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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritical_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Diacritical marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritical_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Punctuation marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncommon_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncommon_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Uncommon letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncommon_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رومنة اليونانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رومنة اليونانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treuzlizherennadur_ar_gresianeg" title="Treuzlizherennadur ar gresianeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Treuzlizherennadur ar gresianeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraci%C3%B3_i_transcripci%C3%B3_de_l%27alfabet_grec" title="Transliteració i transcripció de l'alfabet grec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transliteració i transcripció de l'alfabet grec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Λατινογραφή ελληνικών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λατινογραφή ελληνικών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_del_griego" title="Romanización del griego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romanización del griego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinigo_de_greka" title="Latinigo de greka – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latinigo de greka" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_du_grec" title="Romanisation du grec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation du grec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizacija_gr%C4%8Dkog_jezika" title="Romanizacija grčkog jezika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Romanizacija grčkog jezika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisasi_bahasa_Yunani" title="Latinisasi bahasa Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Latinisasi bahasa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translitteratio_linguae_Graecae" title="Translitteratio linguae Graecae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Translitteratio linguae Graecae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcrive_de_elinica_antica" title="Transcrive de elinica antica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Transcrive de elinica antica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_g%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9_%C3%A1t%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa" title="A görög ábécé átírása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A görög ábécé átírása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumian_bahasa_Yunani" title="Perumian bahasa Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perumian bahasa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizarea_limbii_grece" title="Romanizarea limbii grece – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Romanizarea limbii grece" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Romanization of Greek" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunancan%C4%B1n_romanizasyonu" title="Yunancanın romanizasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yunancanın romanizasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuy%E1%BB%83n_t%E1%BB%B1_Latinh_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p" title="Chuyển tự Latinh tiếng Hy Lạp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuyển tự Latinh tiếng Hy Lạp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraedje_do_grek" title="Transliteraedje do grek – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Transliteraedje do grek" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="希臘語羅馬化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希臘語羅馬化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rendering Greek in Latin characters</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Wikipedia policies on the romanization of Greek names, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Greek)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Greek)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Greek)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg/40px-Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg/60px-Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg/80px-Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains non-classical letters of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> that may not render correctly in your browser.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters#Ancient_scripts" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended symbols.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Romanization of Greek</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">letter</a>-mapping) or <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">sound</a>-mapping) of text from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conventions for <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">writing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> differ markedly. The sound of the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English letter</a> <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial stop">/b/</a></span>) was written as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">β</span></span> in ancient Greek but is now written as the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">μπ</a></span></span>, while the modern <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">β</span></span> sounds like the English letter <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">/v/</a></span>) instead. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek names">Greek name</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰωάννης</span></span> became <a href="/wiki/Johannes" title="Johannes">Johannes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and then <a href="/wiki/John_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="John (name)">John</a> in English, but in modern Greek has become <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Γιάννης</span></span>; this might be written as <a href="/wiki/Yannis" title="Yannis">Yannis</a>, Jani, Ioannis, Yiannis, or Giannis, but not Giannes or Giannēs as it would be for ancient Greek. The word <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Άγιος</span></span> might variously appear as Hagiοs, Agios, Aghios, or Ayios, or simply be <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translated</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy">Holy</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a>" in English forms of <a href="/wiki/Greek_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek placenames">Greek placenames</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional English renderings of Greek names originated from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> systems established in antiquity. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman alphabet">Roman alphabet</a> itself was a form of the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumaean alphabet">Cumaean alphabet</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Euboean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboean alphabet">Euboean script</a> that valued <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Χ</a></span></span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Η</a></span></span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> and used variant forms of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λ</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σ</span></span> that became <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> and <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this script was used to write the classical Greek alphabet, ⟨κ⟩ was replaced with ⟨c⟩, ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ became ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ were simplified to ⟨i⟩ (more rarely—corresponding to an earlier pronunciation—⟨e⟩) and ⟨u⟩. <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated consonants</a> like ⟨θ⟩, ⟨φ⟩, initial-⟨ρ⟩, and ⟨χ⟩ simply wrote out the sound: ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩, and ⟨ch⟩. Because <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> has changed so much from the original <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a>, modern scholarly transliteration now usually renders ⟨κ⟩ as ⟨k⟩ and the diphthongs ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩.<sup id="cite_ref-ala-lc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>" has also spread within <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> itself, owing to the rapid spread of digital <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a> from cultures using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. Since Greek <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a> are not always supported or robust, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> email and chatting has adopted a variety of formats for rendering Greek and Greek shorthand using Latin letters. Examples include "8elo" and "thelw" for <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">θέλω</span></span>, "3ava" for <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ξανά</span></span>, and "yuxi" for <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ψυχή</span></span>. </p><p>Owing to the difficulties encountered in transliterating and transcribing both ancient and modern Greek into the Latin alphabet, a number of regulatory bodies have been established. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a> (ELOT), in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO), released a system in 1983 which has since been formally adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the United Kingdom and United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tables">Tables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following tables list several romanization schemes from the Greek alphabet to modern English. Note, however, that the ELOT, UN, and ISO formats for Modern Greek intend themselves as translingual and may be applied in any language using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>.<span class="anchor" id="Classical_Greek"></span><span class="anchor" id="Classical"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ancient"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek">Ancient Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> romanization scheme employs its "Ancient or Medieval Greek" system for all works and authors up to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453,<sup id="cite_ref-ala-lc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> was pronounced distinctly and some have considered "Modern" Greek to have begun as early as the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For treatment of <a href="/wiki/Polytonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonic orthography">polytonic Greek letters</a>—for example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ᾤ</span></span>—see also the <a href="#Diacritical_marks">section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks</a> below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> </th> <th title="Classical Latinate">Classical<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th title="Modern Scholarship"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><sup id="cite_ref-ala-lc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(2010)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Code" title="Beta Code">Beta Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-TLGr_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLGr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">α</a></span></span></big></td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">αι</a></span></span></big></td> <td>ae</td> <td>ai</td> <td>AI </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">β</a></span></span></big></td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">γ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td rowspan="2">G </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">n<sup id="cite_ref-gamma_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap">n<sup id="cite_ref-gamma_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">δ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>D </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">ε</a></span></span></big></td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>E </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ει</a></span></span></big></td> <td>e or i</td> <td>ei</td> <td>EI </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">ζ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>Z </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">η</a></span></span></big></td> <td>e</td> <td>ē</td> <td>H </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">θ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>th</td> <td>th</td> <td>Q </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">ι</a></span></span></big></td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">κ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>c</td> <td>k</td> <td>K </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">λ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>L </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">μ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">ν</a></span></span></big></td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>N </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">ξ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">ο</a></span></span></big></td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>O </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">οι</a></span></span></big></td> <td>oe</td> <td>oi</td> <td>OI </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ου</a></span></span></big></td> <td>u</td> <td rowspan="2">ou</td> <td rowspan="2">OU </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">π</a></span></span></big></td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">ρ</a></span></span></big></td> <td><span class="nowrap">rh<sup id="cite_ref-rh_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap">rh<sup id="cite_ref-rh_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td> <td rowspan="2">R </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Medial_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial sigma">σ</a></span></span></big></td> <td rowspan="2">s</td> <td rowspan="2">s</td> <td>S / S1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Final_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Final sigma">ς</a></span></span></big></td> <td>S / S2 / J </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">τ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">υ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td rowspan="2">U </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">u<sup id="cite_ref-diphth_u_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diphth_u-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap">u<sup id="cite_ref-diphth_u_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diphth_u-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">υι</a></span></span></big></td> <td>ui or yi</td> <td>ui</td> <td>UI </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">φ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>ph</td> <td>ph</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Khi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khi">χ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>X </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">ψ</a></span></span></big></td> <td>ps</td> <td>ps</td> <td>Y </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">ω</a></span></span></big></td> <td>o</td> <td>ō</td> <td>W </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gamma-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gamma_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gamma_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Before another velar stop, i.e. in the combinations <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γγ, γκ, γξ, γχ</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rh-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rh_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rh_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In ancient Greek, word-initial <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a>—a rho at the beginning of a word or name—and the second in a pair of medial rhos were always considered to involve <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a> whether <a href="#Diacritical_marks">marked</a> or not.