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href="#1800s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1800s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1900s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aswan_Low_Dam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aswan_Low_Dam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Aswan Low Dam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aswan_Low_Dam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Rescue project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nearby_locations_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nearby_locations_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nearby locations of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nearby_locations_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%8A%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9)" title="Ναός της Ίσιδος (Φίλαι) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναός της Ίσιδος (Φίλαι)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Isis_(File)" title="Templo de Isis (File) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo de Isis (File)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_d%27Isis_(Phil%C3%A6)" title="Temple d'Isis (Philæ) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temple d'Isis (Philæ)" data-language-autonym="Français" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in the Nile, Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the ESA space probe, see <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae (spacecraft)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Philae temple complex</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φιλαί</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فيلة</span>; <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕ</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:File,_Asu%C3%A1n,_Egipto,_2022-04-01,_DD_93.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_93.jpg/220px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_93.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_93.jpg/330px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_93.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_93.jpg/440px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_93.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7587" data-file-height="2420" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The temple of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> from Philae at its current location on <a href="/wiki/Agilkia_Island" title="Agilkia Island">Agilkia Island</a> in the reservoir of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Low_Dam" title="Aswan Low Dam">Aswan Low Dam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philae temple complex is located in Egypt"><img alt="Philae temple complex is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.807%;left:66.332%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Philae temple complex"><img alt="Philae temple complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Egypt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Governorate" title="Aswan Governorate">Aswan Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Philae_temple_complex&params=24_1_15_N_32_53_22_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°1′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°53′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.02083°N 32.88944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.02083; 32.88944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Sanctuary</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">7th or 6th century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">6th century AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> or <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia" title="International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia">Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, iii, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1979 (3rd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/88">88</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States">Arab States</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Philae temple complex</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φιλαί or Φιλή and Πιλάχ</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فيلة</span>  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Egyptian Arabic:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="arz-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[fiːlæ]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>: <i>p3-jw-rķ' or 'pA-jw-rq</i>; <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕ, ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕϩ</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier30_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier30-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Coptic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cop-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈpilɑk,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpilɑkh]</a></span>) is an island-based temple complex in the reservoir of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Low_Dam" title="Aswan Low Dam">Aswan Low Dam</a>, downstream of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. </p><p>Until the <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Save_the_Monuments_of_Nubia" title="International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia">International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia</a>, the temple complex was located on <a href="/wiki/Philae_Island" title="Philae Island">Philae Island</a>, near the expansive <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">First Cataract</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a> and the surrounding area have been variously flooded since the initial construction of the Aswan Low Dam in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple complex was dismantled and moved to nearby <a href="/wiki/Agilkia_Island" title="Agilkia Island">Agilkia Island</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Nubia Campaign project, protecting this and other complexes before the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hieroglyphic reliefs of the temple complex are being studied and published by the Philae Temple Text Project of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a>, Vienna (Institute OREA).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philae_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Philae_temple.jpg/300px-Philae_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Philae_temple.jpg/450px-Philae_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Philae_temple.jpg/600px-Philae_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of the Philae Temple from south, at its current location on <a href="/wiki/Agilkia_Island" title="Agilkia Island">Agilkia Island</a></figcaption></figure> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G40.png?d2bfd" height="34" title="G40 [pA]" alt="pA" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N30.png?da3a5" height="16" title="N30 [iAt]" alt="iAt" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V31.png?70ebb" height="11" title="V31 [k]" alt="k" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49 [niwt]" alt="niwt" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <b>or</b> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4 [y]" alt="y" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N30.png?da3a5" height="16" title="N30 [iAt]" alt="iAt" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49 [niwt]" alt="niwt" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: silver; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid blue; padding: 0.5em">pꜣ jꜣ rk(ḳ)<sup id="cite_ref-Budge951_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budge951-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gauthier30_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauthier30-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Philae is mentioned by numerous ancient writers, including <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was, as the plural name indicates, the appellation of two small islands situated in latitude <a href="/wiki/24th_parallel_north" title="24th parallel north">24° north</a>, just above the First Cataract near <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> (Egyptian <i>Swenet</i> "Trade;" <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Συήνη</span>). Groskurd<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> computes the distance between these islands and Aswan at about 100 km (62 mi). </p><p>Despite being the smaller island, Philae proper was, from the numerous and picturesque ruins formerly there, the more interesting of the two. Before the inundation, it was not more than 380 metres (1,250 ft) long and about 120 metres (390 ft) broad. It is composed of <a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">syenite</a>: its sides are steep and on their summits a lofty wall was built encompassing the island. </p><p>Since Philae was said to be one of the burying-places of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, it was held in high reverence both by the Egyptians to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a> (often referred to as "Ethiopians" in Greek) to the south. It was deemed profane for any but priests to dwell there and was accordingly sequestered and denominated "the Unapproachable" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἄβατος</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported too that neither birds flew over it nor fish approached its shores.