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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Markandeya Purana</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="মার্কণ্ডেয় পুরাণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কণ্ডেয় পুরাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Markandeya Purana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeia-purana" title="Markandeia-purana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Markandeia-purana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Markandeya Purana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="मार्कण्डेय पुराण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्कण्डेय पुराण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeyapurana" title="Markandeyapurana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Markandeyapurana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ಮಾರ್ಕಂಡೇಯ ಪುರಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರ್ಕಂಡೇಯ ಪುರಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="मार्कंडेय पुराण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्कंडेय पुराण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="मार्कण्डेय पुराण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मार्कण्डेय पुराण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A" title="マールカンデーヤ・プラーナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マールカンデーヤ・プラーナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeya-Purana" title="Markandeya-Purana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Markandeya-Purana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3" title="ମାର୍କଣ୍ଡେୟ ପୁରାଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାର୍କଣ୍ଡେୟ ପୁରାଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" title="ਮਾਰਕੰਡੇ ਪੁਰਾਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਕੰਡੇ ਪੁਰਾਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%88%DB%92_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مارکنڈے پران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارکنڈے پران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F-%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маркандея-пурана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маркандея-пурана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मार्कण्डेयपुराणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मार्कण्डेयपुराणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்க்கண்டேய புராணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்க்கண்டேய புராணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="మార్కండేయ పురాణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మార్కండేయ పురాణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F-%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Маркандея-пурана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маркандея-пурана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2047126#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Sanskrit text</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg/260px-Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg/390px-Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg/520px-Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>The oldest surviving manuscript of the Devi Māhātmya (part of Markandeya Purana), on palm-leaf, in an early <a href="/wiki/Bhujimol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhujimol">Bhujimol</a> script, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, 11th century.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div 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href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Markandeya Purana</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">मार्कण्डेय पुराण</span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and one of the eighteen major <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014246_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014246-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text's title <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a> refers to a sage in <a href="/wiki/Sanatana_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanatana Dharma">Sanatana Dharma</a>, who is the central character in two legends, one linked to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and other to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Markandeya text is one of the Puranas that lacks a sectarian presentation of ideas in favor of any particular god,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is rare to read any deity being invoked or deity prayers in the entire text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt18964_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt18964-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864LVII_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864LVII-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Markandeya Purana is probably one of the oldest in Purana genre of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu Literature</a>, among the most interesting and important, states <a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is famous for including the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a> within it, the oldest known treatise on <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> (Goddess) as the Supreme Truth and <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator Of The Universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn19881–23_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn19881–23-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is considered as a central text of the Hindu Goddess-related <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> tradition, with an extraordinary expression of reverence for the feminine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn19881–23_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn19881–23-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Markandeya Purana's Devi Mahatmya is often ranked in some Hindu traditions to be as important as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extant manuscripts of this Purana have 137 chapters, of which chapters 81 through 93 is the Devi Mahatmya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradition and some medieval era texts assert that the Markandeya Purana has 9,000 verses, but surviving <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscripts</a> have about 6,900 verses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864LIV_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864LIV-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2,100 verses were transferred to Devi Bhagavatam. The text presents a diverse range of topics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014246_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014246-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–194_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–194-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with socio-cultural information and symbolism for Vedic ideas and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysical Thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992803_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietz1992803-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dadhimati_Mata_Temple,_Rajasthan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg/220px-Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg/330px-Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg/440px-Dadhimati_Mata_Temple%2C_Rajasthan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Early 1st-Millennium <a href="/wiki/Dadhimati_Mata_Temple" title="Dadhimati Mata Temple">Dadhimati Mata Temple</a> Of Rajasthan, Near <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a> And <a href="/wiki/Bikaner" title="Bikaner">Bikaner</a>, That Preserves An Inscription From Markandeya Purana. The Temple Inscription Has Been Dated To The Early Seventh Century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986195_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986195-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Markandeya</i> text is probably one of the oldest Puranas in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198836_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198836-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text's literary style and content, wherein the early chapters read like a supplement to the Hindu epic <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> has led scholars to suggest it is an early composition that likely followed the epic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Markandeya Purana</i>, states <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, is probably from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 CE</span>, with the exception of the <i>Devi Mahatmya</i>, which she dates to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550 CE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198836_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198836-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have also suggested that parts of this Purana existed by the third century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992798–799_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietz1992798–799-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Nileshvari