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<span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arsinoe_I_and_Arsinoe_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsinoe_I_and_Arsinoe_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Arsinoe I and Arsinoe II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsinoe_I_and_Arsinoe_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Seleucids_and_Cyrene_(281–275_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Seleucids_and_Cyrene_(281–275_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Conflict with Seleucids and Cyrene (281–275 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Seleucids_and_Cyrene_(281–275_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Nubia_(c._275_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Nubia_(c._275_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Invasion of Nubia (c. 275 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Nubia_(c._275_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Syrian_war_(274–271_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Syrian_war_(274–271_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>First Syrian war (274–271 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Syrian_war_(274–271_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonisation_of_the_Red_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonisation_of_the_Red_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Colonisation of the Red Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonisation_of_the_Red_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chremonidean_war_(267–261_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chremonidean_war_(267–261_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Chremonidean war (267–261 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chremonidean_war_(267–261_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Syrian_war_(260–253_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Syrian_war_(260–253_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Second Syrian war (260–253 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Syrian_war_(260–253_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_reign_and_death_(252–246_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_reign_and_death_(252–246_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Later reign and death (252–246 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_reign_and_death_(252–246_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regime</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regime-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regime subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ruler_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruler_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ruler cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruler_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharaonic_ideology_and_Egyptian_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharaonic_ideology_and_Egyptian_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pharaonic ideology and Egyptian religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharaonic_ideology_and_Egyptian_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Scholarship and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_western_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_western_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Relations with the western Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_western_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Relations with India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Marriages and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeus_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemeus II Philadelphus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ptolemeus II Philadelphus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="بطليموس الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطليموس الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolomeu_II" title="Ptolomeu II – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ptolomeu II" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Ptolemey_Filadelf" title="II Ptolemey Filadelf – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Ptolemey Filadelf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios_2-s%C3%A8" title="Ptolemaios 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ptolemaios 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9_II_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Пталамей II Філадэльф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пталамей II Філадэльф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9_II" title="Птолемей II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Птолемей II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemej_II_Filadelf" title="Ptolemej II Filadelf – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ptolemej II Filadelf" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeu_II_Filadelf" title="Ptolemeu II Filadelf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ptolemeu II Filadelf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9_II_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Птолемей II Филадельф – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Птолемей II Филадельф" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios_II._Filadelfos" title="Ptolemaios II. Filadelfos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ptolemaios II. Filadelfos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios_2._Filadelfos" title="Ptolemaios 2. Filadelfos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ptolemaios 2. Filadelfos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios_II." title="Ptolemaios II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ptolemaios II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios_II" title="Ptolemaios II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ptolemaios II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πτολεμαίος Β΄ Φιλάδελφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πτολεμαίος Β΄ Φιλάδελφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolomeo_II" title="Ptolomeo II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ptolomeo II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeo_la_2-a" title="Ptolemeo la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ptolemeo la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolomeo_II.a_Filadelfoa" title="Ptolomeo II.a Filadelfoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ptolomeo II.a Filadelfoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="بطلمیوس دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بطلمیوس دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e_II" title="Ptolémée II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ptolémée II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolamaes_II_Philadelphus" title="Tolamaes II Philadelphus – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tolamaes II Philadelphus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolomeo_II_Filadelfo" title="Tolomeo II Filadelfo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tolomeo II Filadelfo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%ED%86%A8%EB%A0%88%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8_%ED%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%8D%B8%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="프톨레마이오스 2세 필라델포스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프톨레마이오스 2세 필라델포스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BD_II_%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պտղոմեոս II Եղբայրասեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պտղոմեոս II Եղբայրասեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemej_II._Filadelf" title="Ptolemej II. Filadelf – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ptolemej II. Filadelf" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios_II_Philadelphos" title="Ptolemaios II Philadelphos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ptolemaios II Philadelphos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%B3lemajos_2." title="Ptólemajos 2. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ptólemajos 2." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolomeo_II" title="Tolomeo II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tolomeo II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="תלמי השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תלמי השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94_II" title="პტოლემე II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პტოლემე II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolema%C3%AEos_II_F%C3%AEladelfos" title="Ptolemaîos II Fîladelfos – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ptolemaîos II Fîladelfos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaeus_II_(rex_Aegypti)" title="Ptolemaeus II (rex Aegypti) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ptolemaeus II (rex Aegypti)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolem%C4%97jas_II_Filadelfas" title="Ptolemėjas II Filadelfas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ptolemėjas II Filadelfas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Ptolemaiosz" title="II. Ptolemaiosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Ptolemaiosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%98_II_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84" title="Птоломеј II Филаделф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Птоломеј II Филаделф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%B4lemai%C3%B4sy_II" title="Ptôlemaiôsy II – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ptôlemaiôsy II" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="بطليموس التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بطليموس التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios_si_Pesumbang" title="Ptolemaios si Pesumbang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ptolemaios si Pesumbang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaeus_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemaeus II Philadelphus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ptolemaeus II Philadelphus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96" title="プトレマイオス2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プトレマイオス2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios_II_Filadelfos" title="Ptolemaios II Filadelfos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ptolemaios II Filadelfos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolem%C3%A8u_II" title="Ptolemèu II – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ptolemèu II" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="دویم بطلیموس فیلادلفیوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دویم بطلیموس فیلادلفیوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeusz_II_Filadelfos" title="Ptolemeusz II Filadelfos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ptolemeusz II Filadelfos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeu_II_Filadelfo" title="Ptolemeu II Filadelfo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ptolemeu II Filadelfo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemeu_al_II-lea_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemeu al II-lea Philadelphus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ptolemeu al II-lea Philadelphus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9_II_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Птолемей II Филадельф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Птолемей II Филадельф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="දෙවන ටොලමි ෆිලඩෙල්ෆස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙවන ටොලමි ෆිලඩෙල්ෆස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaj_II._Filadelf" title="Ptolemaj II. Filadelf – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ptolemaj II. Filadelf" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%98_II_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84" title="Птолемеј II Филаделф – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Птолемеј II Филаделф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemej_II" title="Ptolemej II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ptolemej II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios_II" title="Ptolemaios II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ptolemaios II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaios_II_Filadelfos" title="Ptolemaios II Filadelfos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ptolemaios II Filadelfos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolomeo_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolomeo II Philadelphus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ptolomeo II Philadelphus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="இரண்டாம் தாலமி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் தாலமி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ฟาโรห์ทอเลมีที่ 2 ฟิลาเดลฟัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาโรห์ทอเลมีที่ 2 ฟิลาเดลฟัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Ptolemaios" title="II. Ptolemaios – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Ptolemaios" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9_II_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Птолемей II Філадельф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Птолемей II Філадельф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="بطلیموس دوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بطلیموس دوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt, 284 – 246 BCE</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ptolemy II" and "Ptolemy Philadelphus" redirect here. For the Greek prince and client king, see <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_of_Telmessos" title="Ptolemy II of Telmessos">Ptolemy II of Telmessos</a>. For the medieval Italian count, see <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_of_Tusculum" title="Ptolemy II of Tusculum">Ptolemy II of Tusculum</a>. For the son of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony, see <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Philadelphus_(son_of_Cleopatra)" title="Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)">Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87;font-size:125%;">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy_II_MAN_Napoli_Inv5600.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Ptolemy II, National Archaeological Museum, Naples"><img alt="Bust of Ptolemy II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ptolemy_II_MAN_Napoli_Inv5600.jpg/220px-Ptolemy_II_MAN_Napoli_Inv5600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ptolemy_II_MAN_Napoli_Inv5600.jpg/330px-Ptolemy_II_MAN_Napoli_Inv5600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ptolemy_II_MAN_Napoli_Inv5600.jpg/440px-Ptolemy_II_MAN_Napoli_Inv5600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="3750" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bust of Ptolemy II, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Naples" title="National Archaeological Museum, Naples">National Archaeological Museum, Naples</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; font-weight:bold; font-size:13px; padding: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">King</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 March 284 – 28 January 246 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy I">Ptolemy I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemy III</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Horus name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>ḥwnw-ḳni</i><br /><i>Hunu qeni</i><br />Brave youth<sup id="cite_ref-Leprohon_178-179_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leprohon_178-179-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28 [H]" alt="H" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34 [wn]" alt="wn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24 [nw]" alt="nw" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z7.png?fc6fb" height="17" title="Z7 [W]" alt="W" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A17.png?f14b3" height="38" title="A17" alt="A17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z7.png?fc6fb" height="17" title="Z7 [W]" alt="W" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24 [nw]" alt="nw" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D40.png?462ae" height="12" title="D40" alt="D40" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28 [H]" alt="H" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="23" title="E34 [wn]" alt="wn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z7.png?fc6fb" height="16" title="Z7 [W]" alt="W" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="16" title="W24 [nw]" alt="nw" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A17.png?f14b3" height="38" title="A17" alt="A17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24 [nw]" alt="nw" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D40.png?462ae" height="12" title="D40" alt="D40" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28 [H]" alt="H" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34 [wn]" alt="wn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A17.png?f14b3" height="38" title="A17" alt="A17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24 [nw]" alt="nw" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z9.png?d2054" height="16" title="Z9" alt="Z9" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D40.png?462ae" height="12" title="D40" alt="D40" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28 [H]" alt="H" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34 [wn]" alt="wn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24 [nw]" alt="nw" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z7.png?fc6fb" height="17" title="Z7 [W]" alt="W" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A17.png?f14b3" height="38" title="A17" alt="A17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24 [nw]" alt="nw" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z9.png?d2054" height="16" title="Z9" alt="Z9" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D40.png?462ae" height="12" title="D40" alt="D40" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28 [H]" alt="H" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E34.png?1daff" height="24" title="E34 [wn]" alt="wn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W24.png?55bf4" height="17" title="W24 [nw]" alt="nw" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z7.png?fc6fb" height="17" title="Z7 [W]" alt="W" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A17.png?f14b3" height="38" title="A17" alt="A17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="12" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="11" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="3" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z9.png?d2054" height="11" title="Z9" alt="Z9" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D40.png?462ae" height="8" title="D40" alt="D40" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Nebty_("two_ladies")_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nebty name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>wr-pḥty</i><br /><i>Wer pehty</i><br />Great of strength<sup id="cite_ref-Leprohon_178-179_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leprohon_178-179-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png?dbf15" height="38" title="G16" alt="G16" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G36.png?39a4f" height="25" title="G36 [wr]" alt="wr" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F9.png?b7aa9" height="20" title="F9" alt="F9" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F9.png?b7aa9" height="20" title="F9" alt="F9" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png?dbf15" height="38" title="G16" alt="G16" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G36.png?39a4f" height="25" title="G36 [wr]" alt="wr" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F9.png?b7aa9" height="26" title="F9" alt="F9" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F9.png?b7aa9" height="26" title="F9" alt="F9" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D40.png?462ae" height="12" title="D40" alt="D40" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_of_Gold" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Golden Horus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>sḫꜤ-n-sw it.f</i><br /><i>Sekhaen su itef</i><br />Whose father enthroned him<sup id="cite_ref-Leprohon_178-179_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leprohon_178-179-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G8.png?a8843" height="38" title="G8" alt="G8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="38" title="S29 [s]" alt="s" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N28.png?3f65d" height="15" title="N28 [xa]" alt="xa" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36 [a]" alt="a" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="12" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G8.png?a8843" height="38" title="G8" alt="G8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N28.png?3f65d" height="15" title="N28 [xa]" alt="xa" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="12" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="12" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G8.png?a8843" height="38" title="G8" alt="G8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="38" title="S29 [s]" alt="s" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N28.png?3f65d" height="14" title="N28 [xa]" alt="xa" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="11" title="D36 [a]" alt="a" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="5" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="7" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="8" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="11" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="8" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G8.png?a8843" height="38" title="G8" alt="G8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="5" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N28.png?3f65d" height="14" title="N28 [xa]" alt="xa" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="11" title="D36 [a]" alt="a" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="4" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="3" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="6" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="7" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="9" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="7" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Throne_name_(praenomen)" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Prenomen  (Praenomen)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>wsr-kꜢ-rꜤ mrj-jmn</i><br /><i>Weserkare Meryamun</i><br />The strong one of the ka of Ra, beloved of Amun<sup id="cite_ref-Leprohon_178-179_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leprohon_178-179-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="38" title="L2" alt="L2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F12.png?0fd6a" height="38" title="F12 [wsr]" alt="wsr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28 [kA]" alt="kA" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5 [mn]" alt="mn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N36.png?d5dbf" height="9" title="N36" alt="N36" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="38" title="L2" alt="L2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert mw-mirrored" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C2.png?77d36" height="38" title="C2" alt="C2" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C12.png?7f171" height="38" title="C12" alt="C12" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N36.png?d5dbf" height="9" title="N36" alt="N36" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F12.png?0fd6a" height="38" title="F12 [wsr]" alt="wsr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28 [kA]" alt="kA" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="38" title="L2" alt="L2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="24" title="D28 [kA]" alt="kA" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F12.png?0fd6a" height="38" title="F12 [wsr]" alt="wsr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert mw-mirrored" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C12.png?7f171" height="38" title="C12" alt="C12" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C2.png?77d36" height="38" title="C2" alt="C2" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U6.png?4f117" height="37" title="U6 [mr]" alt="mr" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="38" title="L2" alt="L2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5 [mn]" alt="mn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N36.png?d5dbf" height="9" title="N36" alt="N36" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F12.png?0fd6a" height="38" title="F12 [wsr]" alt="wsr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="17" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D28.png?cf7bf" height="22" title="D28 [kA]" alt="kA" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>ptwꜢlwmys</i><br /><i>Petualumys</i><br />Ptolemaios<sup id="cite_ref-Leprohon_178-179_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leprohon_178-179-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="38" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V4.png?e648c" height="36" title="V4 [wA]" alt="wA" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E23.png?e613a" height="15" title="E23 [l]" alt="l" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa15.png?721ae" height="10" title="Aa15 [M]" alt="M" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="38" title="S29 [s]" alt="s" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_I" title="Arsinoe I">Arsinoe I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>With Arsinoe I:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemy III</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus_of_Egypt" title="Lysimachus of Egypt">Lysimachus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(Seleucid_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice (Seleucid queen)">Berenice, Queen of Syria</a><br /><b>With Bilistiche:</b><br />Ptolemy Andromachou</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy I">Ptolemy I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berenice_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice I">Berenice I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c.309 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 246 BC (aged 62–63)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ptolemy II Philadelphus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πτολεμαῖος Φιλάδελφος</span>, <i>Ptolemaîos Philádelphos</i>, "Ptolemy, sibling-lover"; 309 – 28 January 246 BC) was the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> from 284 to 246 BC. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy I">Ptolemy I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonian Greek</a> general of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> who founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Alexander">death of Alexander</a>, and Queen <a href="/wiki/Berenice_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice I">Berenice I</a>, originally from <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>. </p><p>During Ptolemy II's reign, the material and literary splendour of the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> court was at its height. He promoted the <a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a>. In addition to Egypt, Ptolemy's empire encompassed much of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. He pursued an aggressive and expansionist foreign policy with mixed success. From 275 to 271 BC, he led the Ptolemaic Kingdom against the rival <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Syrian War">First Syrian War</a> and extended Ptolemaic power into <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, but lost control of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> after the defection of his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Chremonidean_War" title="Chremonidean War">Chremonidean War</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 267</span>–261 BC), Ptolemy confronted <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonid Macedonia">Antigonid Macedonia</a> for control of the Aegean and suffered serious setbacks. This was followed by a <a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Syrian War">Second Syrian War</a> (260–253 BC) against the Seleucid empire, in which many of the gains from the first war were lost. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy_I_and_Berenike_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ptolemy_I_and_Berenike_I.jpg/120px-Ptolemy_I_and_Berenike_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ptolemy_I_and_Berenike_I.jpg/180px-Ptolemy_I_and_Berenike_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ptolemy_I_and_Berenike_I.jpg/240px-Ptolemy_I_and_Berenike_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktadrachmon_Ptolemaios_II_Arsinoe_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Oktadrachmon_Ptolemaios_II_Arsinoe_II.jpg/120px-Oktadrachmon_Ptolemaios_II_Arsinoe_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Oktadrachmon_Ptolemaios_II_Arsinoe_II.jpg/180px-Oktadrachmon_Ptolemaios_II_Arsinoe_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Oktadrachmon_Ptolemaios_II_Arsinoe_II.jpg/240px-Oktadrachmon_Ptolemaios_II_Arsinoe_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Coin depicting Ptolemy II's parents Ptolemy I and Berenice I (left), and Ptolemy II and his sister-wife Arsinoe II (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>Ptolemy II was the son of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy I">Ptolemy I</a> and his third wife, <a href="/wiki/Berenice_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice I">Berenice I</a>. He was born on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a> in 309/308 BC, during his father's invasion of the Aegean in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi#Fourth_War_of_the_Diadochi,_308–301_BC" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Fourth Diadoch War</a>. He had two full sisters, <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philotera" title="Philotera">Philotera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berenice_I_at_Livius.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenice_I_at_Livius.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy was educated by a number of the most distinguished intellectuals of the age, including <a href="/wiki/Philitas_of_Cos" title="Philitas of Cos">Philitas of Cos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ptolemy II had numerous half-siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of his father's sons by his previous marriage to <a href="/wiki/Eurydice_of_Egypt" title="Eurydice of Egypt">Eurydice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meleager_(king)" title="Meleager (king)">Meleager</a>, became kings of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The children by his mother Berenice's first marriage to <a href="/wiki/Philip_(husband_of_Berenice_I_of_Egypt)" title="Philip (husband of Berenice I of Egypt)">Philip</a> included <a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas of Cyrene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antigone_of_Epirus" title="Antigone of Epirus">Antigone</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berenice_I_at_Livius.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenice_I_at_Livius.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Ptolemy II's birth, his older half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos was the heir presumptive. As Ptolemy II grew older a struggle for the succession developed between them, which culminated in Ptolemy Keraunos' departure from Egypt around 287 BC. On 28 March 284 BC, Ptolemy I had Ptolemy II declared king, formally elevating him to the status of co-regent.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BennettI_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary documents, Ptolemy is usually referred to as "King Ptolemy son of Ptolemy" to distinguish him from his father. The co-regency between Ptolemy II and his father continued until the latter's death in April–June 282 BC. One ancient account claims that Ptolemy II murdered his father, but other sources say that he died of old age, which is more likely given that he was in his mid-eighties.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BennettI_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cammeo_gonzaga_con_doppio_ritratto_di_tolomeo_II_e_arsinoe_II,_III_sec._ac._(alessandria),_da_hermitage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cammeo_gonzaga_con_doppio_ritratto_di_tolomeo_II_e_arsinoe_II%2C_III_sec._ac._%28alessandria%29%2C_da_hermitage.jpg/200px-Cammeo_gonzaga_con_doppio_ritratto_di_tolomeo_II_e_arsinoe_II%2C_III_sec._ac._%28alessandria%29%2C_da_hermitage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cammeo_gonzaga_con_doppio_ritratto_di_tolomeo_II_e_arsinoe_II%2C_III_sec._ac._%28alessandria%29%2C_da_hermitage.jpg/300px-Cammeo_gonzaga_con_doppio_ritratto_di_tolomeo_II_e_arsinoe_II%2C_III_sec._ac._%28alessandria%29%2C_da_hermitage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cammeo_gonzaga_con_doppio_ritratto_di_tolomeo_II_e_arsinoe_II%2C_III_sec._ac._%28alessandria%29%2C_da_hermitage.jpg/400px-Cammeo_gonzaga_con_doppio_ritratto_di_tolomeo_II_e_arsinoe_II%2C_III_sec._ac._%28alessandria%29%2C_da_hermitage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2156" /></a><figcaption>Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Gonzaga_Cameo" title="Gonzaga Cameo">Gonzaga Cameo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, St. Petersburg.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsinoe_I_and_Arsinoe_II">Arsinoe I and Arsinoe II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arsinoe I and Arsinoe II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fall-out from the succession conflict between Ptolemy II and Ptolemy Keraunos continued even after Ptolemy II's accession. The conflict was probably the reason why Ptolemy executed two of his brothers, probably full brothers of Keraunos, in 281 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H36_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H36-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keraunos himself had gone to the court of <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a>, who ruled <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> following his expulsion from Egypt. Lysimachus' court was divided on the question of supporting Keraunos. On the one hand, Lysimachus himself had been married to Ptolemy II's full sister, Arsinoe II, since 300 BC. On the other hand, Lysimachus' heir, <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_(son_of_Lysimachus)" title="Agathocles (son of Lysimachus)">Agathocles</a>, was married to Keraunos' full sister <a href="/wiki/Lysandra" title="Lysandra">Lysandra</a>. Lysimachus chose to support Ptolemy II and sealed that decision at some point between 284 and 281 BC by marrying his daughter <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_I" title="Arsinoe I">Arsinoe I</a> to Ptolemy II.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continued conflict over the issue within his kingdom led to the execution of Agathocles and the collapse of Lysimachus' kingdom in 281 BC. Around 279 BC, Arsinoe II returned to Egypt, where she clashed with her sister-in-law Arsinoe I. Some time after 275 BC, Arsinoe I was charged with conspiracy and exiled to <a href="/wiki/Coptos" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptos">Coptos</a>. Probably in 273/2 BC, Ptolemy married his older sister, Arsinoe II. As a result, both were given the epithet "Philadelphoi" (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Φιλάδελφοι</span> "Sibling-lovers"). While sibling-marriage conformed to the traditional practice of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a>, it was shocking to the Greeks, who considered it <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incestuous</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sotades" title="Sotades">Sotades</a>, a poet who mocked the marriage, was exiled and assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage may not have been consummated, since it produced no children.