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These indeed were the traditions of a remote period; since in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>, Philae was so much resorted to, partly by pilgrims to the tomb of Osiris, partly by persons on secular errands, that the priests petitioned <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> (170–117 BC) to prohibit public functionaries at least from coming there and living at their expense. </p><p>In the nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/William_John_Bankes" title="William John Bankes">William John Bankes</a> took the <a href="/wiki/Philae_obelisk" title="Philae obelisk">Philae obelisk</a> on which this petition was engraved to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. When its <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> were compared with those of the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>, it threw great light upon the Egyptian consonantal alphabet. </p><p>The islands of Philae were not, however, merely sacerdotal abodes; they were the centres of commerce also between <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>. For the rapids of the cataracts were at most seasons impracticable, and the commodities exchanged between Egypt and Nubia were reciprocally landed and re-embarked at Syene and Philae. </p><p>The neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> quarries also attracted a numerous population of miners and stonemasons; and, for the convenience of this traffic, a gallery or road was formed in the rocks along the east bank of the Nile, portions of which are still extant. </p><p>Philae also was remarkable for the singular effects of light and shade resulting from its position near the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>. As the sun approached its northern limit the shadows from the projecting cornices and moldings of the temples sink lower and lower down the plain surfaces of the walls, until, the sun having reached its highest altitude, the vertical walls are overspread with dark shadows, forming a striking contrast with the fierce light which illuminates all surrounding objects.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Philae_temple_complex" title="Special:EditPage/Philae temple complex">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most conspicuous feature of both islands was their architectural wealth. Monuments of various eras, extending from the Pharaohs to the Caesars, occupy nearly their whole area. The principal structures, however, lay at the south end of the smaller island. </p><p>The most ancient was a temple for <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, built in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a> during 380–362 BC, which was approached from the river through a double <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a>. Nekhtnebef was his <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">ancient Egyptian royal titulary</a> and he became the founding pharaoh of the <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth</a> and last native dynasty when he deposed and killed <a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a>. </p><p>For the most part, the other ruins date from the Ptolemaic Kingdom, more especially with the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> (282–145 BC), with many traces of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman</a> work in Philae dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Ammon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>. </p><p>In front of the propyla were two colossal <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> in granite, behind which stood a pair of <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a>, each 13 metres (43 ft) high. The propyla were pyramidal in form and colossal in dimensions. One stood between the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dromos" class="extiw" title="wikt:dromos">dromos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portico#Pronaos" title="Portico">pronaos</a>, another between the pronaos and the <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a>, while a smaller one led into the sekos or <a href="/wiki/Adyton" title="Adyton">adyton</a>. At each corner of the adytum stood a monolithic shrine, the cage of a sacred hawk. Of these shrines one is now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, the other in the Museum at <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. </p><p>Beyond the entrance into the principal court are small temples, one of which, dedicated to Isis, Hathor, and a wide range of deities related to <a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">midwifery</a>, is covered with sculptures representing the birth of Ptolemy Philometor, under the figure of the god <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>. The story of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> is everywhere represented on the walls of this temple, and two of its inner chambers are particularly rich in symbolic imagery. Upon the two great propyla are Greek inscriptions intersected and partially destroyed by Egyptian figures cut across them. </p><p>The monuments in both islands indeed attested, beyond any others in the Nile valley, the survival of pure Egyptian art centuries after the last of the Pharaohs had ceased to reign. Great pains have been taken to mutilate the sculptures of this temple. The work of deletion is attributable, in the first instance, to the zeal of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a>, and afterward, to the policy of the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasts</a>, who curried favour for themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine court</a> by the destruction of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heathen" class="extiw" title="wikt:heathen">heathen</a> images as well as Christian ones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Images/icons of Horus are often less mutilated than the other carvings. In some wall scenes, every figure and hieroglyphic text <i>except</i> that of Horus and his winged solar-disk representation has been meticulously scratched out by early Christians. This is presumably because the early Christians had some degree of respect for Horus or the legend of Horus - it may be because they saw parallels between the stories of Jesus and Horus (see <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology#Iconography" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Jesus in comparative mythology#Iconography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology#Dying-and-rising_god_archetype" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">#Dying-and-rising god archetype</a>). </p><p>The soil of Philae had been prepared carefully for the reception of its buildings–being leveled where it was uneven, and supported by masonry where it was crumbling or insecure. For example, the western wall of the Great Temple, and the corresponding wall of the dromos, were supported by very strong foundations, built below the pre-inundation level of the water, and rested on the granite which in this region forms the bed of the Nile. Here and there steps were hewn out from the wall to facilitate the communication between the temple and the river. </p><p>At the southern extremity of the dromos of the Great Temple was a smaller temple, apparently dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>; at least the few columns that remained of it are surmounted with the head of that goddess. Its portico consisted of twelve columns, four in front and three deep. Their <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> represented various forms and combinations of the <a href="/wiki/Palm_branch_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm branch (symbol)">palm branch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hyphaene_thebaica" title="Hyphaene thebaica">doum palm</a> branch, and the <a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_caerulea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaea caerulea">lotus flower</a>. These, as well as the sculptures on the columns, the ceilings, and the walls were painted with the most vivid colors, which, owing to the dryness of the climate, have lost little of their original brilliance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharaonic_era">Pharaonic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pharaonic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S10.08_Philae,_image_9610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9610.jpg/220px-S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9610.jpg/330px-S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9610.jpg/440px-S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="2577" /></a><figcaption>A sphinx in Philae</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient Egyptian name of the smaller island meant "boundary". As their southern frontier, the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a> of Egypt kept there a strong garrison, and it was also a barracks for Greek and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> soldiers in their turn. </p><p>The first religious building on Philae was likely a shrine built by Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">25th Dynasty</a>, which was probably dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OxfordEncyclopedia_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordEncyclopedia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this structure is only known from a few blocks reused in later buildings, which Gerhard Haeny suspects may have been brought over for reuse from structures elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-architectural_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-architectural-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest temple to have undoubtedly stood on the island, as well as the first evidence of Isis-worship there, was a small kiosk built by <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">26th Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-architectural_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-architectural-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pharaohs_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharaohs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76–77">: 76–77 </span></sup> This was followed by contributions from <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis II</a> (26th Dynasty) and <a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30th Dynasty</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OxfordEncyclopedia_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordEncyclopedia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-architectural_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-architectural-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pharaohs_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharaohs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88, 119–122">: 88, 119–122 </span></sup> Of these early buildings, only two elements built by Nectanebo I survive– a kiosk that was originally the vestibule of the old Isis temple, and a gateway which was later incorporated into the first pylon of the current temple.