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id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure_and_functioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure_and_functioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Procedure and functioning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedure_and_functioning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedure and functioning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedure_and_functioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issuing_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issuing_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Issuing order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issuing_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informing_grounds_of_detention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informing_grounds_of_detention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Informing grounds of detention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informing_grounds_of_detention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reviewing_the_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reviewing_the_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reviewing the order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reviewing_the_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_sections_of_the_Act_that_violate_international_human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_sections_of_the_Act_that_violate_international_human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Critical sections of the Act that violate international human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_sections_of_the_Act_that_violate_international_human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Section_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Section 8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_13" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_13"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Section 13</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_13-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_15" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_15"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Section 15</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_15-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Section 16</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_22" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_22"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Section 22</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_22-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inconsistency_of_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inconsistency_of_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Inconsistency of data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inconsistency_of_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Detaining_Authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Detaining_Authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Role of Detaining Authorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Detaining_Authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lack_of_SOPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_SOPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Lack of SOPs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_SOPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_to_Scrutinize_Evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_to_Scrutinize_Evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Failure to Scrutinize Evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_to_Scrutinize_Evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Advisory_Boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Advisory_Boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Role of Advisory Boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Advisory_Boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Functioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_from_Judiciary_and_Civil_Societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_from_Judiciary_and_Civil_Societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Criticism from Judiciary and Civil Societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_from_Judiciary_and_Civil_Societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Safety_Act&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Safety Act">Public Safety Act</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Preventive detention law in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output 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class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">Public Safety Act, 1978</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg/170px-Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg/255px-Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg/340px-Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislature" title="Jammu and Kashmir Legislature">Jammu and Kashmir Legislature</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/Long_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Long title">Long title</a></b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">an Act whereas it is necessary in the interest of the security of the State and public order to make law providing for the measures hereinafter appearing. </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/10406/1/public_safety_act,_1978.pdf">Act No. VI of 1978</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Territorial extent</th><td class="infobox-data">Jammu and Kashmir</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Jammu and Kashmir">Governor of Jammu and Kashmir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted</th><td class="infobox-data">8 April 1978</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#AAF0D1;"><b>Status:</b> In force</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978</b> (<b>PSA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Preventive_detention" title="Preventive detention">preventive detention</a> law under which a person is taken into custody to prevent them from acting harmfully against "the security of the state or the maintenance of the public order" in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> (now a <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a>). Whereas PSA applies only to Jammu and Kashmir, it is very similar to the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_(India)" title="National Security Act (India)">National Security Act</a> that is used by the central and other state <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">governments of India</a> for preventive detention.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was introduced by the then-<a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir">Chief Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a>, in 1978 to ostensibly stop the <a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">smuggling of timber</a>. However, the political motives behind the law became clearer when Sheikh Abdullah used it for the first time against political rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhat201956_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhat201956-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its usage in the late 1970s, it is still being used today for "the security of the state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhat201966_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhat201966-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019, PSA was one of the state laws which was retained under the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Act,_2019" title="Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019">Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act of 2019</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the government made public the figure of 16,329 persons having been detained under the act since 1988, nearly all from Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a> records only 16 women detentions in the period 1995–2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2020, a petition was filed in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bhim_Singh_(politician)" title="Bhim Singh (politician)">Bhim Singh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_National_Panthers_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party">Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party</a> terming PSA "as dead and <i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">ultra vires</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_history">Background and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preventive_detention_in_India">Preventive detention in India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preventive detention in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Preventive Detention Act of 1950 came into force within a month after the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> came into force.