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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adjuvilo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Αντζουβίλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντζουβίλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88" title="آجوویلو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آجوویلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adjuvilo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Adjuvilo" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Constructed language similar to Ido and Esperanto</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">Adjuvilo</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Colas" title="Claudius Colas">Claudius Colas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1910</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Setting and usage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Ido_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (language)">Ido</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Adjuvilo</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/qaj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:qaj">qaj</a></code> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/">(local use)</a>. Note that <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">qaj</code> is also used for <a href="/wiki/Ulu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu language">Ulu</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/art-x-adjuvilo">art-x-adjuvilo</a> (local use)</code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Adjuvilo</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> created in 1910 by <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Colas" title="Claudius Colas">Claudius Colas</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> of "Profesoro V. Esperema". Although it was a full language, it may not have been created to be spoken. Many believe that as an <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperantist</a>, Colas created Adjuvilo to help create dissent in the then-growing <a href="/wiki/Ido_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (language)">Ido</a> movement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Colas himself called his language <i>simplified <a href="/wiki/Ido_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (language)">Ido</a></i> and proposed several reforms to Ido. </p><p>Colas created a nearly complete grammar, but did not create a new vocabulary. Adjuvilo uses mainly the vocabulary of Ido with modifications according to the grammatical changes of Ido. Colas in some cases reestablishes the Esperanto forms of words and even constructed some new words like <i>sulo</i> for "sun" (Ido/Esperanto: <i>suno</i>) and <i>dago</i> for "day" (Ido: <i>dio</i>, Esperanto: <i>tago</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology_and_orthography">Phonology and orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjuvilo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology and orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like Ido, Adjuvilo has five vowel <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>. The vowels <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> and <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> are interchangeable depending on speaker preference, as are <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> and <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>. The combinations /au/ and /eu/ become <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> in word roots but not when adding affixes.<sup id="cite_ref-KGD7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KGD7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Adjuvilo vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Adjuvilo consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2" width="13%"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Adjuvilo also uses the same orthography as Ido: the 26 letters as the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_Basic_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO Basic Latin alphabet">ISO Basic Latin alphabet</a> with three <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> and no <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a>. The only modification is that the stress is always on the penultimate syllable like in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, whereas in Ido in the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbs">verbs</a> the last syllable is stressed. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span></td> <td>most similar to <i>a</i> as in "f<b>a</b>ther" </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span></td> <td><i>b</i> as in "sta<b>b</b>le" </td></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span></td> <td><i>ts</i> as in "ca<b>ts</b>"; also used in the digraph <i>ch</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span></td> <td><i>d</i> as in "a<b>d</b>opt" </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span></td> <td>most similar to <i>e</i> as in "<b>e</b>gg" or <i>e</i> as in "b<b>e</b>t" </td></tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span></td> <td><i>f</i> as in "a<b>f</b>raid" </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span></td> <td>hard <i>g</i> as in "<b>g</b>o" </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span></td> <td><i>h</i> as in "<b>h</b>at", "a<b>h</b>oy" </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span></td> <td><i>i</i> as in "mach<b>i</b>ne", <i>ee</i> in "b<b>ee</b>" </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span></td> <td><i>s</i> as in "plea<b>s</b>ure, mea<b>s</b>ure" or <i>g</i> in "mira<b>g</b>e, bei<b>g</b>e" </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span></td> <td><i>k</i> as in "s<b>k</b>in, s<b>k</b>ip" </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span></td> <td>most similar to <i>l</i> as in "<b>l</b>amb" </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span></td> <td><i>m</i> as in "ad<b>m</b>it" </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span></td> <td><i>n</i> as in "a<b>n</b>alogy" </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span></td> <td>most similar to <i>o</i> as in "<b>o</b>r" </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span></td> <td><i>p</i> as in "s<b>p</b>in, s<b>p</b>ark" </td></tr> <tr> <td>q</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span></td> <td>same as <i>k</i>; used only in the digraph <i>qu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span></td> <td><i>tt</i> as in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> "bu<b>tt</b>er", or <i>r</i> as in <i>very</i> in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">heightened RP</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_/r/" title="Pronunciation of English /r/">see Pronunciation of English /r/</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span></td> <td><i>s</i> as in "ea<b>s</b>t"; also used in the digraph <i>sh</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span></td> <td><i>t</i> as in "s<b>t</b>ake, s<b>t</b>op" </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span></td> <td><i>u</i> as in "r<b>u</b>de" </td></tr> <tr> <td>v</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span></td> <td><i>v</i> as in "a<b>v</b>oid" </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span></td> <td><i>w</i> as in "a<b>w</b>ard" </td></tr> <tr> <td>x</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡz/</span></td> <td>x as in "e<b>x</b>cept" or "e<b>x</b>ist" </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span></td> <td><i>y</i> as in "<b>y</b>es" </td></tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span></td> <td><i>z</i> as in "<b>z</b>ebra" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The digraphs are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Digraph </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td><i>ch</i> as in "<b>ch</b>ick" </td></tr> <tr> <td>qu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kw/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kv/</span></td> <td><i>qu</i> as in "<b>qu</b>ick" </td></tr> <tr> <td>sh</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span></td> <td><i>sh</i> as in "<b>sh</b>y" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjuvilo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> for all genders is in the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Singular_versus_plural" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> <i>la</i> and in the <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> <i>las</i> but the form <i>la</i> can be valid for the plural. You may elide the final <i>a</i> of the article, replacing it with an apostrophe, as equally before a consonant as before a vowel. Example: <i>l'artiklo</i>, <i>l'profesoro</i>.</li> <li>All <a href="/wiki/Nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouns">nouns</a> end in the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Singular_versus_plural" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> in <i>-o</i> and in the <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> in <i>-s</i>. Example: <i>la lando</i> (the land) and <i>las landos</i> (the lands). Like Ido and Esperanto, Adjuvilo has no <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite article</a></li> <li>Adjuvilo does not have grammatical genders. Nouns for females are all derived from the masculine form by using the affix <i>-in</i>. Example: <i>filio</i> (son) and <i>filiino</i> (daughter).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indirect_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect object">indirect object</a> cases are expressed by prepositions. Example: <i>Me donin la libro de la patro a mea filio</i> (I gave my father's book to my son).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> ends on -a, and also receives -s in the plural. It is placed before the noun. Example: <i>un bona viro</i> (a good man), <i>belas juvenilos</i> (beautiful girls), <i>granda monto</i> (a big mountain).</li></ul> <dl><dd>The positive form is indicated by <i>tam</i> (as). Example: <i>Vos estan tam bonas quam nos</i>. (You are as good as us).</dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">comparative</a> form is indicated by <i>plu</i> (more) and <i>men</i> (less). Example: <i>El estan plu bela quam il</i>. (She is more beautiful than he). <i>Tia libro estan men interesanta quam cia</i>. (That book is less interesting than this [one]).</dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">superlative</a> form is indicated by <i>la pley</i> (most) and <i>la min</i> (least). Example: <i>Adjuvilo estan la pley facila linguo ex omnas linguos.</i> (Adjuvilo is the easiest language of all languages). <i>Hike estan la min bela urbo de omnas</i>. (Here is the least beautiful city of all).</dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> is formed from the adjective form by replacing the ending -a by -e. Adverbs are not changed in the plural. Example: <i>Elas kantan bone.</i> (They sing well).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">personal pronouns</a> are</li></ul> <dl><dd>Singular <i>me</i> (I), <i>tu / vu</i> (you), <i>il</i> (he), <i>el</i> (she), <i>it</i> (it), <i>lo</i> (third person gender not defined). <i>Vu</i> indicates respect.</dd> <dd>Plural <i>nos</i> (we), <i>vos</i> (you), <i>ilos</i> (they, masculine), <i>elos</i> (they, female), <i>itos</i> (they, neuter), <i>los</i> (they, unspecified gender)</dd> <dd>Additional personal pronouns: <i>on</i> (one, impersonal form), <i>su</i> (<a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive</a> form)</dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">possessive</a> pronouns are formed by adding the adjective ending <i>-a</i> and in the plural the <i>-s</i> to the personal pronouns: <i>mea</i> (my), <i>tua</i> (your), <i>ila</i> (his), <i>nosas</i> (our), <i>ilosas</i> (their, masculine). The reflexive possessive pronoun <i>sua</i> (his/her/its) in the singular and <i>suas</i> in the plural is only used for the third person and can be only used when it refers to the subject of the sentence.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">demonstrative pronouns</a> are <i>cia</i> (this) and <i>tia</i> (that). Like other pronouns they also have plural forms. <i>Cias floros estan bela ma tias arboros estan plu grandas</i> (These flowers are beautiful but these trees are bigger.)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">relative pronouns</a> are <i>qua</i>, <i>quas</i> (subject - who/which/that) and <i>que</i> (complement/accusative).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative pronouns">interrogative pronouns</a> include <i>qua</i> (who), <i>quo</i> (what), <i>quale</i> (how), <i>quare</i> (why).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_conjunctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating conjunctions">coordinating conjunctions</a> include <i>e</i> (and), <i>o</i> (or); adding a <i>d</i> before words that begin with a vowel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_questions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag questions">Tag questions</a> are formed with the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a> <i>num</i>. <i>Num il parolan Adjuvilo?</i> (Does he speak Adjuvilo?).