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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Light patterns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Light_patterns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Light patterns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Light_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fixed_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fixed light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flashing_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flashing_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Flashing light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flashing_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occulting_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occulting_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Occulting light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occulting_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isophase_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isophase_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Isophase light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isophase_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quick_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quick_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Quick light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quick_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morse_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morse_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Morse code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morse_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixed_and_flashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed_and_flashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Fixed and flashing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed_and_flashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Alternating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_of_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_of_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Class of light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_of_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charakteristika_sv%C4%9Btla" title="Charakteristika světla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charakteristika světla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrkarakter" title="Fyrkarakter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fyrkarakter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennung" title="Kennung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kennung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz_caracter%C3%ADstica" title="Luz característica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luz característica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feu_maritime" title="Feu maritime – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Feu maritime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakteristik_cahaya" title="Karakteristik cahaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karakteristik cahaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98" title="מאפייני אורות עזר לניווט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאפייני אורות עזר לניווט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="შუქის მახასიათებლები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუქის მახასიათებლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtkarakteristiek" title="Lichtkarakteristiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lichtkarakteristiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AF%E8%B3%AA" title="灯質 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="灯質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyskarakter" title="Lyskarakter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lyskarakter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charakterystyka_%C5%9Bwiat%C5%82a_nawigacyjnego" title="Charakterystyka światła nawigacyjnego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charakterystyka światła nawigacyjnego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz_caracter%C3%ADstica" title="Luz característica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luz característica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Характеристика света (навигация) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Характеристика света (навигация)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrkarakt%C3%A4r" title="Fyrkaraktär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fyrkaraktär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="ลักษณะไฟ – Thai" lang="th" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Description of navigational light</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_characteristics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Light_characteristics.svg/400px-Light_characteristics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Light_characteristics.svg/600px-Light_characteristics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Light_characteristics.svg/800px-Light_characteristics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Symbols and abbreviations for light characteristics</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fl%C3%B8rauden_seamark_and_its_light_characteristics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fl%C3%B8rauden_seamark_and_its_light_characteristics.png/220px-Fl%C3%B8rauden_seamark_and_its_light_characteristics.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fl%C3%B8rauden_seamark_and_its_light_characteristics.png/330px-Fl%C3%B8rauden_seamark_and_its_light_characteristics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fl%C3%B8rauden_seamark_and_its_light_characteristics.png/440px-Fl%C3%B8rauden_seamark_and_its_light_characteristics.png 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Flørauden seamark in Norway with its light characteristics and <a href="/wiki/Sector_light" title="Sector light">sector light</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>light characteristic</b> is all of the properties that make a particular navigational light identifiable. Graphical and textual descriptions of navigational light sequences and colours are displayed on <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical charts</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Light_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Light List">Light Lists</a> with the chart symbol for a <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightvessel">lightvessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sea_mark" title="Sea mark">sea mark</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> on it. Different lights use different colours, frequencies and light patterns, so mariners can identify which light they are seeing.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While light characteristics can be described in prose, e.g. "Flashing white every three seconds", lists of lights and navigation chart annotations use abbreviations. The abbreviation notation is slightly different from one light list to another, with dots added or removed, but it usually follows a pattern similar to the following (see the chart to the right for examples). </p> <ul><li>An abbreviation of the type of light, e.g. "Fl." for flashing, "F." for fixed.</li> <li>The color of the light, e.g. "W" for white, "G" for green, "R" for red, "Y" for yellow, "Bu" for blue. If no color is given, a white light is generally implied.</li> <li>The cycle period, e.g. "10s" for ten seconds.</li> <li>Additional parameters are sometimes added:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>The height of the light above the chart datum for height (usually based on <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">high water</a>). e.g. 15m for 15 metres.