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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adolescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adolescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adolescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adulthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Accession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Spanish marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>False pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religious policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce_and_revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce_and_revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Commerce and revenue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce_and_revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_style,_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_style,_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Titles, style, and arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles,_style,_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary I of England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_van_Engeland" title="Maria I van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maria I van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_Engla_Cw%C4%93n" title="Maria I Engla Cwēn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Maria I Engla Cwēn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ماري الأولى ملكة إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري الأولى ملكة إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_I_d%27Anglaterra" title="María I d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="María I d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_I_d%27Inglaterra" title="María I d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="María I d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Mariya_(%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99_krali%C3%A7as%C4%B1)" title="I Mariya (İngiltərə kraliçası) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Mariya (İngiltərə kraliçası)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3)" title="بیرینجی ماری (اینگیلیس) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی ماری (اینگیلیس)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1)" title="প্রথম মেরি (ইংল্যান্ড) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম মেরি (ইংল্যান্ড)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_1-s%C3%A8_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="Mary 1-sè (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mary 1-sè (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_I_%D0%A6%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Марыя I Цюдар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марыя I Цюдар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_I" title="Марыя I – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марыя I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_I_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мария I Тюдор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мария I Тюдор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_I,_kraljica_Engleske" title="Marija I, kraljica Engleske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marija I, kraljica Engleske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Ia%C3%B1_Bro-Saoz" title="Mari Iañ Bro-Saoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mari Iañ Bro-Saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_d%27Anglaterra" title="Maria I d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maria I d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_I_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8)" title="Мария I (Англи королеви) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мария I (Англи королеви)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_I._Tudorovna" title="Marie I. Tudorovna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marie I. Tudorovna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_I,_brenhines_Lloegr" title="Mari I, brenhines Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mari I, brenhines Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_1._af_England" title="Maria 1. af England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maria 1. af England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I._(England)" title="Maria I. (England) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maria I. (England)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I" title="Mary I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mary I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μαρία Α΄ της Αγγλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρία Α΄ της Αγγλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_I_de_Inglaterra" title="María I de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="María I de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_la_1-a_(Anglio)" title="Maria la 1-a (Anglio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maria la 1-a (Anglio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I.a_Ingalaterrakoa" title="Maria I.a Ingalaterrakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maria I.a Ingalaterrakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%8C_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ماری یکم، ملکه انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماری یکم، ملکه انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Ire_(reine_d%27Angleterre)" title="Marie Ire (reine d'Angleterre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marie Ire (reine d'Angleterre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marije_I_fan_Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Marije I fan Ingelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Marije I fan Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_I_Shasana" title="Máire I Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Máire I Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_I_de_Inglaterra" title="María I de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="María I de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC_1%EC%84%B8_(%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C)" title="메리 1세 (잉글랜드) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메리 1세 (잉글랜드)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryamu_I_ta_Ingila" title="Maryamu I ta Ingila – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Maryamu I ta Ingila" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Մարի Թյուդոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարի Թյուդոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="इंग्लैंड की मैरी प्रथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैंड की मैरी प्रथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Tudor" title="Marija Tudor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marija Tudor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_la_1ma_di_Anglia" title="Mary la 1ma di Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mary la 1ma di Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_dari_Inggris" title="Mary I dari Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mary I dari Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_de_Anglaterra" title="Maria I de Anglaterra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Maria I de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_1._Englandsdrottning" title="María 1. Englandsdrottning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="María 1. Englandsdrottning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_d%27Inghilterra" title="Maria I d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maria I d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="מרי הראשונה, מלכת אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרי הראשונה, מלכת אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_I_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="მერი I (ინგლისი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მერი I (ინგლისი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_a_Bow_Sows" title="Maria I a Bow Sows – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Maria I a Bow Sows" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_wa_Uingereza" title="Mary I wa Uingereza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mary I wa Uingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_(regina_Angliae)" title="Maria I (regina Angliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria I (regina Angliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Tjudora" title="Marija Tjudora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marija Tjudora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_I" title="Marija I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marija I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._M%C3%A1ria_angol_kir%C3%A1lyn%C5%91" title="I. Mária angol királynő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Mária angol királynő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_I" title="Марија I – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марија I" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_an%27i_Angletera" title="Mary I an'i Angletera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mary I an'i Angletera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="इंग्लंडची पहिली मेरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंडची पहिली मेरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_I_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="მერი I (ინგლისი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მერი I (ინგლისი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مارى الاولانيه ملكة انجلترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى الاولانيه ملكة انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_dari_England" title="Mary I dari England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mary I dari England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_van_Engeland" title="Maria I van Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maria I van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="メアリー1世 (イングランド女王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メアリー1世 (イングランド女王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_av_England" title="Maria I av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maria I av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_av_England" title="Maria I av England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maria I av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_d%27Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Maria I d'Anglatèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maria I d'Anglatèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_Tudor" title="Mary I Tudor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mary I Tudor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="میری اول ملکہ انگلستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میری اول ملکہ انگلستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_Tudor" title="Maria I Tudor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maria I Tudor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_da_Inglaterra" title="Maria I da Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maria I da Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_a_Angliei" title="Maria I a Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maria I a Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Мария I (королева Англии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мария I (королева Англии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A5%A7_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)" title="मेरी १ (इंगलैंड) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मेरी १ (इंगलैंड)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_o_Ingland" title="Mary I o Ingland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mary I o Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mary I of England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_I._(Anglicko)" title="Mária I. (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mária I. (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_I._Angle%C5%A1ka" title="Marija I. Angleška – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marija I. Angleška" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ماریی یەکەمی ئینگلستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماریی یەکەمی ئینگلستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_I_%D0%A2%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мери I Тјудор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мери I Тјудор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_od_Engleske" title="Mary I od Engleske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mary I od Engleske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_(Englanti)" title="Maria I (Englanti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maria I (Englanti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_av_England" title="Maria I av England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maria I av England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_ng_Inglatera" title="Maria I ng Inglatera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maria I ng Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="இங்கிலாந்தின் முதலாம் மேரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்தின் முதலாம் மேரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถแมรีที่ 1 แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถแมรีที่ 1 แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Mary" title="I. Mary – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Mary" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_I_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Марія I Тюдор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марія I Тюдор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="میری اول ملکہ انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میری اول ملکہ انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="Mary I của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mary I của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="瑪麗一世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="瑪麗一世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_han_Inglaterra" title="Maria I han Inglaterra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Maria I han Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%EF%BC%89" title="玛丽一世（英格兰） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛丽一世（英格兰）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%80%AB)" title="瑪麗一世 (英倫) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪麗一世 (英倫)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="玛丽一世 (英格兰) – Chinese" lang="zh" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mary I (disambiguation)">Mary I (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Mary I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mary has a high forehead, thin lips and hair parted in the middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/220px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/330px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/440px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1894" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Antonis_Mor" title="Antonis Mor">Antonis Mor</a>, 1554</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Queen of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_English_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the English sovereigns">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1553<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> –<br />17 November 1558</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Mary_I_of_England" title="Coronation of Mary I of England">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1553</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a> <i>(disputed)</i> or <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> (1554–1558)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of Spain">Queen consort of Spain</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">16 January 1556 –<br />17 November 1558</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">18 February 1516<br /><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia" title="Palace of Placentia">Palace of Placentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1558 (aged 42)<br /><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1558<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="25 July 1554">1554</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in England">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_I_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary I's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature with the words "Marye the quene"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mary_I_Signature.svg/125px-Mary_I_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mary_I_Signature.svg/188px-Mary_I_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mary_I_Signature.svg/250px-Mary_I_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mary I</b> (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as <b>Mary Tudor</b>, and as "<b>Bloody Mary</b>" by her <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> opponents, was <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Queen of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a> from July 1553 and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_royal_consorts" title="List of Spanish royal consorts">Queen of Spain</a> as the wife of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> from January 1556 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Mary_I_of_England" title="Death and funeral of Mary I of England">her death</a> in 1558. She is best known for her vigorous attempt to <a href="/wiki/Second_Statute_of_Repeal" title="Second Statute of Repeal">reverse</a> the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, which had begun during the reign of her father, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. Her attempt to restore to the Church the property confiscated in the previous two reigns was largely thwarted by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a>, but during her five-year reign, Mary had over 280 religious dissenters <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at the stake">burned at the stake</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marian_persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian persecutions">Marian persecutions</a>. </p><p>Mary was the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Henry_VIII" title="Children of Henry VIII">only surviving child</a> of Henry VIII by his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>. She was declared illegitimate and barred from the line of succession following the <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a> of her parents' marriage in 1533, though she would later be restored via the <a href="/wiki/Third_Succession_Act_1543" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Succession Act 1543">Third Succession Act 1543</a>. Her younger half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>, succeeded their father in 1547 at the age of nine. When Edward became terminally ill in 1553, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because he supposed, correctly, that she would reverse the Protestant reforms that had taken place during his reign. Upon his death, leading politicians proclaimed Mary's and Edward's Protestant cousin, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, as queen instead. Mary speedily assembled a force in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> and deposed Jane, who was eventually beheaded. Mary was—excluding the disputed reigns of Jane and the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a>—the first <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a> of England. In July 1554, she <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary_I_of_England_and_Philip_of_Spain" title="Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip of Spain">married Prince Philip of Spain</a>, becoming <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a> of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> on his accession in 1556. </p><p>After Mary's death in 1558, her re-establishment of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in England">Roman Catholicism in England</a> was <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">reversed</a> by her younger half-sister and successor, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_family">Birth and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mary was born on 18 February 1516 at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia" title="Palace of Placentia">Palace of Placentia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich, England">Greenwich, England</a>. She was the only child of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, to survive infancy. Before Mary, her mother had three miscarriages and stillbirths and one short-lived son, <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Henry, Duke of Cornwall">Henry, Duke of Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary was baptised into the Catholic faith at the Church of the Observant Friars in Greenwich three days after her birth.