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<span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agent_in_the_Low_Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agent_in_the_Low_Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Agent in the Low Countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agent_in_the_Low_Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_acumen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_acumen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Financial acumen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Financial_acumen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Financial acumen 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Founding of the Royal Exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_Royal_Exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_progeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_progeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriage and progeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_progeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bequest_for_the_foundation_of_Gresham_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bequest_for_the_foundation_of_Gresham_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bequest for the foundation of Gresham College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bequest_for_the_foundation_of_Gresham_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gresham's_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gresham's_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gresham's law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gresham's_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gresham_grasshopper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gresham_grasshopper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>The Gresham grasshopper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gresham_grasshopper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="توماس غريشام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس غريشام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="توماس گرشام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس گرشام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%85%A4" title="토머스 그레셤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 그레셤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Gresham" title="Sir Thomas Gresham – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sir Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="توماس جريشام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس جريشام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A0" title="トーマス・グレシャム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・グレシャム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Грешем, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грешем, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gresham" title="Thomas Gresham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Thomas Gresham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Томас Грешем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Грешем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86" title="托马斯·格雷沙姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托马斯·格雷沙姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318673#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his great-nephew of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gresham_(died_1630)" title="Thomas Gresham (died 1630)">Thomas Gresham (died 1630)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Thomas Gresham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonis_Mor_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Anthonis_Mor_004.jpg/220px-Anthonis_Mor_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Anthonis_Mor_004.jpg/330px-Anthonis_Mor_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Anthonis_Mor_004.jpg/440px-Anthonis_Mor_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4448" data-file-height="5304" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Thomas Gresham, aged approximately 41. From the collection of the Rijksmuseum.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Thomas Gresham the Elder</div><br />c. 1519<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 November 1579<span style="display:none">(1579-11-21)</span> (aged 59–60)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Church,_Bishopsgate" title="St Helen's Church, Bishopsgate">St Helen's Church, Bishopsgate</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">Merchant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financier" class="mw-redirect" title="Financier">financier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London"> The Royal Exchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Anne Ferneley</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1544)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gresham" title="Richard Gresham">Sir Richard Gresham</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Thomas Gresham the Elder</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; c. 1519 – 21 November 1579) was an English <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financier" class="mw-redirect" title="Financier">financier</a> who acted on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">King Edward VI</a> (1547–1553) and Edward's half-sisters, <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queens</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> (1553–1558) and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> (1558–1603). In 1565 Gresham founded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and descended from an old <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">family</a>, Gresham was one of two sons and two daughters of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gresham" title="Richard Gresham">Sir Richard Gresham</a>, a leading <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant mercer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>, who was knighted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a> for negotiating favourable loans with foreign merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gresham was educated at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London" title="St Paul's School, London">St Paul's School</a>. After that, although his father wanted Thomas to become a merchant, Sir Richard first sent him to university at <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was concurrently apprenticed in the Mercers' Company to his uncle <a href="/wiki/John_Gresham" title="John Gresham">Sir John Gresham</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_School" title="Gresham's School">Gresham's School</a>, while he was still at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agent_in_the_Low_Countries">Agent in the Low Countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agent in the Low Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1543 the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Mercers" class="mw-redirect" title="Worshipful Company of Mercers">Mercers' Company</a> admitted the 24-year-old Gresham as a <a href="/wiki/Liveryman" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveryman">liveryman</a>, and later that year he left England for the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, where, either on his own account or that of his father or uncle, he carried on business as a <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> whilst acting in various matters as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_agent" title="Foreign agent">agent</a> for <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a>. In 1544 he married