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While enacted for only one year, it was renewed year after year until 31 December 1969. The next major preventive detention legislation came in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">Maintenance of Internal Security Act</a> of 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently the provision for preventive detention in India exists under the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Criminal Procedure (India)">Code of Criminal Procedure</a>, which draws its roots from laws in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act of 1978 is only one of the acts in India that cater to prevention detention at a state level. While some states have their own preventive detention acts, there are four central acts covering preventive detention at a national level: the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_(India)" title="National Security Act (India)">National Security Act (NSA) of 1980</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_Foreign_Exchange_and_Prevention_of_Smuggling_Activities_Act,_1974" title="Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974">Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA) of 1974</a>, the Prevention of Black Marketing & Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act of 1980, and the Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time duration of detention permitted under these acts varies from 24 hours to over a year.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_history_of_PSA">Legal history of PSA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal history of PSA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Public Safety Act has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act of 1915</a>, passed during British rule,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in the 1946 Public Security Act which was used by the British to repress the Quit Kashmir Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhat201955_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhat201955-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was replaced in 1954 with a temporary Preventive Detention Act by the Jammu and Kashmir government, which was again ratified in 1958 followed by numerous amendments leading to the Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Ordinance in 1977. This was then amended into the 1978 Public Safety Act enacted by Sheikh Abdullah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhat201955_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhat201955-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1978 PSA was amended in 1987, 1990, 2012, and as recently as August 2018 to allow individuals to be detained outside the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Express_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Express-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_provisions">Legal provisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Public Safety Act 1978 consists of five chapters and 24 sections.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five chapters cover: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>CHAPTER I</b> Preliminary<br /><b>CHAPTER II</b> Access to certain premises and areas<br /><b>CHAPTER III</b> Maintenance of communal and regional harmony<br /><b>CHAPTER IV</b> Power to make orders detaining certain persons<br /><b>CHAPTER V</b> Miscellaneous</p></blockquote><p>Chapter II of the act allows the state to limit access to certain places, designating them as "prohibited places" and "protected areas". Violators can be fined and punished. Chapter III allows the government to forbid the circulation of harmful documents.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter IV of the act details "detention of certain persons" including those who qualify as a foreigner or "a person residing in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_occupied_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan occupied Kashmir">area of the State under the occupation of Pakistan</a>" to prevent them "from acting in any manner prejudicial to... the security of the state or the maintenance of public order" or those involved in smuggling or abetting the smuggling of timber or liquor.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably there is a provision, <i>Grounds of detention severable</i>, (10.A.a) that goes on to state that the:<sup id="cite_ref-:10_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>order shall not be deemed to be invalid or inoperative merely because one or some of the grounds is or are–– (a) vague, (ii) non-existent, (iii) not relevant, (iv) not connected or not proximately connected with such person, or (v) invalid for any other reasons whatsoever...</p></blockquote> <p>In the act the meaning of timber is elaborated: "'Timber' means timber of <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a>, Kail, Chir or <a href="/wiki/Deodar_forests" title="Deodar forests">Deodar</a> tree whether in logs or cut up in pieces but does not include firewood".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timber_smuggling">Timber smuggling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timber smuggling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">Timber mafia</a></div> <p>Timber smuggling is a major threat in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By some estimates, this trade is worth tens of millions pounds a year.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smuggling industry involves bureaucrats, families of ministers, and traders.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the Forestry Minister of the state said there are isolated cases in the forestry department, police, and army which have a connection with smugglers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, more than 700 people were booked for timber smuggling in the state, including 75 forestry officials.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of these, eight persons were detained under the Public Safety Act (PSA) for repeated forestry offences.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, fifteen timber smugglers were arrested during nocturnal raids.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostensibly, to help curb timber smugglers the Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act was passed in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Forest cover in Jammu and Kashmir: Kashmir Region has 40.17%, Jammu Region has 59.64%</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forests_of_Doodhpathri,Jammu_%26_Kashmir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Forests_of_Doodhpathri%2CJammu_%26_Kashmir.jpg/320px-Forests_of_Doodhpathri%2CJammu_%26_Kashmir.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Forests_of_Doodhpathri%2CJammu_%26_Kashmir.jpg/480px-Forests_of_Doodhpathri%2CJammu_%26_Kashmir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Forests_of_Doodhpathri%2CJammu_%26_Kashmir.jpg/640px-Forests_of_Doodhpathri%2CJammu_%26_Kashmir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3916" data-file-height="2203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarthal_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sarthal_Forest.jpg/290px-Sarthal_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sarthal_Forest.jpg/434px-Sarthal_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sarthal_Forest.jpg/579px-Sarthal_Forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coniferous_Forest_(Durring_Winters_Before_Snowfall).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coniferous_Forest_%28Durring_Winters_Before_Snowfall%29.jpg/206px-Coniferous_Forest_%28Durring_Winters_Before_Snowfall%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coniferous_Forest_%28Durring_Winters_Before_Snowfall%29.jpg/309px-Coniferous_Forest_%28Durring_Winters_Before_Snowfall%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coniferous_Forest_%28Durring_Winters_Before_Snowfall%29.jpg/411px-Coniferous_Forest_%28Durring_Winters_Before_Snowfall%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2823" data-file-height="2471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flora_of_Gulmarg_Wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flora_of_Gulmarg_Wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg/240px-Flora_of_Gulmarg_Wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flora_of_Gulmarg_Wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg/360px-Flora_of_Gulmarg_Wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flora_of_Gulmarg_Wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg/480px-Flora_of_Gulmarg_Wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the PSA was initially portrayed as an act to combat timber smuggling in the state, the act has been used to quell dissent and "keep people out of circulation".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report in 1990: "the act establishes a legal procedure which, while technically consistent with international standards, in practice falls short of international due process and fair trial standards".<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Rights_Watch_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report gives an example of the grounds on which the PSA was applied on a person in 1987:<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Rights_Watch_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Rights_Watch-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Besides being a member of JEI (<a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a>) an organisation which is anti-national in character, [you] have always been challenging the accession of the State with the Union of India... You and your party men propagate and advocate among the people of the State that they have yet to decide their future which can only be done through plebiscite...