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diphth_u-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diphth_u_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diphth_u_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the diphthongs <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αυ, ευ, ηυ, ου, υι, ωυ</span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Modern"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Greek">Modern Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a> approved in 1982 the <b>ELOT 743</b> standard, revised in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-elot-full-document_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elot-full-document-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose <i>Type 2</i> (Greek: <span lang="el">Τύπος 2</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Typos 2</i></span>) <i><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a></i> scheme has been adopted by the Greek and Cypriot governments as standard for romanization of names on <a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_passport" title="Cypriot passport">Cypriot passports</a>. It also comprised a <i>Type 1</i> (Greek: <span lang="el">Τύπος 1</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Typos 1</i></span>) <i><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a></i> table, which was extensively modified in the second edition of the standard. </p><p>International versions of ELOT 743, with an English language standard document, were approved by the UN (V/19, 1987) and the British and American governments. The ISO approved in 1997 its version, <a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">ISO 843</a>, with a different <i>Type 1</i> transliteration system, which was adopted four years later by ELOT itself, while the U.N. did not update its version. So the <i>transcriptions</i> of Modern Greek into Latin letters used by ELOT, UN and ISO are essentially equivalent, while there remain minor differences in how they approach reversible <i>transliteration</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> romanization scheme employs its "Modern Greek" system for all works and authors following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453.<sup id="cite_ref-ala-lc_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the table below, the special rules for vowel combinations (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">αι, αυ, ει, ευ, ηυ, οι, ου, ωυ</span></span>) only apply when these letters function as <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>. There are also words where the same letters stand side by side incidentally but represent separate vowels. In these cases each of the two letters is transcribed separately according to the normal rules for single letters. Such cases are marked in Greek orthography by either having an <a href="#Diacritical_marks">accent</a> on the first rather than the second vowel letter, or by having a <a href="#Diacritical_marks">diaeresis</a> <span class="nowrap">( <big>¨</big> )</span> over the second letter. For treatment of <a href="/wiki/Accent_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent mark">accents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaereses</a>—for example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϊ</span></span>—also see the <a href="#Diacritical_marks">section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks</a> below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#D0E8FF"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Greek</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#FFE0E0">Transcription </th> <th colspan="4" style="background:#D0FFD0">Transliteration </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">BGN/PCGN<sup id="cite_ref-sixty2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(1962)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a> 743 <br />(Type 2 - <br /> transcription)</span><br /><small>(1982; 2001)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UN</a><sup id="cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCSGN5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(1987)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">ISO</a><sup id="cite_ref-un_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sixty2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(1997)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a> 743, 2nd ed. <br />(Type 1 - <br /> transliteration)<sup id="cite_ref-elot_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(2001)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><sup id="cite_ref-ala-lc_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(2010)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">α</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">αι</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>e </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">αυ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td rowspan="2">av </td> <td>av </td> <td>av̱ </td> <td rowspan="2">au </td> <td rowspan="2">au </td> <td rowspan="2">au </td> <td>before vowels or voiced consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td>af </td> <td>af </td> <td>before voiceless consonants and word-finally </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">β</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">γ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>y </td> <td>before front vowels </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">γγ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>ng </td> <td>ng </td> <td>ṉg </td> <td>gg </td> <td>gg </td> <td>ng </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">γκ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>g </td> <td rowspan="2">gk </td> <td rowspan="2">gk </td> <td rowspan="2">gk </td> <td rowspan="2">gk </td> <td>gk </td> <td>word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng </td> <td>ng </td> <td>word-medially </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">γξ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>nx </td> <td>nx </td> <td>ṉx </td> <td>gx </td> <td>gx </td> <td>nx </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">γχ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>nkh </td> <td>nch </td> <td>ṉch </td> <td>gch </td> <td>gch </td> <td>nch </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">δ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>dh </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>in the combination <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">νδρ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">ε</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ει</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>ei </td> <td>ei </td> <td>ei </td> <td>ei </td> <td>ei </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ευ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td rowspan="2">ev </td> <td>ev </td> <td>ev̱ </td> <td rowspan="2">eu </td> <td rowspan="2">eu </td> <td rowspan="2">eu </td> <td>before vowels or voiced consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td>ef </td> <td>ef </td> <td>before voiceless consonants and word-finally </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">ζ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">η</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i̱ </td> <td>ī </td> <td>ī<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> / </span>i¯ </td> <td>ē </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ηυ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td