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her godparents included <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a>; her great-aunt <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_York" title="Catherine of York">Catherine, Countess of Devon</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Howard,_Duchess_of_Norfolk" title="Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk">Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry VIII's first cousin once removed, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury">Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury</a>, stood sponsor for Mary's <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, which was conducted immediately after the baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Mary became a godmother herself when she was named as one of the sponsors of her cousin <a href="/wiki/Frances_Brandon" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Brandon">Frances Brandon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1520, the Countess of Salisbury was appointed Mary's <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Hussey,_1st_Baron_Hussey_of_Sleaford" title="John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford">John Hussey</a> (later Lord Hussey) was her <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">chamberlain</a> from 1530, and his wife Lady Anne, daughter of <a href="/wiki/George_Grey,_2nd_Earl_of_Kent" title="George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent">George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent</a>, was one of Mary's attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood">Childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n,_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg/220px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg/330px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg/440px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, 1520, Mary's mother</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Tudor_by_Horenbout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mary as a snub-nosed girl with red hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mary_Tudor_by_Horenbout.jpg/220px-Mary_Tudor_by_Horenbout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mary_Tudor_by_Horenbout.jpg/330px-Mary_Tudor_by_Horenbout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mary_Tudor_by_Horenbout.jpg/440px-Mary_Tudor_by_Horenbout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Mary in 1522, at the time of her engagement to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a>. She is aged 6 and wears a rectangular brooch inscribed "The Emperour".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mary was a precocious child.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1520, when scarcely four and a half years old, she entertained a visiting <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> delegation with a performance on the <a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">virginals</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great part of her early education came from her mother, who consulted the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist">humanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Vives" title="Juan Luis Vives">Juan Luis Vives</a> for advice and commissioned him to write <i>De Institutione Feminae Christianae</i>, a treatise on the education of girls.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the age of nine, Mary could read and write Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She studied French, Spanish, music, dance, and perhaps Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry VIII doted on his daughter and boasted to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> ambassador <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Giustiniani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian Giustiniani">Sebastian Giustiniani</a> that Mary never cried.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary had a fair complexion with pale blue eyes and red or reddish-golden hair, traits very similar to those of her parents. She was ruddy-cheeked, a trait she inherited from her father.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his affection for Mary, Henry was deeply disappointed that his marriage had produced no sons.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Mary was nine years old, it was apparent that Henry and Catherine would have no more children, leaving Henry without a legitimate male heir.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1525, Henry sent Mary to the border of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> to preside, presumably in name only, over the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wales_and_the_Marches" title="Council of Wales and the Marches">Council of Wales and the Marches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was given her own <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">court</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Castle" title="Ludlow Castle">Ludlow Castle</a> and many of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogatives</a> normally reserved for a <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>. Vives and others called her the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess of Wales</a>, although she was never technically invested with the title.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She appears to have spent three years in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a>, making regular visits to her father's court, before returning permanently to the <a href="/wiki/Home_counties" title="Home counties">home counties</a> around London in mid-1528.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_charles_v.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/220px-Emperor_charles_v.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/330px-Emperor_charles_v.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emperor_charles_v.png/440px-Emperor_charles_v.png 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="1823" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Charles V, Mary's cousin and later father-in-law</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout Mary's childhood, Henry negotiated potential future marriages for her. When she was only two years old, Mary was promised to <a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">Francis, Dauphin of France</a>, the infant son of King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, but the contract was repudiated after three years.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1522, at the age of six, she was instead contracted to marry her 22-year-old cousin <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Charles broke off the engagement within a few years with Henry's agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Wolsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a>, Henry's chief adviser, then resumed marriage negotiations with the French, and Henry suggested that Mary marry the French king Francis I, who was eager for an alliance with England.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A marriage treaty was signed which provided that Mary marry either Francis I or his second son <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry, Duke of Orléans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Wolsey secured an alliance with France without the marriage. </p><p>In 1528, Wolsey's agent <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Magnus" title="Thomas Magnus">Thomas Magnus</a> discussed the idea of her marriage to her cousin <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a> with the Scottish diplomat <a href="/wiki/Adam_Otterburn" title="Adam Otterburn">Adam Otterburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Venetian Mario Savorgnano, by this time Mary was developing into a pretty, well-proportioned young lady with a fine complexion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adolescence">Adolescence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adolescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although various possibilities for Mary's marriage had been considered, the marriage of Mary's parents was itself in jeopardy, which threatened her status. Disappointed at the lack of a male heir, and eager to remarry, Henry attempted to have his marriage to Catherine <a href="/wiki/Annulled" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulled">annulled</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> refused his request. Henry claimed, citing biblical passages (<a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 20:21), that the marriage was unclean because Catherine was the widow of his brother <a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a> (Mary's uncle). Catherine claimed that her marriage to Arthur was never <a href="/wiki/Consummate" class="mw-redirect" title="Consummate">consummated</a> and so was not a valid marriage. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> had issued a dispensation on that basis. Clement VII may have been reluctant to act because he was influenced by Charles V, Catherine's nephew and Mary's former betrothed, whose troops had <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">sacked Rome</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1531, Mary was often sick with irregular menstruation and depression, although it is not clear whether this was caused by stress, puberty or a more deep-seated disease.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was not permitted to see her mother, whom Henry had sent to live away from court.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1533, Henry married <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, and in May <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, formally declared the marriage with Catherine void and the marriage to Anne valid. Henry repudiated the Pope's authority, declaring himself Supreme Head of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Catherine was demoted to Dowager Princess of Wales (a title she would have held as Arthur's widow), and Mary was deemed illegitimate. She was styled "The Lady Mary" rather than Princess, and her place in the line of succession was transferred to Henry and Anne's newborn daughter, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary's household was dissolved;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her servants (including the Countess of Salisbury) were dismissed and, in December 1533, she was sent to join her infant half-sister's household at <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatfield Palace">Hatfield Palace</a>, Hertfordshire.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary determinedly refused to acknowledge that Anne was the queen or that Elizabeth was a princess, enraging King Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under strain and with her movements restricted, Mary was frequently ill, which the royal physician attributed to her "ill treatment".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Imperial ambassador <a href="/wiki/Eustace_Chapuys" title="Eustace Chapuys">Eustace Chapuys</a> became her close adviser, and interceded, unsuccessfully, on her behalf at court.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between Mary and her father worsened; they did not speak to each other for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although both she and her mother were ill, Mary was refused permission to visit Catherine.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Catherine died in 1536, Mary was "inconsolable".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine was interred in <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough Cathedral</a>, while Mary grieved in semi-seclusion at <a href="/wiki/Hunsdon" title="Hunsdon">Hunsdon</a> in Hertfordshire.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1536, Queen Anne fell from the King's favour and was beheaded. Elizabeth, like Mary, was declared illegitimate and stripped of her <a href="/wiki/Second_Succession_Act" title="Second Succession Act">succession rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within two weeks of Anne's execution, Henry married <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a>, who urged her husband to make peace with Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry insisted that Mary recognise him as head of the Church of England, repudiate <a href="/wiki/Papal" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal">papal</a> authority, acknowledge that the marriage between her parents was unlawful, and accept her own illegitimacy. She attempted to reconcile with Henry by submitting to his authority as far as "God and my conscience" permitted, but was eventually bullied into signing a document agreeing to all of Henry's demands.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reconciled with her father, Mary resumed her place at court.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry granted her a household, which included the reinstatement of Mary's favourite, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Clarencieux" title="Susan Clarencieux">Susan Clarencieux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary's <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse" title="Privy Purse">Privy Purse</a> accounts for this period, kept by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Finch" title="Mary Finch">Mary Finch</a>, show that <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Beaulieu" title="Palace of Beaulieu">Palace of Beaulieu</a> (also called Newhall), <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a> and Hunsdon were among her principal places of residence, as well as Henry's palaces at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia" title="Palace of Placentia">Greenwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampton Court">Hampton Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her expenses included fine clothes and gambling at cards, one of her favourite pastimes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rebels in the North of England, including Lord Hussey, Mary's former chamberlain, campaigned against Henry's religious reforms, and one of their demands was that Mary be made legitimate. The rebellion, known as the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace" title="Pilgrimage of Grace">Pilgrimage of Grace</a>, was ruthlessly suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with other rebels, Hussey was executed, but there is no suggestion that Mary was directly involved.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1537, Queen Jane died after giving birth to a son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward</a>. Mary was made godmother to her half-brother and acted as chief mourner at the queen's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_I_by_Master_John.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mary as a young woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mary_I_by_Master_John.jpg/220px-Mary_I_by_Master_John.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mary_I_by_Master_John.jpg/330px-Mary_I_by_Master_John.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mary_I_by_Master_John.jpg/440px-Mary_I_by_Master_John.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="3865" /></a><figcaption>Mary in 1544</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545.jpg/290px-Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545.jpg/435px-Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545.jpg/580px-Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>1545 painting showing left to right: 'Mother Jak', Mary, Edward, Henry VIII, Jane Seymour (posthumous), Elizabeth, Will Somers (court fool)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mary was courted by <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip, Duke of Bavaria">Philip, Duke of Bavaria</a>, from late 1539, but he was <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and his suit for her hand was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1539, the King's chief minister, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>, negotiated a potential alliance with the <a href="/wiki/United_Duchies_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Duchy of Cleves</a>. Suggestions that Mary marry <a href="/wiki/William_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" class="mw-redirect" title="William I, Duke of Cleves">William I, Duke of Cleves</a>, who was the same age, came to nothing, but a match between Henry and the Duke's sister <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne</a> was agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the King saw Anne for the first time in late December 1539, a week before the scheduled wedding, he found her unattractive but was unable, for diplomatic reasons and without a suitable pretext, to cancel the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cromwell fell from favour and was arrested for treason in June 1540; one of the unlikely charges against him was that he had plotted to marry Mary himself.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anne consented to the annulment of the marriage, which had not been consummated, and Cromwell was beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1541, Henry had the Countess of Salisbury, Mary's old governess and godmother, executed on the pretext of a <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Conspiracy" title="Exeter Conspiracy">Catholic plot</a> in which her son <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a> was implicated.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her executioner was "a wretched and blundering youth" who "literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1542, following the execution of Henry's fifth wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a>, the unmarried Henry invited Mary to attend the royal Christmas festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At court, while her father was between marriages and thus without a consort, Mary acted as hostess.