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>District Magistrate, Baramulla to Abdul Rashid Hajam</cite></div></blockquote> <p>During PSA detention, the detainee can be lodged in any suitable prison or subsidiary jail (such as a house) in India without a warrant, trial, or court hearing for a maximum of one or two years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Express_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Express-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law has been criticized for allowing arbitrary detentions and immunity from prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous people have been detained under the PSA in the recent past, including three former <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir">Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir</a>—namely <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdullah" title="Omar Abdullah">Omar Abdullah</a> (Farooq and Omar are the son and grandson respectively of Sheikh Abdullah<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and <a href="/wiki/Mehbooba_Mufti" title="Mehbooba Mufti">Mehbooba Mufti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Praveen_Swami_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Praveen_Swami-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdullah" title="Omar Abdullah">Omar Abdullah</a>, who was detained under the act, refused to revoke the act during his tenure as Chief Minister, saying that there are enough inbuilt safeguards to prevent the act's misuse.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others include <a href="/wiki/Masarat_Alam_Bhat" title="Masarat Alam Bhat">Masarat Alam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasin_Malik" title="Yasin Malik">Yasin Malik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asiya_Andrabi" title="Asiya Andrabi">Asiya Andrabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Faesal" title="Shah Faesal">Shah Faesal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shah Faesal was booked under PSA in 2019 and 2020 for a number of reasons, including "soft separatism".<sup id="cite_ref-Mudasir_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mudasir-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dossier reads:<sup id="cite_ref-Mudasir_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mudasir-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The subject advocates the idea of soft separatism through his articles, tweets and social media posts, which on several occasions have attracted response, amounting to a potential threat to public order.</p></blockquote><p>In February 2020, a petition was filed in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bhim_Singh_(politician)" title="Bhim Singh (politician)">Bhim Singh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_National_Panthers_Party" title="Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party">Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party</a> terming PSA "as dead and <i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">ultra vires</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015 the government made public the figure of 16,329 persons having been detained under the act since 1988, nearly all from Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a> records only 16 women detentions in the period 1995–2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> report estimated there had been 10,000 to 20,000 arrests under the act since its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Wire_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Praveen_Swami_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Praveen_Swami-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, around 600 people were detained under PSA orders.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Wire_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courts have annulled hundreds of detention orders over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-Praveen_Swami_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Praveen_Swami-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Masarat_Alam_Bhat" title="Masarat Alam Bhat">Masarat Alam</a>'s was one of the detention orders quashed in December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Wire_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from an RTI revealed that between April 2016 and December 2017, 99.40% or 998 cases were found to be suitable for detention by the advisory board; however, in the same time period, the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir High Court">Jammu and Kashmir High Court</a> annulled the detention orders in 81% of the admitted 941 cases.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act of 2019, numerous people were detained under PSA and <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure_(India)" title="Code of Criminal Procedure (India)">CrPC</a>; and as of 11 March 2020, 396 persons were still detained under PSA.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure_and_functioning">Procedure and functioning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Procedure and functioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public Safety Act allows administrative detention of: </p> <ul><li>3 months - 1 year, where "any person is acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order".<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6 months - 2 years, in the "case of persons acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the State".<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>12 months, in the case of the persons indulging in smuggling of timber.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issuing_order">Issuing order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Issuing order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Section 8 of the act, a Divisional Commissioner or a District Magistrate, both executive authorities, may issue a detention order to prevent anyone from acting in a manner prejudicial to the "security of the State or the maintenance of the public order".<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informing_grounds_of_detention">Informing grounds of detention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Informing grounds of detention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Section 13 of the act, the detaining authority is required to inform the person detained, the grounds of detention within 10 days of detention in a language they understand. However sub-section 2, allows the authority to hold back any information that it considers "against the public interest to disclose".<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the authority is required to inform the State Government about the order and get it approved in 12 days, for the order to remain in force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reviewing_the_order">Reviewing the order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reviewing the order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All detention orders, along with the grounds of the orders and representations (if any) must be placed before a non-judicial advisory board within 4 weeks of the detention.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advisory board is then required to review the detention order, representation and any information necessary and submit its report to the State Government within 8 weeks of the detention. However, the person detained is not entitled to any legal counsel, since PSA explicitly bars detainees from being represented by legal counsel before the advisory board.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation">Compensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Compensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further, Section 22 of the act, provides immunity to the officials involved, providing a complete bar on legal proceedings against any officials for anything done or intended to be done in good faith in pursuance of the provisions of this Act.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Act is widely criticized for being undemocratic and against the principles of a free society. Nowadays, the people who had once passed this act are suffering from the same.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sections of the act violate major international treaties to which India is a signatory, with the likes of <a href="/wiki/ICCPR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCPR">ICCPR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_sections_of_the_Act_that_violate_international_human_rights">Critical sections of the Act that violate international human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Critical sections of the Act that violate international human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Section_8">Section 8</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Section 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under international human rights law, restrictions on liberty must obey the principle of legality: they must be adequately accessible and precise so that people can regulate their conduct according to it.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the PSA does not define "security of the state", and provides a vague and over-broad understanding of "public order". The operative provisions of the act are too broad and vague that they end up granting the authorities sweeping powers, at the same time seriously diminishing any real possibility for persons detained to contest the legality of the detention order.