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another poet <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a> defended the marriage by comparing it to the marriage of the gods <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and his older sister <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage provided a model which was followed by most subsequent Ptolemaic monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-H36_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H36-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three children of Arsinoe I, who included the future <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemy III</a>, seem to have been removed from the succession after their mother's fall.<sup id="cite_ref-BArsII_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BArsII-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy II seems to have adopted Arsinoe II's son by Lysimachus, also named <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Telmessus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy of Telmessus">Ptolemy</a>, as his heir, eventually promoting him to co-regent in 267 BC, the year after Arsinoe II's death. He retained that position until his rebellion in 259 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the time of the rebellion, Ptolemy II legitimised the children of Arsinoe I by having them posthumously adopted by Arsinoe II.<sup id="cite_ref-BArsII_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BArsII-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Seleucids_and_Cyrene_(281–275_BC)"><span id="Conflict_with_Seleucids_and_Cyrene_.28281.E2.80.93275_BC.29"></span>Conflict with Seleucids and Cyrene (281–275 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflict with Seleucids and Cyrene (281–275 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochos_I_face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Antiochos_I_face.jpg/220px-Antiochos_I_face.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Antiochos_I_face.jpg/330px-Antiochos_I_face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Antiochos_I_face.jpg/440px-Antiochos_I_face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Antiochus I</figcaption></figure> <p>Ptolemy I had originally supported the establishment of his friend <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus I">Seleucus I</a> as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, but relations had cooled after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ipsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ipsos">Battle of Ipsos</a> in 301 BC, when both kings claimed <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. At that time, Ptolemy I had occupied the southern portion of the region, <a href="/wiki/Coele_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coele Syria">Coele Syria</a>, up to the <a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Kabir_al-Janoubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahr al-Kabir al-Janoubi">Eleutherus river</a>, while Seleucus established control over the territory north of that point. As long as the two kings lived, this dispute did not lead to war, but with the death of Ptolemy I in 282 and of Seleucus I in 281 BC that changed. </p><p>Seleucus I's son <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I">Antiochus I</a> spent several years fighting to re-establish control over his father's empire. Ptolemy II took advantage of this to expand his realm at Seleucid expense. The acquisitions of the Ptolemaic kingdom at this time can be traced in <a href="/wiki/Epigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphic">epigraphic</a> sources and seem to include <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a>, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>. Antiochus I acquiesced to these losses in 279 BC, but began to build up his forces for a rematch.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antiochus did this by pursuing ties with Ptolemy II's maternal half-brother, Magas, who had been governor of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> since around 300 BC and had declared himself king of <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> sometime after Ptolemy I's death. Around 275 BC Antiochus entered into an alliance with Magas by marrying his daughter <a href="/wiki/Apama_II" title="Apama II">Apama</a> to him.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Magas invaded Egypt, marching on Alexandria, but he was forced to turn back when <a href="/wiki/Libyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyans">Libyan</a> nomads launched an attack on Cyrene. At this same moment, Ptolemy's own forces were hamstrung. He had hired 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatian</a> mercenaries, but soon after their arrival the Gauls mutinied and so Ptolemy marooned them on a deserted island in the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> where "they perished at one another's hands or by famine."<sup id="cite_ref-hinds_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinds-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This victory was celebrated on a grand scale. Several of Ptolemy's contemporary kings had fought serious wars against Gallic invasions in Greece and Asia Minor, and Ptolemy presented his own victory as equivalent to theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time Ptolemy was also ostensibly considering some military action in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a>, and so sent <a href="/wiki/Ariston_(explorer)" title="Ariston (explorer)">Ariston</a> to reconnoiter the western coast of Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Nubia_(c._275_BC)"><span id="Invasion_of_Nubia_.28c._275_BC.29"></span>Invasion of Nubia (c. 275 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Invasion of Nubia (c. 275 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ptolemy clashed with the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, located to the south of Egypt, over the territory known as the <a href="/wiki/Triakontaschoinos" title="Triakontaschoinos">Triakontaschoinos</a> ('thirty-mile land'). This was the stretch of the Nile river between the <a href="/wiki/First_Cataract" class="mw-redirect" title="First Cataract">First Cataract</a> at <a href="/wiki/Syene" class="mw-redirect" title="Syene">Syene</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Cataract" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Cataract">Second Cataract</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa">Wadi Halfa</a> (the whole area is now submerged under <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a>). The region may have been used by the Nubians as a base for raids on southern Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 275 BC, Ptolemaic forces invaded Nubia and annexed the northern twelve miles of this territory, subsequently known as the <a href="/wiki/Dodekaschoinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodekaschoinos">Dodekaschoinos</a> ('twelve-mile land').<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest was publicly celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> court poetry of <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a> and by the erection of a long list of Nubian districts at the <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Temple of Isis</a> at Philae, near Syene.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H55_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H55-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquered territory included the rich gold mines at <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Allaqi" title="Wadi Allaqi">Wadi Allaqi</a>, where Ptolemy founded a city called Berenice Panchrysus and instituted a large-scale mining programme.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region's gold production was a key contributor to the prosperity and power of the Ptolemaic empire in the third century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-H55_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H55-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Syrian_war_(274–271_BC)"><span id="First_Syrian_war_.28274.E2.80.93271_BC.29"></span>First Syrian war (274–271 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Syrian war (274–271 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Syrian war">First Syrian war</a></div> <p>Probably in response to the alliance with Magas, Ptolemy declared war on Antiochus I in 274 BC by invading Seleucid Syria. After some initial success, Ptolemy's forces were defeated in battle by Antiochus and forced to retreat back to Egypt. Invasion was imminent and Ptolemy and Arsinoe spent the winter of 274/3 BC reinforcing the defences in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. However, the expected Seleucid invasion never took place. The Seleucid forces were afflicted by economic problems and an outbreak of plague. In 271 BC, Antiochus abandoned the war and agreed to peace, with a return to the <i>status quo ante bellum</i>. This was celebrated in Egypt as a great victory, both in Greek poetry, such as Theocritus' <i>Idyll</i> 17 and by the Egyptian priesthood in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pithom_stele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pithom stele (page does not exist)">Pithom stele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonisation_of_the_Red_Sea">Colonisation of the Red Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colonisation of the Red Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus is located in Egypt"><img alt="Ptolemy II Philadelphus is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.657%;left:62.908%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Arsinoe"><img alt="Arsinoe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.691%;left:74.3%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Philotera"><img alt="Philotera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Philotera</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.031%;left:76.654%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Myos Hormos"><img alt="Myos Hormos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.846%;left:86.05%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Berenice Troglodytica"><img alt="Berenice Troglodytica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.778%;left:82.485%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Berenice"><img alt="Berenice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Berenice</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Egypt relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Key Ptolemaic bases in the Red Sea</div></div></div> <p>Ptolemy revived earlier Egyptian programmes to access the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal#Canals_dug_by_Necho,_Darius_I_and_Ptolemy" title="Suez Canal">canal</a> from the Nile near <a href="/wiki/Bubastis" title="Bubastis">Bubastis</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Pithom" title="Pithom">Pithom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Timsah" title="Lake Timsah">Lake Timsah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bitter_Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter Lakes">Bitter Lakes</a> – had been dug by <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> in the sixth century BC. However, by Ptolemy's time it had silted up. He had it cleared and restored to operation in 270/269 BC – an act which is commemorated in the Pithom Stele. The city of <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a> was established at the mouth of the canal on the Gulf of Suez. From there, two exploratory missions were sent down the east and west coasts of the Red Sea all the way down to the <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a>. The leaders of these missions established a chain of 270 harbour bases along the coasts, some of which grew to be important commercial centres.<sup id="cite_ref-H56_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H56-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the Egyptian coast, <a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Philotera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a> would become important termini of caravan routes running through the Egyptian desert and key ports for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a> which began to develop over the next three centuries. Even further south was <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a> (possibly located near the modern <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>), which was used as a base for capturing elephants. The adults were killed for their <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, the children were captured to be trained as <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the east coast of the sea, the key settlements were Berenice (modern <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ampelone (near modern <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>). These settlements allowed the Ptolemies access to the western end of the caravan routes of the <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> trade, run by the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>, who became close allies of the Ptolemaic empire.<sup id="cite_ref-H56_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H56-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chremonidean_war_(267–261_BC)"><span id="Chremonidean_war_.28267.E2.80.93261_BC.29"></span>Chremonidean war (267–261 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chremonidean war (267–261 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonia_-_king_Antigonos_II_Gonatas_-_270_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Pan_-_Athena_Alkidemos_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Macedonia_-_king_Antigonos_II_Gonatas_-_270_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Pan_-_Athena_Alkidemos_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg/220px-Macedonia_-_king_Antigonos_II_Gonatas_-_270_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Pan_-_Athena_Alkidemos_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Macedonia_-_king_Antigonos_II_Gonatas_-_270_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Pan_-_Athena_Alkidemos_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg/330px-Macedonia_-_king_Antigonos_II_Gonatas_-_270_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Pan_-_Athena_Alkidemos_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Macedonia_-_king_Antigonos_II_Gonatas_-_270_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Pan_-_Athena_Alkidemos_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg/440px-Macedonia_-_king_Antigonos_II_Gonatas_-_270_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Pan_-_Athena_Alkidemos_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3497" data-file-height="3497" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus II">Antigonus II</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chremonidean_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Chremonidean war">Chremonidean war</a></div> <p>Throughout the early period of Ptolemy II's reign, Egypt was the preeminent naval power in the eastern Mediterranean. The Ptolemaic sphere of power extended over the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> to <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a> in the northern Aegean. Ptolemaic naval forces even entered the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, waging a campaign in support of the free city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantion" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantion">Byzantion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy was able to pursue this interventionist policy without any challenge because a long-running civil war in <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> had left a power vacuum in the northern Aegean. This vacuum was threatened after <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus II">Antigonus II</a> firmly established himself as king of Macedon in 272 BC. As Antigonus expanded his power through mainland Greece, Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II positioned themselves as defenders of 'Greek freedom' from Macedonian aggression. Ptolemy forged alliances with the two most powerful Greek cities, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hölb_2001_40–41_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hölb_2001_40–41-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Athenian politician <a href="/wiki/Chremonides" title="Chremonides">Chremonides</a> forged a further alliance with Sparta in 269 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 268 BC, Chremonides declared war on Antigonus II. The Ptolemaic admiral <a href="/wiki/Patroclus_(admiral)" title="Patroclus (admiral)">Patroclus</a> sailed into the Aegean in 267 BC and established a base on the island of <a href="/wiki/Keos" class="mw-redirect" title="Keos">Keos</a>. From there, he sailed to <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> in 266 BC. The plan seems to have been for him to rendezvous with the Spartan army and then use their combined forces to isolate and expel the Antigonid garrisons at <a href="/wiki/Sounion" title="Sounion">Sounion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> which held the Athenians in check. However, the Spartan army was unable to break through to Attica and the plan failed.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 265/4 BC, the Spartan king <a href="/wiki/Areus_I" title="Areus I">Areus I</a> once again tried to cross the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a> and aid the beleaguered Athenians, but Antigonus II concentrated his forces against him and defeated the Spartans, with Areus himself among the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200881–82_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200881–82-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a prolonged siege, the Athenians were forced to surrender to Antigonus in early 261 BC. Chremonides and his brother Glaucon, who were responsible for the Athenian participation in the war, fled to Alexandria, where Ptolemy welcomed them into his court.