rowspan="2">iv </td> <td>iv </td> <td>i̱v̱ </td> <td rowspan="2">īu </td> <td rowspan="2">īu<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> / </span>i¯u </td> <td rowspan="2">ēu </td> <td>before vowels or voiced consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td>if </td> <td>i̱f̱ </td> <td>before voiceless consonants and word-finally </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">θ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">ι</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">κ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">λ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">μ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">μπ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td rowspan="2">mp </td> <td rowspan="2">mp </td> <td>b </td> <td>word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>mp </td> <td>mb </td> <td>mp </td> <td>mp </td> <td>word-medially </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">ν</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="3"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ντ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>d </td> <td rowspan="3">nt </td> <td rowspan="3">nt </td> <td rowspan="3">nt </td> <td rowspan="3">nt </td> <td>ḏ<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> / </span>d_ </td> <td>word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>nd </td> <td rowspan="2">nt </td> <td>word-medially and word-finally </td></tr> <tr> <td>nt </td> <td>in the combination <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ντζ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">ξ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">ο</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">οι</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>oi </td> <td>oi </td> <td>oi </td> <td>oi </td> <td>oi </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ου</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">π</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">ρ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Medial_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial sigma">σ</a></span></span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> / </span><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Final_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Final sigma">ς</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td><b>ς</b> (σίγμα τελικό - final sigma) is used as the final letter in a word. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">τ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">υ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">υι</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>yi </td> <td>yi </td> <td>yi </td> <td>yi </td> <td>ui </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">φ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>f </td> <td>f </td> <td>f </td> <td>f </td> <td>f </td> <td>ph </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Khi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khi">χ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>kh </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">ψ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>ps </td> <td>ps </td> <td>ps </td> <td>ps </td> <td>ps </td> <td>ps </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">ω</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o̱ </td> <td>ō </td> <td>ō<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> / </span>o¯ </td> <td>ō </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ωυ</a></span></span></big> </th> <td>oy </td> <td>ou </td> <td>o̱y </td> <td>ōy </td> <td>ōy<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> / </span>o¯y </td> <td>ōu </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Diacritics"></span><span class="anchor" id="Diacritical_mark"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritical_marks">Diacritical marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diacritical marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></div> <p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Polytonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonic orthography">polytonic orthography</a> of Greek uses <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">several distinct diacritical marks</a> to render what was originally the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> of Ancient Greek and the presence or absence of word-initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Monotonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonic orthography">monotonic orthography</a> was officially introduced for modern Greek. The only diacritics that remain are the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (indicating stress) and the <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> (indicating that two consecutive vowels should not be combined). </p><p>When a Greek <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> is accented, the accent mark is placed over the <i>second</i> letter of the pair. This means that an accent over the <i>first</i> letter of the pair indicates vowels which should be taken (and romanized) separately. Although the second vowel is not marked with a superfluous diaeresis in Greek, the first-edition ELOT 743 and the UN systems place a diaeresis on the Latin vowel for the sake of clarity.<sup id="cite_ref-babi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCSGN5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritical marks</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th rowspan="2">Greek </th> <th colspan="3">Ancient </th> <th colspan="5">Modern </th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th title="Classical Latinate">Classical </th> <th title="Modern Scholarship"><span class="nowrap">ALA-LC<sup id="cite_ref-ala-lc_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(2010)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Code" title="Beta Code">Beta Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-TLGr_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLGr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a><sup id="cite_ref-elot_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(2001)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UN</a><sup id="cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCSGN5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(1987)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/<br />PCGN</a> <sup id="cite_ref-bgn96_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgn96-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(1996)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap">ISO<sup id="cite_ref-sixty2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(1997)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap">ALA-LC<sup id="cite_ref-ala-lc_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(2010)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">  ́ </span></span></big></big></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>/</td> <td colspan="4"><big><big><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">´</a></big></big><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Accents" title="Greek diacritics">accent</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Accents" title="Greek diacritics">acute accent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">  ̀ </span></span></big></big></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>\</td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">`</a></big></big></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><big><big>´</big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">`</a></big></big></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Accents" title="Greek diacritics">grave accent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ῾ </span></span></big></big></td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap">h<sup id="cite_ref-spir_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spir-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td> <td>(</td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-spir_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spir-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td></td> <td><span