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_India_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI_India-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Section_13">Section 13</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Section 13"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 13 of the act, allows the authority to not communicate grounds of detention for up to 5 days, which can be extended to 10 days of detention.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 9(2) of the ICCPR provides that anyone arrested has a right to be immediately informed about the grounds of the arrest, which also applies to preventive and administrative detentions.<sup id="cite_ref-AR9_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>And at the same time, the Sub-Section 2, allows the authorities to withhold any information that it considers "to be against public interest" to disclose, which has been abused many times by the authorities to withhold significant information from the person detained.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such provisions of non-disclosure are in violation of Article 9(2) of the ICCPR.<sup id="cite_ref-AR9_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Section_15">Section 15</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Section 15"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Article 9(4) of the ICCPR, every person deprived of their liberty, whether arrested or detained has a right to a judicial review,<sup id="cite_ref-AR9_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, PSA makes no such provisions and instead an advisory board, a non-judicial body appointed by the government on the recommendations of a three-person committee comprising senior state bureaucrats reviews all the orders.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_India_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI_India-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Section_16">Section 16</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Section 16"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Detained persons have the right to communicate with and be represented by a counsel of their choice, however, Section 16 of the Public Safety Act, states that any person against whom a detention order has been made is not entitled to legal counsel with respect to the advisory board and its proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 16 not only disregards the "right to communicate with and be represented by counsel of choosing in the determination of criminal charges" guaranteed by Articles 14(3)(b) and (d) of the <a href="/wiki/ICCPR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCPR">ICCPR</a> but also undermines the right to challenge the legality of detention set out in Article 9(4).<sup id="cite_ref-AR9_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Section_22">Section 22</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Section 22"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Everyone has a right to a remedy under international human rights law and standards.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Section 22 of the Public Safety Act, provides a complete bar on criminal, civil or "any other legal proceedings...against any person for anything done or intended to be done in good faith in pursuance of the provisions of this Act", thus enabling impunity by protecting officials even in situations where PSA is abused.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inconsistency_of_data">Inconsistency of data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Inconsistency of data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The data regarding the number of humans detained under PSA throughout the years has been quite inconsistent, with figures widely conflicting with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_India_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI_India-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in January 2018, the J&K government said only 525 persons were detained under PSA in 2016, which was almost half the number quoted by media reports in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Wire_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wire-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also said, 201 persons were booked in 2017, when the official data says that more than double, 410 were booked under PSA.<sup id="cite_ref-Wire_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wire-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This can be further seen in the 2011 report by Amnesty International,<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>   Number of persons held under administrative detention in J&K 1990-2008 <sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><br />     <small>(Statistics from <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Kashmir" title="Greater Kashmir">Greater Kashmir</a> Newspaper.)</small>    </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>NCRB</th> <th>Greater Kashmir </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>NA</td> <td>942 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>NA</td> <td>1070 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td>NA</td> <td>976 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td>NA</td> <td>1112 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td>NA</td> <td>2118 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>799</td> <td>1819 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>1022</td> <td>1560 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>725</td> <td>414 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>303</td> <td>460 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>269</td> <td>441 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>497</td> <td>503 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>416</td> <td>318 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>444</td> <td>504 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>397</td> <td>401 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>451</td> <td>510 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>377</td> <td>402 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>369</td> <td>920 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>275</td> <td>NA </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>266</td> <td>NA </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While Amnesty does not consider either of the sources entirely reliable, it stresses on the fact that government stats are often inconsistent, for example, it says for 1997, the NCRB notes 725 detainees, but in a reply to a petition before <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_India" title="National Human Rights Commission of India">NHRC</a>, the Central Government counsel submitted on record that as of December 1997, 1016 persons were held under preventive detention in J&K.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Detaining_Authorities">Role of Detaining Authorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Role of Detaining Authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An order of administrative detention under the PSA can be passed by the District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners, thus making it a purely executive exercise of power.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court of India has stated: "Prevention detention is, by nature, repugnant to democratic ideas and an anathema to the rule of law… Preventive detention is often described as a "jurisdiction of suspicion". The detaining authority passes the order of detention on subjective satisfaction... To prevent misuse of this potentially dangerous power the law of preventive detention has to be strictly construed and meticulous compliance with the procedural safeguards, however technical, is, in our opinion, mandatory and vital."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lack_of_SOPs">Lack of SOPs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lack of SOPs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An RTI application to the J&K Home Department filed by members of the J&K RTI Movement revealed that the State Government of J&K has not made any Rules or Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) under PSA, during the four decades of its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-SOP_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOP-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year the detaining authorities have been issuing detention orders without any SOPs to guide them except the reports and dossiers prepared by the J&K Police.<sup id="cite_ref-SOP_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOP-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failure_to_Scrutinize_Evidence">Failure to Scrutinize Evidence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Failure to Scrutinize Evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an interview with Amnesty International, a former District Magistrate said that the Magistrates do not have dedicated assistance available, which could verify and seriously examine the police version, thus the District Magistrate as to necessarily rely on the reports filed by the police. Thus reducing their role to mere rubber stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_India_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI_India-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amnesty India observed a common flaw in the detention orders where the detaining authorities reproduced word-for-word the dossier given by the police which contained the allegations against the person detained.