</li> <li>The range in which the light is visible, e.g. "10M" for 10 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>An example of a complete light characteristic is "Gp Oc(3) W 10s 15m 10M". This indicates that the light is a <i>group occulting light</i> in which a group of three eclipses repeat every 10 seconds; the light is white; the light is 15 metres above the chart datum and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominal_range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominal range (page does not exist)">nominal range</a> is 10 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Light_patterns">Light patterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Light patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed_light">Fixed light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fixed light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fixed light, abbreviated "F", is a continuous and steady light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flashing_light">Flashing light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flashing light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Flashing light" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Flashing_Lights_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Flashing Lights (disambiguation)">Flashing Lights (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A flashing light is a rhythmic light in which the total duration of the light in each period is clearly shorter than the total duration of the darkness and in which the flashes of light are all of equal duration. It is most commonly used for a single-flashing light which exhibits only single flashes which are repeated at regular intervals, in which case it is abbreviated simply as "Fl". It can also be used with a group of flashes which are regularly repeated, in which case the abbreviation is "Fl(2)" or "Gr Fl(2)", for a group of two flashes. Another possibility is a composite group, in which successive groups in the period have different numbers of flashes, e.g. "Fl. (2+1)" indicates a group of two flashes, followed by one flash. </p><p>A specific case sometimes used<sup id="cite_ref-LoL_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is when the flashes are longer than two seconds. Such a light is sometimes denoted "long flashing" with the abbreviation "L.Fl". </p><p>If the frequency of flashes is high (more than 30<sup id="cite_ref-LLQuick_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LLQuick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 50<sup id="cite_ref-LoL_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per minute) the light is denoted as a "quick light", see below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occulting_light">Occulting light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occulting light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coquet_Island_Lighthouse,_former_occulting_mechanism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coquet_Island_Lighthouse%2C_former_occulting_mechanism.jpg/170px-Coquet_Island_Lighthouse%2C_former_occulting_mechanism.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coquet_Island_Lighthouse%2C_former_occulting_mechanism.jpg/255px-Coquet_Island_Lighthouse%2C_former_occulting_mechanism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coquet_Island_Lighthouse%2C_former_occulting_mechanism.jpg/340px-Coquet_Island_Lighthouse%2C_former_occulting_mechanism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="5376" /></a><figcaption>Clockwork occulting mechanism formerly in use at <a href="/wiki/Coquet_Island#Coquet_Lighthouse" title="Coquet Island">Coquet Island Lighthouse</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An occulting light is a rhythmic light in which the duration of light in each period is longer than the total duration of darkness. In other words, it is the opposite to a flashing light where the total duration of darkness is longer than the duration of light. It has the appearance of flashing off, rather than flashing on. Like a flashing light, it can be used for a single occulting light that exhibits only a single period of darkness or the periods of darkness can be grouped and repeated at regular intervals (abbreviated "Oc"), a group (Oc(3)) or a composite group (Oc(2+1)). </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Occulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Occulting">occulting</a> is used because originally the effect was obtained by a mechanism (e.g. a vertical or rotating shutter) periodically shading the light from view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isophase_light">Isophase light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Isophase light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An isophase light, abbreviated "Iso", is a light which has dark and light periods of equal length. The prefix derives from the Greek <i>iso-</i> meaning "same". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quick_light">Quick light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quick light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A quick light, abbreviated "Q", is a special case of a flashing light with a high frequency (more than 30<sup id="cite_ref-LLQuick_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LLQuick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 50<sup id="cite_ref-LoL_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per minute). If the sequence of flashes is interrupted by regularly repeated eclipses of constant and long duration, the light is denoted "interrupted quick", abbreviated "I.Q". </p><p>Group notation similar to flashing and occulting lights is also sometimes<sup id="cite_ref-LoL_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used, e.g. Q(9). </p><p>Another distinction sometimes<sup id="cite_ref-LoL_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made is between quick (more than 50 and less than 80 <a href="/wiki/Flashes_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Flashes per minute">flashes per minute</a>), very quick (more than 80 and less than 160 flashes per minutes, abbreviated "V.Q") and ultra quick (no less than 160 flashes per minute, abbreviate "U.Q"). This can be combined with notations for interruptions, e.g. I.U.Q for interrupted ultra quick, or grouping, e.g. V.Q(9) for a very quick group of nine flashes. Quick characteristics can also be followed by other characteristics, e.g. VQ(6) LFl for a very quick group of six flashes, followed by a long flash. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morse_code">Morse code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morse code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Morse code light is light in which appearances of light of two clearly different durations (dots and dashes) are grouped to represent a character or characters in the <a href="/wiki/Morse_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Morse Code">Morse Code</a>. For example, "Mo(A)" is a light in which in each period light is shown for a short period (dot) followed by a long period (dash), the Morse Code for "A". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed_and_flashing">Fixed and flashing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fixed and flashing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fixed and flashing light, abbreviated "F. Fl", is a light in which a fixed low intensity light is combined with a flashing high intensity light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternating">Alternating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternating light, abbreviated "Al", is a light which shows alternating colors. For example, "Al WG" shows white and green lights alternately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Class_of_light">Class of light</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Class of light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" width="90%" align="center"> <caption>Table I </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Class of Light </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Feature </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Abbr. </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Definition </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Example </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Representation </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left"><b>1. Fixed</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center">F </td> <td align="left">A continuous, steady, light. </td> <td align="center">F R </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;" align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_F_R.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Light_Code_F_R.