<sup id="cite_ref-architectural_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-architectural-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pharaohs_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharaohs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119–122">: 119–122 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ptolemaic_era">Ptolemaic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ptolemaic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than two thirds of Philae's surviving structures were built in the Ptolemaic era, during which the island became a prominent site of pilgrimage not only for Egyptians and Nubians but for pilgrims from as far as <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and the Greek mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, Philae gradually overtook Elephantine as the most important sanctuary in southern Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these pilgrims marked their presence with inscriptions on the temple walls, including votive inscriptions known as <i>proskynemata</i>, as well as other types.<sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these are inscriptions left by three Romans (maybe ambassadors) at the first pylon in the summer of 116 BC, which represent the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> inscriptions in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the various contributions of Ptolemaic rulers, Philae also received additions from the Nubian king <a href="/wiki/Arqamani" title="Arqamani">Arqamani</a>, who contributed to the Temple of Arensnuphis and the <a href="/wiki/Mammisi" title="Mammisi">mammisi</a>, and his successor <a href="/wiki/Adikhalamani" title="Adikhalamani">Adikhalamani</a>, whose name has been found on a <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stela</a> on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pharaohs_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharaohs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 179">: 179 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hölbl_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hölbl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 161–162, 173">: 161–162, 173 </span></sup> Some experts have interpreted these additions as signs of collaboration between the Nubian and Ptolemaic governments, but others consider them to represent a period of Nubian occupation of the region, likely enabled by the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Hugronaphor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugronaphor">Hugronaphor</a> in Upper Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hölbl_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hölbl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 161–162">: 161–162 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouches</a> of Arqamani were later erased by Ptolemy V, while the stela of Adikhalamani was eventually reused as filling under the floor of the pronaos.<sup id="cite_ref-pharaohs_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pharaohs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 179">: 179 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hölbl_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hölbl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157, 162, 173">: 157, 162, 173 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:38%;max-width:1408px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Meroitic_(%22Ethiopian%22)_chamber_of_the_temple_of_Philae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A relief from the so-called "Meroitic chamber" at Philae, showing in two processions a Kushite diplomatic mission sent by King Talakhidamani, perhaps around 260 or later, around 300"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Meroitic_%28%22Ethiopian%22%29_chamber_of_the_temple_of_Philae.jpg/1400px-The_Meroitic_%28%22Ethiopian%22%29_chamber_of_the_temple_of_Philae.jpg" decoding="async" width="1400" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Meroitic_%28%22Ethiopian%22%29_chamber_of_the_temple_of_Philae.jpg/2100px-The_Meroitic_%28%22Ethiopian%22%29_chamber_of_the_temple_of_Philae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/The_Meroitic_%28%22Ethiopian%22%29_chamber_of_the_temple_of_Philae.jpg/2800px-The_Meroitic_%28%22Ethiopian%22%29_chamber_of_the_temple_of_Philae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Meroitic_(%22Ethiopian%22)_chamber_of_the_temple_of_Philae.jpg" title="File:The Meroitic ("Ethiopian") chamber of the temple of Philae.jpg"> </a></div>A relief from the so-called "Meroitic chamber" at Philae, showing in two processions a Kushite diplomatic mission sent by King <a href="/wiki/Talakhidamani" title="Talakhidamani">Talakhidamani</a>, perhaps around 260 or later, around 300<sup id="cite_ref-JK_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JK-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman era</a> saw an overall decline in pilgrimage to Philae, especially from Mediterranean regions, as evidenced by the reduced number of inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it remained an important sacred site, especially for Nubians, who continued to visit both as individual pilgrims and in official delegations from their government in Meroë.<sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Roman emperors made artistic and architectural contributions to Philae. While most of the architectural additions date to the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>, the island continued to receive contributions to its temples up to the time of <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> as well as a triple arch built by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In AD 298, Diocletian ceded Roman territory south of the First Cataract as part of an agreement made with the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobades</a>, withdrawing the border to about the area of Philae itself.<sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Justinian_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justinian-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kushite king <a href="/wiki/Yesebokheamani" title="Yesebokheamani">Yesebokheamani</a> made a pilgrimage to Philae in this period and may have taken over the Roman hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Roman era, Philae was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Graffito_of_Esmet-Akhom" title="Graffito of Esmet-Akhom">last known inscription</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, written in AD 394, and the last known Demotic inscription, written in 452.<sup id="cite_ref-monasticism_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monasticism-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aldred_3rd_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldred_3rd-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianization">Christianization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christianization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philae_copt_altar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Philae_copt_altar.JPG/220px-Philae_copt_altar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Philae_copt_altar.JPG/330px-Philae_copt_altar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Philae_copt_altar.JPG/440px-Philae_copt_altar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Christian altar in the first hypostyle hall at Philae temple complex</figcaption></figure> <p>Christianity seems to have been present at Philae by the fourth century, at which point it coexisted with traditional Egyptian religion.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Coptic <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> <i>Life of Aaron</i>, the first bishop of Philae was Macedonius (attested in the early fourth century), who is said to have killed the sacred falcon kept on the island, though modern experts question the historicity of this account.<sup id="cite_ref-monasticism_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monasticism-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid fifth century, a petition from Bishop Appion of Syene to co-emperors <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> indicates the presence of multiple churches on the island functioning alongside the pagan temples.<sup id="cite_ref-monasticism_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monasticism-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional worship at Philae appears to have survived into at least the fifth century, despite the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_early_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of pagans in the early Byzantine Empire">anti-pagan discrimination</a> at times. In fact, the fifth-century historian <a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a> mentions a treaty between the Roman commander Maximinus and the Blemmyes and Nobades in 452, which amongst other things ensured access to the <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult image</a> of Isis.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monasticism_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monasticism-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the sixth-century historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, the temple was closed down officially in AD 537 by the local commander <a href="/wiki/Narses" title="Narses">Narses</a> the Persarmenian in accordance with an order of Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event is conventionally considered to mark the end of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_2015_History_Weekend_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher_2015_History_Weekend-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its importance has recently come into question, following a major study by Jitse Dijkstra who argues that organised paganism at Philae ended in the fifth century, based on the fact that the last inscriptional evidence of an active pagan priesthood there dates to the 450s.