Desai suggests that the oldest of extant manuscripts probably is from the 7th-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest version of the <i>Makandeya Purana</i>, with <i>Devi Mahatmya</i>, was probably composed near the <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> river, in Western India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986196_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986196-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text has also been dated with the help of epigraphical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsopa1911302_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsopa1911302-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dadhimati_Mata_Temple" title="Dadhimati Mata Temple">Dadhimati Mata</a> inscription, for example has been dated to be from 608 CE, and this inscription is a quote from chapter 10 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i> (91st chapter of the Purana). This suggests that this part of the text existed by the 6th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsopa1911302_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsopa1911302-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complete <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">Palm-leaf manuscript</a> of the text was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and has been dated to 998 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986195_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986195-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the early 8th-century text <i>Malatimadhava</i> of Bhavabhuti references Devi Mahatmya, which implies the text was established and in circulation by then. Other scholars have placed it between 4th- to 6th-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986195–196_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986195–196-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of Goddess as the supreme, states John Lochtefeld, likely existed before the 6th-century than the composition date of <i>Devi Mahatmya</i>, because it appears in so fully developed form in the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986195–196_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986195–196-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like all the Puranas, the <i>Markandeya Purana</i>, has a complicated chronology. Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittVan_Buitenen20125_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittVan_Buitenen20125-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>As they exist today, the Puranas are a stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. (...) It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cornelia Dimmitt and <a href="/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenen" title="J. A. B. van Buitenen">J.A.B. van Buitenen</a>, <i>Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittVan_Buitenen20125_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittVan_Buitenen20125-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_editions">Printed editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Printed editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three early printed editions of this text vary from one another. The Calcutta edition ends abruptly in chapter 136, leaving the narrative of <i>Dama</i> halfway. The Bombay and Poona editions have complete narrative of <i>Dama</i>, which ends in chapter 137.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShastri199577–78_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShastri199577–78-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text has been translated into English by many, including C. C. Mukherjee (1893) and <a href="/wiki/F._E._Pargiter" title="F. E. Pargiter">F. E. Pargiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPargiter1904_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargiter1904-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, states Coburn, Pargiter's focus was reconstruction of India's political history, not other contents of the Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn198822–23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn198822–23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pargiter's work and conclusions have been widely disputed, after he published his translation in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn198822–23_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn198822–23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A good translation of the <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> text within the <i>Markandeya Purana</i>, states Gregory Bailey, was published in 1991 by Thomas Coburn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2003146_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003146-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critical_edition">Critical edition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Critical edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Critical Edition of the Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇam</i>, edited by M. L. Wadekar, 2 vols., <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda" title="Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda">Vadodara: Oriental Institute</a>, 2011 (vol. 2, adhyāyas 76-88, is the <i>Devīmāhātmyam</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Purana has 137 chapters, of which chapters 81 through 93 is the Devi Mahatmya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text opens with the Mimamsa founder <a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a> asking sage <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a> for answers to some questions raised by the Mahabharata, but never addressed in it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986192-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Markandeya asserts that he needs to go and perform some <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> rituals, and suggests Jaimini to meet up with four wise birds who live in the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya">Vindhya</a> range.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986192-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaimini meets the birds. The birds answer his questions, which constitute chapters 4 to 45 of the <i>Markandeya Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986192-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazra1962255–256_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazra1962255–256-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discussion weaves in moral instructions with mythology,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt18964_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt18964-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the theory of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">Samsara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a> verses from texts such as the Mahabharata and the Gautama Dharmasutras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986192-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text presents its <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> philosophy in chapters 39 to 43, and asserts that it is the path to gain self-knowledge and liberation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>), thereby overcoming past Karma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt189673–81_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt189673–81-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yoga discussions, <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a>'s portrayal and his yoga-teachings within the <i>Markandeya Purana</i>, states Rigopoulos, are essentially those of <a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a>, and this emphasis on Jnana within a nondual (<a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>) framework characterizes Dattatreya throughout the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigopoulos199837,_57_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigopoulos199837,_57-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, the <i>Markandeya Purana</i>, along with <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Narada_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Purana">Narada</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></i> Puranas, states Sahasrabudhe, have "unmistakingly the Advaita" (non-dualistic) premises, which likely reflect the <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> tradition before the times of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1968113–114_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1968113–114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later chapters also present a conversation between the birds and sage Markandeya, but the sage is the primary speaker in chapters 45-80 and 94-137.