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbs">Verbs</a> are not conjugated according to singular/plural or person.</li></ul> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> ending is <i>-i</i> like in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>: <i>diri</i> (to say), <i>lerni</i> (to learn).</dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> is formed by replacing the infinitive ending by <i>-an</i>. Example: <i>Me kantan</i> (I sing), <i>tu kantan</i> (you sing).</dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> is formed by <i>-in</i>. Example: Me vidin (I saw).</dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a> is formed by <i>-on</i>. Example: Me vidon (I will see).</dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctive</a> is formed by adding <i>-un</i>. Example: Me vidun (I would see).</dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> is formed by adding <i>-en</i>. Example: <i>Lekten la libro!</i> (Read the book!)</dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Active_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Active participle">active participles</a> are formed with the suffix <i>-ant</i> for the present tense, <i>-int</i> for the past tense and <i>-ont</i> for the future tense. Example: <i>vidinta</i> (having seen), <i>vidanta</i> (seeing), <i>vidonta</i> (about to see). These can be used in the progressive and other compound tenses: <i>Me estin vidinta</i> (I had seen). <i>Me estin vidanta</i> (I was seeing). <i>Me estin vidonta</i> (I was about to see). <i>Me estan vidinta</i> (I have seen). <i>Me estan vidanta</i> (I am seeing). <i>Me estan vidonta</i> (I am about to see). <i>Me eston vidinta</i> (I shall have seen). <i>Me eston vidanta</i> (I shall be seeing). <i>Me eston vidonta</i> (I shall be about to see). <i>Me estun vidinta</i> (I would have seen). <i>Me estun vidanta</i> (I would be seeing). <i>Me estun vidonta</i> (I would be about to see).</dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Passive_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive participle">passive participles</a> are formed with the suffix <i>-at</i> for the present tense, <i>-it</i> for the past tense and <i>-ot</i> for the future tense. Example: <i>vidita</i> (having been seen), <i>vidata</i> (being seen), <i>vidota</i> (about to be seen). These can be used in the passive and other compound tenses: <i>Me estin vidita</i> (I had been seen). <i>Me estin vidata</i> (I was being seen). <i>Me estin vidota</i> (I was about to be seen). <i>Me estan vidita</i> (I have been seen). <i>Me estan vidata</i> (I am being seen). <i>Me estan vidota</i> (I am about to be seen). <i>Me eston vidita</i> (I shall have been seen). <i>Me eston vidata</i> (I shall be being seen). <i>Me eston vidota</i> (I shall be about to be seen). <i>Me estun vidita</i> (I would have been seen). <i>Me estun vidata</i> (I would be being seen). <i>Me estun vidota</i> (I would be about to be seen).</dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_number_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal number (linguistics)">cardinal numbers</a> are: 1 — un, 2 — du, 3 — tri, 4 — quar, 5 — quin, 6 — sis, 7 — sep, 8 — ok, 9 — nov, 10 — dek, 100 — cent, 1000 — mil, 1000000 — milion. The <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal numbers">ordinal numbers</a> are formed with the suffix -esma: <i>unesma</i>, <i>duesma</i>, <i>triesma</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_Ido">Comparison to Ido</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjuvilo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comparison to Ido"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adjuvilo completely eliminates a special ending for the <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> case, whereas in Ido it was still used in sentences beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>.</li> <li>Adjuvilo uses the <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> ending also for <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, the definite article and all <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">pronouns</a>.</li> <li>Adjuvilo uses as plural ending <i>-s</i> and not <i>-i</i> as Ido.</li> <li>Adjuvilo replaces the Ido <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> ending -<i>ar</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> form <i>-i</i>. The infinitive forms of the different tenses in Ido were completely abolished.</li> <li>Adjuvilo completely abolishes the synthetic <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> form of the verbs by a compound form of the auxiliary verb "to be" and the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a>.</li> <li>Adjuvilo changes the Ido system of <a href="/wiki/Affixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Affixes">affixes</a> by creating new affixes, omitting some and modifying some existing ones.</li> <li>Adjuvilo changes many <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">pronouns</a> of Ido.</li> <li>The accent in Adjuvilo is always on the penultimate syllable, as in Esperanto.</li> <li>Colas also announced changes to the vocabulary without elaborating this completely. Example: <i>ucelo → avio</i> (bird), <i>hano → galo</i> (chicken), <i>hanino → galino</i> (hen), <i>dio → dago</i> (day), <i>deo → dio</i> (god), <i>kelka → alguna</i> (some), <i>ceno → sceno</i> (scene), <i>kam → quam</i> (than), <i>kin → quin</i> (five), <i>non → nov</i> (nine), <i>kande → quande</i> (when), <i>pro quo → quare</i> (why), <i>kad → num</i> (interrogative particle), <i>di → de</i> (of), <i>suno → sulo</i> (sun), <i>ol → it / lo</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample">Sample</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjuvilo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sample"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sample of Adjuvilo, the often-translated <i><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Pater Noster</a>:</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison with Ido and Esperanto. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Adjuvilo<sup id="cite_ref-Colas_26_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colas_26-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Ido </th> <th>Esperanto<sup id="cite_ref-Unua_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unua-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> <p><span title="constructed-language text"><i lang="art">Patro nosa, qua estan en cielos,<br /> santa esten tua nomo;<br /> advenen tua regno;<br /> esten tua volo,<br /> quale en cielos, tale anke sur la tero.