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus is located in Greece"><img alt="Ptolemy II Philadelphus is located in Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="825" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.23%;left:48.454%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Keos"><img alt="Keos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Keos</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.905%;left:39.657%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Methana"><img alt="Methana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Methana</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:91.892%;left:66.204%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Itanos"><img alt="Itanos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Itanos</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.446%;left:58.639%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Thera"><img alt="Thera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Thera</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.595%;left:76.204%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Kos"><img alt="Battle of Kos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/8px-X_solid_black_17.gif" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/12px-X_solid_black_17.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/X_solid_black_17.gif/16px-X_solid_black_17.gif 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Battle of Kos</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Greece relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Key Ptolemaic strongholds in the Aegean Sea after the Chremonidean War</div></div></div> <p>Despite the presence of Patroclus and his fleet, it appears that Ptolemy II hesitated to fully commit himself to the conflict in mainland Greece. The reasons for this reluctance are unclear, but it appears that, especially in the last years of the war, Ptolemaic involvement was limited to financial support for the Greek city-states and naval assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauben201361_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauben201361-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200883–84_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200883–84-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gunther Hölbl argues that the Ptolemaic focus was on the eastern Aegean, where naval forces under the command of Ptolemy II's nephew and co-regent Ptolemy took control of <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> in 262 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Hölb_2001_40–41_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hölb_2001_40–41-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of Ptolemaic involvement may be related to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kos" title="Battle of Kos">Battle of Kos</a>, whose chronology is much disputed by modern scholars. Almost nothing is known about the events of the battle, except that Antigonus II, although outnumbered, led his fleet to defeat Ptolemy's unnamed commanders. Some scholars, such as Hans Hauben, argue that Kos belongs to the Chremonidean War and was fought around 262/1 BC, with Patroclus in command of the Ptolemaic fleet. Others, however, place the battle around 255 BC, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Syrian War">Second Syrian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200884–85_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200884–85-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauben201362_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauben201362-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H44_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H44-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chremonidean War and the Battle of Kos marked the end of absolute Ptolemaic <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> in the Aegean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauben201362_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauben201362-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Islanders" title="League of the Islanders">League of the Islanders</a>, which had been controlled by the Ptolemies and used by them to manage the Cycladic islands seems to have dissolved in the aftermath of the war. However, the conflict did not mean the complete end of the Ptolemaic presence in the Aegean. On the contrary, the naval bases established during the war at Keos and <a href="/wiki/Methana" title="Methana">Methana</a> endured until the end of the third century BC, while those at <a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Itanos" title="Itanos">Itanos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> remained bulwarks of Ptolemaic sea power until 145 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Syrian_war_(260–253_BC)"><span id="Second_Syrian_war_.28260.E2.80.93253_BC.29"></span>Second Syrian war (260–253 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second Syrian war (260–253 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntiochusIIMET.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/AntiochusIIMET.jpg/220px-AntiochusIIMET.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/AntiochusIIMET.jpg/330px-AntiochusIIMET.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/AntiochusIIMET.jpg/440px-AntiochusIIMET.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus II">Antiochus II</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Syrian War">Second Syrian War</a></div> <p>Around 260 BC, war broke out once more between Ptolemy II and the Seleucid realm, now ruled by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus II">Antiochus II</a>. The cause of this war seems to have been the two kings' competing claims to the cities of western Asia Minor, particularly Miletus and Ephesus. Its outbreak seems to be connected to the revolt of Ptolemy II's co-regent Ptolemy, who had been leading the Ptolemaic naval forces against Antigonus II. The younger Ptolemy and an associate took control of the Ptolemaic territories in western Asia Minor and the Aegean. Antiochus II took advantage of this upset to declare war on Ptolemy II and he was joined by the <a href="/wiki/Rhodians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodians">Rhodians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The course of this war is very unclear, with the chronological and causal relationship of events attested at different times and in different theatres being open to debate.<sup id="cite_ref-H44_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H44-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Between 259 and 255 BC, the Ptolemaic navy, commanded by Chremonides, was defeated in a sea battle at Ephesus. Antiochus II then took control of the Ptolemaic cities in <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>: Ephesus, Miletus, and <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>. Epigraphic evidence shows that this was complete by 254/3 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-H44_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H44-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ptolemy II himself invaded Syria in 257 BC. We do not know what the outcome of this invasion was. At the end of the war, Ptolemy had lost sections of Pamphylia and Cilicia, but none of the Syrian territory south of the Eleutheros River.<sup id="cite_ref-H44_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H44-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is possible, but not certain, that Antigonus was still at war with Ptolemy II during this period and that his great naval victory over Ptolemy at the Battle of Kos (mentioned above) took place in 255 BC within the context of the Second Syrian War.<sup id="cite_ref-H44_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H44-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 253 BC, Ptolemy negotiated a peace treaty, in which he conceded large amounts of territory in Asia Minor to Antiochus. The peace was sealed by Antiochus' marriage to Ptolemy's daughter <a href="/wiki/Berenice_(Seleucid_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice (Seleucid queen)">Berenice</a>, which took place in 252 BC. Ptolemy presented large indemnity payments to the Seleucids as the <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> connected to this wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H44_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H44-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war was over, in July 253 BC Ptolemy travelled to <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>. There he rewarded his soldiers by distributing large plots of land that had been reclaimed from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fayyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyum">Fayyum</a> to them as estates (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleros (page does not exist)">kleroi</a></i>). The area was established as a new nome, named the Arsinoite nome, in honour of the long-dead Arsinoe II.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_reign_and_death_(252–246_BC)"><span id="Later_reign_and_death_.28252.E2.80.93246_BC.29"></span>Later reign and death (252–246 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later reign and death (252–246 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Second Syrian War, Ptolemy refocused his attention on the Aegean and mainland Greece. Some time around 250 BC, his forces defeated Antigonus in a naval battle at an uncertain location.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, Ptolemy established a festival, called the <i>Ptolemaia</i> in 249 BC, which advertised continued Ptolemaic investment and involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, even though political control seems to have been lost by this time. Around the same time, Ptolemy was convinced to pay large subsidies to the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> by their envoy <a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a>. The Achaean League was a relatively small collection of minor city-states in the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> at this date, but with the help of Ptolemy's money, over the next forty years Aratus would expand the League to encompass nearly the whole of the Peloponnese and transform it into a serous threat to Antigonid power in mainland Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-H446_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H446-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in the late 250s BC, Ptolemy renewed his efforts to reach a settlement with his brother Magas. It was agreed that Ptolemy II's heir, Ptolemy III, would marry Magas' sole child, <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Magas' death in 250 BC, however, Berenice's mother Apame refused to honour the agreement and invited an Antigonid prince, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_the_Fair" title="Demetrius the Fair">Demetrius the Fair</a>, to Cyrene to marry Berenice instead. With Apame's help, Demetrius seized control of the city, but he was assassinated by Berenice.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A republican government led by two Cyrenaeans named Ecdelus and Demophanes controlled Cyrene until Berenice married Ptolemy III in 246 BC after his accession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-H446_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H446-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ptolemy died on 28 January 246 BC and was succeeded by Ptolemy III without incident.<sup id="cite_ref-H446_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H446-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BennettPtolII_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettPtolII-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regime">Regime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_king_Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus_and_queen_Arsinoe_II,_deified._Ptolemaic_Period,_c._285-246_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Ptolemy_II_and_Arsinoe_II_at_Tanis,_Egypt._The_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Egyptian_king_Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus_and_queen_Arsinoe_II%2C_deified._Ptolemaic_Period%2C_c._285-246_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Ptolemy_II_and_Arsinoe_II_at_Tanis%2C_Egypt._The_British_Museum.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Egyptian_king_Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus_and_queen_Arsinoe_II%2C_deified._Ptolemaic_Period%2C_c._285-246_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Ptolemy_II_and_Arsinoe_II_at_Tanis%2C_Egypt._The_British_Museum.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Egyptian_king_Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus_and_queen_Arsinoe_II%2C_deified._Ptolemaic_Period%2C_c._285-246_BCE._From_the_temple_of_Ptolemy_II_and_Arsinoe_II_at_Tanis%2C_Egypt._The_British_Museum.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3905" data-file-height="4323" /></a><figcaption>Plaque depicting King Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II from their temple at <a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">Tanis</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruler_cult">Ruler cult</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ruler cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ptolemy II was responsible for the transformation of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cult_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great">cult of Alexander the Great</a> which had been established by Ptolemy I into a state cult of the Ptolemaic dynasty. At the start of his sole reign, Ptolemy II deified his father. He deified his mother Berenice I as well after her death in the 270s. The couple were worshipped as a pair, the <i>Theoi Soteres</i> (Saviour Gods). Around 272 BC, Ptolemy II promoted himself and his sister-wife Arsinoe II to divine status as the <i>Theoi Adelphoi</i> (Sibling Gods). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">eponymous priest</a> of the deified Alexander, who served annually and whose name was used to date all official documents, became the 'Priest of Alexander and the Theoi Adelphoi'. Each subsequent royal couple would be added to the priest's title until the late second century BC. In artistic depictions, Ptolemy II was often depicted with divine attributes, namely the club of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> and the elephant-scalp headdress associated with Alexander the Great, while Arsinoe was shown carrying a pair of <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopiae</a> with a small ram's horn behind her ear.<sup id="cite_ref-H948_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H948-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ptolemy also instituted cults for a number of relatives. Following her death around 269 BC, Arsinoe II was honoured with a separate cult in her own right, with every temple in Egypt required to include a statue of her as a 'temple-sharing deity' alongside the sanctuary's main god. Her cult would prove extremely popular in Egypt throughout the Ptolemaic period. Ptolemy's other sister <a href="/wiki/Philotera" title="Philotera">Philotera</a> also received a cult. Even Ptolemy's mistress <a href="/wiki/Bilistiche" title="Bilistiche">Bilistiche</a> received sanctuaries in which she was identified with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H948_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H948-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A festival, called the <i>Ptolemaia</i>, was held in Ptolemy I's honour at Alexandria every four years from 279/278 BC. The festival provided an opportunity for Ptolemy II to showcase the splendour, wealth, and reach of the Ptolemaic empire. One of the Ptolemaia festivals from the 270s BC was described by the historian <a href="/wiki/Callixenus_of_Rhodes" title="Callixenus of Rhodes">Callixenus of Rhodes</a> and part of his account survives, giving a sense of the enormous scale of the event. The festival included a feast for 130 people in a vast royal pavilion and athletic competitions. The highlight was a Grand Procession, composed on a number of individual processions in honour of each of the gods, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Morning Star</a>, followed by the <i>Theoi Soteres</i>, and culminating with the Evening Star. The procession for <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> alone contained dozens of <a href="/wiki/Festival_float" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival float">festival floats</a>, each pulled by hundreds of people, including a four-metre high statue of Dionysus himself, several vast wine-sacks and wine <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krateres</a>, a range of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tableau" class="extiw" title="wikt:tableau">tableaux</a> of mythological or allegorical scenes, many with <a href="/wiki/Automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Automata">automata</a>, and hundreds of people dressed in costume as <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">sileni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenads</a>. Twenty-four chariots drawn by elephants were followed by a procession of lions, leopards, panthers, camels, antelopes, wild asses, ostriches, a bear, a giraffe and a rhinoceros.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the animals were in pairs - as many as eight pairs of ostriches - and although the ordinary chariots were likely led by a single elephant, others which carried a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m) golden statue may have been led by four.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the whole procession marched a military force numbering 57,600 infantry and 23,200 cavalry. Over 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a> were distributed to attendees as largesse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although this ruler cult was centred on Alexandria, it was propagated throughout the Ptolemaic empire. The <a href="/wiki/Nesiotic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesiotic League">Nesiotic League</a>, which contained the Aegean islands under Ptolemaic control, held its own Ptolemaia festival at <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> from the early 270s BC. Priests and festivals are also attested on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lapethos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapethos">Lapethos</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Methymna" class="mw-redirect" title="Methymna">Methymna</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a>, and possibly at <a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharaonic_ideology_and_Egyptian_religion">Pharaonic ideology and Egyptian religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pharaonic ideology and Egyptian religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Head_of_Ptolemy_II_-_Walters_22109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Egyptian_-_Head_of_Ptolemy_II_-_Walters_22109.