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monasticism_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monasticism-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some adherence to traditional religion seems to have survived into the sixth century, based on a petition from <a href="/wiki/Dioscorus_of_Aphrodito" title="Dioscorus of Aphrodito">Dioscorus of Aphrodito</a> to the governor of the <a href="/wiki/Thebaid" title="Thebaid">Thebaid</a> dated to 567.<sup id="cite_ref-Justinian_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justinian-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monasticism_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monasticism-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter warns of an unnamed man (the text calls him "eater of raw meat") who, in addition to plundering houses and stealing tax revenue, is alleged to have restored paganism at "the sanctuaries", possibly referring to the temples at Philae.<sup id="cite_ref-Justinian_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justinian-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monasticism_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monasticism-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philae retained significance as a Christian centre even after its closure as a pagan site. Five of its temples were converted into churches (including the Temple of Isis, which was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a>), and two purpose-built churches were constructed on the north side of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-monasticism_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monasticism-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800s">1800s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1800s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island of Philae attracted much attention in the 19th century. In the 1820s, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonomi_the_Younger" title="Joseph Bonomi the Younger">Joseph Bonomi the Younger</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologist</a> and museum <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curator</a> visited the island. So did <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Edwards" title="Amelia Edwards">Amelia Edwards</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> in 1873–1874. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The approach by water is quite the most beautiful. Seen from the level of a small boat, the island, with its palms, its colonnades, its pylons, seems to rise out of the river like a mirage. Piled rocks frame it on either side, and the purple mountains close up the distance. As the boat glides nearer between glistening boulders, those sculptured towers rise higher and even higher against the sky. They show no sign of ruin or age. All looks solid, stately, perfect. One forgets for the moment that anything is changed. If a sound of antique chanting were to be borne along the quiet air–if a procession of white-robed priests bearing aloft the veiled ark of the God, were to come sweeping round between the palms and pylons–we should not think it strange.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Amelia B. Edwards, A thousand miles up the Nile / by Amelia B. Edwards, 1831–1892, p. 207.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>These visits are only a small sample of the great interest that <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian-era</a> Britain had for Egypt. Soon, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> to Philae became common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900s">1900s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1900s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aswan_Low_Dam">Aswan Low Dam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aswan Low Dam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philae_(1906)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Philae_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/300px-Philae_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Philae_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/450px-Philae_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Philae_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/600px-Philae_%281906%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Philae flooded by the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Low_Dam" title="Aswan Low Dam">Aswan Low Dam</a> in 1906</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kioske_of_Phylae_on_the_Flood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kioske_of_Phylae_on_the_Flood.jpg/220px-Kioske_of_Phylae_on_the_Flood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kioske_of_Phylae_on_the_Flood.jpg/330px-Kioske_of_Phylae_on_the_Flood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kioske_of_Phylae_on_the_Flood.jpg/440px-Kioske_of_Phylae_on_the_Flood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Kiosk of Emperor Trajan on Phylae Island before relocation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_temple_of_Philae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_temple_of_Philae.jpg/220px-The_temple_of_Philae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_temple_of_Philae.jpg/330px-The_temple_of_Philae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_temple_of_Philae.jpg/440px-The_temple_of_Philae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>The temple of Philae by <i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Fr%C3%A8re" title="Théodore Frère">Théodore Frère</a></i> </figcaption></figure> <p>In 1902, the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Low_Dam" title="Aswan Low Dam">Aswan Low Dam</a> was completed on the Nile River by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>. This threatened to submerge many ancient landmarks, including the temple complex of Philae. However, the British prioritized the advancement of Modern Egypt at the expense of the complex.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The height of the dam was raised twice, from 1907 to 1912 and from 1929 to 1934, and the island of Philae was nearly always flooded. In fact, the only times that the complex was not underwater was when the <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluices</a> were open from July to October. </p><p>It was proposed that the temples be relocated, piece by piece, to nearby islands, such as <a href="/wiki/Bigeh" title="Bigeh">Bigeh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a>. However, the temples' <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (architecture)">foundations</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architectural</a> supporting structures were strengthened instead. Although the buildings were physically secure, the island's attractive <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> and the colors of the temples' <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> were washed away. Also, the bricks of the Philae temples soon became encrusted with <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> and other debris carried by the Nile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rescue_project">Rescue project</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rescue project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temples had been practically intact since the ancient days, but with each inundation the situation worsened and in the 1960s the island was submerged up to a third of the buildings all year round. </p><p>In 1960 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> started a project to try to save the buildings on the island from the destructive effect of the ever-increasing waters of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. First, building three dams and creating a separate lake with lower water levels was considered.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First of all, a large <a href="/wiki/Coffer_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffer dam">coffer dam</a> was built, constructed of two rows of steel plates between which a 1 million <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cubic metres</a> (35 million <a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">cubic feet</a>) of sand was tipped. Any water that seeped through was pumped away. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 20em; clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314081244/https://www.lessingimages.com/viewimage.asp?i=08011859+&cr=24&cl=1">large image with watermarks</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021002726/https://www.panoramio.com/photo/51201612">Another view of the remnants</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p> Next the monuments were cleaned and measured, by using <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a>, a method that enables the exact reconstruction of the original size of the building blocks that were used by the ancients. Then every building was dismantled into about 40,000 units from 2 to 25 tons, and then transported to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Agilkia_Island" title="Agilkia Island">Island of Agilkia</a>, situated on higher ground some 500 metres (1,600 ft) away. The transfer itself took place between 1977 and 1980.