<br /> Nosa pano omnadaga donen a nos hodie;<br /> nosas ofendos pardonen a nos;<br /> quale nos pardonan a nosas ofendantos<br /> e ne lasen nos fali en tento,<br /> ma liberifen nos de malbono.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Ido-language text"><i lang="io">Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo,<br /> tua nomo santigesez;<br /> tua regno advenez;<br /> tua volo facesez<br /> quale en la cielo, tale anke sur la tero.<br /> Donez a ni cadie l'omnadia pano,<br /> e pardonez a ni nia ofensi,<br /> quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti,<br /> e ne duktez ni aden la tento,<br /> ma liberigez ni del malajo.</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Esperanto-language text"><i lang="eo">Patro nia, kiu estas en la ĉielo,<br /> sankta estu Via nomo,<br /> venu reĝeco Via,<br /> estu volo Via,<br /> kiel en la ĉielo, tiel ankaŭ sur la tero.<br /> Panon nian ĉiutagan donu al ni hodiaŭ<br /> kaj pardonu al ni ŝuldojn niajn<br /> kiel ni ankaŭ pardonas al niaj ŝuldantoj;<br /> ne konduku nin en tenton,<br /> sed liberigu nin de la malvera,<br /> ĉar Via estas la regado, la forto kaj la gloro eterne.<br /> Amen!</i></span> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjuvilo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Dosiero:AdjuviloFrancais.pdf&page=1">Claudius Colas, <i>L'Adjuvilo</i>. Paris, Gamber, 1910. 32+ pp.</a></li> <li>Mario Pei, <i>One Language for the World and How To Achieve It</i>. Devin-Adair, New York, 1958. xvi + 291 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjuvilo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KGD7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KGD7_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDe_Beaufront2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Beaufront, Louis (2004) [1st pub. 1925]. Tejón, Fernando (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ido-vivo.info/kgd.pdf#page=7">"Pronunco dil vokali"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kompleta Gramatiko detaloza di la linguo internaciona Ido</i> (in Ido). Ponferrada, Spain: Krayono. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813213123/http://ido-vivo.info/kgd.pdf#page=7">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kompleta+Gramatiko+detaloza+di+la+linguo+internaciona+Ido&rft.atitle=Pronunco+dil+vokali&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=De+Beaufront&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fido-vivo.info%2Fkgd.pdf%23page%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdjuvilo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colas_26-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colas_26_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColas1910" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Colas, Claudius (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AL%27Adjuvilo.pdf&page=34"><i>L'Adjuvilo</i></a> (in French). Paris: Librairie Internationale Gamber. p. 26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Adjuvilo&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Librairie+Internationale+Gamber&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Colas&rft.aufirst=Claudius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFile%253AL%2527Adjuvilo.pdf%26page%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdjuvilo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unua-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unua_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsperanto" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">Esperanto, Doktoro</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unua_Libro" title="Unua Libro"><i>Unua Libro</i></a> (in Esperanto). p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unua+Libro&rft.pages=19&rft.aulast=Esperanto&rft.aufirst=Doktoro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdjuvilo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjuvilo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikue.org/tit910_00.html">Claudius Colas (1884-1914), la kunfondinto de IKUE</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">Artistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">Language game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_language" title="Experimental language">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_language" title="Musical language">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific <br />languages<br /> by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International<br />auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babm" title="Babm">Babm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolak_language" title="Bolak language">Bolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicationssprache" title="Communicationssprache">Communicationssprache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adjuvilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcaicam_Esperantom" title="Arcaicam Esperantom">Arcaicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_II" title="Esperanto II">Esperanto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundolinco" title="Mundolinco">Mundolinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Esperanto">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1ni%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Romániço">Romániço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(Esperantido)" title="Universal (Esperantido)">Universal</a></li> <li>other <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">esperantidos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosa" title="Glosa">Glosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interglossa" title="Interglossa">Interglossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intal_language" title="Intal language">Intal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotava" title="Kotava">Kotava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_nouvelle" title="Langue nouvelle">Langue nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingwa_de_planeta" title="Lingwa de planeta">Lingwa de planeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondial_language" title="Mondial language">Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_language" title="Neo language">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nal_Bino" title="Nal Bino">Nal Bino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasilingua" title="Pasilingua">Pasilingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambahsa" title="Sambahsa">Sambahsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solresol" title="Solresol">Solresol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_(constructed_language)" title="Sona (constructed