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="left"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>2. Occulting</b><br />The total duration of light in each period is greater than the total duration of darkness and the dark intervals (occultations) usually have the same duration. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>2.1 Single-occulting</b> </td> <td align="center">Oc </td> <td align="left">A dark period is repeated regularly. </td> <td>Oc R 6s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Oc_R_6s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Light_Code_Oc_R_6s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>2.2 Group-occulting</b> </td> <td align="center">Oc(x) </td> <td align="left">A group of dark periods are repeated regularly. </td> <td>Oc(2) G 8s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Oc_(2)_G_8s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Light_Code_Oc_%282%29_G_8s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>2.3 Composite group-occulting</b> </td> <td align="center">Oc(x+y) </td> <td align="left">Light similar to group-occulting, except that successive groups in the same period contain different numbers of dark periods. </td> <td>Oc(2+3) W 18s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Oc(2%2B3)_W_5s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Light_Code_Oc%282%2B3%29_W_5s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left"><b>3. Isophase</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center">Iso </td> <td align="left">The duration of the light and dark periods are equal. </td> <td align="center">Iso R 4s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;" align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Iso_R_4s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Light_Code_Iso_R_4s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>4. Flashing</b><br />The total duration of light in each period is less than the total duration of the dark and light appearances (flashes) usually have the same duration. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>4.1 Single-flashing</b><br /> </td> <td align="center">Fl </td> <td align="left">A flash is repeated regularly at a rate below 50 per minute. </td> <td>Fl G 5s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Fl_G_5s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Light_Code_Fl_G_5s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>4.2 Long-flashing</b> </td> <td align="center">L.Fl </td> <td align="left">A light flash, duration of more than 2 seconds (long flash) is repeated regularly. </td> <td>L.Fl W 10s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_LFl_10s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Light_Code_LFl_10s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>4.3 Group-flashing</b><br /> </td> <td align="center">Fl(x) </td> <td align="left">A group of a specific number of flashes are repeated regularly. </td> <td>Fl(3) R 15s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Fl(3)_R_15s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Light_Code_Fl%283%29_R_15s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>4.4 Composite group-flashing</b> </td> <td align="center">Fl(x+y) </td> <td align="left">Similar to group-flashing, but with several groups of flashes. </td> <td>Fl(2+1) W 15s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Fl(2%2B1)_W_5s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Light_Code_Fl%282%2B1%29_W_5s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="left"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>5. Quick</b><br />flashes are at a frequency of between 50 and 79 flashes per minute. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>5.1 Continuous quick</b><br /> </td> <td align="center">Q </td> <td align="left">Quick flashes are repeated regularly. </td> <td>Q W </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Q_W.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Light_Code_Q_W.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>5.2 Group quick</b><br /> </td> <td align="center">Q(x) </td> <td align="left">Groups of a given number of quick flashes are repeated regularly. </td> <td>Q(3) G 9s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Q_(3)_G_9s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Light_Code_Q_%283%29_G_9s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>5.3 Interrupted quick</b><br /> </td> <td align="center">I.Q </td> <td align="left">The sequence of flashes is regularly interrupted by dark intervals of constant duration. </td> <td>I.Q R 14s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_IQ_R_14s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Light_Code_IQ_R_14s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="left"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>6. Very quick</b><br />Flashes are repeated at a frequency between 80 and 159 flashes per minute. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>6.1 Continuous very quick</b><br /> </td> <td align="center">VQ </td> <td align="left">Very quick flashes are repeated regularly. </td> <td>VQ W </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_VQ.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Light_Code_VQ.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>6.2 Group very quick</b><br /> </td> <td align="center">VQ(x) </td> <td align="left">Groups of a given number of very quick flashes are repeated regularly. </td> <td>VQ(3) G 4s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_VQ_(3)_G_4s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Light_Code_VQ_%283%29_G_4s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>6.3 Interrupted very quick</b><br /> </td> <td align="center">I.VQ </td> <td align="left">The sequence of flashes is regularly interrupted by dark intervals of constant duration. </td> <td>I.VQ R 9s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_IVQ_R_9s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Light_Code_IVQ_R_9s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="left"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>7. Ultra quick</b><br />The flashes are repeated at a frequency equal to or greater than 160 flashes per minute. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>7.1 Continuous ultra quick</b><br /> </td> <td align="center">UQ </td> <td align="left">Ultra quick flashes are repeated regularly. </td> <td>UQ W </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_UQ.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Light_Code_UQ.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td> </td> <td align="left"><b>7.2 Interrupted ultra quick</b><br /> </td> <td align="center">I.UQ </td> <td align="left">The sequence of ultra quick flashes is regularly interrupted by dark intervals of constant duration. </td> <td>I.UQ R 6s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_IUQ_R_6s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Light_Code_IUQ_R_6s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>8. Morse code</b><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center">Mo(x) </td> <td align="left">The flashes have markedly different durations and are grouped together to form one or more characters in <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>. </td> <td align="center">Mo(K) G 6s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;" align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Mo(K)_G_6s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Light_Code_Mo%28K%29_G_6s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>9. Fixed and flashing</b><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center">F.Fl </td> <td align="left">A light that combines a fixed light with a light flashing with a stronger intensity. The flashes of light may have any of the features described in above. </td> <td align="center">F.Fl Y 5s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;" align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_FFl_Y_5s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Light_Code_FFl_Y_5s.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="left"> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left"><b>10. Alternating</b><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center">Al </td> <td align="left">Light that alternately displays different colors <br /> Note - The alternating light can be used in conjunction with most of the lights earlier classes. </td> <td align="center">Al WR 3s </td> <td style="background:#3CB371;" align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Code_Al_WR.