class="nowrap">h<sup id="cite_ref-spir_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spir-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap">h<sup id="cite_ref-spir_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spir-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Breathings" title="Greek diacritics">rough breathing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ᾿ </span></span></big></big></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>)</td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">'</a></big></big></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">'</a></big></big></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Coronis" title="Greek diacritics">coronis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Breathings" title="Greek diacritics">smooth breathing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ˜ </span></span></big></big><br /><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">  ̑ </span></span></big></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>=</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ˆ</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><big><big>´</big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ˆ</a></big></big></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Accents" title="Greek diacritics">circumflex</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ¨ </span></span></big></big></td> <td colspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-bob_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>+</td> <td colspan="4"><span class="nowrap"><big><big><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">¨</a></big></big><sup id="cite_ref-bob_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-bob_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Diaeresis" title="Greek diacritics">diaeresis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ͺ </span></span></big></big></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>|</td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">¸</a></big></big></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">¸</a></big></big></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Subscript" title="Greek diacritics">iota subscript</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These marks are placed <i>after</i> the letter so that, e.g., <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἐν</span></span> is written E)N and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τῷ</span></span> is written TW=|.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In systems where the <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">υ</span></span> in <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">αυ, ευ</span></span>, and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ηυ</span></span> is romanized as a consonant v or f, the stressed diphthongs <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">αύ, εύ</span></span>, and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ηύ</span></span> are romanized with the accent mark over the <i>initial</i> vowel. This should be distinguished from Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">άυ, έυ</span></span>, and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ήυ</span></span>, which would be romanized as separate letters and not as diphthongs: áÿ, éÿ, and íÿ or ī́ÿ or í̱ÿ.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spir-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spir_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spir_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spir_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spir_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the ALA-LC system, the h is supplied even where the rough breathing is not marked in ancient and medieval Greek (for example, initial ρ was always considered to possess rough breathing) but not in Greek after 1453. <ul><li>On a vowel: h before the vowel.</li> <li>On a diphthong: h before the first vowel.</li> <li>On ρ: h after the r.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-bob-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bob_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bob_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bob_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The diaeresis mark indicates that adjacent vowels should be taken separately and not as a single diphthong.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Apart from the diacritical marks native to Greek itself or used to romanize its characters, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> also regularly mark <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> with <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macrons</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ¯ </span></span>) marking <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> and rounded <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breves</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ˘ </span></span>) marking <a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short vowels</a>. Where these are romanized, it is common to mark the long vowels with macrons over the Latin letters and to leave the short vowels unmarked; such macrons should not be confused or conflated with those used by some systems to mark <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> as distinct from <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></div> <p>Greece's early <a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a> were based on a small sample of letters (including <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">heta</a>) arranged in multiples of 5 and 10, likely forming the inspiration for the later <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_numerals" title="Etruscan numerals">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>. </p><p>This early system was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a> which employed the entire alphabet, including the <a href="#Uncommon_letters">nonstandard letters digamma</a>, <a href="#Uncommon_letters">stigma</a>, or sigma-tau (placed between epsilon and zeta), <a href="#Uncommon_letters">koppa</a> (placed between pi and rho), and <a href="#Uncommon_letters">sampi</a> (placed after omega). As revised in 2001, ELOT 743 provides for the uncommon characters to be given (in Greek) as <a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a> for stigma, <a href="/wiki/Plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus sign">+</a> for koppa, and <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">/</a> for sampi. These symbols are not given lower-case equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-elot_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used as numbers, the letters are used in combination with the upper <i>keraia</i> numeral sign ⟨<a href="/wiki/%CA%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ʹ">ʹ</a>⟩ to denote numbers from 1 to 900 and in combination with the lower <i>keraia</i> ⟨<a href="/wiki/%CD%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="͵">͵</a>⟩ to denote multiples of 1000. (<i>For a full table of the signs and their values, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>.) </p><p>These values are traditionally romanized as <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numerals</a>, so that <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Αλέξανδρος Γ' ο Μακεδών</span></span> would be translated as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander III of Macedon">Alexander III of Macedon</a> and transliterated as <i>Aléxandros III o Makedṓn</i> rather than <i>Aléxandros G'</i> or <i>Aléxandros 3</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> laws and other official documents of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> which employ these numerals, however, are to be formally romanized using "decimal" <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elot_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Greek_punctuation"></span><span