language)">Sona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unish" title="Unish">Unish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalglot" title="Universalglot">Universalglot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropi" title="Uropi">Uropi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrihili" title="Afrihili">Afrihili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budinos" title="Budinos">Budinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurolengo" title="Eurolengo">Eurolengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guosa" title="Guosa">Guosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortat%C3%BCrk" title="Ortatürk">Ortatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanic_language" title="Pan-Germanic language">Pan-Germanic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutonish" title="Tutonish">Tutonish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Romance_language" title="Pan-Romance language">Pan-Romance language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolatino_Romance" title="Neolatino Romance">Neolatino Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanid" title="Romanid">Romanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runyakitara_language" title="Runyakitara language">Runyakitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wede" title="Wede">Wede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltdeutsch" title="Weltdeutsch">Weltdeutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AUI_(constructed_language)" title="AUI (constructed language)">aUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Speedwords" title="Dutton Speedwords">Dutton Speedwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithkuil" title="Ithkuil">Ithkuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaba-X" title="Kalaba-X">Kalaba-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_generalis" title="Lingua generalis">Lingua generalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loglan" title="Loglan">Loglan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logopandecteision" title="Logopandecteision">Logopandecteision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">Real Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_language" title="Ro language">Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viossa" title="Viossa">Viossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantean_language" title="Atlantean language">Atlantean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belter_Creole" title="Belter Creole">Belter Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brithenig" title="Brithenig">Brithenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakobsa_(Dune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakobsa (Dune)">Chakobsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dritok" title="Dritok">Dritok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages" title="Elvish languages">Elvish languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanta">Enchanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%93len" title="Kēlen">Kēlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliki_language" title="Kiliki language">Kiliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba%C3%AFan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobaïan">Kobaïan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1adan" title="Láadan">Láadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapine_language" title="Lapine language">Lapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxian" title="Loxian">Loxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mänti">Mänti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Middle-earth languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_language" title="Naʼvi language">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadsat" title="Nadsat">Nadsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlish" title="Simlish">Simlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spocanian" title="Spocanian">Spocanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_Star_Wars" title="Languages in Star Wars"><i>Star Wars</i> languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syldavian" title="Syldavian">Syldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teonaht" title="Teonaht">Teonaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsoly%C3%A1ni_language" title="Tsolyáni language">Tsolyáni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_language" title="Utopian language">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venedic_language" title="Venedic language">Venedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdurian_language" title="Verdurian language">Verdurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenja_language" title="Wenja language">Wenja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaibalan" title="Balaibalan">Balaibalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawa_kani" title="Palawa kani">Palawa kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed script">Constructed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Tolkien's scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperantology" title="Esperantology">Esperantology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Words" title="Bridge of Words">Bridge of Words</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conlanging:_The_Art_of_Crafting_Tongues" title="Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues">Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages" title="In the Land of Invented Languages">In the Land of Invented Languages</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Ricerca_della_Lingua_Perfetta_nella_Cultura_Europea" title="La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea">La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Ido" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Ido">Esperanto/Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua">Esperanto/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Novial">Esperanto/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Ido and Interlingua">Ido/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Ido and Novial">Ido/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Interlingue_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua">Interlingue/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Lojban_and_Loglan" title="Comparison between Lojban and Loglan">Lojban/Loglan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_languages" title="List of constructed languages">List of constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_creators" title="List of language creators">List of language creators</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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