%2C+Corinne&rft.au=Valchev%2C+Ivan&rft.au=Valentin%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique&rft.au=Vasilyev%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Veljanovska%2C+Fanica&rft.au=Venelinova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Veselovskaya%2C+Elizaveta&rft.au=Viola%2C+Bence&rft.au=Virag%2C+Cristian&rft.au=Zaninovi%C4%87%2C+Jo%C5%A1ko&rft.au=Z%C3%A4uner%2C+Steve&rft.au=Stockhammer%2C+Philipp+W.&rft.au=Catalano%2C+Giulio&rft.au=Krau%C3%9F%2C+Raiko&rft.au=Caramelli%2C+David&rft.au=Zari%C5%86a%2C+Gunita&rft.au=Gaydarska%2C+Bisserka&rft.au=Lillie%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Nikitin%2C+Alexey+G.&rft.au=Potekhina%2C+Inna&rft.au=Papathanasiou%2C+Anastasia&rft.au=Bori%C4%87%2C+Du%C5%A1an&rft.au=Bonsall%2C+Clive&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Pinhasi%2C+Ron&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F63901%2F1%2F135616.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfontova+Gora" 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