class="anchor" id="Punctuation"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation_marks">Punctuation marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Punctuation marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek punctuation">Greek punctuation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obelism" title="Obelism">obelism</a></div> <p>Ancient Greek text did not mark word division with <a href="/wiki/Space_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Space (typography)">spaces</a> or <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpuncts</a>, instead running the words together (<i><a href="/wiki/Scripta_continua" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripta continua">scripta continua</a></i>). In the Hellenistic period, a variety of symbols arose for <a href="/wiki/Greek_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek punctuation">punctuation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Obelism" title="Obelism">editorial marking</a>; such punctuation (or the lack thereof) are variously romanized, inserted, or ignored in different modern editions. </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek punctuation">Greek punctuation</a> generally follows <a href="/wiki/French_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="French punctuation">French</a> with the notable exception of Greek's use of a separate <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Erotimatiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotimatiko">erotimatiko</a></i>, which is shaped like the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latinate</a> <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a>. Greek punctuation which has been given formal romanizations include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Greek_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek punctuation">Punctuation marks</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Greek </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a><sup id="cite_ref-elot_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(2001)</small> </th> <th><span class="nowrap">ISO<sup id="cite_ref-sixty2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><small>(1997)</small> </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ; </span></span></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">?</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">?</a></big></big></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_question_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek question mark">Greek question mark</a></span><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Erotimatiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotimatiko">erotimatiko</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> . </span></span></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Period_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Period mark">.</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Period_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Period mark">.</a></big></big></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Teleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleia">teleia</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> · </span></span></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a></big></big></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_semicolon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek semicolon">Greek semicolon</a></span><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Ano_teleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ano teleia">ano teleia</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> : </span></span></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a></big></big></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Ano_kato_teleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ano kato teleia">ano kato teleia</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> , </span></span></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a></big></big></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">komma</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ! </span></span></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclamation point">!</a></big></big></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclamation point">exclamation point</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Thavmastiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Thavmastiko">thavmastiko</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ’ </span></span></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">'</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big>'</big></big></td> <td>apostrophe<br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Apostrofos" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostrofos">apostrofos</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"> ‿ </span></span></big></big><br /><big><big> ͜</big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">-</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/-" class="mw-redirect" title="-">-</a></big></big></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papyrological_hyphen" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrological hyphen">papyrological hyphen</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Enotikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotikon">enotikon</a></i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Archaic_letters"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncommon_letters">Uncommon letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uncommon letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic Greek alphabets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Greek ligatures</a></div> <p>There are many <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">archaic forms and local variants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a>, for example, might appear as round Β or pointed <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> throughout Greece but is also found in the forms <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_12.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (at <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>), <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> and <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a>), <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>), <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Melos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos">Melos</a>), <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>), <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>), and even <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well into the modern period, classical and medieval Greek was also set using a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>, symbols combining or abbreviating various sets of letters, such as those included in <a href="/wiki/Claude_Garamond" title="Claude Garamond">Claude Garamond</a>'s 16th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Grecs_du_roi" title="Grecs du roi">grecs du roi</a></i>. For the most part, such variants—as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)#Variant_pi" title="Pi (letter)">ϖ</a></span></span> and <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> for <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">π</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">ϛ</a></span></span> for <a href="/wiki/Sigma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma (letter)">σ</a><a href="/wiki/Tau_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau (letter)">τ</a>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">ϗ</a></span></span> for <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">και</a></span></span>—are just silently emended to their standard forms and transliterated accordingly. Letters with no equivalent in the classical Greek alphabet such as <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">heta</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ͱ</span></span> & <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ͱ</span></span>), meanwhile, usually take their nearest