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1543, Henry married his sixth and last wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a>, who was able to bring the family closer together.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry returned Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession through the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Succession_1544" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Succession 1544">Act of Succession 1544</a> (also known as the Third Succession Act), placing them after Edward – though both remained legally illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry VIII died in 1547, and Edward succeeded him. Mary inherited estates in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, and was granted Hunsdon and Beaulieu as her own.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Edward was still a child, rule passed to a regency council dominated by Protestants, who attempted to establish their faith throughout the country. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1549" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1549">Act of Uniformity 1549</a> prescribed Protestant rites for church services, such as the use of Thomas Cranmer's <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>. Mary remained faithful to Roman Catholicism and defiantly celebrated traditional Mass in her own chapel. She appealed to her cousin Emperor Charles V to apply diplomatic pressure demanding that she be allowed to practise her religion.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of Edward's reign, Mary remained on her own estates and rarely attended court.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A plan between May and July 1550 to smuggle her out of England to the safety of the European mainland came to nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious differences between Mary and Edward continued. Mary attended a reunion with Edward and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550, where the 13-year-old Edward embarrassed Mary, then 34, and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court, by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary repeatedly refused Edward's demands that she abandon Catholicism, and Edward persistently refused to drop his demands.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession">Accession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1553_succession_crisis_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="1553 succession crisis in England">1553 succession crisis in England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streathamladyjayne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Streathamladyjayne.jpg/220px-Streathamladyjayne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Streathamladyjayne.jpg/330px-Streathamladyjayne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Streathamladyjayne.jpg/440px-Streathamladyjayne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3102" /></a><figcaption>Edward VI declared his first cousin once removed, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, his heir. Lady Jane was married to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley" title="Lord Guildford Dudley">Lord Guildford Dudley</a>, a son of the English politician <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 July 1553, at the age of 15, Edward VI died of a lung infection, possibly <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not want the crown to go to Mary because he feared she would restore Catholicism and undo his and their father's reforms, and so he planned to exclude her from the line of succession. His advisers told him that he could not disinherit only one of his half-sisters: he would have to disinherit Elizabeth as well, even though she was a Protestant. Guided by <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland</a>, and perhaps others, Edward excluded both from the line of succession in his will.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contradicting the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Succession_1544" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Succession 1544">Act of Succession 1544</a>, which restored Mary and Elizabeth to the line of succession, Edward named Northumberland's daughter-in-law <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, the granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary</a>, as his successor. Lady Jane's mother was Frances Brandon, Mary's cousin and goddaughter. Just before Edward's death, Mary was summoned to London to visit her dying brother, but was warned that the summons was a pretext on which to capture her and thereby facilitate Jane's accession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, instead of heading to London from her residence at Hunsdon, Mary fled to <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, where she owned extensive estates and Northumberland had ruthlessly put down <a href="/wiki/Kett%27s_Rebellion" title="Kett's Rebellion">Kett's Rebellion</a>. Many adherents to the Catholic faith, opponents of Northumberland, lived there.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 July, from <a href="/wiki/Kenninghall" title="Kenninghall">Kenninghall</a>, Norfolk, she wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">privy council</a> with orders for her proclamation as Edward's successor.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 July 1553, Lady Jane was proclaimed queen by Northumberland and his supporters, and on the same day Mary's servant, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hungate" title="Thomas Hungate">Thomas Hungate</a>, arrived in London with her letter to the council.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 12 July, Mary and her supporters had assembled a military force at <a href="/wiki/Framlingham_Castle" title="Framlingham Castle">Framlingham Castle</a>, Suffolk.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northumberland's support collapsed,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jane was deposed on 19 July.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She and Northumberland were imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. Mary rode triumphantly into London on 3 August 1553, on a wave of popular support. She was accompanied by her half-sister Elizabeth and a procession of over 800 nobles and gentlemen.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Mary's first actions as queen was to order the release of the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a> from imprisonment in the Tower of London, as well as her kinsman <a href="/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon_(1553_creation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1553 creation)">Edward Courtenay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary understood that the young Lady Jane was essentially a pawn in Northumberland's scheme, and Northumberland was the only conspirator of rank executed for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> in the immediate aftermath of the attempted coup. Lady Jane and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley" title="Lord Guildford Dudley">Lord Guildford Dudley</a>, though found guilty, were kept under guard in the Tower rather than immediately executed, while Lady Jane's father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk</a>, was released.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary was left in a difficult position, as almost all the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Counsellors</a> had been implicated in the plot to put Lady Jane on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She appointed Gardiner to the council and made him both <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Winchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, offices he held until his death in November 1555. Susan Clarencieux became <a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Robes" title="Mistress of the Robes">Mistress of the Robes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 October 1553, Gardiner <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Mary_I_of_England" title="Coronation of Mary I of England">crowned</a> Mary at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_marriage">Spanish marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Courtenay_1st_Earl_of_Devon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edward_Courtenay_1st_Earl_of_Devon.jpg/158px-Edward_Courtenay_1st_Earl_of_Devon.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edward_Courtenay_1st_Earl_of_Devon.jpg/237px-Edward_Courtenay_1st_Earl_of_Devon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edward_Courtenay_1st_Earl_of_Devon.jpg/316px-Edward_Courtenay_1st_Earl_of_Devon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1468" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole,_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/176px-El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/264px-El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/352px-El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1102" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon">Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon</a> and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a>: both were potential candidates for marriage</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Philip_II.jpg/220px-Philip_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Philip_II.jpg/330px-Philip_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Philip_II.jpg/440px-Philip_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>Philip of Spain by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Now aged 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, which would prevent the Protestant Elizabeth (still next in line under the terms of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII%27s_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII's will">Henry VIII's will</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Succession_of_1544" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Succession of 1544">Act of Succession of 1544</a>) from succeeding to the throne. While the English expected her to marry, there was a general consensus that the Queen should not marry a foreigner, since that could lead to the interference of a foreign power in English affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 November 1553, a parliamentary delegation went to her and formally requested that she choose an English husband,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its obvious although tacit candidates being her kinsmen <a href="/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon">Edward Courtenay</a>, recently created Earl of Devon, and the Catholic Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a>. But Mary's first cousin, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Charles V</a>, also king of Spain, saw that an alliance with England would give him supremacy in Europe; he sent his minister to England to propose his only legitimate son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a>, as a person whom the religious and political interests of the world recommended for Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish prince had been widowed a few years before by the death of his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Manuela of Portugal">Maria Manuela of Portugal</a>, mother of his son <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos</a> and was the heir apparent to vast territories in Continental Europe and the New World. Both Philip and Mary were descendants of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>. As part of the marriage negotiations, a portrait of Philip by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> was sent to Mary in the latter half of 1553.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary was convinced that the safety of England required her to form a closer relationship with Charles's family, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>, and she decided to marry Philip.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A marriage treaty was presented to the Privy Council on 7 December 1553, and even though the terms clearly favoured England and included several safeguards, many still thought that England would be drawn into Philip's wars and become a mere province of the Habsburg Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was of particular concern to the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> and parliamentary classes, who foresaw having to pay greater taxes to cover the cost of England’s participation in foreign wars.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the <a href="/wiki/English_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="English House of Commons">English House of Commons</a> unsuccessfully petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of the Habsburgs.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage was unpopular with the English; Gardiner and his allies opposed it on the basis of patriotism, while Protestants were motivated by a fear that with the restoration of Catholicism and the arrival of the Spanish King, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a> would come to judge Protestant heretics.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many English people knew the stories of the torments and cruelties suffered by the prisoners of the Inquisition, and there were even those “who had suffered from the rack of the inquisitors” themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not just the English who were alarmed by the pending marriage of Mary and Philip. France feared an alliance between England and Spain. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Noailles" title="Antoine de Noailles">Antoine de Noailles</a>, the French ambassador to England, "threatened war and began immediate intrigues with any malcontents he could find". Before Christmas in 1553, anti-Spanish ballads and broadsheets were circulating in the streets of London.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Mary insisted on marrying Philip, insurrections broke out. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_the_Younger" title="Thomas Wyatt the Younger">Thomas Wyatt the Younger</a> led a force from <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> to depose Mary in favour of Elizabeth, as part of a wider conspiracy now known as <a href="/wiki/Wyatt%27s_rebellion" title="Wyatt's rebellion">Wyatt's rebellion</a>, which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane's father.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary declared publicly that she would summon Parliament to discuss the marriage and if Parliament decided that the marriage was not to the kingdom's advantage, she would refrain from pursuing it.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On reaching London, Wyatt was defeated and captured. Wyatt, the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane, and her husband Guildford Dudley were executed. Courtenay, who was implicated in the plot, was imprisoned and then exiled. Elizabeth, though protesting her innocence in the Wyatt affair, was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two months, then put under house arrest at <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Palace" title="Woodstock Palace">Woodstock Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary was—excluding the brief, disputed reigns of the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a> and Lady Jane Grey—England's first <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a>. Further, under the English common law doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i>, the property and titles belonging to a woman became her husband's upon marriage, and it was feared that any man she married would thereby become king of England in fact and name.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Mary's grandparents <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_and_Isabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand and Isabella">Ferdinand and Isabella</a> had retained sovereignty of their respective realms during their marriage, there was no precedent to follow in England.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the terms of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary%27s_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Mary's Marriage Act">Queen Mary's Marriage Act</a>, Philip was to be styled "King of England", all official documents (including <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament">Acts of Parliament</a>) were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple, for Mary's lifetime only. England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war, and Philip could not act without his wife's consent or appoint foreigners to office in England.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip was unhappy with these conditions but ready to agree for the sake of securing the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had no amorous feelings for Mary and sought the marriage for its political and strategic gains; his aide <a href="/wiki/Ruy_G%C3%B3mez_de_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruy Gómez de Silva">Ruy Gómez de Silva</a> wrote to a correspondent in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, "the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but in order to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Low Countries</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A future child of Mary and Philip would be not only heir to the throne of England but also heir to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the event that Philip's eldest son, Don Carlos, died without issue.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To elevate his son to Mary's rank, Emperor Charles V ceded to Philip the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">crown of Naples</a> as well as his claim to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. Mary thus became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Neapolitan_royal_consorts" title="List of Neapolitan royal consorts">queen of Naples</a> and titular <a href="/wiki/List_of_queens_of_Jerusalem" title="List of queens of Jerusalem">queen of Jerusalem</a> upon marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-waller90_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waller90-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary_I_of_England_and_Philip_of_Spain" title="Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip of Spain">wedding</a> at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip could not speak English, and so they spoke a mixture of Spanish, French, and Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_pregnancy">False pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: False pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior scene of the royal couple with Mary seated beneath a coat of arms and Philip stood beside her" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg/220px-Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg/330px-Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Felipe_of_Spain_and_MariaTudor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Mary and Philip, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eworth" title="Hans Eworth">Hans Eworth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1554, Mary stopped menstruating. She gained weight, and felt nauseated in the mornings. For these reasons, almost the entirety of her court, including her physicians, believed she was pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_of_1554" class="mw-redirect" title="Treason Act of 1554">Treason Act of 1554</a> making Philip regent in the event of Mary's death in childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last week of April 1555, Elizabeth was released from house arrest, and called to court as a witness to the birth, which was expected imminently.