Anne Ferneley, widow of the London merchant Sir William Read, but maintained residence principally in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, basing his headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (then the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>), where he became renowned for his adept <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">market-play</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_acumen">Financial acumen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Financial acumen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thomas_Gresham" title="Special:EditPage/Thomas Gresham">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thomas+Gresham%22">"Thomas Gresham"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thomas+Gresham%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thomas+Gresham%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thomas+Gresham%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thomas+Gresham%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thomas+Gresham%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rescue_of_the_pound">Rescue of the pound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rescue of the pound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When in 1551 the mismanagement of Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Damsell" title="William Damsell">William Damsell</a>, King's Merchant to the Low Countries, had caused the English Government much financial embarrassment, the authorities called Gresham for advice, thereafter following his proposals. Gresham advocated the adoption of various methods – highly ingenious, but quite arbitrary and unfair – for raising the value of the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> on the <a href="/wiki/The_Belgian_bourse_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="The Belgian bourse of Antwerp">Antwerp bourse</a> which proved so successful that in just a few years <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">King Edward VI</a> had discharged almost all of his debts. The Government sought Gresham's advice in all their money difficulties, and also frequently employed him in various diplomatic missions. He had no stated salary, but in reward of his services received from King Edward various grants of lands, the annual value of which at that time amounted ultimately to about 400 <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a> a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_services_to_the_Crown">Later services to the Crown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later services to the Crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the accession of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a> in 1553, Gresham fell out of favour at <a href="/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s" title="Court of St James's">Court</a> for a short time with <a href="/wiki/Alderman" title="Alderman">Alderman</a> William Dauntsey displacing him. But Dauntsey's financial operations proved unsuccessful and Gresham was soon reinstated; and as he professed his zealous desire to serve the Queen, and manifested great adroitness both in negotiating loans and in smuggling money, arms and foreign goods, not only were his services retained throughout her reign (1553–1558), but besides his salary of twenty shillings <i>per diem</i> he received grants of <a href="/wiki/Church_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Church lands">church lands</a> to the yearly value of 200 pounds. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth</a>'s reign (1558–1603), besides continuing in his post as financial agent of the Crown, Gresham acted as Ambassador Plenipotentiary to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma" title="Margaret of Parma">Duchess Margaret of Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands" title="List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands">Governor of the Netherlands</a>, and was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> in 1559 prior to his departure. The unsettled times preceding the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch revolt">Dutch revolt</a> compelled him to leave <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> on 10 March 1567; but, though he spent the remainder of his life in London, he continued his business as merchant and government financial agent in much the same way as he had always done.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queen Elizabeth also found Gresham's abilities useful in a variety of other ways, including acting as <a href="/wiki/Gaoler" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaoler">gaoler</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lady_Mary_Grey" title="Lady Mary Grey">Lady Mary Grey</a> (sister of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>), who, as a punishment for marrying <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keyes" title="Thomas Keyes">Thomas Keyes</a> the sergeant-porter, was imprisoned in his house from June 1569 to the end of 1572.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_the_Royal_Exchange">Founding of the Royal Exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Founding of the Royal Exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1565 Gresham made a proposal to the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Aldermen" title="Court of Aldermen">Court of Aldermen</a> to build, at his own expense, a <a href="/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market)">bourse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market)">exchange</a> – what became the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Exchange (London)">Royal Exchange</a>, modelled on the <a href="/wiki/The_Belgian_bourse_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="The Belgian bourse of Antwerp">Antwerp bourse</a> – on condition that the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation of London">Corporation</a> provided for this purpose a suitable location. In this proposal he seems to have had a good eye for his self-interest as well as for the general good of the City's merchants, for by a yearly rental of £700 obtained for the shops in the upper part of the building he received more than sufficient return for his trouble and expense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a> is the background of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heywood" title="Thomas Heywood">Thomas Heywood</a>'s play: <i><a href="/wiki/If_You_Know_Not_Me,_You_Know_Nobody" title="If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody">If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody</a> part 2</i>, in which a <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a> extols the quality of the building when asked if he has ever seen "a goodlier frame": </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Not in my life; yet I have been in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>... In the <a href="/wiki/Rialto" title="Rialto">Rialto</a> there, called <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">Saint Mark</a>'s; 'tis but a bauble, if compared to this. The nearest, that which most resembles this, is the great <a href="/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market)">Burse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, yet no comparable either in height or wideness, the fair cellarage, or goodly shops above. Oh my <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor">Lord Mayor</a>, this Gresham hath much graced your City of London; his fame will long outlive him.