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Light_Code_Al_WR.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="40" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilotage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilotage">Pilotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_lighthouse_characteristics.html">"On Lighthouse Characteristics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Lighthouse+Characteristics&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzapatopi.net%2Fkelvin%2Fpapers%2Fon_lighthouse_characteristics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+characteristic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoL-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoL_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoL_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoL_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoL_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoL_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>List of Lights</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LLQuick-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LLQuick_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LLQuick_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Light List</i> states at one point that only "frequency not exceeding 30 flashes per minute" is considered "Flashing", yet at another that only "a rate of 60 flashes per minute" is considered "Quick", leaving the interval in-between undefined.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msi.nga.mil/Publications/USCGLL"><i>Light List, Volumes 1-7</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+List%2C+Volumes+1-7&rft.pub=United+States+Coast+Guard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsi.nga.mil%2FPublications%2FUSCGLL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+characteristic" class="Z3988"></span> - Glossary to Aids of Navigation Terms in any of the volumes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNGA" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msi.nga.mil/Publications/NGALOL"><i>Limits of List of Lights, </i>Pubs. 110–116<i><span></span></i></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+of+List+of+Lights%2C+Pubs.+110%E2%80%93116&rft.pub=United+States+National+Geospatial-Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsi.nga.mil%2FPublications%2FNGALOL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALight+characteristic" class="Z3988"></span> p. XII - Characteristics of Lights, in any of the volumes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seathelights.com/other/glossary.html">Glossary of Lighthouse Terms </a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_characteristic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925160404/http://www.uscgboating.org/safety/aton/abbreviations.htm">U.S. ATON light characteristic terms illustrated</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lighthouses" title="History of lighthouses">History of lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lighthouses" title="Conservation and restoration of lighthouses">Conservation of lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_museum" title="Lighthouse museum">Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial lighthouse">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caisson_lighthouse" title="Caisson lighthouse">Caisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crib_lighthouse" title="Crib lighthouse">Crib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_lighthouse" title="Integral lighthouse">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_lighthouse" title="Pile lighthouse">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw-pile_lighthouse" title="Screw-pile lighthouse">Screw-pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_tower" title="Skeletal tower">Skeletal tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightvessel">Vessel</a> (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigational purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daymark" title="Daymark">Daymark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_lights" title="Leading lights">Leading lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_mark" title="Sea mark">Sea mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_light" title="Sector light">Sector light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brier_Island_Lighthouse_(3)_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg/70px-Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg/105px-Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg/140px-Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fixtures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobeacon" title="Aerobeacon">Aerobeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_lamp_changer" title="Automatic lamp changer">Automatic lamp changer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-cage_lantern" title="Bird-cage lantern">Bird-cage lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal%C3%A9n_light" title="Dalén light">Dalén light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foghorn" title="Foghorn">Foghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_lantern" title="Lens lantern">Lens lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_lamp" title="Lewis lamp">Lewis lamp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Light characteristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRB-25" title="VRB-25">VRB-25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maintenance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_keeper" title="Lighthouse keeper">Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_dues" title="Light dues">Light dues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharology" title="Pharology">Pharologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_tender" title="Lighthouse tender">Tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#Africa" title="Lists of lighthouses">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#Antarctica" title="Lists of lighthouses">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#Asia" title="Lists of lighthouses">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#Europe" title="Lists of lighthouses">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#North_America" title="Lists of lighthouses">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#Oceania" title="Lists of lighthouses">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#South_America" title="Lists of lighthouses">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lighthouse_builders" title="Category:Lighthouse builders">Lighthouse builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lighthouses_by_heritage_register" title="Category:Lighthouses by heritage register">Lighthouses by heritage register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lighthouses_by_century_of_completion" title="Category:Lighthouses by century of completion">Lighthouses by century of completion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lighthouses_by_year_of_completion" title="Category:Lighthouses by year of completion">Lighthouses by year of completion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_lighthouse_authority" title="General lighthouse authority">General lighthouse authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Marine_Aids_to_Navigation_and_Lighthouse_Authorities" title="International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities">International Association of Lighthouse Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_Radio_Lighthouse_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society (page does not exist)">Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lighthouse_and_Lightship_Weekend" title="International Lighthouse and Lightship Weekend">International Lighthouse and Lightship Weekend</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Digest" title="Lighthouse Digest">Lighthouse Digest</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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