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986192-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This switch in style, state scholars, is likely because this part is the older core of the Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192–193_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986192–193-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This part consists of genealogy, <a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">manvantaras</a>, geography and chapters glorifying god <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (Sun god).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192–193_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986192–193-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devi_Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Devi Mahatmya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_-_Mahishasurmardini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Durga_-_Mahishasurmardini.jpg/180px-Durga_-_Mahishasurmardini.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Durga_-_Mahishasurmardini.jpg/270px-Durga_-_Mahishasurmardini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Durga_-_Mahishasurmardini.jpg/360px-Durga_-_Mahishasurmardini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> killing <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>, Sacred idol in <a href="/wiki/Rani_ki_vav" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani ki vav">Rani ki vav</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Devi Mahatmya</i>, literally "glorification or praises of the Goddess", constitutes chapters 81 to 93 of the <i>Markandeya Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn19881–23_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn19881–23-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the primary <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> text of those who revere <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text is studied on its own, and sometimes titled as <i>Saptasati</i> or <i>Chandi-mahatmya</i> or <i>Chandipatha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is particularly popular in eastern states of India, such as <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt18964_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt18964-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Devi Mahatmya opens with the legend of King Suratha, who was defeated in battle & exiled, and Samadhi, a merchant who was driven away by his wives & children for his wealth. Once, they meet in the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, asserts the text, the two discover that they both care about the welfare of those who drove them out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They wonder why they still care. They meet sage Medhas (Sumedha) for answers. The sage replies that this is the nature of existence, just watch the hungry birds who collect seeds, and despite being hungry those birds drop the seeds into the beaks of their babies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the power of the Goddess, her manifestation in nature and everywhere, one who empowers attachments, yet also empowers release, asserts the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193–194_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193–194-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men want to know more about this Goddess. The <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> portion of this Purana describes the Goddess with theological and philosophical premises focussed on the feminine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193–194_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193–194-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-cultural_content">Socio-cultural content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Socio-cultural content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The text presents a diverse range of topics including society, religion and mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embedded in its chapters is information on Family, Marriage, Social Life, Dress, Food, Customs, Ceremonies, Weights And Measures, Social Conventions, Position Of Women, Geography, Flora And Fauna known and considered important in ancient Indian society along with Mythology and Theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–194_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–194-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarma1978270–298_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarma1978270–298-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wendy Doniger states that the <i>Markandeya Purana</i> challenges some of the contextual assumptions about the medieval Indian society in 1st-millennium. She writes, in her analysis of chapters 10 and 11 of the text which discusses its theory of embryo development and wherein the Purana asserts that woman's contribution to the development and the health of a fetus is essential:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The predominance of the father in the making of the body, that <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manu</a> insists upon, is here undercut not only by the role of the mother in contributing to the physical substance of the body, but also by the role of the embryo itself. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wendy Doniger, in <i>Religion and the Body</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger2000173–174_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger2000173–174-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chandi_Charitar_Ukati_Bilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandi Charitar Ukati Bilas">Chandi Charitar Ukati Bilas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a> – a secondary scripture of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, state Louis E. Fenech and W. H. McLeod, is sourced from the Markandeya Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenechMcLeod201479_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenechMcLeod201479-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart201127,_70_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart201127,_70-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Devi-Mahatmya portion of the text is recited during <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> festival, in Durga temples of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014118_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014118-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996181_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996181-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surath" title="Surath">Surath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garh_Jungle" title="Garh Jungle">Garh Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandi_di_Var" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandi di Var">Chandi di Var</a> (In Sikhism)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Markandeya Purana</i> States, "For What The Woman Eats And Drinks Goes Into The Embryo's Womb, And The Living Creature's Body Is Strengthened And Nourished By That So That It Grows".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger2000173–174_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger2000173–174-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014246-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014246_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014246_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2014">Dalal 2014</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002426_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt18964-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt18964_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt18964_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt18964_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt1896">Dutt 1896</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864LVII-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864LVII_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1864">Wilson 1864</a>, p. LVII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn19881–23-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn19881–23_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn19881–23_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn19881–23_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoburn1988">Coburn 1988</a>, pp. 1–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–4_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, pp. 