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_India_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI_India-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />Many such detention orders have been quashed by the High Court, for example in May 2017, a detention was quashed by the High Court, stating among other reasons: "Perusal of grounds of detention would show that it is a verbatim copy of Dossier of Senior Superintendent of Police submitted by him to the Concerned Magistrate."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Advisory_Boards">Role of Advisory Boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Role of Advisory Boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the PSA does not make any provision for judicial review or any appeal process to detainees, under Section 14 of the PSA, a non- judicial body, Advisory Board is set up to review detention orders and determine whether there is sufficient cause for detention. The advisory board examines the case only in the initial stages of the detention. There is no provision in the PSA to appeal against the decision of the advisory board.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appointment">Appointment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advisory Board consists of two members and a chairperson, which are appointed by the government. Prior to the Jammu & Kashmir (Preventive Detention Laws) Ordinance 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-Ord_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ord-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the members of the advisory board were appointed by the Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ordinance removes the mandatory requirement of consultation with the Chief Justice of the J&K High Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Ord_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ord-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now the members – provided they were not sitting judges – would be appointed by the government on the recommendations of a 3-person committee made up of senior state bureaucrats.<sup id="cite_ref-Ord_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ord-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus enhancing the role that the executive play and reducing the independence of the advisory board.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_India_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI_India-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Functioning">Functioning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Functioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advisory board is required to review the grounds of detention and the representation, if any, by the person detained. Anyone detained under PSA is not entitled to legal counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-JKPSA_39-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JKPSA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board is known for almost always upholding the detention orders passed by executive officials. For example, an RTI application<sup id="cite_ref-HRIJK_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRIJK-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filed by two students of the Department of Law, University of Kashmir revealed that the advisory board was referred 1004 detention orders by the State Government between April 2016 and mid-December<sup id="cite_ref-HRIJK_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRIJK-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it found sufficient cause to uphold the detention order in 99.40% cases.<sup id="cite_ref-HRIJK_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRIJK-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The J&K High Court quashed more than 81% of the detention orders that the Board upheld earlier in the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-HRIJK_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRIJK-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RTI also revealed that the advisory board spent more than 75% of its total expenditure in 2016–17 to uphold detention orders which were quashed later on by the court.<sup id="cite_ref-HRIJK_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRIJK-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was observed by Amnesty International was informed that in many cases, detainees refuse to file representations before the advisory board, as they see no hope of a proper hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_India_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI_India-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_from_Judiciary_and_Civil_Societies">Criticism from Judiciary and Civil Societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Criticism from Judiciary and Civil Societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During a preventive detention case under PSA in 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> said: "danger looms large that the normal criminal trials and criminal courts set up for administering justice will be substituted by detention laws often described as lawless law".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian lawyer and constitutional expert <a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">A. G. Noorani</a> said PSA is "patently, manifestly and demonstrably unconstitutional", adding that it is a way of bypassing "civilized jurisprudence" and "a devious way to imprison political opponents".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Wire_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Wire-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The upper limit on the period of detention is frequently violated" notes historian <a href="/wiki/Mridu_Rai" title="Mridu Rai">Mridu Rai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohmad Aabid Bhat writes in <i><a href="/wiki/Insight_Turkey" title="Insight Turkey">Insight Turkey</a></i> that the excuse of "public order" and "security" is being used to justify inhumane laws such as PSA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhat201960_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhat201960-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report by <a href="/wiki/Observer_Research_Foundation" title="Observer Research Foundation">Observer Research Foundation</a> titled "Life in Kashmir after Article 370" dated 28 January 2020 recommended the immediate repeal of the PSA.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In other states in India the National Security Act applied, which has a maximum detention period of one year.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Those two men, Farooq Abdullah and Omar Abdullah, were placed in detention...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=With+family+detained%2C+Sheikh+Abdullah%27s+grave+wears+deserted+look+on+his+birthday&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Roshangar&rft.aufirst=Rouf+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fsheikh-abdullah-birth-anniversary-no-special-prayers-1625475-2019-12-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJammu+and+Kashmir+Public+Safety+Act%2C+1978" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/sheikh-abdullah-birth-anniversary-112-jammu-and-kashmir-1100671-2017-12-05">"Who is Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah? 10 things to know"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah is the father of former Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Who+is+Sheikh+Mohammad+Abdullah%3F+10+things+to+know&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Ffyi%2Fstory%2Fsheikh-abdullah-birth-anniversary-112-jammu-and-kashmir-1100671-2017-12-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJammu+and+Kashmir+Public+Safety+Act%2C+1978" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Praveen_Swami-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Praveen_Swami_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Praveen_Swami_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Praveen_Swami_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami2020" class="citation web cs1">Swami, Praveen (10 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/india/psa-has-been-used-over-the-decades-in-kashmir-as-a-quick-fix-but-longterm-damage-on-the-republic-will-be-serious-8025241.html">"PSA has been used over the decades in Kashmir as a quick-fix, but longterm damage on the republic will be serious"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>Three former CMs have been detained under the PSA - Farooq Abdullah, his son Omar Abdullah and... 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>To ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=International+Covenant+on+Civil+and+Political+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fprofessionalinterest%2Fpages%2Fccpr.