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Head_of_Ptolemy_II_-_Walters_22109.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Egyptian_-_Head_of_Ptolemy_II_-_Walters_22109.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Head_of_Ptolemy_II_-_Walters_22109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Egyptian_-_Head_of_Ptolemy_II_-_Walters_22109.jpg/440px-Egyptian_-_Head_of_Ptolemy_II_-_Walters_22109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>This granite statue depicts Ptolemy II in the traditional canon of <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ptolemy II followed the example of his father in making an effort to present himself in the guise of a traditional Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> and to support the Egyptian priestly elite. Two <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic">hieroglyphic</a> stelae commemorate Ptolemy's activities in this context. The <a href="/wiki/Mendes_stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendes stele">Mendes stele</a> celebrates Ptolemy's performance of rituals in honour of the ram god <a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mendes" title="Mendes">Mendes</a>, shortly after his accession. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pithom_stele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pithom stele (page does not exist)">Pithom stele</a> records the inauguration of a temple at <a href="/wiki/Pithom" title="Pithom">Pithom</a> by Ptolemy, in 279 BC on his royal jubilee. Both stelae record his achievements in terms of traditional Pharaonic virtues. Particularly stressed is the recovery of religious statuary from the Seleucids through military action in 274 BC – a rhetorical claim which cast the Seleucids in the role of earlier national enemies like the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrians</a>, and Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus is located in Egypt"><img alt="Ptolemy II Philadelphus is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.494%;left:53.817%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sebennytos"><img alt="Sebennytos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sebennytos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebennytos">Sebennytos</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.334%;left:60.295%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pithom"><img alt="Pithom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Pithom" title="Pithom">Pithom</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.399%;left:58.626%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tanis"><img alt="Tanis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">Tanis</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.638%;left:53.56%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saqqara"><img alt="Saqqara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.235%;left:57.634%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akhmin"><img alt="Akhmin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Akhmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmin">Akhmin</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.523%;left:65.77%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Koptos"><img alt="Koptos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Qift" title="Qift">Koptos</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.17%;left:64.659%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dendera"><img alt="Dendera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.087%;left:64.57%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karnak"><img alt="Karnak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.807%;left:66.332%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Philae"><img alt="Philae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Egypt relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Sites of construction work under Ptolemy II</div></div></div> <p>As part of his patronage of Egyptian religion and the priestly elite, Ptolemy II financed large-scale building works at temples throughout Egypt. Ptolemy ordered the erection of the core of the Temple of Isis at <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a> was erected in his reign and assigned the tax income from the newly conquered <a href="/wiki/Dodekaschoinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodekaschoinos">Dodekaschoinos</a> region to the temple. Although the temple had existed since the sixth century BC, it was Ptolemy's sponsorship that converted it into one of the most important in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Ptolemy initiated work at a number of other sites, including (from north to south): </p> <ul><li>Decorative work on the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sebennytos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebennytos">Sebennytos</a> and the nearby Temple of Isis at <a href="/wiki/Behbeit_El_Hagar" title="Behbeit El Hagar">Behbeit El Hagar</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-H867_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H867-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Temple of Horus at <a href="/wiki/Tanis" title="Tanis">Tanis</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Temple of Arsinoe at <a href="/wiki/Pithom" title="Pithom">Pithom</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anubeion in the <a href="/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara" title="Serapeum of Saqqara">Serapeum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-H867_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H867-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Restoration of the Temple of Min at <a href="/wiki/Akhmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmin">Akhmin</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qift#Archaeology" title="Qift">Temple of Min and Isis</a> at Koptos;<sup id="cite_ref-H867_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H867-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Expansion of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_house&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birth house (page does not exist)">birth house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex" title="Dendera Temple complex">Dendera Temple complex</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-H867_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H867-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decorative work on the Temple of Opet at Karnak and the north <a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">pylon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Precinct_of_Mut" title="Precinct of Mut">Precinct of Mut</a> at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H867_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H867-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ptolemaic Egypt was administered by a complicated bureaucratic structure. It is possible that much of the structure had already been developed in the reign of Ptolemy I, but evidence for it – chiefly in the form of documentary <a href="/wiki/Papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyri">papyri</a> – only exists from the reign of Ptolemy II. At the top of the hierarchy, in Alexandria, there were a small group of officials, drawn from the king's <i>philoi</i> (friends). These included the <i>epistolographos</i> ('letter-writer', responsible for diplomacy), the <i>hypomnematographos</i> ('memo-writer' or the chief secretary), the <i>epi ton prostagmaton</i> ('in charge of commands', who produced the drafts of royal edicts), the key generals, and the <i>dioiketes</i> ('household manager', who was in charge of taxation and provincial administration). The <i>dioiketes</i> for most of Ptolemy II's reign was <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_(dioiketes)" title="Apollonius (dioiketes)">Apollonius</a> (262–245 BC). The enormous archive of his personal secretary, <a href="/wiki/Zenon_of_Kaunos" title="Zenon of Kaunos">Zenon of Kaunos</a>, happens to have survived. As a result, it is the administration of the countryside that is best known to modern scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-H589_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H589-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The whole of Egypt was divided into thirty-nine districts, called <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nomes</a> (portions), whose names and borders had remained roughly the same since early Pharaonic times. Within each nome, there were three officials: the <a href="/wiki/Nomarch" title="Nomarch">nomarch</a> (nome-leader) who was in charge of agricultural production, the <a href="/wiki/Oikonomos" title="Oikonomos">oikonomos</a> (household steward) who was in charge of finances, and the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">basilikos grammateus</i></span> (royal secretary), who was in charge of land surveying and record-keeping. All three of these officials answered to the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">dioiketes</i></span> and held equal rank, the idea being that each would act as a check on the others and thus prevent officials from developing regional power bases that might threaten the power of the king. Each village had a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komarch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komarch (page does not exist)">komarch</a></i></span> (village-leader) and a <i>komogrammateus</i> (village-secretary), who reported to the nomarch and the <i>basilikos grammateus</i> respectively. </p><p>Through this system, a chain of command was created which ran from the king all the way down to each of the three thousand villages of Egypt. Each nome also had its own <i>strategos</i> (general), who was in charge of the troops settled in the nome and answered directly to the king.<sup id="cite_ref-H589_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H589-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key goal of this administrative system was to extract as much wealth as possible from the land, so that it could be deployed for royal purposes, particularly war. It achieved this goal with greatest efficiency under Ptolemy II.<sup id="cite_ref-H623_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H623-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particular measures to increase efficiency and income are attested from the start of the Second Syrian War. A decree, known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revenue_Laws_Papyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revenue Laws Papyrus (page does not exist)">Revenue Laws Papyrus</a> was issued in 259 BC to increase tax yields. It is one of our key pieces of evidence for the intended operation of the Ptolemaic tax system. The papyrus establishes a regime of <a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">tax farming</a> (<i>telonia</i>) for wine, fruit, and <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-H623_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H623-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Private individuals paid the king a lump sum up front for the right to oversee the collection of the taxes (though the actual collection was carried out by royal officials). The tax farmers received any excess from the collected taxes as profit.<sup id="cite_ref-H623_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H623-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This decree was followed in 258 BC by a 'General Inventory' in which the whole of Egypt was surveyed to determine the quantity of different types of land, irrigation, canals, and forests within the kingdom and the amount of income that could be levied from it.<sup id="cite_ref-H623_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H623-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts were made to increase the amount of arable land in Egypt, particularly by reclaiming large amounts of land from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fayyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyum">Fayyum</a>. Ptolemy distributed this land to the Ptolemaic soldiers as agricultural estates in 253 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-H623_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H623-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zenon papyri also record experiments by the <i>dioiketes</i> Apollonius to establish cash crop regimes, particularly growing castor oil, with mixed success. In addition to these measures focused on agriculture, Ptolemy II also established extensive gold mining operations, in Nubia at Wadi Allaqi and in the eastern desert at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zawal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zawal (page does not exist)">Abu Zawal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktodrachm_(Mnaieion)_of_Ptolemy_II,_obverse,_Jugate_bugs_of_Ptolemy_II_and_Arsinoe_II_Philadelphoi,_Alexandria,_after_272_BC,_gold_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC01462.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Oktodrachm_%28Mnaieion%29_of_Ptolemy_II%2C_obverse%2C_Jugate_bugs_of_Ptolemy_II_and_Arsinoe_II_Philadelphoi%2C_Alexandria%2C_after_272_BC%2C_gold_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC01462.jpg/245px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Oktodrachm_%28Mnaieion%29_of_Ptolemy_II%2C_obverse%2C_Jugate_bugs_of_Ptolemy_II_and_Arsinoe_II_Philadelphoi%2C_Alexandria%2C_after_272_BC%2C_gold_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC01462.jpg/367px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Oktodrachm_%28Mnaieion%29_of_Ptolemy_II%2C_obverse%2C_Jugate_bugs_of_Ptolemy_II_and_Arsinoe_II_Philadelphoi%2C_Alexandria%2C_after_272_BC%2C_gold_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC01462.jpg/490px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Gold octodrachm of Ptolemy II, from Alexandria mint, c. 272 BC. Obverse shows the jugate busts of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II. The Greek legend reads: ΑΔΕΛΦΩΝ, "<i>adelphōn",</i> meaning "of siblings".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarship_and_culture">Scholarship and culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scholarship and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ptolemy II was an eager patron of scholarship, funding the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> and patronising scientific research. Poets like <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Posidippus_(epigrammatic_poet)" title="Posidippus (epigrammatic poet)">Posidippus</a> were provided with stipends and produced masterpieces of Hellenistic poetry, including panegyrics in honour of the Ptolemaic family. Other scholars operating under Ptolemy's aegis included the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> and the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a>. Ptolemy is thought to have commissioned <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> to compose his <i><a href="/wiki/Aegyptiaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptiaca">Aegyptiaca</a></i>, an account of Egyptian history, perhaps intended to make Egyptian culture intelligible to its new rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-H635_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H635-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tradition preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphy">pseudepigraphical</a> <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas" title="Letter of Aristeas">Letter of Aristeas</a> presents Ptolemy as the driving force behind the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> into Greek as the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>. This account contains several anachronisms and is unlikely to be true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen2016413–416_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen2016413–416-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible is likely to have taken place among the Jews of Alexandria, but the role of Ptolemy II is unclear and only the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a> is likely to have been translated during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen2016413–416_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen2016413–416-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorival202114–17,_18_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorival202114–17,_18-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_western_Mediterranean">Relations with the western Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relations with the western Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ptolemy II and King <a href="/wiki/Hiero_II_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero II of Syracuse">Hiero II of Syracuse</a> are regularly referred to as having enjoyed particularly close relations. There is substantial evidence for the exchange of goods and ideas between Syracuse and Alexandria. Hiero seems to have modelled various aspects of his royal self-representation and perhaps his tax system, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Hieronica" title="Lex Hieronica">Lex Hieronica</a></i> on Ptolemaic models. Two of the luminaries of Ptolemy II's court, the poet <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a> and the mathematician and engineer <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> came from and eventually returned to Syracuse.