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian ambassador, Philip may have planned to marry Elizabeth if Mary died,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in a letter to his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian of Austria</a>, Philip expressed uncertainty as to whether Mary was pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary's pregnancy had its pros and cons for Elizabeth: if Mary died during childbirth, Elizabeth would become the new queen; however, if her sister gave birth to a healthy baby, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanksgiving services in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">diocese of London</a> were held at the end of April after false rumours that Mary had given birth to a son spread across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through May and June, the apparent delay in delivery fed gossip that Mary was not pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Susan Clarencieux revealed her doubts to the French ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Noailles" title="Antoine de Noailles">Antoine de Noailles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary continued to exhibit signs of pregnancy until July 1555, when her abdomen receded. Michieli dismissively ridiculed the pregnancy as more likely to "end in wind rather than anything else".<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was most likely a <a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">false pregnancy</a>, perhaps induced by Mary's overwhelming desire to have a child.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, soon after the disgrace of the false pregnancy, which Mary considered "God's punishment" for her having "tolerated heretics" in her realm,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Philip left England to command his armies against France in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary was heartbroken and fell into a deep depression. Michieli was touched by the Queen's grief; he wrote she was "extraordinarily in love" with her husband and disconsolate at his departure.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elizabeth remained at court until October, apparently restored to favour.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of any children, Philip was concerned that one of the next claimants to the English throne after his sister-in-law was <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, who was betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis, Dauphin of France</a>. Philip persuaded his wife that Elizabeth should marry his cousin <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy</a>, to secure the Catholic succession and preserve the Habsburg interest in England, but Elizabeth refused to agree and parliamentary consent was unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religious policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1555_gold_medal_Queen_Mary_I_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1555_gold_medal_Queen_Mary_I_of_England.jpg/220px-1555_gold_medal_Queen_Mary_I_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1555_gold_medal_Queen_Mary_I_of_England.jpg/330px-1555_gold_medal_Queen_Mary_I_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1555_gold_medal_Queen_Mary_I_of_England.jpg/440px-1555_gold_medal_Queen_Mary_I_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>Gold medal by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Trezzo" title="Jacopo da Trezzo">Jacopo da Trezzo</a> of "Mary I, Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith", 1555</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary1_by_Eworth_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mary in an ornate dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mary1_by_Eworth_2.jpg/220px-Mary1_by_Eworth_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mary1_by_Eworth_2.jpg/330px-Mary1_by_Eworth_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mary1_by_Eworth_2.jpg/440px-Mary1_by_Eworth_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Mary by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eworth" title="Hans Eworth">Hans Eworth</a>, 1554. She wears a jewelled pendant bearing the <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor_pearl" title="Mary Tudor pearl">Tudor pearl</a> set beneath two diamonds.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the month following her accession, Mary issued a proclamation that she would not compel any of her subjects to follow her religion, but by the end of September 1553, leading Protestant churchmen—including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bradford" title="John Bradford">John Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Bible_editor_and_martyr)" title="John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)">John Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(bishop)" title="John Hooper (bishop)">John Hooper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Hugh Latimer</a>—were imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary's first Parliament, which assembled in early October, declared her parents' marriage valid and <a href="/wiki/First_Statute_of_Repeal" title="First Statute of Repeal">abolished Edward's religious laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church doctrine was restored to the form it had taken in the 1539 <a href="/wiki/Six_Articles_(1539)" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Articles (1539)">Six Articles</a> of Henry VIII, which (among other things) reaffirmed clerical celibacy. Married priests were deprived of their <a href="/wiki/Benefice" title="Benefice">benefices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary rejected the break with Rome her father instituted and the establishment of Protestantism by her brother's regents. Philip persuaded Parliament to <a href="/wiki/Second_Statute_of_Repeal" title="Second Statute of Repeal">repeal Henry's religious laws</a>, returning the English church to Roman jurisdiction. Reaching an agreement took many months and Mary and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> had to make a major concession: the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">confiscated</a> monastery lands were not returned to the church but remained in the hands of their influential new owners.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1554, the Pope had approved the deal, and the <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Heresy_Acts" title="Revival of the Heresy Acts">Heresy Acts were revived</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 800 rich Protestants, including <a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">John Foxe</a>, fled into <a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">exile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who stayed and persisted in publicly proclaiming their beliefs became targets of heresy laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Solly_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solly-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first executions occurred over five days in February 1555: John Rogers on 4 February, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Saunders" title="Laurence Saunders">Laurence Saunders</a> on 8 February, and <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Taylor" title="Rowland Taylor">Rowland Taylor</a> and John Hooper on 9 February.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Cranmer, the imprisoned archbishop of Canterbury, was forced to watch Bishops <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Ridley</a> and Latimer being burned at the stake. He recanted, repudiated Protestant theology, and rejoined the Catholic faith.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the normal process of the law, he should have been absolved as a repentant, but Mary refused to reprieve him. On the day of his burning, he dramatically withdrew his recantation.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, 283 were executed, most by burning.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burnings proved so unpopular that even <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Castro" title="Alfonso de Castro">Alfonso de Castro</a>, one of Philip's own ecclesiastical staff, condemned them<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another adviser, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Renard" title="Simon Renard">Simon Renard</a>, warned him that such "cruel enforcement" could "cause a revolt".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary persevered with the policy, which continued for the rest of her reign and exacerbated anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish feeling among the English people.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victims became lauded as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation">martyrs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reginald Pole, the son of Mary's executed governess, arrived as papal legate in November 1554.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was ordained a priest and appointed Archbishop of Canterbury immediately after Cranmer's execution in March 1556.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As long as the Queen remained childless, her half-sister Elizabeth was her successor. Mary, concerned about her sister's religious convictions (Elizabeth only attended mass under obligation and had only superficially converted to Catholicism to save her life after being imprisoned following Wyatt's rebellion, although she remained a staunch Protestant), seriously considering the possibility of removing her from the succession and naming as her successor her Scottish first cousin and devout Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Douglas,_Countess_of_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox">Margaret Douglas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary1_by_Eworth_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mary1_by_Eworth_3.jpg/220px-Mary1_by_Eworth_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mary1_by_Eworth_3.jpg/330px-Mary1_by_Eworth_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mary1_by_Eworth_3.jpg/440px-Mary1_by_Eworth_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2556" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eworth" title="Hans Eworth">Hans Eworth</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1555–1558</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Furthering the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a>, English colonists were settled in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Midlands">Irish Midlands</a> under Mary and Philip's reign. <a href="/wiki/County_Laois" title="County Laois">Queen's</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Offaly" title="County Offaly">King's Counties</a> (later called Counties Laois and Offaly) were founded, and their <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">plantation</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their principal towns were named, respectively, Maryborough (later called <a href="/wiki/Portlaoise" title="Portlaoise">Portlaoise</a>) and Philipstown (later <a href="/wiki/Daingean" title="Daingean">Daingean</a>). </p><p>In January 1556, Mary's father-in-law the Emperor abdicated. Mary and Philip were still apart; he was declared king of Spain in Brussels, but she stayed in England. Philip negotiated an unsteady truce with the French in February 1556. The next month, the French ambassador in England, Antoine de Noailles, was implicated in a plot against Mary when <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dudley_(conspirator)" title="Henry Dudley (conspirator)">Henry Dudley</a>, a second cousin of the executed Duke of Northumberland, attempted to assemble an invasion force in France. The plot, known as the Dudley conspiracy, was betrayed, and the conspirators in England were rounded up. Dudley remained in exile in France, and Noailles prudently left Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip returned to England from March to July 1557 to persuade Mary to support Spain in a <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">renewed war against France</a>. Mary was in favour of declaring war, but her councillors opposed it because French trade would be jeopardised, it contravened the foreign war provisions of the marriage treaty, and a bad economic legacy from Edward VI's reign and a series of poor harvests meant England lacked supplies and finances.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War was only declared in June 1557 after Reginald Pole's nephew <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stafford_(rebel)" title="Thomas Stafford (rebel)">Thomas Stafford</a> invaded England and seized <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Castle" title="Scarborough Castle">Scarborough Castle</a> with French help, in a failed attempt to depose Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the war, relations between England and the Papacy became strained, since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> was allied with <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, English forces were victorious in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">Battle of Saint Quentin</a>, with one eyewitness reporting, "Both sides fought most choicely, and the English best of all."<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celebrations were brief, as in January 1558 French forces <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1558)" title="Siege of Calais (1558)">took Calais</a>, England's sole remaining possession on the European mainland. Although the territory was financially burdensome, its loss was a mortifying blow to the queen's prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles">Holinshed's Chronicles</a></i>, Mary later lamented (although this may be apocryphal), "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce_and_revenue">Commerce and revenue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commerce and revenue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_Medieval_coin,_Sixpence_of_Phillip_and_Mary_(FindID_662681).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Post_Medieval_coin%2C_Sixpence_of_Phillip_and_Mary_%28FindID_662681%29.jpg/220px-Post_Medieval_coin%2C_Sixpence_of_Phillip_and_Mary_%28FindID_662681%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Post_Medieval_coin%2C_Sixpence_of_Phillip_and_Mary_%28FindID_662681%29.jpg/330px-Post_Medieval_coin%2C_Sixpence_of_Phillip_and_Mary_%28FindID_662681%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Post_Medieval_coin%2C_Sixpence_of_Phillip_and_Mary_%28FindID_662681%29.jpg/440px-Post_Medieval_coin%2C_Sixpence_of_Phillip_and_Mary_%28FindID_662681%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Philip and Mary <a href="/wiki/Sixpence_(British_coin)" title="Sixpence (British coin)">sixpence</a>, 1554</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Tudor_Shilling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mary_Tudor_Shilling.jpg/220px-Mary_Tudor_Shilling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mary_Tudor_Shilling.jpg/330px-Mary_Tudor_Shilling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Mary_Tudor_Shilling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Mary <a href="/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)" title="Shilling (British coin)">shilling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The weather during the years of Mary's reign was consistently wet. The persistent rain and flooding led to famine.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another problem was the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> cloth trade.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Mary's marriage to Philip, England did not benefit from Spain's enormously lucrative trade with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">New World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mercantilist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantilist">mercantilist</a> Spaniards guarded their trade routes jealously, and Mary could not condone English smuggling or piracy against her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to increase trade and rescue the English economy, Mary's counsellors continued Northumberland's policy of seeking out new commercial opportunities. She granted a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a> under governor <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian Cabot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commissioned a world atlas from <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Homem" title="Diogo Homem">Diogo Homem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adventurers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Lok" title="John Lok">John Lok</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Towerson_(16th-century_merchant)" title="William Towerson (16th-century merchant)">William Towerson</a> sailed south in an attempt to develop links with the coast of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Financially, Mary's regime tried to reconcile a modern form of government—with correspondingly higher spending—with a medieval system of collecting taxation and dues.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary retained the Edwardian appointee <a href="/wiki/William_Paulet,_1st_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester">William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Lord High Treasurer</a> and assigned him to oversee the revenue collection system. A failure to apply new tariffs to new forms of imports meant that a key source of revenue was neglected. To solve this, Mary's government published a revised "Book of Rates" (1558), which listed the tariffs and duties for every import. This publication was not extensively reviewed until 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English coinage was <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Debasement" title="The Great Debasement">debased under both Henry VIII and Edward VI</a>. Mary drafted plans for currency reform but they were not implemented until after her death.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Elizabeth_I_and_Mary_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tomb of Elizabeth I and Mary I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tomb_of_Elizabeth_I_and_Mary_I.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Elizabeth_I_and_Mary_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tomb_of_Elizabeth_I_and_Mary_I.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Elizabeth_I_and_Mary_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tomb_of_Elizabeth_I_and_Mary_I.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Elizabeth_I_and_Mary_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Elizabeth I and Mary I in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Philip's visit in 1557, Mary again thought she was pregnant, with a baby due in March 1558.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She decreed in her will that her husband would be the regent during the minority of their child.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But no child was born, and Mary was forced to accept that her half-sister Elizabeth would be her lawful successor.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary was weak and ill from May 1558.