English equivalent (in this case, <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a>) but are too uncommon to be listed in formal transliteration schemes. </p><p>Uncommon Greek letters which have been given formal romanizations include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Uncommon letters</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Greek</a> </th> <th><span class="nowrap">ISO<sup id="cite_ref-sixty2_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><sup id="cite_ref-ala-lc_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </th> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Code" title="Beta Code">Beta Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-TLGr_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLGr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ϝ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϝ</span></span><br /><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ͷ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ͷ</span></span></td> <td>w</td> <td>w</td> <td>V</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ϙ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϙ</span></span><br /><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ϟ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϟ</span></span></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>ḳ</td> <td>#3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">koppa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ϡ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϡ</span></span><br /><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ͳ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ͳ</span></span></td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>#5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">sampi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ϻ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϻ</span></span></td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>#711</td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">san</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ϲ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϲ</span></span></td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>S / S3</td> <td><span class="nowrap">lunate <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ϳ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϳ</span></span></td> <td>j</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>#401</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yot_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yot (letter)">yot</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sounds of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> have diverged from both those of Ancient Greek and their descendant letters in English and other languages. This led to a variety of romanizations for names and placenames in the 19th and 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a> (ELOT) issued its system in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) in 1983. This system was adopted (with minor modifications) by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' Fifth Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names at <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCSGN5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names_for_British_Official_Use" title="Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use</a> (PCGN) and by the United States' <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">Board on Geographic Names</a> (BGN) in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-bgn96_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgn96-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the ISO itself in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-un_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isogreek_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isogreek-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanization of names for official purposes (as with passports and identity cards) were required to use the ELOT system within Greece until 2011, when a legal decision permitted Greeks to use irregular forms<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as "<a href="/wiki/Demetrios" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrios">Demetrios</a>" for <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Δημήτριος</span></span>) provided that official identification and documents also list the standard forms (as, for example, "Demetrios OR Dimitrios").<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other romanization systems still encountered are the BGN/PCGN's earlier 1962 system<sup id="cite_ref-un_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sixty2_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the system employed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> and the United States' <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ala-lc_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compound">Classical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization of Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_words_of_Greek_origin" title="English words of Greek origin">English words of Greek origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names" title="List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names">List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_page" class="extiw" title="wikt:Main page">Wiktionary</a>'s articles on <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Ancient_Greek_romanization_and_pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:Ancient Greek romanization and pronunciation">Ancient Greek romanization and pronunciation</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Greek_numerals" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Greek numerals">numerals</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Greek_punctuation" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Greek punctuation">punctuation</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Greek_transliteration" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:Greek transliteration">Modern Greek transliteration</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dubin, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ3gVGqB1uQC&pg=PP8"><i>Rough Guide to the Dodecanese & East Aegean Islands</i>, <span class="nowrap">p. vi</span></a>. Rough Guides (London), 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery, Lilian H. <i>The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece</i>, <span class="nowrap">p. 79</span>. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ala-lc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html">ALA-LC Romanization Tables</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/greek.pdf">Greek</a>". 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Greece/II/Section_II.%E2%80%94Post-Classical_Greek_History.#The_modern_language_and_literature" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Greece/II/Section II.—Post-Classical Greek History.">Greece</a>" in the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, <span class="nowrap">9th ed.</span>, <span class="nowrap">Vol. XI</span>. 1880.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TLGr-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TLGr_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TLGr_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TLGr_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221210442/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/encoding/BCM2013.pdf">The TLG Beta Code Manual 2013</a>". University of California (Irvine), 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elot-full-document-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elot-full-document_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sete.gr/files/Media/Egkyklioi/040707Latin-Greek.pdf">"ELOT 743, 2ī Ekdosī" <bdi lang="el">ΕΛΟΤ 743 2η Έκδοση</bdi></a> [ELOT 743, 2nd ed.] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Greek)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ELOT+743%2C+2%C4%AB+Ekdos%C4%AB+%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%9F%CE%A4+743+2%CE%B7+%CE%88%CE%BA%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7&rft.au=Hellenic+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsete.gr%2Ffiles%2FMedia%2FEgkyklioi%2F040707Latin-Greek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixty2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedersen, Thomas T. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee">Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts</a></i>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Greek.pdf">Greek</a>". 31 July 2005. Accessed 22 April 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNCSGN5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Technical Co-operation for Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/5th-uncsgn-doc/5-uncsgn-rpt-en.pdf">"Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names: Montreal, 18—31 August 1987", <span class="nowrap">Vol. I.</span> "Report of the Conference", <span class="nowrap">pp. 42–43</span></a>. United Nations (New York), 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-babis-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-babis_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Μπάμπης Κουτρούλης</span></span> [<i>Bámpīs Koutroúlīs</i>, Babis G. Kutrulis]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teicrete.gr/users/kutrulis/Ergalia/ELOT743.htm"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Μετατροπή του ελληνικού αλφαβήτου με λατινικούς χαρακτήρες (ΕΛΟΤ 743)</span></span></a> [<i>Metatropī́ tou ellīnikoú alfavī́tou me latinikoús charaktī́res</i> (ELOT 743), "Conversion of the Greek alphabet to Latin characters (ELOT 743)"]. Accessed 3 October 2014. 2008. <span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elot-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ελληνικός Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης</span></span> [<i>Ellīnikós Organismós Typopoíīsīs</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a>"]. <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΕΛΟΤ 743, 2η Έκδοση</span></span> [<i>ELOT 743, 2ī Ekdosī</i>, "ELOT 743, <span class="nowrap">2nd ed.</span>"]. ELOT (Athens), 2001. <span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This system is identical to the <i>first</i> edition of <a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a> 743 promulgated in 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-babis_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babis-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since superseded within Greece by the 2001 second edition.<sup id="cite_ref-elot_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names</a>, Working Group on Romanization Systems. <i>Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names:</i> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_el.htm">Greek</a>". <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (New York), 2003. Accessed 6 October 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-babi-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-babi_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Μπάμπης Κουτρούλης</span></span> [<i>Bámpīs Koutroúlīs</i>, Babis G. Kutrulis]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teicrete.gr/users/kutrulis/Ergalia/ELOT743.htm"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Μετατροπή του ελληνικού αλφαβήτου με λατινικούς χαρακτήρες (ΕΛΟΤ 743)</span></span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721083959/http://www.teicrete.gr/users/kutrulis/Ergalia/ELOT743.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [<i>Metatropī́ tou ellīnikoú alfavī́tou me latinikoús charaktī́res</i> (ELOT 743), "Conversion of the Greek alphabet to Latin characters (ELOT 743)"]. Accessed 3 October 2014. 2008. <span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgn96-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgn96_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgn96_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United States <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">Romanization Systems and Policies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213212545/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">Archived</a> 2013-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Greek.pdf">Romanization System for Greek</a>". 1996. Accessed 2 October 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery, Lilian H. <i>The local scripts of archaic Greece</i>, <span class="nowrap">p. 23</span>. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isogreek-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isogreek_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>. "<a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">ISO 843</a>:1997 (Conversion of Greek characters into Latin characters)". 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synigoros.gr/langs?i=human-rights.el&l=el"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Συνήγορος του Πολίτη</span></span></a> [<i>Synī́goros tou Polítī</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synigoros.gr/langs?i=human-rights.en&l=en">The Greek Ombudsman</a>".] "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synigoros.gr/?i=human-rights.el.eggrafa_tautotitas.63804"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Λατινική γραφή κατά παρέκκλιση ΕΛΟΤ 743 στις ταυτότητες και τα διαβατήρια</span></span></a>" [<i>Latinikī́ grafī́ katá parékklisī</i> ELOT 743 <i>stis taftótītes kai ta diavatī́ria</i>, "Latin Script Exceptions to ELOT 743 on Passports and ID Cards"]. Accessed 3 October 2014. <span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellenic National Passport Center. Press Releases: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passport.gov.gr/en/anouncements-bulletins/anouncements-bulletins/transliteration-of-the-passport-holders-name-in-latin.html">Transliteration of the Passport Holder's Name in Latin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114162732/http://www.passport.gov.gr/en/anouncements-bulletins/anouncements-bulletins/transliteration-of-the-passport-holders-name-in-latin.html">Archived</a> 2017-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 12 February 2012. Accessed 3 October 2014. <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passport.gov.gr/passports/GrElotConverter/GrElotConverter.html">ELOT 743 Converter</a>, a free online tool by the Greek government for official purposes using 2nd-edition ELOT transcription <span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/#el/en/">Google Translate</a>, a free online tool providing UN transliteration of Modern Greek. Also comes as application</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliterate.com/">Transliterate.com</a>, a free online tool providing transliteration of Ancient Greek</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/">Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts</a></i>, tables in pdf format by Thomas T. Pedersen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greeklishconverter.com/">Greeklish converter</a> Greeklish to Greek conversion and Greek transliteration with user-selectable options</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin and genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanization" title="Template:Romanization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanization" title="Template talk:Romanization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By publisher (for several languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization" title="Yale romanization">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By language or writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">in Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Cyrillic" title="Romanization of Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Lao" title="Romanization of Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Malayalam" title="Romanisation of Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Maldivian" title="Romanisation of Maldivian">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Telugu" title="Romanisation of Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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