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_progeny">Marriage and progeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriage and progeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1544 he married Anne Ferneley, widow of Sir William Read, a London merchant. By his wife he had an only son who predeceased him. He also had an illegitimate daughter who married <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bacon_of_Stiffkey" title="Nathaniel Bacon of Stiffkey">Sir Nathaniel Bacon</a> (<i>c.</i> 1546–1622), half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans</a>, becoming <i>Anne, Lady Bacon</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gresham died suddenly, apparently of <a href="/wiki/Apoplexy" title="Apoplexy">apoplexy</a>, on 21 November 1579 and was buried at <a href="/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Church,_Bishopsgate" title="St Helen's Church, Bishopsgate">St Helen's Church, Bishopsgate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bequest_for_the_foundation_of_Gresham_College">Bequest for the foundation of Gresham College</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bequest for the foundation of Gresham College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from some small sums to various charities, Gresham bequeathed the bulk of his property (consisting of estates in London and around England giving an income of more than £2,300 a year) to his widow and her heirs, with the stipulation that after her death his own house in Bishopsgate Street and the rents from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Exchange (London)">Royal Exchange</a> should be vested in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">Corporation of London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Mercers" class="mw-redirect" title="Worshipful Company of Mercers">Mercers Company</a>, for the purpose of instituting a college in which seven professors should read lectures, one each day of the week, in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">physic</a>, law, <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a>, the first institution of higher learning in London, came to be established in 1597. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gresham's_law"><span id="Gresham.27s_law"></span>Gresham's law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gresham's law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_law" title="Gresham's law">Gresham's law</a> (stated simply as: "Bad money drives out good") takes its name from him (although others, including the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, had recognised the concept for years) because he urged Queen Elizabeth to restore the debased currency of England. However, Sir Thomas never formulated anything like <i>Gresham's law</i>, which was the 1857 conception of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunning_Macleod" title="Henry Dunning Macleod">Henry Dunning Macleod</a>, an economist with a knack for reading into a text that which was not written.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Gresham_grasshopper">The Gresham grasshopper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Gresham grasshopper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gresham family <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a> is: <i>On a Mount Vert a Grasshopper Or</i> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a golden grasshopper on a green mound); it is displayed by <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a>, which he founded, and also forms the <a href="/wiki/Weathervane" class="mw-redirect" title="Weathervane">weathervane</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Exchange (London)">Royal Exchange</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, also founded by him in 1565. The <a href="/wiki/Faneuil_Hall" title="Faneuil Hall">Faneuil Hall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, has also borrowed this <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldic device</a>. The Gresham <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> is blazoned: <i>Argent, a Chevron Erminés between three Mullets pierced Sable</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to ancient legend, the founder of the family, Roger de Gresham, was a foundling abandoned as a new-born baby among long grass in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> during the 13th century and found there by a woman whose attention was drawn to the child by a grasshopper. Although a beautiful story, it is more likely that the grasshopper is simply a <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldic</a> <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a> playing on the sound "grassh-" and "Gresh-". The Gresham family uses as its <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> <i>Fiat Voluntas Tua</i> ('Thy will be done').<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_law" title="Gresham's law">Gresham's law</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Exchange (London)">The Royal Exchange</a>, which he founded in 1565, was opened in 1571;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a>, funded by the bequest of his Will of 1571, was opened in 1597;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_Street" title="Gresham Street">Gresham Street</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> running east from St Martin's Le Grand near <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>, past the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> is named in his memory;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_Palace" title="Gresham Palace">The Gresham Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> is named after him;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gresham_Club" title="Gresham Club">Gresham Club</a> in the City was also named in his honour;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gresham_Hotel" title="Gresham Hotel">Gresham Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> is indirectly named after Gresham. It was established in 1817 by another Thomas Gresham, who was given that name as he was a <a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">foundling</a> abandoned on the steps of the Royal Exchange;</li> <li>Gresham Road, nearby Gresham's <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hounslow" title="Hounslow">Hounslow</a>: <a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gresham appears as a background figure in a series of fictional mystery novels by the British author <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Anand" title="Valerie Anand">Valerie Anand</a> writing under the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen-name</a> of Fiona Buckley. The fictional heroine of the stories, Ursula Blanchard, lived in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> with her first husband while he worked as one of Gresham's agents.</li> <li>Gresham also features as the central character of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Strang" title="Herbert Strang">Herbert Strang</a>'s book <i>On London River: A Story of the Days of Queen Elizabeth</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1936).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Gresham_02189.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="18th century engraving of Sir Thomas Gresham"><img alt="18th century engraving of Sir Thomas Gresham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sir_Thomas_Gresham_02189.jpg/87px-Sir_Thomas_Gresham_02189.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sir_Thomas_Gresham_02189.jpg/130px-Sir_Thomas_Gresham_02189.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sir_Thomas_Gresham_02189.jpg/173px-Sir_Thomas_Gresham_02189.