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In pain, possibly from <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cyst" title="Ovarian cyst">ovarian cysts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she died on 17 November 1558, aged 42, at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>, during an <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> epidemic that also claimed Archbishop Pole's life later that day. She was succeeded by Elizabeth. Philip, who was in Brussels, wrote to his sister <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna</a>: "I felt a reasonable regret for her death."<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Mary's will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, she was <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Mary_I_of_England" title="Death and funeral of Mary I of England">interred in Westminster Abbey</a> on 14 December, in a tomb she eventually shared with Elizabeth. The inscription on their tomb, affixed there by <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> when he succeeded Elizabeth, is <i>Regno consortes et urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis</i> ("Consorts in realm and tomb, we sisters Elizabeth and Mary here lie down to sleep in hope of the resurrection").<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Mary_I_of_England" title="Cultural depictions of Mary I of England">Cultural depictions of Mary I of England</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_White_(bishop)" title="John White (bishop)">John White</a>, Bishop of Winchester, praised Mary at her funeral service: "She was a king's daughter; she was a king's sister; she was a king's wife. She was a queen, and by the same title a king also."<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the first woman to successfully claim the throne of England, despite competing claims and determined opposition, and enjoyed popular support and sympathy during the earliest parts of her reign, especially from the Roman Catholics of England.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protestant writers at the time, and since, have often condemned Mary's reign. By the 17th century, the memory of her religious persecutions had led to the adoption of her <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> "Bloody Mary".<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> attacked Mary in his <i><a href="/wiki/First_Blast_of_the_Trumpet_against_the_Monstrous_Regiment_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women">First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women</a></i> (1558), and John Foxe vilified her prominently in <i><a href="/wiki/Actes_and_Monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="Actes and Monuments">Actes and Monuments</a></i> (1563). Foxe's book remained popular throughout the following centuries and helped shape enduring perceptions of Mary as a bloodthirsty tyrant.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Lucy Wooding notes misogynistic undertones in descriptions of Mary. "She's simultaneously being lambasted for being 'vindictive and fierce' and 'spineless and weak', criticized for such actions as showing clemency to political prisoners and yielding authority to her husband."<sup id="cite_ref-Solly_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solly-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary is remembered in the 21st century for her vigorous efforts to restore the primacy of Roman Catholicism in England after the rise of Protestant influence during the previous reigns. Protestant historians have long deplored her reign, emphasizing that in just five years she burned several hundred Protestants at the stake. In the mid-20th century, <a href="/wiki/H._F._M._Prescott" title="H. F. M. Prescott">H. F. M. Prescott</a> attempted to redress the tradition that Mary was intolerant and authoritarian, and scholarship since then has tended to view the older, simpler assessments of Mary with increasing reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A historiographical revisionism since the 1980s has improved her reputation among scholars to some degree.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Haigh" title="Christopher Haigh">Christopher Haigh</a> argued that her revival of religious festivities and Catholic practices was generally welcomed.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haigh concluded that the "last years of Mary's reign were not a gruesome preparation for Protestant victory, but a continuing consolidation of Catholic strength."<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English Catholics often remembered Mary favourably; decades after her death, the epitaph for <a href="/wiki/John_Throckmorton_(died_1580)" title="John Throckmorton (died 1580)">John Throckmorton</a> refers to "Queene Marie [Mary I] of happie memorie".<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic historians, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Lingard" title="John Lingard">John Lingard</a>, thought Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other countries, the Catholic Counter-Reformation was spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> missionaries, but Mary's chief religious advisor, Cardinal Reginald Pole, refused to allow the Jesuits into England.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her marriage to Philip was unpopular among her subjects and her religious policies resulted in deep-seated resentment.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military loss of Calais to France was a bitter humiliation to English pride. Failed harvests increased public discontent.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip spent most of his time abroad, while his wife remained in England, leaving her depressed at his absence and undermined by their inability to have children. After Mary's death, Philip sought to marry Elizabeth but she refused him.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, the policies of fiscal reform, naval expansion, and colonial exploration that were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments were started in Mary's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_style,_and_arms"><span id="Titles.2C_style.2C_and_arms"></span>Titles, style, and arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Titles, style, and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1554-1558).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shield bearing many quarterings held between a black eagle and a lion and surmounted by a crowned helm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Arms of Mary I, <a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impaled</a> with <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_King_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of the King of Spain">those of her husband</a>, Philip II of Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>When Mary ascended the throne, she was proclaimed under the same official style as Henry VIII and Edward VI: "Mary, <a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">by the Grace of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Queen of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_claims_to_the_French_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="British claims to the French throne">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a>, and of the Church of England and of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Ireland</a> on Earth Supreme Head". The title Supreme Head of the Church was repugnant to Mary's Catholicism, and she omitted it after Christmas 1553.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Mary's marriage treaty with Philip, the official joint style reflected not only Mary's but also Philip's dominions and claims: "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God, King and Queen of England, France, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdukes_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdukes of Austria">Archdukes of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Milan">Dukes of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Brabant</a>, Counts of Habsburg, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-waller90_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waller90-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style, which had been in use since 1554, was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in 1556 with "Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol".<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary I's <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">coat of arms</a> was the same as those used by all her predecessors since <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a>: <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">Quarterly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> three <a href="/wiki/Fleurs-de-lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurs-de-lys">fleurs-de-lys</a> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> [for France] and <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> three lions <a href="/wiki/Passant_guardant" class="mw-redirect" title="Passant guardant">passant guardant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">pale</a> Or (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">for England</a>). Sometimes, her arms were <a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impaled</a> (depicted side-by-side) with <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">those of her husband</a>. She adopted "Truth, the Daughter of Time" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Veritas Temporis Filia</i>) as her personal motto.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Mary and Philip were descended from <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, the Duke of Lancaster, a relationship that was used to portray Philip as an English king.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Family of Mary I of England </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>,<br />Duke of Lancaster</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort</a>,<br />Earl of Somerset</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan Beaufort</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III of Castile</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine of Lancaster</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort</a>,<br />Duke of Somerset</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecily Neville">Cecily Neville</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II of Castile</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Lady Margaret Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Maria of Aragon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Frances_Brandon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Frances Brandon">Lady Frances Brandon</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>Mary I of England</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewels_of_Mary_I_of_England" title="Jewels of Mary I of England">Jewels of Mary I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> died on 6 July. Mary was proclaimed his successor in London on 19 July; sources differ on whether her <a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">regnal years</a> were dated from 24 July<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 6 July.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although he was in deacon's orders and prominent in the church, Pole was not ordained until the day before his consecration as archbishop.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir (p. 160)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sweet and Maxwell's</i> (p. 28)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 12–13; Weir, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 13; Waller, p. 16; Whitelock, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 13, 37; Waller, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 13; Waller, p. 17; Whitelock, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 28; Porter, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 29; Porter, p. 16; Waller, p. 20; Whitelock, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoyle, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 19–20; Porter, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 31; Porter, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 28; Whitelock, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 32, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Domine Orator, per Deum immortalem, ista puella nunquam plorat</i>, quoted in Whitelock, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTremlett" class="citation book cs1">Tremlett, Giles. <i>Catherine of Aragon, Henry's Spanish Queen</i>. p. 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catherine+of+Aragon%2C+Henry%27s+Spanish+Queen&rft.pages=244&rft.aulast=Tremlett&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tittler, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 37; Porter, pp. 38–39; Whitelock, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 38–39; Whitelock, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 41–42, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 20–21; Waller, pp. 20–21; Whitelock, pp. 18–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 22–23; Porter, pp. 21–24; Waller, p. 21; Whitelock, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>State Papers Henry VIII</i>. Vol. 4, part IV. London. 1836. p. 545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Papers+Henry+VIII&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mario Savorgnano, 25 August 1531, in <i>Calendar of State Papers, Venetian</i>, vol. IV, p. 682, quoted in Loades, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 56, 78; Whitelock, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 76; Whitelock, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 92; Whitelock, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 77; Porter, p. 92; Whitelock, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 78; Whitelock, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 97–101; Whitelock, pp. 55–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr <a href="/wiki/William_Butts" title="William Butts">William Butts</a>, quoted in Waller, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 103–104; Whitelock, pp. 67–69, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Emperor Charles V to <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Empress Isabella</a>, quoted in Whitelock, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 107; Whitelock, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 121; Waller, p. 33; Whitelock, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 119–123; Waller, pp. 34–36; Whitelock, pp. 83–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 119–123; Waller, pp. 34–36; Whitelock, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madden, F. (ed.) (1831) <i>The Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary</i>, quoted in Loades, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 129–132; Whitelock, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 114; Porter, pp. 126–127; Whitelock, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 127–129; Porter, pp. 135–136; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 126–127; Whitelock, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 122; Porter, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contemporary Spanish and English reports, quoted in Whitelock, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 143–144; Whitelock, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 120; Waller, p. 39; Whitelock, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 137–138; Whitelock, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 143–147; Porter, pp. 160–162; Whitelock, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 154; Waller, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 153–157; Porter, pp. 169–176; Waller, pp. 41–42; Whitelock, pp. 144–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 178; Whitelock, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 179–182; Whitelock, pp. 148–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, pp. 48–49; Whitelock, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, pp. 51–53; Whitelock, pp. 165, 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 176; Porter, p. 195; Tittler, pp. 8, 81–82; Whitelock, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 203; Waller, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 176–181; Porter, pp. 213–214; Waller, p. 54; Whitelock, pp. 170–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 210; Weir, pp. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, pp. 57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 59; Whitelock, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, pp. 59–60; Whitelock, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 257–261; Whitelock, pp. 195–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroude1910">Froude (1910</a>, p. 23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeikel1980">Weikel (1980</a>, p. 53)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFroude1910">Froude (1910</a>, p. 55); Loades, pp. 199–201; Porter, pp. 265–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeard2000">Heard (2000</a>, pp. 46, 48)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeard2000">Heard (2000</a>, pp. 48, 49)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcher1970">Fletcher (1970</a>, p. 86)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 279–284; Waller, p. 72; Whitelock, pp. 202–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Samson, <i>Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain</i> (Manchester, 2020), p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoades1999">Loades (1999</a>, pp. 190–191)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 288–299; Whitelock, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 300; Waller, pp. 74–75; Whitelock, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 311–313; Whitelock, pp. 217–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, pp. 84–85; Whitelock, pp. 202, 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 269; Waller, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 291–292; Waller, p. 85; Whitelock, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 308–309; Whitelock, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter of 29 July 1554 in the <i>Calendar of State Papers, Spanish</i>, volume XIII, quoted in Porter, p. 320 and Whitelock, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Samson, <i>Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain</i> (Manchester, 2020), pp. 71–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waller90-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-waller90_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-waller90_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 321, 324; Waller, p. 90; Whitelock, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 224–225; Porter, pp. 318, 321; Waller, pp. 86–87; Whitelock, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 319; Waller, pp. 87, 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 333; Waller, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 338; Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The queen's pregnancy turns out not to have been as certain as we thought": Letter of 25 April 1554, quoted in Porter, p. 337 and Whitelock, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 95; Whitelock, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, pp. 257–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 97; Whitelock, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 337–338; Waller, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PBS Video.