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nearby_locations_of_interest">Nearby locations of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nearby locations of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the inundation, a little west of Philae lay a larger island, anciently called Snem or Senmut, but now <a href="/wiki/Bigeh" title="Bigeh">Bigeh</a>. It is very steep, and from its most elevated peak affords a fine view of the Nile, from its smooth surface south of the islands to its plunge over the shelves of rock that form the First Cataract. Philae, Bigeh and another lesser island divided the river into four principal streams, and north of them it took a rapid turn to the west and then to the north, where the cataract begins. </p><p>Bigeh, like Philae, was a holy island; its ruins and rocks are inscribed with the names and titles of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Apries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis II</a>, together with memorials of the later <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> rulers of Egypt. Its principal ruins consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Propylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Propylon">propylon</a> and two columns of a temple, which was apparently of small dimensions, but of elegant proportions. Near them were the fragments of two colossal <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> statues and also an excellent piece of masonry of much later date, having the aspect of an arch belonging to a church or <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Island_of_Phil%C5%93_LCCN2004671988.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1856 photo"><img alt="1856 photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Island_of_Phil%C5%93_LCCN2004671988.jpg/120px-Island_of_Phil%C5%93_LCCN2004671988.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Island_of_Phil%C5%93_LCCN2004671988.jpg/180px-Island_of_Phil%C5%93_LCCN2004671988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Island_of_Phil%C5%93_LCCN2004671988.jpg/240px-Island_of_Phil%C5%93_LCCN2004671988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4790" data-file-height="3700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1856 photo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-104-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Philae with floor plan of the Temple of Isis"><img alt="Map of Philae with floor plan of the Temple of Isis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-104-2.jpg/120px-Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-104-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-104-2.jpg/180px-Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-104-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-104-2.jpg/240px-Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-104-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1174" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Philae with floor plan of the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Phila%C3%A9-map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Agilkia Island, where the temple complex was moved in the 20th century"><img alt="Agilkia Island, where the temple complex was moved in the 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GD-EG-Phila%C3%A9-map.png/69px-GD-EG-Phila%C3%A9-map.png" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GD-EG-Phila%C3%A9-map.png/104px-GD-EG-Phila%C3%A9-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/GD-EG-Phila%C3%A9-map.png/138px-GD-EG-Phila%C3%A9-map.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="989" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Agilkia_Island" title="Agilkia Island">Agilkia Island</a>, where the temple complex was moved in the 20th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:File,_Asu%C3%A1n,_Egipto,_2022-04-01,_DD_96.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First pylon and colonnade"><img alt="First pylon and colonnade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_96.jpg/80px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_96.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_96.jpg/120px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_96.jpg/160px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5694" data-file-height="8541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First pylon and colonnade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:File,_Asu%C3%A1n,_Egipto,_2022-04-01,_DD_105.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple hieroglyphs at Philae"><img alt="Temple hieroglyphs at Philae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_105.jpg/120px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_105.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_105.jpg/180px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_105.jpg/240px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7004" data-file-height="4936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple hieroglyphs at Philae</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:File,_Asu%C3%A1n,_Egipto,_2022-04-01,_DD_118-120_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior"><img alt="Interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_118-120_HDR.jpg/120px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_118-120_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_118-120_HDR.jpg/180px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_118-120_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_118-120_HDR.jpg/240px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_118-120_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8227" data-file-height="4082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:File,_Asu%C3%A1n,_Egipto,_2022-04-01,_DD_89.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of Isis from the west"><img alt="Temple of Isis from the west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_89.jpg/120px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_89.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_89.jpg/180px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_89.jpg/240px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8688" data-file-height="3017" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple of Isis from the west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:File,_Asu%C3%A1n,_Egipto,_2022-04-01,_DD_142.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trajan's Kiosk of Philae"><img alt="Trajan's Kiosk of Philae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_142.jpg/120px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_142.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_142.jpg/180px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_142.jpg/240px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5515" data-file-height="5515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Kiosk" title="Trajan's Kiosk">Trajan's Kiosk</a> of Philae</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S10.08_Philae,_image_9649.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lantern Slide Collection: Views, Objects: Egypt - Philae. Temple of Isis. Capitals of east colonnade., n.d., Joseph Hawkes. Brooklyn Museum Archives"><img alt="Lantern Slide Collection: Views, Objects: Egypt - Philae. Temple of Isis. Capitals of east colonnade., n.d., Joseph Hawkes. Brooklyn Museum Archives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9649.jpg/120px-S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9649.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9649.jpg/180px-S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9649.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9649.jpg/240px-S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9649.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lantern Slide Collection: Views, Objects: Egypt - Philae. Temple of Isis. Capitals of east colonnade., n.d., Joseph Hawkes. Brooklyn Museum Archives</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S03_06_01_018_image_2406.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mammisi [34] (Birth-house). Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection"><img alt="Mammisi [34] (Birth-house). Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/S03_06_01_018_image_2406.jpg/120px-S03_06_01_018_image_2406.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/S03_06_01_018_image_2406.jpg/180px-S03_06_01_018_image_2406.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/S03_06_01_018_image_2406.jpg/240px-S03_06_01_018_image_2406.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mammisi <sup id="cite_ref-madainmammisi_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainmammisi-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Birth-house). Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:File,_Asu%C3%A1n,_Egipto,_2022-04-01,_DD_99.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eastern colonnade in the outer or the forecourt [35]"><img alt="Eastern colonnade in the outer or the forecourt [35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_99.jpg/120px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_99.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_99.jpg/180px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_99.jpg/240px-File%2C_Asu%C3%A1n%2C_Egipto%2C_2022-04-01%2C_DD_99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8461" data-file-height="5569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eastern colonnade in the outer or the forecourt <sup id="cite_ref-madainisistemple_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainisistemple-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S10.08_Philae,_image_9945.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General view of Temple of Philae during flood, 1908, Brooklyn Museum Archives"><img alt="General view of Temple of Philae during flood, 1908, Brooklyn Museum Archives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9945.jpg/120px-S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9945.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9945.jpg/180px-S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9945.jpg/240px-S10.08_Philae%2C_image_9945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2781" data-file-height="2541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General view of Temple of Philae during flood, 1908, Brooklyn Museum Archives</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanctuary_of_Isis,_flood.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanctuary of Isis, flood (2 January 1969)"><img alt="Sanctuary of Isis, flood (2 January 1969)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sanctuary_of_Isis%2C_flood.jpg/120px-Sanctuary_of_Isis%2C_flood.