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1864LIV-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1864LIV_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1864">Wilson 1864</a>, p. LIV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–194-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–194_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–194_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 191–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992354_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietz1992">Gietz 1992</a>, p. 354, with note 1948</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietz1992803-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992803_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietz1992">Gietz 1992</a>, p. 803, with note 4538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986195-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986195_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986195_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198836-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198836_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198836_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1988">Collins 1988</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietz1992798–799-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietz1992798–799_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietz1992">Gietz 1992</a>, pp. 798–799, with note 4507</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986196-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986196_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsopa1911302-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsopa1911302_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsopa1911302_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsopa1911">Asopa 1911</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986195–196-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986195–196_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986195–196_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittVan_Buitenen20125-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittVan_Buitenen20125_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittVan_Buitenen20125_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimmittVan_Buitenen2012">Dimmitt & Van Buitenen 2012</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShastri199577–78-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShastri199577–78_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShastri1995">Shastri 1995</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargiter1904-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPargiter1904_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPargiter1904">Pargiter 1904</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn198822–23-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn198822–23_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn198822–23_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoburn1988">Coburn 1988</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003146-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2003146_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2003">Bailey 2003</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986192-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazra1962255–256-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazra1962255–256_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHazra1962">Hazra 1962</a>, pp. 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt189673–81-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt189673–81_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutt1896">Dutt 1896</a>, pp. 73–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERigopoulos199837,_57-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigopoulos199837,_57_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRigopoulos1998">Rigopoulos 1998</a>, pp. 37, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1968113–114-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESahasrabudhe1968113–114_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSahasrabudhe1968">Sahasrabudhe 1968</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986192–193-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192–193_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986192–193_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193–194-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193–194_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193–194_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarma1978270–298-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarma1978270–298_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarma1978">Varma 1978</a>, pp. 270–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger2000173–174-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger2000173–174_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger2000173–174_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoniger2000">Doniger 2000</a>, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenechMcLeod201479-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenechMcLeod201479_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014">Fenech & McLeod 2014</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart201127,_70-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart201127,_70_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinehart2011">Rinehart 2011</a>, pp. 27, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014118-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014118_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2014">Dalal 2014</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996181-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996181_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAsopa1911" class="citation journal cs1">Asopa, Pandit Ram Karna (1911). <a href="/wiki/E._Hultzsch" title="E. Hultzsch">Hultzsch, Eugen</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/epigraphiaindica014772mbp#page/n355/mode/2up">"Dadhimati-Mata Inscription of Dhruhlana"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Epigraphia_Indica" title="Epigraphia Indica">Epigraphia Indica</a></i>. <b>11</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epigraphia+Indica&rft.atitle=Dadhimati-Mata+Inscription+of+Dhruhlana&rft.volume=11&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Asopa&rft.aufirst=Pandit+Ram+Karna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fepigraphiaindica014772mbp%23page%2Fn355%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Gregory (2003). Sharma, Arvind (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC"><i>The Study of Hinduism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7"><bdi>978-1-57003-449-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-449-7&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpCKSUUQYEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). <i>The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary</i>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3939-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devi+Gita%3A+The+Song+of+the+Goddess%3A+A+Translation%2C+Annotation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cheever+Mackenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoburn1988" class="citation book cs1">Coburn, Thomas B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC"><i>Devī-māhātmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0557-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0557-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dev%C4%AB-m%C4%81h%C4%81tmya%3A+The+Crystallization+of+the+Goddess+Tradition&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0557-6&rft.aulast=Coburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhy9kf7_TOHgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1988" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36"><i>The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-773-0"><bdi>978-0-88706-773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iconography+and+Ritual+of+Siva+at+Elephanta%3A+On+Life%2C+Illumination%2C+and+Being&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-773-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Charles+Dillard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQNi6kAGJQ4C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Rosen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8184752779" title="Special:BookSources/978-8184752779"><bdi>978-8184752779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8184752779&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Rosen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimmittVan_Buitenen2012" class="citation book cs1">Dimmitt, Cornelia; <a href="/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenen" title="J. A. B. van Buitenen">Van Buitenen, J.A.B.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC"><i>Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0464-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0464-0"><bdi>978-1-4399-0464-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Hindu+Mythology%3A+A+Reader+in+the+Sanskrit+Puranas&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0&rft.aulast=Dimmitt&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft.au=Van+Buitenen%2C+J.A.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dre7CR2jKn3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2000" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (2000). Coakley, Sarah (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bk-rDk_OyvwC"><i>Religion and the Body</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78386-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78386-6"><bdi>978-0-521-78386-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Body&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78386-6&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbk-rDk_OyvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt1896" class="citation book cs1">Dutt, M.N. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/markandeyapurana021288mbp#page/n0/"><i>Markandeya Puranam</i></a>. Elysium Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markandeya+Puranam&rft.pub=Elysium+Press&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=M.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmarkandeyapurana021288mbp%23page%2Fn0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenechMcLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W.H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/181">181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGietz1992" class="citation book cs1">Gietz, K.P.; et al. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&pg=PA870"><i>Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annotated and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03028-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03028-1"><bdi>978-3-447-03028-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+and+Puranic+Bibliography+%28Up+to+1985%29+Annotated+and+with+Indexes%3A+Part+I%3A+A+-+R%2C+Part+II%3A+S+-+Z%2C+Indexes&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03028-1&rft.aulast=Gietz&rft.aufirst=K.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgpLBpUCufwC%26pg%3DPA870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazra1962" class="citation book cs1">Hazra, Rajendra Chandra (1962). "The Puranas". In Radhakrishnan, S. (ed.). <i>The Cultural Heritage of India</i>. Vol. 2. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85843-03-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-85843-03-1"><bdi>81-85843-03-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Puranas&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Heritage+of+India&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=The+Ramakrishna+Mission+Institute+of+Culture&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=81-85843-03-1&rft.aulast=Hazra&rft.aufirst=Rajendra+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2</i></a></span>. Rosen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931798"><bdi>978-0823931798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Vol.+1+%26+2&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0823931798&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPargiter1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Eden_Pargiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Eden Pargiter">Pargiter, Frederick Eden</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022991974#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Markandeya Purana</i></a>. Calcutta: The Baptist Mission Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markandeya+Purana&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=The+Baptist+Mission+Press&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Pargiter&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Eden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924022991974%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigopoulos1998" class="citation book cs1">Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). <i>Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3696-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-3696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dattatreya%3A+The+Immortal+Guru%2C+Yogin%2C+and+Avatara%3A+A+Study+of+the+Transformative+and+Inclusive+Character+of+a+Multi-faceted+Hindu+Deity&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7&rft.aulast=Rigopoulos&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinehart2011" class="citation book cs1">Rinehart, Robin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC"><i>Debating the Dasam Granth</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984247-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984247-6"><bdi>978-0-19-984247-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+the+Dasam+Granth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-984247-6&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqe6WnpbT2BkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). <i>The Purāṇas</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-02522-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-02522-0"><bdi>3-447-02522-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=3-447-02522-0&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahasrabudhe1968" class="citation book cs1">Sahasrabudhe, M.T. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OpdWAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Survey of the Pre-Śaṅkara Advaita Vedānta</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pune" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pune">University of Pune</a> Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+the+Pre-%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85kara+Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta&rft.pub=University+of+Pune+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Sahasrabudhe&rft.aufirst=M.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpdWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShastri1995" class="citation book cs1">Shastri, Pushpendra (1995). <i>Introduction to the Puranas</i>. New Delhi: Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Puranas&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Rashtriya+Sanskrit+Sansthan&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Shastri&rft.aufirst=Pushpendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarma1978" class="citation journal cs1">Varma, Vishwanath Prasad (1978). "Ethics and Sociology of Politics in some of the Puranas". <i>The Indian Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 270–298. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5510">0019-5510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854846">41854846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Ethics+and+Sociology+of+Politics+in+some+of+the+Puranas&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=270-298&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41854846%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5510&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Vishwanath+Prasad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Wilson, Horace Hayman</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vishnupurnsyst01wils#page/n3/"><i>The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition</i></a>. Vol. 1. Read Country Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84664-664-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84664-664-2"><bdi>1-84664-664-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+A+System+of+Hindu+Mythology+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Read+Country+Books&rft.date=1864&rft.isbn=1-84664-664-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Horace+Hayman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvishnupurnsyst01wils%23page%2Fn3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarkandeya+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markandeya_Purana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-markandeya-purana/">The Markandeya Purana (English) By F. E. Pargiter; Online HTML</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/3_purana/mkp1-93u.htm">Chapters 1-93 Of Markandeya Purana In Sanskrit At Göttingen Register Of Electronic Texts In Indian Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamakoti.org/kamakoti/details/markandeya%20purana%20home.html">The Markandeya Purana, In English, Complete Online At Kamakoti.Org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/markandeyapurana/">The Markandeya Purana, In Sanskrit-Hindi</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puranas" title="Template:Puranas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puranas" title="Template talk:Puranas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puranas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puranas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Puranas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Puranas#The_Mahapuranas" title="Puranas">Mahapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Markendeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Upapurana" title="Upapurana">Upapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaddharma_Purana" title="Brihaddharma Purana">Brihaddharma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanat-kumara_Purana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanat-kumara Purana (page does not exist)">Sanat-kumara Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Purana" title="Ganesha Purana">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Purana" title="Kalki Purana">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Purana" title="Kapila Purana">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Purana" title="Mudgala Purana">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Purana" title="Narasimha Purana">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_Purana" title="Samba Purana">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_Purana" title="Saura Purana">Saura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara_Purana" title="Vishnudharmottara Purana">Vishnudharmottara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh 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