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJammu+and+Kashmir+Public+Safety+Act%2C+1978" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wire-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wire_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wire_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/rights/psa-detentions-kashmir">"The Wire"</a>. <i>How the Public Safety Act Continues to Haunt Kashmir</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Constituting the occupation: preventive detention and permanent emergency in Kashmir". <i>The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 314–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07329113.2017.1347850">10.1080/07329113.2017.1347850</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-9113">0732-9113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148881842">148881842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+Pluralism+and+Unofficial+Law&rft.atitle=Constituting+the+occupation%3A+preventive+detention+and+permanent+emergency+in+Kashmir&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=314-337&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148881842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0732-9113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07329113.2017.1347850&rft.aulast=Duschinski&rft.aufirst=Haley&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Shrimoyee+Nandini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJammu+and+Kashmir+Public+Safety+Act%2C+1978" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrell2013" class="citation cs2">Cottrell, Jill (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rY9fAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT259">"Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy"</a>, in Yash Ghai; Sophia Woodman (eds.), <i>Practising Self-Government: A Comparative Study of Autonomous Regions</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 163–199, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139088206.006">10.1017/CBO9781139088206.006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29235-2"><bdi>978-1-107-29235-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashmir%3A+The+vanishing+autonomy&rft.btitle=Practising+Self-Government%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Autonomous+Regions&rft.pages=163-199&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139088206.006&rft.isbn=978-1-107-29235-2&rft.aulast=Cottrell&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrY9fAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJammu+and+Kashmir+Public+Safety+Act%2C+1978" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandit2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pandit, Huzaifa (2019). "Schools of resistance – a brief history of student activism in Kashmir". <i>Postcolonial Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 95–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13688790.2019.1568171">10.1080/13688790.2019.1568171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1368-8790">1368-8790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150693237">150693237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postcolonial+Studies&rft.atitle=Schools+of+resistance+%E2%80%93+a+brief+history+of+student+activism+in+Kashmir&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-116&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150693237%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1368-8790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13688790.2019.1568171&rft.aulast=Pandit&rft.aufirst=Huzaifa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJammu+and+Kashmir+Public+Safety+Act%2C+1978" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai2018" class="citation cs2">Rai, Mridu (2018), "Kashmir: From Princely State to Insurgency", <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.184">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.184</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190277727" title="Special:BookSources/9780190277727"><bdi>9780190277727</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashmir%3A+From+Princely+State+to+Insurgency&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Asian+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277727.013.184&rft.isbn=9780190277727&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Mridu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJammu+and+Kashmir+Public+Safety+Act%2C+1978" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amnesty.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Tyranny-of-A-Lawless-Law.pdf"><i>Tyranny of a ‘Lawless Law': Detention Without Charge or Trial Under The J&K Public Safety Act</i></a>. Indians For Amnesty International Trust. Retrieved on 17 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217174122/https://amnesty.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Tyranny-of-A-Lawless-Law.pdf">Archived</a> on 17 February 2020.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (2011). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/asa200012011en_11.pdf">A ‘Lawless Law': Detention Under The J&K Public Safety Act</a>.</i> Amnesty International. Retrieved on 12 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416125747/https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/asa200012011en_11.pdf">Archived</a> on 16 April 2019.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (11 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/india-state-of-jammu-and-kashmir-amends-public-safety-act/">India: State of Jammu and Kashmir Amends Public Safety Act</a>. Global Legal Monitor</li> <li>IANS (3 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jan/03/no-rules-no-procedures-for-preventive-detentions-under-jammu-and-kashmir-public-safety-act-reveals-1743965.html">No rules, no procedures for preventive detentions under Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, reveals RTI</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></li> <li>B. V. Kumar (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eb-6PAAACAAJ&q=prevention+detention">Preventive Detention Laws of India</a>. Konark Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8122002358" title="Special:BookSources/8122002358">8122002358</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122002355" title="Special:BookSources/9788122002355">9788122002355</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/10406/1/public_safety_act%2C_1978.pdf">Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978</a></li> <li>Department of Forests, Environment & Ecology (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jkforest.gov.in/wplans/SHOPIAN_WP_PART1_FINAL.pdf">Sanction for approved of revised Working Plans of Anantnag, Shopian and Udhampur Forest Divisions</a>. 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href="/wiki/File:Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir"><img alt="Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg/25px-Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg/38px-Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg/50px-Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Union Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <b><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></b> (Summer); <b><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a></b> (Winter)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">History of Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitaditya_Muktapida" title="Lalitaditya Muktapida">Lalitaditya Muktapida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didda" title="Didda">Didda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_(sultan_of_Kashmir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayn al-Abidin (sultan of Kashmir)">Zayn al-Abidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Mir_dynasty" title="Shah Mir dynasty">Shah Mir dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Dogra Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamwal" title="Jamwal">Jamwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir Committee">Kashmir Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbar_Move" title="Darbar Move">Darbar Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Government<br />and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Act_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act (2019)">Reorganisation Act (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference" title="Jammu & Kashmir National Conference">Jammu & Kashmir National Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Peoples_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party">Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Parties_Hurriyat_Conference" title="All Parties Hurriyat Conference">All Parties Hurriyat Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Conference" title="Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference">Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">Instrument of Accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_370_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Article 370 of the Constitution of India">Article 370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Elections in Jammu and Kashmir">Elections in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira%E2%80%93Sheikh_Accord" title="Indira–Sheikh Accord">Indira–Sheikh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Nath_Dogra" title="Prem Nath Dogra">Prem Nath Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakshi_Ghulam_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad">Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdullah" title="Omar Abdullah">Omar Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Singh_(politician,_born_1956)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)">Jitendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ali_Shah_Geelani" title="Syed Ali Shah Geelani">Syed Ali Shah Geelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehbooba_Mufti" title="Mehbooba Mufti">Mehbooba Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehr_Chand_Mahajan" title="Mehr Chand Mahajan">Mehr Chand Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwaiz_Umar_Farooq" title="Mirwaiz Umar Farooq">Mirwaiz Umar