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18th century engraving of Sir Thomas Gresham</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_British_Worthies_Sir_Thomas_Gresham.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gresham's bust at Stowe School"><img alt="Gresham's bust at Stowe School" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Temple_of_British_Worthies_Sir_Thomas_Gresham.jpg/80px-Temple_of_British_Worthies_Sir_Thomas_Gresham.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Temple_of_British_Worthies_Sir_Thomas_Gresham.jpg/120px-Temple_of_British_Worthies_Sir_Thomas_Gresham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Temple_of_British_Worthies_Sir_Thomas_Gresham.jpg/160px-Temple_of_British_Worthies_Sir_Thomas_Gresham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gresham's bust at<br /> <a href="/wiki/Stowe_School" title="Stowe School">Stowe School</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gresham's initials "TG" and date 1563 with his golden grasshopper emblem, serving as the sign of a bank[9] in Lombard Street, the historic centre of banking in the City of London"><img alt="Gresham's initials "TG" and date 1563 with his golden grasshopper emblem, serving as the sign of a bank[9] in Lombard Street, the historic centre of banking in the City of London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG/120px-Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG/180px-Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG/240px-Londres_-_Lombard_Street.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gresham's initials "TG" and date 1563 with his golden grasshopper emblem, serving as the sign of a bank<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street</a>, the historic centre of banking in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_in_Bishopsgate_Street.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Thomas & Lady Gresham's townhouse in Bishopsgate Street"><img alt="Sir Thomas & Lady Gresham's townhouse in Bishopsgate Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/House_of_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_in_Bishopsgate_Street.png/120px-House_of_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_in_Bishopsgate_Street.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/House_of_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_in_Bishopsgate_Street.png/180px-House_of_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_in_Bishopsgate_Street.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/House_of_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_in_Bishopsgate_Street.png/240px-House_of_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_in_Bishopsgate_Street.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sir Thomas & Lady Gresham's townhouse in <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopsgate Street">Bishopsgate Street</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portretten_van_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_en_Anne_Fernely_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3118.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Thomas Gresham, portrait c. 1554 by Anthonis Mor"><img alt="Sir Thomas Gresham, portrait c. 1554 by Anthonis Mor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Portretten_van_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_en_Anne_Fernely_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3118.jpeg/101px-Portretten_van_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_en_Anne_Fernely_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3118.jpeg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Portretten_van_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_en_Anne_Fernely_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3118.jpeg/151px-Portretten_van_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_en_Anne_Fernely_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3118.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Portretten_van_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_en_Anne_Fernely_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3118.jpeg/201px-Portretten_van_Sir_Thomas_Gresham_en_Anne_Fernely_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3118.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sir Thomas Gresham, portrait <i>c.</i> 1554 by <a href="/wiki/Anthonis_Mor" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthonis Mor">Anthonis Mor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonis_Mor_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dame Anne née Ferneley, wife of Sir Thomas Gresham. Portrait c. 1560 by Anthonis Mor"><img alt="Dame Anne née Ferneley, wife of Sir Thomas Gresham. Portrait c. 1560 by Anthonis Mor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Anthonis_Mor_005.jpg/101px-Anthonis_Mor_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Anthonis_Mor_005.jpg/152px-Anthonis_Mor_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Anthonis_Mor_005.jpg/203px-Anthonis_Mor_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="2508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dame Anne <i>née</i> Ferneley, wife of Sir Thomas Gresham. Portrait <i>c.</i> 1560 by <a href="/wiki/Anthonis_Mor" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthonis Mor">Anthonis Mor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intwood_Hall,_near_Norwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intwood Hall, Gresham's Norfolk estate"><img alt="Intwood Hall, Gresham's Norfolk estate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Intwood_Hall%2C_near_Norwich.jpg/120px-Intwood_Hall%2C_near_Norwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Intwood_Hall%2C_near_Norwich.jpg/180px-Intwood_Hall%2C_near_Norwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Intwood_Hall%2C_near_Norwich.jpg/240px-Intwood_Hall%2C_near_Norwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Keswick,_South_Norfolk" title="Keswick, South Norfolk">Intwood Hall</a>, Gresham's Norfolk estate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GreshamArms.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gresham arms: Argent a Chevron Erminés between three Mullets pierced Sable"><img alt="Gresham arms: Argent a Chevron Erminés between three Mullets pierced Sable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GreshamArms.png/109px-GreshamArms.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GreshamArms.png/164px-GreshamArms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GreshamArms.png/219px-GreshamArms.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Gresham arms</b>:<br /> <i>Argent a Chevron Erminés between three Mullets pierced Sable</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MerchantMark_ThomasGresham_1544.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Thomas Gresham's merchant's mark as depicted in the 1544 portrait of him owned by the Mercers' Company. Also as illustrated in Elmhirst, 1959,[10] with more pronounced "heart shape", used by other marks of this type, e.g. the later HEICS mark"><img alt="Sir Thomas Gresham's merchant's mark as depicted in the 1544 portrait of him owned by the Mercers' Company. Also as illustrated in Elmhirst, 1959,[10] with more pronounced "heart shape", used by other marks of this type, e.g. the later HEICS mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MerchantMark_ThomasGresham_1544.png/62px-MerchantMark_ThomasGresham_1544.png" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MerchantMark_ThomasGresham_1544.png/93px-MerchantMark_ThomasGresham_1544.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MerchantMark_ThomasGresham_1544.png/125px-MerchantMark_ThomasGresham_1544.