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, pp. 98–99; Whitelock, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antoine de Noailles quoted in Whitelock, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tittler, pp. 23–24; Whitelock, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 207–208; Waller, p. 65; Whitelock, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 241; Whitelock, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 235–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solly-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solly_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solly_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Solly, Meilan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/myth-bloody-mary-180974221/">The Myth of 'Bloody Mary'</a>". <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. March 12, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 325; Porter, pp. 355–356; Waller, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 326; Waller, pp. 104–105; Whitelock, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, p. 79; Waller, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 358–359; Waller, p. 103; Whitelock, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, pp. 101, 103, 105; Whitelock, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Martyrs" title="Oxford Martyrs">Oxford Martyrs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 238; Waller, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan Ring, <i>So High A Blood: The Life of Margaret Countess of Lennox</i> (Bloomsbury, 2017), p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter2007">Porter 2007</a>, pp. 251–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tittler, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 381–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 389; Waller, p. 111; Whitelock, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, pp. 293–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler1954" class="citation web cs1">Tyler, Royall, ed. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/vol13/pp308-318">"Spain: August 1557"</a>. Calendar of State Papers, Spain. London. pp. 308–318<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span> – via British History Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+August+1557&rft.series=Calendar+of+State+Papers%2C+Spain&rft.pages=308-318&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1954&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fcal-state-papers%2Fspain%2Fvol13%2Fpp308-318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 295–297; Porter, pp. 392–395; Whitelock, pp. 291–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 229, 375; Whitelock, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tittler, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tittler, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tittler, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 375; Tittler, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 376; Tittler, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 398; Waller, pp. 106, 112; Whitelock, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, pp. 299–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 305; Whitelock, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from the King of Spain to the <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Princess of Portugal</a>, 4 December 1558, in <i>Calendar of State Papers, Spanish</i>, volume XIII, quoted in Loades, p. 311; Waller, p. 109 and Whitelock, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 410; Whitelock, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, p. 313; Whitelock, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp. 361–362, 418; Waller, pp. 113–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weikel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, David (1989). "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research." <i>Albion</i> <b>21</b> (4) : 547–558. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/albion/article/the-reign-of-mary-tudor-historiography-and-research/08D58887054B50ADFFD93F606E7DF02B">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haigh, pp. 203–234, quoted in Freeman, Thomas S. (2017). "Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church." <i>Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i> In press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20116/1/JEH%20review%20article%20%28final%20version%29.docx">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haigh, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epitaph plaque, tomb of Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Throckmorton_(died_1580)" title="John Throckmorton (died 1580)">John Throckmorton</a>, Coughton Church, Warwickshire.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 340–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1996" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Thomas F. (1996). "A Test of Wills: Cardinal Pole, Ignatius Loyola, and the Jesuits in England". In McCoog, Thomas M. (ed.). <i>The Reckoned Expense: Edmund Campion and the Early English Jesuits</i>. pp. 21–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Test+of+Wills%3A+Cardinal+Pole%2C+Ignatius+Loyola%2C+and+the+Jesuits+in+England&rft.btitle=The+Reckoned+Expense%3A+Edmund+Campion+and+the+Early+English+Jesuits&rft.pages=21-38&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 342–343; Waller, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 340–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tittler, p. 80; Weikel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, pp. 217, 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Waller, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, p. 60; Whitelock, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelock, p. 242.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/search/series/cal-state-papers--spain">"Calendar of State Papers, Spain"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+State+Papers%2C+Spain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsearch%2Fseries%2Fcal-state-papers--spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (2009). <i>Fires of Faith: Catholic England Under Mary Tudor</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15216-6"><bdi>978-0-300-15216-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276274639">276274639</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22685559M">22685559M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fires+of+Faith%3A+Catholic+England+Under+Mary+Tudor&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F276274639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22685559M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15216-6&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1970" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Anthony (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tudorrebellions0000flet_t8l4/mode/2up"><i>Tudor Rebellions</i></a> (Second ed.). Longman Group Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582313897" title="Special:BookSources/9780582313897"><bdi>9780582313897</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+Rebellions&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longman+Group+Limited&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780582313897&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftudorrebellions0000flet_t8l4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1910" class="citation book cs1">Froude, James Anthony (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reignofmarytudor01frou/mode/2up"><i>The Reign of Mary Tudor</i></a>. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, New York: P. Dutton & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Mary+Tudor&rft.pub=London%3A+J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons%2C+New+York%3A+P.+Dutton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freignofmarytudor01frou%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Haigh" title="Christopher Haigh">Haigh, Christopher</a> (1992). <i>English Reformations: religion, politics and society under the Tudors</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-198-22163-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-198-22163-0"><bdi>0-198-22163-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26720329">26720329</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1718720M">1718720M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Reformations%3A+religion%2C+politics+and+society+under+the+Tudors&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26720329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1718720M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-198-22163-0&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard2000" class="citation book cs1">Heard, Nigel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardvimarymidt0000hear/mode/2up"><i>Edward VI and Mary: A Mid-Tudor Crisis?</i></a> (Second ed.). Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780340743171" title="Special:BookSources/9780340743171"><bdi>9780340743171</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+VI+and+Mary%3A+A+Mid-Tudor+Crisis%3F&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780340743171&rft.aulast=Heard&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedwardvimarymidt0000hear%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyle2001" class="citation book cs1">Hoyle, R. W. (2001). <i>The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925906-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925906-2"><bdi>0-19-925906-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22264908M">22264908M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pilgrimage+of+Grace+and+the+Politics+of+the+1530s&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL22264908M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-19-925906-2&rft.aulast=Hoyle&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">Loades, David M.</a> (1989). <i>Mary Tudor: A Life</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-15453-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-15453-1"><bdi>0-631-15453-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89007163">89007163</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2188907M">2188907M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Tudor%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2188907M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89007163&rft.isbn=0-631-15453-1&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades1999" class="citation book cs1">Loades, David M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsnationen0000load"><i>Politics and Nation, England 1450-1660</i></a> (Fifth ed.). David Loades<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Nation%2C+England+1450-1660&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=David+Loades&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsnationen0000load&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaget1977" class="citation book cs1">Paget, Gerald (1977). <i>The Lineage & Ancestry of HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales</i>. Edinburgh & London: Charles Skilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-284-98590-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-284-98590-2"><bdi>0-284-98590-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/79311835">79311835</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17872227M">17872227M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lineage+%26+Ancestry+of+HRH+Prince+Charles%2C+Prince+of+Wales&rft.place=Edinburgh+%26+London&rft.pub=Charles+Skilton&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F79311835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL17872227M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-284-98590-2&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Porter_(historian)" title="Linda Porter (historian)">Porter, Linda</a> (2007). <i>Mary Tudor: The First Queen</i>. London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-0982-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-0982-6"><bdi>978-0-7499-0982-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/230990057">230990057</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26863607M">26863607M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Tudor%3A+The+First+Queen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F230990057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26863607M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-7499-0982-6&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.harvard.edu/ld.php?content_id=12548485">"Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns"</a>. <i>Sweet & Maxwell's Guide to Law Reports and Statutes</i> (4th ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell's Guide. 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five%3A+Table+of+regnal+year+of+English+Sovereigns&rft.btitle=Sweet+%26+Maxwell%27s+Guide+to+Law+Reports+and+Statutes&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell%27s+Guide&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.harvard.edu%2Fld.php%3Fcontent_id%3D12548485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTittler1991" class="citation book cs1">Tittler, Robert (1991). <i>The Reign of Mary I</i> (2nd ed.). London & New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-06107-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-06107-5"><bdi>0-582-06107-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/90043171">90043171</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1882426M">1882426M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Mary+I&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1882426M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F90043171&rft.isbn=0-582-06107-5&rft.aulast=Tittler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller2006" class="citation book cs1">Waller, Maureen (2006). <i>Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-33801-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-33801-5"><bdi>0-312-33801-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9516816M">9516816M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Ladies%3A+The+Six+Reigning+Queens+of+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9516816M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-312-33801-5&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeikel1980" class="citation book cs1">Weikel, Ann (1980). Tittler, Robert; Loach, Jennifer (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/midtudorpolityc10000unse/54/mode/2up"><i>The Mid-Tudor Polity c.1540-1560</i></a>. The Marian Council Revisited: Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333245286" title="Special:BookSources/9780333245286"><bdi>9780333245286</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mid-Tudor+Polity+c.1540-1560&rft.place=The+Marian+Council+Revisited&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780333245286&rft.aulast=Weikel&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmidtudorpolityc10000unse%2F54%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Weikel, Ann (2004; online edition 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18245">"Mary I (1516–1558)"</a> in <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F18245">10.1093/ref:odnb/18245</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1996). <i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy</i>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-7448-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-7448-9"><bdi>0-7126-7448-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7794712M">7794712M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7794712M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-7126-7448-9&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Whitelock" title="Anna Whitelock">Whitelock, Anna</a> (2009). <i>Mary Tudor: England's First Queen</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9018-7"><bdi>978-0-7475-9018-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009437824">2009437824</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23681864M">23681864M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Tudor%3A+England%27s+First+Queen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23681864M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009437824&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-9018-7&rft.aulast=Whitelock&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Doran, Susan and Thomas Freeman, eds. (2011). <i>Mary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives</i>. Palgrave MacMillan.</li> <li>Edwards, John. (2011). <i>Mary I: England's Catholic Queen</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-11810-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-11810-4">0-300-11810-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolly_Erickson" title="Carolly Erickson">Erickson, Carolly</a> (1978). <i>Bloody Mary: The Life of Mary Tudor</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-11663-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-11663-2">0-385-11663-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">Loades, David M.</a> (1979, 2d ed. 1991). <i>The Reign of Mary Tudor: Politics, Government and Religion in England, 1553–58</i>. London and New York: Longman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-05759-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-05759-0">0-582-05759-0</a>. <dl><dd>—— (2006). <i>Mary Tudor: The Tragical History of the First Queen of England</i>. Kew, Richmond, UK: National Archives.</dd> <dd>—— (2011). <i>Mary Tudor</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing.</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Madden" title="Frederic Madden">Madden, Frederick</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/privypurseexpen00maddgoog/page/n9"><i>Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary, 1536–1544</i> (London, 1831)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._F._M._Prescott" title="H. F. M. Prescott">Prescott, H. F. M.</a> (1952). <i>Mary Tudor: The Spanish Tudor</i>. Second edition. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridley" title="Jasper Ridley">Ridley, Jasper</a> (2001). <i>Bloody Mary's Martyrs: The Story of England's Terror</i>. New York: Carroll & Graf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0854-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-0854-9">0-7867-0854-9</a>.</li> <li>Samson, Alexander (2020). <i>Mary and Philip: The Marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain</i>. Manchester UK: Manchester University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-4223-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-4223-8">978-1-5261-4223-8</a>.</li> <li>Waldman, Milton (1972). <i>The Lady Mary: A Biography of Mary Tudor, 1516–1558</i>. London: Collins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-211486-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-211486-0">0-00-211486-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Wernham" title="R. B. Wernham">Wernham, R. B.</a> (1966). <i>Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485–1588</i>. London: Jonathan Cape.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" class="extiw" title="commons:Mary I of England"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Mary I of England</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mary_I_of_England" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/mary-i">Mary I</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mary I (1516–1558)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mary_I_(1516%E2%80%931558)">"Mary I (1516–1558)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+I+%281516%E2%80%931558%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mary I., Queen"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mary_I.,_Queen">"Mary I., Queen" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+I.