Farooq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti_Muhammad_Sayeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufti Muhammad Sayeed">Mufti Muhammad Sayeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Kumar_Singh" title="Nirmal Kumar Singh">Nirmal Kumar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_Malik" title="Yasin Malik">Yasin Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajjad_Gani_Lone" title="Sajjad Gani Lone">Sajjad Gani Lone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabir_Shah" title="Shabir Shah">Shabir Shah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public Safety Act, 1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kashmir" title="Culture of Kashmir">Culture</a> and<br />places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiriyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_and_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindu_festivals" title="Kashmiri Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazwan" title="Wazwan">Wazwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanger" title="Kanger">Kanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikara" title="Shikara">Shikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basohli_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Basohli painting">Basohli painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchi_Monastery" title="Alchi Monastery">Alchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishno_Devi" title="Vaishno Devi">Vaishno Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulmarg" title="Gulmarg">Gulmarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahalgam" title="Pahalgam">Pahalgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonamarg" title="Sonamarg">Sonamarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verinag" title="Verinag">Verinag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangath_Temple_complex" title="Wangath Temple complex">Wangath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusmarg" title="Yusmarg">Yusmarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Category:Forts in Jammu and Kashmir">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Category:National parks in Jammu and Kashmir">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir">Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Jammu and Kashmir">Districts</a> and<br />divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_division" title="Jammu division">Jammu division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathua_district" title="Kathua district">Kathua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_district" title="Jammu district">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_district" title="Samba district">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhampur_district" title="Udhampur district">Udhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasi_district" title="Reasi district">Reasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajouri_district" title="Rajouri district">Rajouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch_district,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonch district, India">Poonch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doda_district" title="Doda district">Doda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramban_district" title="Ramban district">Ramban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwar_district" title="Kishtwar district">Kishtwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_division" title="Kashmir division">Kashmir division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anantnag_district" title="Anantnag district">Anantnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulgam_district" title="Kulgam district">Kulgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulwama_district" title="Pulwama district">Pulwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopian_district" title="Shopian district">Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgam_district" title="Budgam district">Badgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar_district" title="Srinagar district">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganderbal_district" title="Ganderbal district">Ganderbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandipore_district" title="Bandipore district">Bandipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baramulla_district" title="Baramulla district">Baramulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupwara_district" title="Kupwara district">Kupwara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_by_population" title="List of cities in Jammu and Kashmir by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantnag" title="Anantnag">Anantnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baramulla" title="Baramulla">Baramulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulwama" title="Pulwama">Pulwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupwara" title="Kupwara">Kupwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgam" title="Budgam">Budgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganderbal" title="Ganderbal">Ganderbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopian" title="Shopian">Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandipore" title="Bandipore">Bandipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulgam" title="Kulgam">Kulgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doda,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Doda, Jammu and Kashmir">Doda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch_(town)" title="Poonch (town)">Poonch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajouri" title="Rajouri">Rajouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramban_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramban (Jammu and Kashmir)">Ramban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasi" title="Reasi">Reasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Samba, Jammu and Kashmir">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhampur" title="Udhampur">Udhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathua" title="Kathua">Kathua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwar" title="Kishtwar">Kishtwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akingam" title="Akingam">Akingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal" title="Achabal">Achabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulwama" title="Pulwama">Pulwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgam" title="Budgam">Budgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganderbal" title="Ganderbal">Ganderbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopian" title="Shopian">Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandipore" title="Bandipore">Bandipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulgam" title="Kulgam">Kulgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Srinagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Srinagar">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Srinagar" title="Nowshera, Srinagar">Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurez" title="Gurez">Gurez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattan" title="Pattan">Pattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangan,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Kangan, Jammu and Kashmir">Kangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazratbal" title="Hazratbal">Hazratbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awantipora" title="Awantipora">Awantipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tral" title="Tral">Tral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazigund" title="Qazigund">Qazigund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokernag" title="Kokernag">Kokernag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangus" title="Shangus">Shangus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijbehara" title="Bijbehara">Bijbehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doru_Shahabad" title="Doru Shahabad">Doru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahalgam" title="Pahalgam">Pahalgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattan" title="Pattan">Pattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Uri, Jammu and Kashmir">Uri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreeri" title="Kreeri">Kreeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniyar" title="Boniyar">Boniyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangmarg" title="Tangmarg">Tangmarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopore" title="Sopore">Sopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafiabad,_India" title="Rafiabad, India">Rafiabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnah" title="Karnah">Karnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupwara" title="Kupwara">Kupwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolab" class="mw-redirect" title="Lolab">Lolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwara" title="Handwara">Handwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langate" title="Langate">Langate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charari_Sharief" title="Charari Sharief">Charari Sharief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerwah,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir">Beerwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadoora" title="Chadoora">Chadoora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_e_Mehtab" title="Bagh e Mehtab">Bagh e Mehtab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbal,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sumbal, Jammu