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sir Thomas Gresham's <a href="/wiki/Merchant%27s_mark" title="Merchant's mark">merchant's mark</a> as depicted in the 1544 portrait of him owned by the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Mercers" class="mw-redirect" title="Worshipful Company of Mercers">Mercers' Company</a>. Also as illustrated in Elmhirst, 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with more pronounced "heart shape", used by other marks of this type, <i>e.g.</i> the later <a href="/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable East India Company">HEICS</a> mark </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple_discoveries#14th_century" title="List of multiple discoveries">List of multiple discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titsey_Place" title="Titsey Place">Titsey Place</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFACADGRSN530T" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=GRSN530T&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Thomas Gresham (GRSN530T)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Gresham+%28GRSN530T%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DGRSN530T%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Gresham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heywood, Thomas, <i>The Dramatic Works of Thomas Heywood</i>, 6 volumes, ed. J. Payne Collier, London: The Shakespeare Society, 1851.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=64144">Memorials of the Institutions – St Helen's Bishopgate</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roover, Raymond de, <i>Gresham on Foreign Exchange</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1949</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke's Armorials, 1884</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke's Armorials, 1884</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/H._D._G._Leveson_Gower" title="H. D. G. Leveson Gower">Granville William Gresham Leveson Gower, JP, DL, FSA</a>, <i>Genealogy of the family of Gresham</i> (1883) p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early banks all had distinctive signs displayed in this way, for example Lloyd's Bank in Birmingham was "the sign of the black horse", which usage survives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elmhirst, Edward Mars, <i>Merchants' Marks</i>, ed. Dow, Leslie, Harleian Society, 1959, p. 12, image no. 450</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gresham,_Sir_Thomas" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gresham, Sir Thomas">Gresham, Sir Thomas</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gresham%2C+Sir+Thomas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Gresham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham</i> by J.W. Burgon (London, 1839, new edition 1968)</li> <li><i>Sir Thomas Gresham (1518–1579)</i> by F. R. Salter (Parsons, London, 1925)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1875–1889" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baynes, T. S., ed. (1875–1889). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Sir Thomas Gresham"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Sir_Thomas_Gresham">"Sir Thomas Gresham" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Thomas+Gresham&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1875%2F1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Gresham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1890" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Welch, Charles (1890). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gresham, Thomas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Gresham,_Thomas">"Gresham, Thomas" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gresham%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Gresham" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blanchard, Ian. "Gresham, Sir Thomas (c.1518–1579)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F11505">10.1093/ref:odnb/11505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gresham%2C+Sir+Thomas+%28c.1518%E2%80%931579%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F11505&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Gresham" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Burgon" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Burgon">John William Burgon</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifetimesofsirth01burguoft#page/n9/mode/2up">The life and times of Sir Thomas Gresham</a> comp. chiefly from his correspondence preserved in Her Majesty's state-paper office: including notices of many of his contemporaries. Published 1839 by R. Jennings in London . Volume I.</li> <li>John William Burgon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifetimesofsirth02burguoft#page/n9/mode/2upurguoft#page/n9/mode/2up">The life and times of Sir Thomas Gresham</a> Volume II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Knight_(publisher)" title="Charles Knight (publisher)">Knight, Charles</a> (1845). <i>The Life of Sir Thomas Gresham: Founder of the Royal Exchange</i>. Charles Knight & Co.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gresham&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Gresham" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thomas Gresham">Thomas Gresham</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uoJAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham</i></a> (1839)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219232811/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=713">"Gresham and Antwerp", Gresham College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JcbV309c5UC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44"><i>Magna Carta Ancestry</i>, Douglas Richardson (2011)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Gresham_Professor_of_Geometry" title="Gresham Professor of Geometry">Geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_Professor_of_Information_Technology" title="Gresham Professor of Information Technology">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_Professor_of_Law" title="Gresham Professor of Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_Professor_of_Music" title="Gresham Professor of Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_Professor_of_Physic" title="Gresham Professor of Physic">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_Professor_of_Rhetoric" title="Gresham Professor of Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_Gresham_Professor" title="Visiting Gresham Professor">Visiting</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gresham_College_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gresham College Coat of Arms"><img alt="Gresham College Coat of Arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gresham_College_Coat_of_Arms.svg/150px-Gresham_College_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gresham_College_Coat_of_Arms.svg/225px-Gresham_College_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gresham_College_Coat_of_Arms.svg/300px-Gresham_College_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="2060" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Gresham</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnard%27s_Inn" title="Barnard's Inn">Barnard's Inn</a> (location)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham_College_and_the_formation_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Gresham College and the formation of the Royal Society">Gresham College and the formation of the Royal Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318673#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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