%2C+Queen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mary_i_queen.shtml">"Mary I (1516–1558)"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+I+%281516%E2%80%931558%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fmary_i_queen.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02995">Portraits of Queen Mary I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82674#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Mary I of England </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 18 February 1516</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 17 November 1558</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Queen of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> </b><br />1553–1558<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i> <i> (1554–1558)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF">Royal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of Naples">Queen consort of Naples</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchess_consort_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess consort of Milan">Duchess consort of Milan</a> </b><br />1554–1558 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of France</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of Spain">Queen consort of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sardinian_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sardinian consorts">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sicilian consorts">Sicily</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchess_consort_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess consort of Burgundy">Duchess consort of Burgundy</a> </b><br />1556–1558 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_royal_consorts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_consorts" title="Template:Spanish consorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_consorts" title="Template talk:Spanish consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_consorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish consorts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_royal_consorts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish consorts">Spanish royal consorts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_Letizia_of_Spain" title="Queen Letizia of Spain">Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano</a></b> <i>(2014–present)</i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain" title="Queen Sofía of Spain">Sophía of Greece and Denmark</a> <i>(1975–2014)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Eugenie_of_Battenberg" title="Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg">Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg</a> <i>(1906–1931)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Maria Christina of Austria">Maria Christina of Austria</a> <i>(1879–1885)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Mercedes of Orléans">Mercedes of Orléans</a> <i>(1878)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Vittoria_dal_Pozzo" title="Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo">Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo</a> <i>(1870–1873)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs,_Duke_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz">Francis, Duke of Cádiz</a> <i>(1846–1868)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies">Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies</a> <i>(1829–1833)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony">Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony</a> <i>(1819–1829)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Isabel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Isabel of Portugal">Maria Isabel of Portugal</a> <i>(1816–1818)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Clary" title="Julie Clary">Julie Clary</a> <i>(1808–1813)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Maria Luisa of Parma</a> <i>(1788–1808)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Amalia of Saxony">Maria Amalia of Saxony</a> <i>(1759–1760)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal" title="Barbara of Portugal">Barbara of Portugal</a> <i>(1746–1758)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans</a> <i>(1724)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Farnese" title="Elisabeth Farnese">Elisabeth Farnese</a> <i>(1714–1724, 1724–1746)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Luisa of Savoy">Maria Luisa of Savoy</a> <i>(1701–1714)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Neuburg" title="Maria Anna of Neuburg">Maria Anna of Neuburg</a> <i>(1690–1700)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1662%E2%80%931689)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Louise of Orléans (1662–1689)">Marie Louise of Orléans</a> <i>(1679–1689)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Mariana of Austria</a> <i>(1649–1665)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)">Élisabeth of France</a> <i>(1621–1644)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain">Margaret of Austria</a> <i>(1598–1611)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria_(1549%E2%80%931580)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna of Austria (1549–1580)">Anna of Austria</a> <i>(1570–1580)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Élisabeth of France</a> <i>(1559–1568)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary I of England</a> <i>(1556–1558)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a> <i>(1526–1539)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_consorts_of_Naples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_consorts_of_Naples" title="Template:Royal consorts of Naples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_consorts_of_Naples" title="Template talk:Royal consorts of Naples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_consorts_of_Naples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal consorts of Naples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_consorts_of_Naples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neapolitan_royal_consorts" title="List of Neapolitan royal consorts">Royal consorts of Naples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Provence" title="Beatrice of Provence">Beatrice of Provence</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of Sicily">Margaret of Burgundy</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary,_Queen_of_Naples" title="Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples">Mary of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancia_of_Majorca" title="Sancia of Majorca">Sancia of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Andrew, Duke of Calabria">Andrew, Duke of Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Majorca" title="James IV of Majorca">James IV of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Grubenhagen" title="Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen">Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Durazzo" title="Margaret of Durazzo">Margaret of Durazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Lusignan,_Queen_of_Naples" title="Mary of Lusignan, Queen of Naples">Mary of Lusignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Enghien" title="Mary of Enghien">Mary of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II,_Count_of_La_Marche" title="James II, Count of La Marche">James II, Count of La Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Duchess_of_Lorraine" title="Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine">Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Castile" title="Maria of Castile">Maria of Castile</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Clermont" title="Isabella of Clermont">Isabella of Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Naples" title="Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples">Joanna of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Naples_(1478%E2%80%931518)" title="Joanna of Naples (1478–1518)">Joanna of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_del_Balzo" title="Isabella del Balzo">Isabella del Balzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_of_Foix" title="Germaine of Foix">Germaine of Foix</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary I of England</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna of Austria</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain">Margaret of Austria</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)">Elisabeth of France</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Mariana of Austria</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise d'Orléans">Marie Louise d'Orléans</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Neuburg" title="Maria Anna of Neuburg">Maria Anna of Neuburg</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Amalia of Saxony">Maria Amalia of Saxony</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina of Austria</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Clary" title="Julie Clary">Julie Clary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte" title="Caroline Bonaparte">Caroline Bonaparte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_royal_consorts" title="List of Sicilian royal consorts">Queen of Sicily</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_consorts_of_Sicily" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_consorts_of_Sicily" title="Template:Royal consorts of Sicily"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_consorts_of_Sicily" title="Template talk:Royal consorts of Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_consorts_of_Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal consorts of Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_consorts_of_Sicily" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sicilian_royal_consorts" title="List of Sicilian royal consorts">Royal consorts of Sicily</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a> (1071–1130)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_d%27%C3%89vreux" title="Judith d'Évreux">Judith d'Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eremburga_of_Mortain" title="Eremburga of Mortain">Eremburga of Mortain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_del_Vasto" title="Adelaide del Vasto">Adelaide del Vasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvira_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Elvira of Castile, Queen of Sicily">Elvira of Castile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> (1130–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvira_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Elvira of Castile, Queen of Sicily">Elvira of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Burgundy" title="Sibylla of Burgundy">Sibylla of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Rethel" title="Beatrice of Rethel">Beatrice of Rethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Navarre" title="Margaret of Navarre">Margaret of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Acerra" title="Sibylla of Acerra">Sibylla of Acerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Angelina" title="Irene Angelina">Irene Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Aragon,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress">Constance of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Isabella II of Jerusalem">Isabella II of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_England" title="Isabella of England">Isabella of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria,_Queen_of_Germany" title="Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany">Elisabeth of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Angelina_Doukaina" title="Helena Angelina Doukaina">Helena Angelina Doukaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Provence" title="Beatrice of Provence">Beatrice of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of Sicily">Margaret of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Aragon" title="Isabella of Castile, Queen of Aragon">Isabella of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Anjou" title="Blanche of Anjou">Blanche of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Anjou" title="Eleanor of Anjou">Eleanor of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Carinthia,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily">Elizabeth of Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Constance of Aragon, Queen of Sicily">Constance of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_of_Baux" title="Antonia of Baux">Antonia of Baux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre" title="Blanche I of Navarre">Blanche I of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Prades" title="Margaret of Prades">Margaret of Prades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Alburquerque" title="Eleanor of Alburquerque">Eleanor of Alburquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Castile" title="Maria of Castile">Maria of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Enr%C3%ADquez" title="Juana Enríquez">Juana Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_of_Foix" title="Germaine of Foix">Germaine of Foix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain">Margaret of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)">Elisabeth of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Mariana of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise d'Orléans">Marie Louise d'Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Neuburg" title="Maria Anna of Neuburg">Maria Anna of Neuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_Gabriella_of_Savoy" title="Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy">Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Anne Marie d'Orléans">Anne Marie d'Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Amalia of Saxony">Maria Amalia of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina of Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princesses_of_Asturias_by_marriage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princesses_of_Asturias" title="Template:Princesses of Asturias"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princesses_of_Asturias" title="Template talk:Princesses of Asturias"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princesses_of_Asturias" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princesses of Asturias"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princesses_of_Asturias_by_marriage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_(by_marriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess of Asturias (by marriage)">Princesses of Asturias by marriage</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Letizia_of_Spain" title="Queen Letizia of Spain">Letizia of Spain</a> <i>(2004–2014)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Antonia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily">Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily</a> <i>(1802–1806)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Princess Maria Luisa of Parma</a> <i>(1765–1788)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal" title="Barbara of Portugal">Infanta Barbara of Portugal</a> <i>(1729–1746)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans</a> <i>(1722–1724)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain">Princess Elisabeth of France</a> <i>(1615–1621)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Mary I of England</a> <i>(1554–1556)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal">Infanta Maria Manuela of Portugal</a> <i>(1543–1545)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Archduchess Margaret of Austria</a> <i>(1497)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_II_of_Navarre" title="Blanche II of Navarre">Blanche II of Navarre</a> <i>(1468–1474)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine of Lancaster</a> <i>(1388–1406)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="963" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infantas_of_Spain_by_marriage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infantas_of_Spain_by_marriage" title="Template:Infantas of Spain by marriage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infantas_of_Spain_by_marriage" title="Template talk:Infantas of Spain by marriage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infantas_of_Spain_by_marriage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infantas of Spain by marriage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infantas_of_Spain_by_marriage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infantas_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantas of Spain">Infantas of Spain</a> by marriage</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations start with the daughters-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I of Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal">Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary I of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain">Elisabeth of France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal" title="Barbara of Portugal">Infanta Barbara of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Amalia of Saxony">Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Princess Louise Élisabeth of France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Princess Maria Luisa of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mariana_Vit%C3%B3ria_of_Braganza" title="Infanta Mariana Vitória of Braganza">Infanta Mariana Victoria of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mar%C3%ADa_Amalia_of_Spain_(1779%E2%80%931798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta María Amalia of Spain (1779–1798)">Infanta Maria Amalia of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma">Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Antonia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily">Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Francisca_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal">Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Teresa_of_Braganza" title="Infanta Maria Teresa of Braganza">Infanta Maria Teresa of Portugal, Princess of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Luisa_Carlotta_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies">Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Carolina_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies_(1820%E2%80%931861)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1820–1861)">Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mar%C3%ADa_Cristina_of_Spain_(1833%E2%80%931902)" title="Infanta María Cristina of Spain (1833–1902)">Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Amalia_of_the_Two_Sicilies_(1818%E2%80%931857)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies (1818–1857)">Princess Maria Amalia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_of_Savoy_(1803%E2%80%931879)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803–1879)">Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Eulalia_of_Spain" title="Infanta Eulalia of Spain">Infanta Eulalia of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margherita_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma">Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_d%27Artois" title="Princess Louise d'Artois">Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Berthe_de_Rohan" title="Princess Berthe de Rohan">Princess Berthe de Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_das_Neves_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal">Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Princess