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sanctuary_of_Isis%2C_flood.jpg/180px-Sanctuary_of_Isis%2C_flood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sanctuary_of_Isis%2C_flood.jpg/240px-Sanctuary_of_Isis%2C_flood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sanctuary of Isis, flood (2 January 1969)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_temple_of_Isis_and_the_Pavillon_of_Trajan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavillon of Trajan, 1960"><img alt="Pavillon of Trajan, 1960" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_temple_of_Isis_and_the_Pavillon_of_Trajan.jpg/120px-The_temple_of_Isis_and_the_Pavillon_of_Trajan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_temple_of_Isis_and_the_Pavillon_of_Trajan.jpg/180px-The_temple_of_Isis_and_the_Pavillon_of_Trajan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_temple_of_Isis_and_the_Pavillon_of_Trajan.jpg/240px-The_temple_of_Isis_and_the_Pavillon_of_Trajan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pavillon of Trajan, 1960</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Philae_as_seen_from_a_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of Philae as seen from a boat"><img alt="Temple of Philae as seen from a boat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Temple_of_Philae_as_seen_from_a_boat.jpg/120px-Temple_of_Philae_as_seen_from_a_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Temple_of_Philae_as_seen_from_a_boat.jpg/180px-Temple_of_Philae_as_seen_from_a_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Temple_of_Philae_as_seen_from_a_boat.jpg/240px-Temple_of_Philae_as_seen_from_a_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple of Philae as seen from a boat</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Simbel temples">Abu Simbel temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Philae" title="Diocese of Philae">Diocese of Philae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gauthier30-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier30_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gauthier30_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1925" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, Henri (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925_1/page/n21"><i>Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 1</i></a>. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Noms+G%C3%A9ographiques+Contenus+dans+les+Textes+Hi%C3%A9roglyphiques+Vol.+1&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGauthier1925_1%2Fpage%2Fn21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCLA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolger2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holger, Kockelmann (2012-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1456t8bn#page-2">"Philae"</a>. In Wendrich, Willeke; et al. (eds.). <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philae&rft.btitle=UCLA+Encyclopedia+of+Egyptology&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.aulast=Holger&rft.aufirst=Kockelmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F1456t8bn%23page-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Milestones in Archaeology: a Chronological Encyclopedia</i>", Tim Murray, P464, ABC-CLIO, 2007ISBN 1-57607-186-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=24168&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites</a>, UNESCO project site about Nubia Campaign.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orea.oeaw.ac.at/en/research/stand-alone/the-temple-inscriptions-from-philae/">"ÖAI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%96AI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orea.oeaw.ac.at%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fstand-alone%2Fthe-temple-inscriptions-from-philae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budge951-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budge951_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis_Budge1920" class="citation book cs1">Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft"><i>An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/951">951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Egyptian+hieroglyphic+dictionary%3A+with+an+index+of+English+words%2C+king+list+and+geological+list+with+indexes%2C+list+of+hieroglyphic+characters%2C+coptic+and+semitic+alphabets%2C+etc.+Vol+II&rft.pages=951&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Wallis+Budge&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptianhierogly02budguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">i. p. 40, xvii. pp. 803, 818, 820</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">i. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">iv. 5. § 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quaest. Nat.</i> iv. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">v. 9. s. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Strab.</i> vol. iii. p. 399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0238%3Astephpage%3D359b">"De Iside et Osiride 359b"</a>. In Bernardakis, Gregorius N. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia"><i>Moralia</i></a>. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Teubner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Iside+et+Osiride+359b&rft.btitle=Moralia&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Teubner&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0238%253Astephpage%253D359b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiodorus1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0540%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D22%3Asection%3D6">"I.22.6"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/August_Immanuel_Bekker" title="August Immanuel Bekker">Bekker, Immanuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Dindorf#Ludwig_Dindorf" title="Karl Wilhelm Dindorf">Dindorf, Ludwig</a>; Vogel, Friedrich (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Historica" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca Historica"><i>Bibliotheca Historica</i></a>. Vol. 1–2. Leipzig: In aedibus <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Teubneriana" title="Bibliotheca Teubneriana">B. G. Teubneri</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.22.6&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Historica&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=In+aedibus+B.+G.+Teubneri&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Diodorus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0540%253Abook%253D1%253Achapter%253D22%253Asection%253D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)/batos"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄβατος</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senec. Quaest. Nat. iv. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritter, <i>Erdkunde</i>, vol. i. p. 680, seq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pilgrimage-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford1998" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, Ian (1998). "Island of the Extremity: Space, Language, and Power in the Pilgrimage Traditions of Philae". In Frankfurter, David (ed.). <i>Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt</i>. Boston: Brill. pp. 229–256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Island+of+the+Extremity%3A+Space%2C+Language%2C+and+Power+in+the+Pilgrimage+Traditions+of+Philae&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Holy+Space+in+Late+Antique+Egypt&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=229-256&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordEncyclopedia-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordEncyclopedia_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordEncyclopedia_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lloyd, Alan B. (2001). "Philae". In Redford, Donald (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513823-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513823-6"><bdi>0-19-513823-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philae&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=40-44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-513823-6&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Alan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-architectural-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-architectural_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-architectural_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-architectural_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-architectural_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeny1985" class="citation journal cs1">Haeny, Gerhard (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/085/18/">"A Short Architectural History of Philae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_de_l%27Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_Orientale" title="Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale">Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale</a></i>. <b>85</b>: 197–233 – via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/">BIFAO en ligne</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale&rft.atitle=A+Short+Architectural+History+of+Philae&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=197-233&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Haeny&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifao.egnet.net%2Fbifao%2F085%2F18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|via=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pharaohs-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pharaohs_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pharaohs_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pharaohs_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pharaohs_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pharaohs_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1999" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Dieter (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195126334"><i>Temples of the Last Pharaohs</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512633-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512633-5"><bdi>0-19-512633-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+the+Last+Pharaohs&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-512633-5&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195126334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfeiffer, Stefan: <i>Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus.</i> Münster: Lit, 2015, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pfeiffer, Stefan (2015). <i>Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus</i>. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie (in German). Vol. 9. Münster: Lit. pp. 154–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Griechische+und+lateinische+Inschriften+zum+Ptolem%C3%A4erreich+und+zur+r%C3%B6mischen+Provinz+Aegyptus&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.series=Einf%C3%BChrungen+und+Quellentexte+zur+%C3%84gyptologie&rft.pages=154-156&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hölbl-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hölbl_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hölbl_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hölbl_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHölbl2001" class="citation book cs1">Hölbl, Günther (2001). <i>A History of the Ptolemaic Empire</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23489-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23489-1"><bdi>0-415-23489-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ptolemaic+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-23489-1&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6lbl&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JK-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JK_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josefine Kuckertz (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002kp3mv">"Meroe and Egypt"</a>, in Wolfram Grajetzki, <a href="/wiki/Solange_Ashby" title="Solange Ashby">Solange Ashby</a> and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>, Los Angeles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagnall1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Bagnall" title="Roger S. Bagnall">Bagnall, Roger S.</a> (1993). <i>Egypt in Late Antiquity</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 262–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06986-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-06986-7"><bdi>0-691-06986-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=262-263&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-691-06986-7&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Justinian-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Justinian_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Justinian_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Justinian_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dijkstra, Jitse H.F. (2004). "A Cult of Isis at Philae after Justinian? Reconsidering 'P. Cair. Masp.' I 67004". <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>. <b>146</b>: 137–154. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20191757">20191757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=A+Cult+of+Isis+at+Philae+after+Justinian%3F+Reconsidering+%27P.+Cair.+Masp.%27+I+67004&rft.volume=146&rft.pages=137-154&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20191757%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=Jitse+H.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monasticism-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monasticism_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monasticism_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monasticism_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monasticism_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monasticism_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monasticism_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monasticism_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monasticism_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoawad2013" class="citation book cs1">Moawad, Samuel (2013). 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Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 27–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-561-0"><bdi>978-977-416-561-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+on+Philae&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Monasticism+in+Aswan+and+Nubia&rft.place=Cairo&rft.series=Christianity+and+Monasticism+in+Egypt&rft.pages=27-38&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-977-416-561-0&rft.aulast=Moawad&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldred_3rd-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldred_3rd_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldred1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Aldred" title="Cyril Aldred">Aldred, Cyril</a> (1998) [1961]. 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Pers.</i> 1.19.37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher_2015_History_Weekend-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_2015_History_Weekend_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Joann Fletcher (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyextra.com/podcast/history-Egypt-Joann-Fletcher"><i>The amazing history of Egypt</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(MP3)</span> (podcast). BBC History Magazine. Event occurs at 53:46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 Jan</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+amazing+history+of+Egypt&rft.pub=BBC+History+Magazine&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fpodcast%2Fhistory-Egypt-Joann-Fletcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoertmeyer1989" class="citation thesis cs1">Foertmeyer, Victoria Ann (1989). <i>Tourism in Graeco-Roman Egypt</i> (PhD). Princeton University. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Tourism+in+Graeco-Roman+Egypt&rft.inst=Princeton+University&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Foertmeyer&rft.aufirst=Victoria+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Andersen, Casper (2011-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02757206.2011.558580">"The Philae Controversy—Muscular Modernization and Paternalistic Preservation in Aswan and London"</a>. <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 203–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757206.2011.558580">10.1080/02757206.2011.558580</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-7206">0275-7206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Philae+Controversy%E2%80%94Muscular+Modernization+and+Paternalistic+Preservation+in+Aswan+and+London&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203-220&rft.date=2011-04-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757206.2011.558580&rft.issn=0275-7206&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Casper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F02757206.2011.558580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000663/066319eb.pdf">"Report on the safeguarding of the Philae monuments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. November 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+safeguarding+of+the+Philae+monuments&rft.date=1960-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0006%2F000663%2F066319eb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainmammisi-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madainmammisi_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/mammisi_(philae)">"Mammisi (Philae Temple Complex)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413043159/https://madainproject.com/mammisi_(philae)">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mammisi+%28Philae+Temple+Complex%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fmammisi_%28philae%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainisistemple-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madainisistemple_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/temple_of_isis_(philae)">"Temple of Isis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413044114/https://madainproject.com/temple_of_isis_(philae)">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temple+of+Isis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Ftemple_of_isis_%28philae%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1854–1857" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1854–1857). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography/Philae" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography/Philae">Philae</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</a></i>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philae&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1854%2F1857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1999" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Dieter (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195126334"><i>Temples of the Last Pharaohs</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512633-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512633-4"><bdi>978-0-19-512633-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+the+Last+Pharaohs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512633-4&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195126334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz-Uribe2002" class="citation book cs1">Cruz-Uribe, Eugene (2002). "The Death of Demotic at Philae, a Study in Pilgrimage and Politics". In Bács, Tamás (ed.). <i>A Tribute to Excellence: Studies offered in honor of Erno Gaal, Ulrich Luft, and Laszlo Torok</i>. Chaire d'Egyptologie de l'Université Eotvos Lorand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-463-606-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-463-606-9"><bdi>978-963-463-606-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Demotic+at+Philae%2C+a+Study+in+Pilgrimage+and+Politics&rft.btitle=A+Tribute+to+Excellence%3A+Studies+offered+in+honor+of+Erno+Gaal%2C+Ulrich+Luft%2C+and+Laszlo+Torok&rft.pub=Chaire+d%27Egyptologie+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+Eotvos+Lorand&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-963-463-606-9&rft.aulast=Cruz-Uribe&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz-Uribe2010" class="citation book cs1">Cruz-Uribe, Eugene (2010). "The Death of Demotic Redux: Pilgrimage, Nubia, and the Preservation of Egyptian Culture". In Knuf, Hermann; Leitz, Christian; von Recklinghausen, Daniel (eds.). <i>Honi soit qui mal y pense: Studien zum pharaonischen, griechisch-römischen und spätantiken Ägypten zu Ehren von Heinz-Josef Thissen</i>. Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2323-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2323-2"><bdi>978-90-429-2323-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Demotic+Redux%3A+Pilgrimage%2C+Nubia%2C+and+the+Preservation+of+Egyptian+Culture&rft.btitle=Honi+soit+qui+mal+y+pense%3A+Studien+zum+pharaonischen%2C+griechisch-r%C3%B6mischen+und+sp%C3%A4tantiken+%C3%84gypten+zu+Ehren+von+Heinz-Josef+Thissen&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-429-2323-2&rft.aulast=Cruz-Uribe&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra2008" class="citation book cs1">Dijkstra, Jitse H. F. (2008). <i>Philae and the End of Ancient Egyptian Religion</i>. Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2031-6"><bdi>978-90-429-2031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philae+and+the+End+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Religion&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-429-2031-6&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=Jitse+H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeny1985" class="citation journal cs1">Haeny, Gerhard (1985). "A Short Architectural History of Philae". <i>Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale</i>. <b>85</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.atitle=A+Short+Architectural+History+of+Philae&rft.volume=85&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Haeny&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassilika1989" class="citation book cs1">Vassilika, Eleni (1989). <i>Ptolemaic Philae</i>. Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-200-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-200-3"><bdi>978-90-6831-200-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemaic+Philae&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-200-3&rft.aulast=Vassilika&rft.aufirst=Eleni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1974" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Erich (1974). "Philae". <i>Textes et langages de l'Égypte pharaonique: cent cinquante années de recherches, 1822–1972. Hommage à Jean-François Champollion</i>. Institut français d'archéologie orientale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philae&rft.btitle=Textes+et+langages+de+l%27%C3%89gypte+pharaonique%3A+cent+cinquante+ann%C3%A9es+de+recherches%2C+1822%E2%80%931972.+Hommage+%C3%A0+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Champollion.&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philae_temple_complex&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Temple_of_Isis_in_Philae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Temple of Isis in Philae">Temple of Isis in Philae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Phil%C3%A6" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Philæ">Philæ</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=philae,+egypt&ie=UTF8&z=17&ll=24.025123,32.884215&spn=0.005105,0.01075&t=k&om=1">Philae Satellite view @ Google Maps</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Griffith, Francis Llewellyn (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Philae"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Philae">"Philae" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). p. 373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philae&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=373&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Francis+Llewellyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilae+temple+complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100212221815/http://www.philae.nu/philae/landing.html">Sacred Temple Island of Philae</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoveringegypt.com/pyramids-temples-of-egypt/philae-temple/">Philae @ Mark Millmore's Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202134428/http://www.egyptsites.co.uk/upper/aswan/philae.html">Philae @ EgyptSites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Abydos-Bold-hieroglyph-S12.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="58" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medjay#Pan-graves" title="Medjay">Burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execration_texts" title="Execration texts">Execration texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_architecture" title="Nubian architecture">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion#Deities" title="Kushite religion">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Triads" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;;width:1%">Triads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine#Elephantine_triad" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi#The_Temples_of_Naqa" title="Amesemi">Naqa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Aman</a></li> <li>Amanete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li>Aqedise</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li>Ariten</li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li>Breith</li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li>Makedeke</li> <li>Mash</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Merul</a></li> <li>Miket</li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sabomakal</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Wusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush#History" title="Kingdom of Kush">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture" title="A-Group culture">A-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture#Existence_of_the_B-Group" title="A-Group culture">B-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C-Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_al-Abwab" title="Kingdom of al-Abwab">Kingdom of al-Abwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Group_culture" title="X-Group culture">X-Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniba_(Nubia)" title="Aniba (Nubia)">Aniba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballana" title="Ballana">Ballana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeh" title="Bigeh">Bigeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triakontaschoinos" title="Triakontaschoinos">Dodekaschoinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotawo" title="Dotawo">Dotawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Barkal" title="Jebel Barkal">Jebel Barkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawa,_Sudan" title="Kawa, Sudan">Kawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisht" title="Lisht">Lisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musawwarat_es-Sufra" title="Musawwarat es-Sufra">Musawwarat es-Sufra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philae temple complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibrim" title="Qasr Ibrim">Qasr Ibrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustul" title="Qustul">Qustul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semna_(Nubia)" title="Semna (Nubia)">Semna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amun,_Jebel_Barkal" title="Temple of Amun, Jebel Barkal">Temple of Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Dendur" title="Temple of Dendur">Temple of Dendur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mut,_Jebel_Barkal" title="Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal">Temple of Mut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_Hall_of_Dongola" title="Throne Hall of Dongola">Throne Hall of Dongola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombos_(Nubia)" title="Tombos (Nubia)">Tombos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Nubia" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile">Nile crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_elephant#History" title="North African elephant">North African elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%">Symbols and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold#History" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafir" title="Hafir">Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#F0E4AE;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes#Language" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meroitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic alphabet">Meroitic alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian" title="Old Nubian"> Nubian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#F0E4AE"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Category:Kingdom of Kush">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" 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Monuments of Nubia">Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine Area</a></li> <li><small>Ancient</small> <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> <small>with its <a href="/wiki/Theban_Necropolis" title="Theban Necropolis">Necropolis</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_El_Hitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi El Hitan">Wadi El Hitan (Whale Valley)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/48px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/64px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt">List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Egypt_artifacts" title="Glossary of ancient Egypt artifacts">Glossary of artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ancient_Egypt%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of ancient Egypt–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt/Main_topics" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt/Main topics">Main topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Portraiture in ancient Egypt">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Geography of ancient Egypt">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" title="Egypt–Mesopotamia relations">Egypt–Mesopotamia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/100px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" 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