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numismatic evidence seems to indicate that Ptolemy II funded Hiero II's original rise to power – a series of Ptolemaic bronze coins known as the 'Galatian shield without Sigma' minted between 271 and 265 BC, have been shown to have been minted in Sicily itself, on the basis of their style, flan shape, die axes, weight and find spots. The first set seem to have been minted by a Ptolemaic mint, perhaps left there in 276 BC after <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a>' withdrawal from Sicily. They are succeeded by a series that seems to have been minted by the regular Syracusan mint, perhaps on the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> in 265 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ptolemy II cultivated good relations with <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, in contrast to his father, who seems to have gone to war with them at least once. One reason for this may have been the desire to outflank Magas of Cyrene, who shared a border with the Carthaginian empire at the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage#Cyrene_and_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">Altars of Philaeni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H54_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H54-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy was also the first Egyptian ruler to enter into formal relations with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. An embassy from Ptolemy visited the city of Rome in 273 BC and established a relationship of friendship (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i>amicitia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two friendships were tested in 264 BC, when the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> broke out between Carthage and Rome, but Ptolemy II remained studiously neutral in the conflict, refusing a direct Carthaginian request for financial assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H54_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H54-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_India">Relations with India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relations with India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ptolemy is recorded by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> as having sent an ambassador named <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(ambassador)" title="Dionysius (ambassador)">Dionysius</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan</a> court at <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> in India,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198838_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198838-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>"But [India] has been treated of by several other Greek writers who resided at the courts of Indian kings, such, for instance, as <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_(ambassador)" title="Dionysius (ambassador)">Dionysius</a>, who was sent thither by [Ptolemy II] Philadelphus, expressly for the purpose: all of whom have enlarged upon the power and vast resources of these nations." Pliny the Elder, "The Natural History", Chap. 21<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> as a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> proselytism of Ashoka: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now it is conquest by <a href="/wiki/Dhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma">Dhamma</a> that Beloved-Servant-of-the-Gods considers to be the best conquest. And it [conquest by Dhamma] has been won here, on the borders, even six hundred yojanas away, where the Greek king Antiochos rules, beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy, Antigonos, Magas and Alexander rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas, the Pandyas, and as far as Tamraparni. Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_issue">Marriages and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Marriages and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ptolemy married Arsinoe I, daughter of Lysimachus, between 284 and 281 BC. She was the mother of his legitimate children:<sup id="cite_ref-ancientegyptonline_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientegyptonline-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BennettPtolII_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettPtolII-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Image</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemy III</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolomeo_III.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ptolomeo_III.JPG/90px-Ptolomeo_III.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ptolomeo_III.JPG/135px-Ptolomeo_III.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ptolomeo_III.JPG/180px-Ptolomeo_III.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5044" /></a></span></td> <td>c. 285–275 BC</td> <td>October/December 222 BC</td> <td>Succeeded his father as king in 246 BC. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus_of_Egypt" title="Lysimachus of Egypt">Lysimachus</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>221 BC</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(Seleucid_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice (Seleucid queen)">Berenice</a></td> <td></td> <td>c. 275 BC?</td> <td>September/October 246 BC</td> <td>Married the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus II">Antiochus II</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ptolemy II repudiated Arsinoe I in the 270s BC. Probably in 273 or 272 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he married his sister Arsinoe II, widow of Lysimachus. They had no offspring, but in the 260s BC, the children of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe I were legally declared to be Arsinoe II's children.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ptolemy II also had several <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">mistresses</a>, including Agathoclea (?), <a href="/wiki/Aglais_(musician)" title="Aglais (musician)">Aglais</a> (?) daughter of Megacles, the <a href="/wiki/Cup-bearer" title="Cup-bearer">cup-bearer</a> Cleino, Didyme, the <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chian</a> <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> player Glauce, the flautist <a href="/wiki/Mnesis" title="Mnesis">Mnesis</a>, the actress Myrtion, the flautist Pothine and <a href="/wiki/Stratonice_of_Libya" title="Stratonice of Libya">Stratonice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettPtolII_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettPtolII-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a woman named <a href="/wiki/Bilistiche" title="Bilistiche">Bilistiche</a> he is said to have had an illegitimate son named Ptolemy Andromachou.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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members of the Ptolemaic dynasty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Bennett established the date of Ptolemy I's death in April–June. Previously, the standard date was January 282 BC, following A.E. Samuel <i>Ptolemaic Chronology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This identification of Ptolemy son of Lysimachus, with Ptolemy "the son" who is attested as Ptolemy II's co-regent is argued in detail by Chris Bennett. Other scholars have identified the co-regent as the future <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemy III</a> or some otherwise unknown son of Ptolemy II.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leprohon_178-179-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leprohon_178-179_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leprohon_178-179_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leprohon_178-179_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leprohon_178-179_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leprohon_178-179_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeprohon2013" class="citation book cs1">Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LEPROHON2013TheGreatNameAncientEgyptianRoyalTitulary/page/n198/mode/1up"><i>The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary</i></a>. SBL Press. pp. 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-736-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-736-2"><bdi>978-1-58983-736-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Name%3A+Ancient+Egyptian+Royal+Titulary&rft.pages=178-179&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-736-2&rft.aulast=Leprohon&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLEPROHON2013TheGreatNameAncientEgyptianRoyalTitulary%2Fpage%2Fn198%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayman2014" class="citation book cs1">Clayman, Dee L. (2014). <i>Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195370881" title="Special:BookSources/9780195370881"><bdi>9780195370881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berenice+II+and+the+Golden+Age+of+Ptolemaic+Egypt&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780195370881&rft.aulast=Clayman&rft.aufirst=Dee+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berenice_I_at_Livius.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berenice_I_at_Livius.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berenice_I_at_Livius.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/be-bm/berenice/berenice_i.html">Berenice I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317111031/http://www.livius.org/be-bm/berenice/berenice_i.html">Archived</a> 17 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Livius.org; accessed 5 October 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstantinos_Spanoudakis2002" class="citation book cs1">Konstantinos Spanoudakis (2002). <i>Philitas of Cos</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne_(journal)" title="Mnemosyne (journal)">Mnemosyne</a>, <i>Supplements</i>, 229. Leiden: Brill. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12428-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12428-4"><bdi>90-04-12428-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philitas+of+Cos&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Mnemosyne%2C+%27%27Supplements%27%27%2C+229&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12428-4&rft.au=Konstantinos+Spanoudakis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden1999" class="citation book cs1">Ogden, Daniel (1999). <i>Polygamy Prostitutes and Death. The Hellenistic Dynasties</i>. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/07156-29301" title="Special:BookSources/07156-29301"><bdi>07156-29301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy+Prostitutes+and+Death.+The+Hellenistic+Dynasties&rft.place=London&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=07156-29301&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacurdy1985" class="citation book cs1">Macurdy, Grace Harriet (1985). <i>Hellenistic Queens</i> (Reprint of 1932 ed.). Ares Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89005-542-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89005-542-4"><bdi>0-89005-542-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Queens&rft.edition=Reprint+of+1932&rft.pub=Ares+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-89005-542-4&rft.aulast=Macurdy&rft.aufirst=Grace+Harriet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, pp. 24–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BennettI-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BennettI_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettI_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_i_fr.htm">"Ptolemy I"</a>. <i>Egyptian Royal Genealogy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Royal+Genealogy&rft.atitle=Ptolemy+I&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstonebrewer.com%2FTyndaleSites%2FEgypt%2Fptolemies%2Fptolemy_i_fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murder: <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a> XXI.3; Illness: <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a> 16.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> 1.7.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/argaeus_fr.htm">"Argaeus"</a>. <i>Egyptian Royal Genealogy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Royal+Genealogy&rft.atitle=Argaeus&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstonebrewer.com%2FTyndaleSites%2FEgypt%2Fptolemies%2Fargaeus_fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H36-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H36_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H36_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> <i>Deipnosophistae</i> 14.621a-b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholia on Theocritus 17.128; Pausanias 1.7.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theocritus <i>Idyll</i> 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BArsII-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BArsII_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BArsII_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/arsinoe_ii_fr.htm">"Arsinoe II"</a>. <i>Egyptian Royal Genealogy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Royal+Genealogy&rft.atitle=Arsinoe+II&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstonebrewer.com%2FTyndaleSites%2FEgypt%2Fptolemies%2Farsinoe_ii_fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/nios_i_fr.htm">"Ptolemy "the son"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Egyptian Royal Genealogy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Royal+Genealogy&rft.atitle=Ptolemy+%22the+son%22&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstonebrewer.com%2FTyndaleSites%2FEgypt%2Fptolemies%2Fnios_i_fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias 1.7.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hinds-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hinds_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinds2009" class="citation book cs1">Hinds, Kathryn (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQmdaIQ3HjkC&pg=PA38"><i>Ancient Celts: Europe's Tribal Ancestors</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4514-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4514-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-4514-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Celts%3A+Europe%27s+Tribal+Ancestors&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-4514-2&rft.aulast=Hinds&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuQmdaIQ3HjkC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias 1.7.2; <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> <i>Hymn</i> 4.185-7, with <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">Scholia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2003" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Stephen (2003). "The Galatians: Representation and Reality". In Erskine, Andrew (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontohelle00ersk"><i>A Companion to the Hellenistic World</i></a></span>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishers">Blackwell</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontohelle00ersk/page/n301">280</a>–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631225379" title="Special:BookSources/9780631225379"><bdi>9780631225379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Galatians%3A+Representation+and+Reality&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Hellenistic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=280-293&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780631225379&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontohelle00ersk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarn1929" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Woodthorpe_Tarn" title="William Woodthorpe Tarn">Tarn, W. W.</a> (1929). "Ptolemy II and Arabia". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology">The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</a></i>. <b>15</b> (1): 9–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030751332901500103">10.1177/030751332901500103</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3854009">3854009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Ptolemy+II+and+Arabia&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-25&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030751332901500103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3854009%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tarn&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Referenced in a papyrus: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papyri.info/ddbdp/sb;1;5111"><i>SB</i> 5111</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Agatharchides" title="Agatharchides">Agatharchides</a> <i>FGrH</i> 86 F20; <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> <i>Bibliotheca</i> 1.37.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theocritus <i>Idyll</i> 17.87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H55-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H55_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H55_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus, <i>Bibliotheca</i> 3.12; <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> <i>Natural History</i> 6.170. Excavations of the city have been undertaken: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastiglioniCastiglioni.Negro1991" class="citation journal cs1">Castiglioni, Alfredo; Castiglioni., Andrea; Negro, A. (1991). "A la recherche de Berenice Pancrisia dans le désert oriental nubien". <i>Bulletin de la Société française d'égyptologie</i>. <b>121</b>: 5–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27%C3%A9gyptologie&rft.atitle=A+la+recherche+de+Berenice+Pancrisia+dans+le+d%C3%A9sert+oriental+nubien&rft.volume=121&rft.pages=5-24&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Castiglioni&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft.au=Castiglioni.