and Kashmir">Sumbal Sonawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Quimoh">Quimoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahloo" title="Pahloo">Pahloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damhal_Hanji_Pora" title="Damhal Hanji Pora">Damhal Hanji Pora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soura,_Srinagar" title="Soura, Srinagar">Soura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchpora" title="Buchpora">Buchpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Nagar_Srinagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawahar Nagar Srinagar">Jawahar Nagar Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbagh" title="Rajbagh">Rajbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemina" title="Bemina">Bemina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisuma" title="Maisuma">Maisuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Nagar" title="Karan Nagar">Karan Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Nagar,_Srinagar" title="Indira Nagar, Srinagar">Indira Nagar, Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Chowk" title="Lal Chowk">Lal Chowk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonwar_Bagh" title="Sonwar Bagh">Sonwar Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowhatta" title="Nowhatta">Nowhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh,_Srinagar" title="Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar">Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bazar" title="Lal Bazar">Lal Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukura" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukura">Jukura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munawar_Abad" title="Munawar Abad">Munawar Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami_Bagh" title="Badami Bagh">Badami Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Srinagar" title="Nowshera, Srinagar">Nowshera, Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhpora" title="Singhpora">Singhpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magam" title="Magam">Magam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daksum" title="Daksum">Daksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinthan_top" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinthan top">Sinthan top</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Famous villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padgampora" title="Padgampora">Padgampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Pora,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Iskander Pora, Jammu and Kashmir"> Iskander Pora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhom" title="Mazhom">Mazhom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathsoon">Rathsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botingoo" title="Botingoo">Botingoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpora" title="Fatehpora">Fatehpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durhama" title="Durhama">Durhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanjiwera" title="Hanjiwera">Hanjiwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardu-Aboora" title="Hardu-Aboora">Hardu-Aboora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keran,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Keran, Jammu and Kashmir">Keran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreeri" title="Kreeri">Kreeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladoora" title="Ladoora">Ladoora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogmuna" title="Ogmuna">Ogmuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeloo" title="Seeloo">Seeloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazun" title="Zazun">Zazun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakura" title="Wakura">Wakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabagh_Ganderbal" title="Nawabagh Ganderbal">Nawabagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnipora" title="Ratnipora">Ratnipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichgam" title="Ichgam">Ichgam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Railways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar%E2%80%93Jammu_line" title="Jalandhar–Jammu line">Jalandhar–Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Baramulla_line" title="Jammu–Baramulla line">Jammu–Baramulla</a></li></ul></li> <li>Stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar_railway_station" title="Srinagar railway station">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Tawi_railway_station" title="Jammu Tawi railway station">Jammu Tawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhampur_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Udhampur railway station">Udhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazigund_railway_station" title="Qazigund railway station">Qzaigund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadura_railway_station" title="Sadura railway station">Sadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantnag_railway_station" title="Anantnag railway station">Anantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgam_railway_station" title="Budgam railway station">Budgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baramulla_railway_station" title="Baramulla railway station">Baramulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampore_railway_station" title="Pampore railway station">Pampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakapora_railway_station" title="Kakapora railway station">Kakapora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadigam_railway_station" title="Nadigam railway station">Nadigam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhom_railway_station" title="Mazhom railway station">Mazhom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banihal_railway_station" title="Banihal railway station">Banihal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijbehara_railway_station" title="Bijbehara railway station">Bijbehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattan_railway_station" title="Pattan railway station">Pattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopore_railway_station" title="Sopore railway station">Sopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awantipora_railway_station" title="Awantipora railway station">Awantipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katra_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Katra railway station">Katra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1A_(India,_old_numbering)" title="National Highway 1A (India, old numbering)">National Highway 1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Srinagar_National_Highway" title="Jammu–Srinagar National Highway">Jammu–Srinagar National Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar%E2%80%93Baramulla_highway" title="Srinagar–Baramulla highway">Srinagar–Baramulla highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhampur%E2%80%93Jammu_highway" title="Udhampur–Jammu highway">Udhampur–Jammu highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh%E2%80%93Manali_Highway" title="Leh–Manali Highway">Leh–Manali Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Road" title="Mughal Road">Mughal Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/90_Feet_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="90 Feet Road">90 Feet Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly">Local elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Elections in Jammu and Kashmir">Elections in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sports in Jammu and Kashmir">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_Cricket_Association" title="Jammu & Kashmir Cricket Association">Cricket Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_cricket_team" title="Jammu and Kashmir cricket team">Cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu & Kashmir Football Association">Football association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_%26_Kashmir_International_Cricket_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jammu & Kashmir International Cricket Stadium (page does not exist)">International Cricket Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_International_Half_Marathon" title="Kashmir International Half Marathon">Kashmir International Half Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Springs_Golf_Course,_Srinagar" title="Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar">Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Marathon" title="Ladakh Marathon">Ladakh Marathon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">UNMOGIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_and_the_Jammu_and_Kashmir_floods,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Armed Forces and the Jammu and Kashmir floods, 2014">Indian Armed Forces and the Jammu and Kashmir floods, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_stations_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Template:Power stations of Jammu and Kashmir">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_control_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir">Crowd control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Media in Jammu and Kashmir">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&oldid=1244597684">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978&oldid=1244597684</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Category:Law enforcement in India">Law enforcement in 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