Louise of Orléans">Princess Louise of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_of_Spain" title="Infanta María Teresa of Spain">Infanta María Teresa of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Luisa,_Duchess_of_Talavera" title="Infanta Maria Luisa, Duchess of Talavera">Maria Luisa de Silva y Fernández de Henestrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Pia_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ant%C3%B3nia_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal">Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Mercedes_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Princess Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Alicia,_Duchess_of_Calabria" title="Infanta Alicia, Duchess of Calabria">Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain" title="Queen Sofía of Spain">Princess Sofía of Greece and Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Since 1987, the spouses of infantes are no longer infantas. <ul><li><i>*also an Infanta in her own right</i></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austrian_archduchesses_by_marriage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_archduchesses_by_marriage" title="Template:Austrian archduchesses by marriage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_archduchesses_by_marriage" title="Template talk:Austrian archduchesses by marriage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_archduchesses_by_marriage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian archduchesses by marriage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austrian_archduchesses_by_marriage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archduke#Other_dynastic_Habsburg_use" title="Archduke">Austrian archduchesses by marriage</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress">Eleanor of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechthild_of_the_Palatinate" title="Mechthild of the Palatinate">Mechthild of the Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Scotland" title="Eleanor of Scotland">Eleanor of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Saxony,_Archduchess_of_Austria" title="Catherine of Saxony, Archduchess of Austria">Catherine of Saxony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary, Duchess of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne, Duchess of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza" title="Bianca Maria Sforza">Bianca Maria Sforza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna, Queen of Castile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Infanta Isabella of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary" title="Anne of Bohemia and Hungary">Anne of Bohemia and Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal">Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary I of England</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Infanta Maria of Spain</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Juliana_Gonzaga" title="Anna Juliana Gonzaga">Anna Juliana Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(born_1551)" title="Maria Anna of Bavaria (born 1551)">Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Tyrol" title="Anna of Tyrol">Archduchess Anna of Austria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(born_1574)" title="Maria Anna of Bavaria (born 1574)">Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1598%E2%80%931655)" title="Eleonora Gonzaga (1598–1655)">Eleonora Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_de%27_Medici" title="Claudia de' Medici">Claudia de' Medici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)">Princess Elisabeth of France</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain" title="Maria Anna of Spain">Infanta Maria Ana of Spain</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldine of Austria">Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1630%E2%80%931686)" title="Eleonora Gonzaga (1630–1686)">Eleonora Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici,_Archduchess_of_Austria" title="Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Austria">Anna de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_of_Sulzbach" title="Hedwig of Sulzbach">Countess Palatine Hedwig of Sulzbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Margaret Theresa of Spain">Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Felicitas_of_Austria" title="Claudia Felicitas of Austria">Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleonore_Magdalene_of_Neuburg" title="Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg">Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Amalie_of_Brunswick" title="Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick">Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Isabella_of_Parma" title="Princess Isabella of Parma">Princess Isabella of Parma</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Bavaria" title="Maria Josepha of Bavaria">Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Spain" title="Maria Luisa of Spain">Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Massa" title="Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa">Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_Elisabeth_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg">Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily">Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Luisa_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily">Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Henrietta_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg">Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Hermine_of_Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym" title="Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym">Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_Maria_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg">Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Savoy" title="Princess Elisabeth of Savoy">Princess Elisabeth of Savoy</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy" title="Maria Beatrice of Savoy">Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_Bavaria" title="Princess Sophie of Bavaria">Princess Sophie of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Anna_of_Saxony_(1799%E2%80%931832)" title="Princess Maria Anna of Saxony (1799–1832)">Princess Maria Anna of Saxony</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Hildegard_of_Bavaria" title="Princess Hildegard of Bavaria">Princess Hildegard of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Elisabeth_Franziska_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria">Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Clotilde_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Adelgunde_of_Bavaria,_Duchess_of_Modena" title="Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria, Duchess of Modena">Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria, Duchess of Modena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Belgium" title="Charlotte of Belgium">Princess Charlotte of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaretha_of_Saxony" title="Princess Margaretha of Saxony">Princess Margaretha of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Annunciata_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Maria Annunciata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Theresa_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal">Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anna_of_Saxony_(1836%E2%80%931859)" title="Princess Anna of Saxony (1836–1859)">Princess Anna of Saxony</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Immacolata_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies_(1844%E2%80%931899)" title="Princess Maria Immacolata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1844–1899)">Princess Maria Immaculata of the Two Sicilies</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Isabella_of_Cro%C3%BF" title="Princess Isabella of Croÿ">Princess Isabella of Croÿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Theresa_of_Austria_(1862%E2%80%931933)" title="Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933)">Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Auguste_of_Bavaria_(1875%E2%80%931964)" title="Princess Auguste of Bavaria (1875–1964)">Princess Auguste Maria of Bavaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_St%C3%A9phanie_of_Belgium" title="Princess Stéphanie of Belgium">Princess Stéphanie of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony_(1867%E2%80%931944)" title="Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1867–1944)">Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Cristina_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Blanca_of_Spain" title="Infanta Blanca of Spain">Princess Blanca of Bourbon</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie_Valerie_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria">Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria</a>^**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zita_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Zita of Bourbon-Parma">Princess Zita of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ileana_of_Romania" title="Princess Ileana of Romania">Princess Ileana of Romania</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Rosemary_of_Salm-Salm" title="Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm">Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_of_L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg_(1935%E2%80%932018)" title="Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (1935–2018)">Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regina_von_Habsburg" title="Regina von Habsburg">Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita,_Archduchess_of_Austria-Este" title="Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este">Princess Margherita of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Yolande_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Yolande of Austria">Princess Yolande of Ligne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetitia_d%27Arenberg" title="Laetitia d'Arenberg">Laetitia d'Arenberg</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Thyssen-Bornemisza" title="Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza">Freiin Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilika_Duchess_of_Oldenburg" title="Eilika Duchess of Oldenburg">Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Astrid_of_Belgium" title="Princess Astrid of Belgium">Princess Astrid of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Marie-Astrid_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Marie-Astrid of Austria">Princess Marie Astrid of Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>*also an infanta of Spain by marriage</i>; **<i>also a princess of Tuscany by marriage</i>; ^<i>also an archduchess of Austria in her own right</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consorts_of_Luxembourg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consorts_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:Consorts of Luxembourg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consorts_of_Luxembourg" title="Template talk:Consorts of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consorts_of_Luxembourg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consorts of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consorts_of_Luxembourg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Luxembourgish_consorts" title="List of Luxembourgish consorts">Consorts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1354)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Luxemburg">County of Luxemburg</a> (963–1354)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Elder House of Luxembourg</a> <br />(963–1136)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_of_Nordgau" title="Hedwig of Nordgau">Hedwig of Nordgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementia_of_Aquitaine" title="Clementia of Aquitaine">Clementia of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathilde_of_Northeim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathilde of Northeim (page does not exist)">Mathilde of Northeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Zutphen" title="Ermengarde of Zutphen">Ermengarde of Zutphen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1136–1189)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurette_of_Flanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurette of Flanders (page does not exist)">Laurette of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnes_of_Guelders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnes of Guelders (page does not exist)">Agnes of Guelders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> <br />(1196–1197)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Blois" title="Margaret, Countess of Blois">Margaret, Countess of Blois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1197–1247)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1247–1354)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Bar" title="Margaret of Bar">Margaret of Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Avesnes" title="Beatrice of Avesnes">Beatrice of Avesnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of Brabant">Margaret of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia_(1292%E2%80%931330)" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330)">Elizabeth of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Bourbon,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Beatrice of Bourbon, Queen of Bohemia">Beatrice of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Valois" title="Blanche of Valois">Blanche of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bavaria" title="Anne of Bavaria">Anne of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_von_Schweidnitz" title="Anna von Schweidnitz">Anna von Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Joanna, Duchess of Brabant">Joanna, Duchess of Brabant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Duchy_of_Luxemburg_(1354–1794)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Duchy of Luxemburg</a> (1354–1794)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1354–1443)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Joanna, Duchess of Brabant">Joanna, Duchess of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Bavaria" title="Joanna of Bavaria">Joanna of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnes_of_Opole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnes of Opole (page does not exist)">Agnes of Opole</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> <br />(1443–1482)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" title="Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy">Isabella of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /> (1482–1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)">Elisabeth of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Mariana of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise d'Orléans">Marie Louise d'Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Neuburg" title="Maria Anna of Neuburg">Maria Anna of Neuburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> <br />(1700–1712)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_Gabriella_of_Savoy" title="Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy">Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a><br /> (1712–1713)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Kunegunda_Sobieska" title="Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska">Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> <br />(1713–1780)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> <br />(1780–1794)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Spain" title="Maria Luisa of Spain">Maria Luisa of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily">Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg_(since_1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (since 1815)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a><br /> (1815–1890)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_of_Prussia,_Queen_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands">Wilhelmine of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Anna Pavlovna of Russia">Anna Pavlovna of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Sophie of Württemberg">Sophie of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/100px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/150px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/200px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a> <br />(1890–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Adelheid-Marie_of_Anhalt-Dessau" title="Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau">Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Marie_Anne_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal">Marie Anne of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Felix_of_Bourbon-Parma" title="Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma">Felix of Bourbon-Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Jos%C3%A9phine-Charlotte_of_Belgium" title="Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium">Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">María Teresa Mestre y Batista-Falla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82674#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82674#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82674#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121345436">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57408108">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/15044/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk67mp8dxTMcfYWr6dwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118640917">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50043642">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939502q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939502q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621084">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mary I <regina d'Inghilterra>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV070131">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an56963548">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011211027&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070738041">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90589009">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000317668&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000738235&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=150852">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm1341k72j6qlbg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810563167305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/3557">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265172805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614671106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14094301">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1144536X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500373204">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1676766">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118640917.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118640917">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027329224">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gv6dm3">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/66156">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30050209">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&oldid=1259481791">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_I_of_England&oldid=1259481791</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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