%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Negro%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H56-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H56_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H56_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agatharchides F86; <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> <i>Geography</i> 16.4.8; Pliny the Elder, <i>Natural History</i> 6.171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i> 8.163–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a> s.v. Ἄγκυρα; <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Byzantium" title="Dionysius of Byzantium">Dionysius of Byzantium</a>, <i>On the Navigation of the Bosporus</i> 2.34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hölb_2001_40–41-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hölb_2001_40–41_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hölb_2001_40–41_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne" class="citation web cs1">Byrne, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atticinscriptions.com/inscription/IGII31/912">"<i>IG</i> II<sup>3</sup> 1 912: Alliance between Athens and Sparta"</a>. <i>Attic Inscriptions Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Attic+Inscriptions+Online&rft.atitle=IG+II%3Csup%3E3%3C%2Fsup%3E+1+912%3A+Alliance+between+Athens+and+Sparta&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atticinscriptions.com%2Finscription%2FIGII31%2F912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauben2013">Hauben 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neil2008">O'Neil 2008</a>, pp. 74–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200881–82-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200881–82_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neil2008">O'Neil 2008</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauben201361-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauben201361_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauben2013">Hauben 2013</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200883–84-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200883–84_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neil2008">O'Neil 2008</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200884–85-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neil200884–85_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neil2008">O'Neil 2008</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHauben201362-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauben201362_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHauben201362_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHauben2013">Hauben 2013</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H44-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H44_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H44_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H44_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H44_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H44_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H44_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, pp. 42–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, pp. 43–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> <i>FGrH</i> 260 F 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas" title="Letter of Aristeas">Letter of Aristeas</a> 180; Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i> 12.93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H446-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H446_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H446_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H446_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, pp. 44–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin 26.3.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin 26.3.3–6; <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> 66.25–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BennettPtolII-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BennettPtolII_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettPtolII_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettPtolII_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_ii_fr.htm">"Ptolemy II"</a>. <i>Egyptian Royal Genealogy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Royal+Genealogy&rft.atitle=Ptolemy+II&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstonebrewer.com%2FTyndaleSites%2FEgypt%2Fptolemies%2Fptolemy_ii_fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H948-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H948_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H948_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, pp. 94–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> <i>Moralia</i> 753F</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callixenus <i><a href="/wiki/FGrH" class="mw-redirect" title="FGrH">FGrH</a></i> 627 F2 = <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deipnosophists">Deipnosophists</a></i>, 5.196a-203be; detailed studies in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1983" class="citation book cs1">Rice, E. E. (1983). <i>The grand procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+grand+procession+of+Ptolemy+Philadelphus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazzard2000" class="citation book cs1">Hazzard, R. A. (2000). <i>Imagination of a monarchy : studies in Ptolemaic propaganda</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 60–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802043139" title="Special:BookSources/9780802043139"><bdi>9780802043139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagination+of+a+monarchy+%3A+studies+in+Ptolemaic+propaganda&rft.pages=60-81&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780802043139&rft.aulast=Hazzard&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scullard, H.H <i>The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World</i> Thames and Hudson. 1974, pg 125 "At the head of an imposing array of animals (including...)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 81 & 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H867-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H867_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H867_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H867_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H867_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H867_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk"><i>The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500283967" title="Special:BookSources/9780500283967"><bdi>9780500283967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Temples+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780500283967&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletetempleso00wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk"><i>The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500283967" title="Special:BookSources/9780500283967"><bdi>9780500283967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Temples+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780500283967&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletetempleso00wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk"><i>The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk/page/111">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500283967" title="Special:BookSources/9780500283967"><bdi>9780500283967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Temples+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780500283967&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletetempleso00wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk"><i>The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk/page/142">142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500283967" title="Special:BookSources/9780500283967"><bdi>9780500283967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Temples+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780500283967&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletetempleso00wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk"><i>The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk/page/151">151–152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500283967" title="Special:BookSources/9780500283967"><bdi>9780500283967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Temples+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=151-152&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780500283967&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletetempleso00wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk"><i>The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500283967" title="Special:BookSources/9780500283967"><bdi>9780500283967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Temples+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780500283967&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletetempleso00wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H589-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H589_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H589_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, pp. 58–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwell-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagnallDerow2004" class="citation book cs1">Bagnall, Roger; Derow, Peter (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenisticperio00bagn"><i>The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation</i></a></span> (2 ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenisticperio00bagn/page/n315">285</a>–288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Period%3A+Historical+Sources+in+Translation&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=285-288&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Derow%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellenisticperio00bagn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H623-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H623_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H623_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H623_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H623_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H623_75-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, pp. 62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H635-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H635_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, pp. 63–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen2016413–416-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen2016413–416_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen2016413–416_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruen2016">Gruen 2016</a>, pp. 413–416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorival202114–17,_18-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorival202114–17,_18_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorival2021">Dorival 2021</a>, pp. 14–17, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Sensi_Sestito1995" class="citation book cs1">De Sensi Sestito, Giovanna (1995). "Rapporti tra la Sicilia, Roma e l'Egitto". In Caccamo Caltabiano, Maria (ed.). <i>La Sicilia tra l'Egitto e Roma: la monetazione siracusana dell'età di Ierone II</i>. Messina: Accademia peloritana dei pericolanti. pp. 38–44 & 63–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rapporti+tra+la+Sicilia%2C+Roma+e+l%27Egitto&rft.btitle=La+Sicilia+tra+l%27Egitto+e+Roma%3A+la+monetazione+siracusana+dell%27et%C3%A0+di+Ierone+II&rft.place=Messina&rft.pages=38-44+%26+63-64&rft.pub=Accademia+peloritana+dei+pericolanti&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=De+Sensi+Sestito&rft.aufirst=Giovanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfLorber2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf, Daniel; Lorber, Catharine (2011). "The 'Galatian Shield without Σ' Series". <i>The Numismatic Chronicle</i>. <b>171</b>: 7–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numismatic+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+%27Galatian+Shield+without+%CE%A3%27+Series&rft.volume=171&rft.pages=7-57&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Lorber%2C+Catharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H54-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H54_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H54_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl 2001</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> <i>Roman Antiquities</i> 14.1; <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> <i>Periochae</i> 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> <i>Sicelica</i> 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198838-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198838_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMookerji1988">Mookerji 1988</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21">Pliny the Elder, "The Natural History", Chap. 21</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728023626/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21">Archived</a> 28 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancientegyptonline-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ancientegyptonline_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/PtolemyII.html">"Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt"</a>. Ancient Egypt Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pharaohs+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Ancient+Egypt+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientegyptonline.co.uk%2FPtolemyII.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazzard2000" class="citation book cs1">Hazzard, R. A. (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQvi3Xjv4HYC&pg=PA90"><i>Imagination of a Monarchy: Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4313-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4313-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-4313-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagination+of+a+Monarchy%3A+Studies+in+Ptolemaic+Propaganda&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4313-9&rft.aulast=Hazzard&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPQvi3Xjv4HYC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/arsinoe_ii_fr.htm">"Arsinoe II"</a>. <i>Egyptian Royal Genealogy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Royal+Genealogy&rft.atitle=Arsinoe+II&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstonebrewer.com%2FTyndaleSites%2FEgypt%2Fptolemies%2Farsinoe_ii_fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/andromachou_fr.htm">Ptolemy Andromachou</a> by Chris Bennett</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Clayton06" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Peter A. (2006). <i>Chronicles of the Pharaohs: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers and dynasties of ancient Egypt</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28628-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28628-0"><bdi>0-500-28628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicles+of+the+Pharaohs%3A+the+reign-by-reign+record+of+the+rulers+and+dynasties+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-500-28628-0&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorival2021" class="citation book cs1">Dorival, Gilles (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/39198"><i>The Septuagint from Alexandria to Constantinople : canon, New Testament, Church fathers, catenae</i></a> (First ed.). Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192898098" title="Special:BookSources/9780192898098"><bdi>9780192898098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Septuagint+from+Alexandria+to+Constantinople+%3A+canon%2C+New+Testament%2C+Church+fathers%2C+catenae&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780192898098&rft.aulast=Dorival&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F39198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2010" class="citation book cs1">Grainger, John D. (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syrianwars00grai"><i>The Syrian Wars</i></a></span>. Brill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syrianwars00grai/page/n299">281</a>–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004180505" title="Special:BookSources/9789004180505"><bdi>9789004180505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syrian+Wars&rft.pages=281-328&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004180505&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyrianwars00grai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen2016" class="citation book cs1">Gruen, Erich S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbkjxph"><i>The Construct of Identity in Hellenistic Judaism Essays on Early Jewish Literature and History</i></a>. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037555-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037555-8"><bdi>978-3-11-037555-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbkjxph">j.ctvbkjxph</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construct+of+Identity+in+Hellenistic+Judaism+Essays+on+Early+Jewish+Literature+and+History&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvbkjxph%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-3-11-037555-8&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvbkjxph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauben2013" class="citation book cs1">Hauben, Hans (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=86MaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">"Callicrates of Samos and Patroclus of Macedon, champions of Ptolemaic thalassocracy"</a>. In Buraselis, Kostas; Stefanou, Mary; Thompson, Dorothy J. (eds.). <i>The Ptolemies, the Sea and the Nile: Studies in Waterborne Power</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107033351" title="Special:BookSources/9781107033351"><bdi>9781107033351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Callicrates+of+Samos+and+Patroclus+of+Macedon%2C+champions+of+Ptolemaic+thalassocracy&rft.btitle=The+Ptolemies%2C+the+Sea+and+the+Nile%3A+Studies+in+Waterborne+Power&rft.pages=39-65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107033351&rft.aulast=Hauben&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D86MaBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazzard2000" class="citation book cs1">Hazzard, R. A. (2000). <i>Imagination of a Monarchy: Studies in Ptolemaic Propaganda</i>. Toronto; London: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagination+of+a+Monarchy%3A+Studies+in+Ptolemaic+Propaganda&rft.place=Toronto%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hazzard&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHölbl2001" class="citation book cs1">Hölbl, Günther (2001). <i>A History of the Ptolemaic Empire</i>. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 143–152 & 181–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415201454" title="Special:BookSources/0415201454"><bdi>0415201454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ptolemaic+Empire&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=143-152+%26+181-194&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0415201454&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6lbl&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquaille2008" class="citation book cs1">Marquaille, Céline (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLr7rXZB35cC&pg=PA39">"The Foreign Policy of Ptolemy II"</a>. In McKechnie, Paul R.; Guillaume, Philippe (eds.). <i>Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World</i>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 39–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004170896" title="Special:BookSources/9789004170896"><bdi>9789004170896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Ptolemy+II&rft.btitle=Ptolemy+II+Philadelphus+and+his+World&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pages=39-64&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004170896&rft.aulast=Marquaille&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9line&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdLr7rXZB35cC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">Mookerji, Radha Kumud</a> (1988) [first published in 1966], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C"><i>Chandragupta Maurya and his times</i></a> (4th ed.), <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0433-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0433-3"><bdi>81-208-0433-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+his+times&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-208-0433-3&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radha+Kumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Neil, James L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLr7rXZB35cC&pg=PA65">"A Re-Examination of the Chremonidean War"</a>. In McKechnie, Paul R.; Guillaume, Philippe (eds.). <i>Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World</i>. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 65–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004170896" title="Special:BookSources/9789004170896"><bdi>9789004170896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Re-Examination+of+the+Chremonidean+War&rft.btitle=Ptolemy+II+Philadelphus+and+his+World&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pages=65-90&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004170896&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdLr7rXZB35cC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ptolemies" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 616–618.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ptolemies&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=616-618&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APtolemy+II+Philadelphus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ptolemy_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/3*.html">Ptolemy Philadelphus at LacusCurtius</a> — (Chapter III of E. R Bevan's <i>House of Ptolemy</i>, 1923)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualreligion.net/iho/ptolemy_2.html">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/great_mendes_stela.htm">the Great Mendes Stele of Ptolemy II</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Ptolemy II Philadelphus </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Dynasty">Ptolemaic Dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 309 BC</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 246 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pharaohs#Ptolemaic_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pharaohs">Pharaoh of Egypt</a> </b><br />283–246 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antipatrid_dynasty" title="Antipatrid dynasty">Antipatrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Macedon" title="Philip IV of Macedon">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_V_of_Macedon" title="Alexander V of Macedon">Alexander V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_II_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipater II of Macedon">Antipater II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_Etesias" title="Antipater Etesias">Antipater Etesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius I Poliorcetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonus II Gonatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_III_Doson" title="Antigonus III Doson">Antigonus III Doson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus">Philip VI</a> (pretender)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI" title="Cleopatra VI">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV" title="Berenice IV">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Cyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Cyrene">Monarchs of Cyrene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_the_Fair" title="Demetrius the Fair">Demetrius the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Apion" title="Ptolemy Apion">Ptolemy Apion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander I Balas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Thea" title="Cleopatra Thea">Cleopatra Thea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_of_Syria" title="Cleopatra Selene of Syria">Cleopatra Selene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Epigonos" title="Ptolemy Epigonos">Ptolemy Epigonos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philetaerus" title="Philetaerus">Philetaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_I" title="Eumenes I">Eumenes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_I" title="Attalus I">Attalus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_II_Philadelphus" title="Attalus II Philadelphus">Attalus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_III" title="Attalus III">Attalus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_III" title="Eumenes III">Eumenes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Bactria" title="Plato of Bactria">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_II" title="Eucratides II">Eucratides II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_I" title="Apollodotus I">Apollodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_II" title="Antimachus II">Antimachus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathokleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathokleia">Agathokleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysias_Anicetus" title="Lysias Anicetus">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliokles_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliokles II">Heliokles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyxenos_Epiphanes_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyxenos Epiphanes Soter">Polyxenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Aniketos" title="Demetrius III Aniketos">Demetrius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_Anicetus" title="Philoxenus Anicetus">Philoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes_Soter" title="Diomedes Soter">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epander" title="Epander">Epander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilos (king)">Theophilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peukolaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukolaos">Peukolaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraso" title="Thraso">Thraso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicias_(Indo-Greek_king)" title="Nicias (Indo-Greek king)">Nicias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemidoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemidoros">Artemidoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaeus" title="Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archebius" title="Archebius">Archebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephos_Euergetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephos Euergetes">Telephos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_II" title="Apollodotus II">Apollodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippostratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippostratos">Hippostratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysios Soter">Dionysios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos II">Zoilos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollophanes" title="Apollophanes">Apollophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_III" title="Strato III">Strato III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bithynia" title="List of rulers of Bithynia">Monarchs of Bithynia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boteiras_of_Bithynia" title="Boteiras of Bithynia">Boteiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_of_Bithynia" title="Bas of Bithynia">Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes I of Bithynia">Zipoetes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes I of Bithynia">Nicomedes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes II of Bithynia">Zipoetes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazeta_of_Bithynia" title="Etazeta of Bithynia">Etazeta</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaelas_of_Bithynia" title="Ziaelas of Bithynia">Ziaelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_I_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias I of Bithynia">Prusias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_II_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias II of Bithynia">Prusias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes II of Bithynia">Nicomedes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_III_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes III of Bithynia">Nicomedes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_IV_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes IV of Bithynia">Nicomedes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_Chrestus" title="Socrates Chrestus">Socrates Chrestus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Monarchs of Pontus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates I of Pontus">Mithridates I Ctistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Pontus" title="Ariobarzanes of Pontus">Ariobarzanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates II of Pontus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates III of Pontus">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_I_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces I of Pontus">Pharnaces I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates IV of Pontus">Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Laodice_(sister-wife_of_Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus)" title="Laodice (sister-wife of Mithridates IV of Pontus)">Laodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates V of Pontus">Mithridates V Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_of_Pontus" title="Darius of Pontus">Darius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsaces_of_Pontus" title="Arsaces of Pontus">Arsaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythodorida_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythodorida of Pontus">Pythodorida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_II_of_Pontus" title="Polemon II of Pontus">Polemon II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Monarchs of Commagene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_of_Commagene" title="Ptolemaeus of Commagene">Ptolemaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sames_II_Theosebes_Dikaios" title="Sames II Theosebes Dikaios">Sames II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_Callinicus" title="Mithridates I Callinicus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I Theos of Commagene">Antiochus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates II of Commagene">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus II of Commagene">Antiochus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates III of Commagene">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus III of Commagene">Antiochus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus IV of Commagene">Antiochus IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Cappadocia">Monarchs of Cappadocia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes II of Cappadocia">Ariarathes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamnes_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariamnes of Cappadocia">Ariamnes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes III of Cappadocia">Ariarathes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IV_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_V_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes V of Cappadocia">Ariarathes V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orophernes_of_Cappadocia" title="Orophernes of Cappadocia">Orophernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VI_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VIII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IX_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_X_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes X of Cappadocia">Ariarathes X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Monarchs of the<br />Cimmerian Bosporus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_I" title="Paerisades I">Paerisades I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyros II">Satyros II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prytanis_of_Bosporus" title="Prytanis of Bosporus">Prytanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelos_of_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelos of Bosporus">Eumelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos III">Spartokos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiainon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygiainon">Hygiainon</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_II" title="Paerisades II">Paerisades II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos IV">Spartokos IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukon_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukon II">Leukon II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spartokos_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spartokos V (page does not exist)">Spartokos V</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_V" class="extiw" title="ru:Спарток V">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasarye_Philoteknos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasarye Philoteknos">Kamasarye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_III" title="Paerisades III">Paerisades III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_IV_Philometor" title="Paerisades IV Philometor">Paerisades IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_V" title="Paerisades V">Paerisades V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_the_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates I of the Bosporus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonius_(Bosporan_usurper)" title="Scribonius (Bosporan usurper)">Scribonius</a>'s attempted rule with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Aspurgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Julius Aspurgus">Aspurgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepaepyris" title="Gepaepyris">Gepaepyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Mithridates" title="Tiberius Julius Mithridates">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Cotys_I" title="Tiberius Julius Cotys I">Cotys I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_kings_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the kings of Epirus">Monarchs of Epirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admetus_of_Epirus" title="Admetus of Epirus">Admetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharrhypas" title="Tharrhypas">Tharrhypas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_I_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas I of Epirus">Alcetas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_I_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus I of Epirus">Neoptolemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arybbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arybbas">Arybbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus" title="Alexander I of Epirus">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeacides_of_Epirus" title="Aeacides of Epirus">Aeacides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_II_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus II of Epirus">Neoptolemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_II_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas II of Epirus">Alcetas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympias_II_of_Epirus" title="Olympias II of Epirus">Olympias II</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_II_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus II of Epirus">Pyrrhus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Epirus" title="Ptolemy of Epirus">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_III_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus III of Epirus">Pyrrhus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_II_of_Epirus" title="Deidamia II of Epirus">Deidamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Hellenistic rulers were preceded by <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps" title="Template:Hellenistic satraps">Hellenistic satraps</a> in most of their territories.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-3150 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39576#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39576#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39576#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078579172">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42634080">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/424144647710568380098">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/297984495">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/170159474191027661911">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/264160307254157740544">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173750083">6</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/109724/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11879356X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83032385">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14609856r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14609856r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070980950">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000069539&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsw21b01mb02b3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810665379305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/145495">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299493205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14579770?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500356587">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11879356X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11879356X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/075218011">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&oldid=1252736200">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus&oldid=1252736200</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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