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mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Descrizione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descrizione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Descrizione</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descrizione-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Descrizione</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Descrizione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Esempi_di_sostanze_dolci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esempi_di_sostanze_dolci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Esempi di sostanze dolci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esempi_di_sostanze_dolci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modificatori_di_dolcezza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modificatori_di_dolcezza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modificatori di dolcezza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modificatori_di_dolcezza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_recettori_del_dolce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_recettori_del_dolce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>I recettori del dolce</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-I_recettori_del_dolce-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione I recettori del dolce</span> </button> <ul id="toc-I_recettori_del_dolce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meccanismo_di_percezione_del_dolce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meccanismo_di_percezione_del_dolce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Meccanismo di percezione del dolce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meccanismo_di_percezione_del_dolce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effetti_cognitivi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effetti_cognitivi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effetti cognitivi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effetti_cognitivi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dolce</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 53 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soetheid" title="Soetheid - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soetheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%82)" title="حلاوة (مذاق) - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حلاوة (مذاق)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamis" title="Hamis - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hamis" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81)" title="Сладко (вкус) - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сладко (вкус)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="মিষ্টতা - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিষ্টতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gust_dol%C3%A7" title="Gust dolç - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gust dolç" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شیرینی - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیرینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%9Fkraft" title="Süßkraft - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Süßkraft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Γλυκύτητα - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλυκύτητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sweetness" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dol%C4%89eco" title="Dolĉeco - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dolĉeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabor_dulce" title="Sabor dulce - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sabor dulce" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magusus" title="Magusus - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magusus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozo_(zaporea)" title="Gozo (zaporea) - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gozo (zaporea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duci" title="Duci - estremegno" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Duci" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremegno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مزه شیرین - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مزه شیرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makeus" title="Makeus - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Makeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_sucr%C3%A9" title="Goût sucré - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Goût sucré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doce_(sabor)" title="Doce (sabor) - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Doce (sabor)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D6%80_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Քաղցր համ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղցր համ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manis" title="Manis - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_%E1%BB%A5t%E1%BB%8D" title="Ihe ụtọ - igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe ụtọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6ta" title="Sæta - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sæta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%91%B3" title="甘味 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="甘味" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಿಹಿ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಹಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%A7%9B" title="단맛 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단맛" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%AAja_%C5%9F%C3%AEr%C3%AEn" title="Çêja şîrîn - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çêja şîrîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeut_(smaak)" title="Zeut (smaak) - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zeut (smaak)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldumas" title="Saldumas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saldumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="गोड - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गोड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manis" title="Manis - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeut" title="Zeut - basso tedesco olandese" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zeut" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoet_(smaak)" title="Zoet (smaak) - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zoet (smaak)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8tt" title="Søtt - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Søtt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smak_s%C5%82odki" title="Smak słodki - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Smak słodki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doce_(gosto)" title="Doce (gosto) - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Doce (gosto)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misk%27i" title="Misk'i - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Misk'i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сладкий вкус - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сладкий вкус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="मधुरः - sanscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मधुरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duciura" title="Duciura - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Duciura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutapira" title="Kutapira - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kutapira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaan" title="Macaan - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Macaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bmb%C3%ABlsia" title="Ëmbëlsia - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ëmbëlsia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6tma" title="Sötma - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sötma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இனிப்பு - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இனிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="మధురం - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మధురం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Маззаи ширин - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маззаи ширин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Солодкий смак - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Солодкий смак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%B9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="مٹھاس - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مٹھاس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8B_ng%E1%BB%8Dt" title="Vị ngọt - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vị ngọt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="זיסקייט - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זיסקייט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9C%E5%91%B3" title="甜味 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="甜味" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9C%E5%91%B3" title="甜味 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="甜味" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q460453#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dolce" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Dolce" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dolce"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dolce"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Dolce" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Dolce" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&oldid=139176119" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Dolce&id=139176119&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDolce"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDolce"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Dolce"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dolce&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dolcezza" hreflang="it"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q460453" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130658281">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote.nota-disambigua{clear:both;margin-top:0;padding:.05em .5em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Dolce_(disambigua)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dolce (disambigua)">Dolce (disambigua)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata noprint plainlinks avviso avviso-informazioni"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Da tradurre"><img alt="Da tradurre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Translation_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione  sull'argomento biologia è stata parzialmente <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Come_tradurre_una_voce" title="Aiuto:Come tradurre una voce">tradotta</a> dalla <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglese" title="Lingua inglese">lingua inglese</a></b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"><b>Commento</b>: <i>Vedi testo nascosto.</i> <div class="noprint"><hr />Puoi <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit">contribuire</a> terminando la traduzione o usando altre fonti. Non usare programmi di traduzione automatica. Usa {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Tradotto_da" title="Template:Tradotto da">Tradotto da</a>}} quando hai terminato. Se nella <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit">pagina di modifica</a> trovi del testo nascosto, controlla che sia aggiornato servendoti dei <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Interlink" title="Aiuto:Interlink">collegamenti «in altre lingue»</a> in fondo alla colonna di sinistra. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Biologia" title="Progetto:Biologia">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg/220px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg/330px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg/440px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Zollette di zucchero (<a href="/wiki/Saccarosio" title="Saccarosio">saccarosio</a>), sostanza usata come riferimento per misurare il sapore dolce.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il <b>dolce</b> è uno dei cinque <a href="/wiki/Gusto" title="Gusto">sapori fondamentali</a>, quasi universalmente considerato una sensazione <a href="/wiki/Piacere" title="Piacere">piacevole</a>: i cibi ricchi di <a href="/wiki/Carboidrato" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboidrato">carboidrati</a> semplici, come gli zuccheri, sono normalmente associati alla dolcezza; esistono anche alcune <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">molecole</a> di origine naturale o di invenzione umana che vengono percepite come dolci a <a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_(chimica)" title="Concentrazione (chimica)">concentrazioni</a> molto inferiori e possono essere utilizzate come <a href="/wiki/Dolcificante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolcificante">dolcificanti</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alimenti_ipocalorici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alimenti ipocalorici (la pagina non esiste)">ipocalorici</a>; infine, alcune sostanze, pur non attivando direttamente i <a href="/wiki/Recettore_sensoriale" class="mw-redirect" title="Recettore sensoriale">recettori</a> del dolce possono modificarne la percezione. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descrizione">Descrizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Descrizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Descrizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La sensibilità <a href="/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica">chimica</a> della percezione del dolce, che varia per individui e specie, è stata compresa solo in tempi recenti. Il modello <a href="/wiki/Teoria" title="Teoria">teorico</a> correntemente accettato coinvolge molteplici siti di <a href="/wiki/Legame_chimico" title="Legame chimico">legame</a> tra i recettori e la sostanza dolce. Alcuni studi indicano che la sensibilità agli zuccheri e al dolce abbia radici <a href="/wiki/Evoluzione" title="Evoluzione">evoluzionistiche</a> molto antiche, già presenti come <a href="/wiki/Chemiotassi" title="Chemiotassi">chemiotassi</a> persino nei <a href="/wiki/Batterio" class="mw-redirect" title="Batterio">batteri</a> mobili quali l'<a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <a href="/wiki/Neonato" title="Neonato">neonati</a> dimostrano di preferire i cibi ad alta concentrazione di zuccheri e, in particolare, preferiscono le soluzioni più dolci del <a href="/wiki/Lattosio" title="Lattosio">lattosio</a>, lo zucchero che si trova nel <a href="/wiki/Allattamento_materno" class="mw-redirect" title="Allattamento materno">latte materno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La soglia di percezione per il dolce è la più alta tra i gusti fondamentali, venendo attivata a circa 1 parte su 200 di zucchero in soluzione. Per confronto, l'<a href="/wiki/Amaro_(sapore)" title="Amaro (sapore)">amaro</a>, che ha la soglia di sensibilità più bassa, viene già percepito per 1 parte su 2 milioni di <a href="/wiki/Chinino" title="Chinino">chinino</a> in soluzione.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nell'ambiente naturale ove si evolse la specie umana il dolce era un indicatore di ricchezza nutrizionale del cibo, mentre l'amaro era associato alla <a href="/wiki/Tossico" class="mw-redirect" title="Tossico">tossicità</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'alta soglia di percezione del dolce avrebbe quindi predisposto i <a href="/wiki/Primates" title="Primates">primati</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ominidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ominidi">ominidi</a>, nostri antenati, a ricercare i cibi dolci e nutrienti e ad evitare i cibi amari. Anche tra i primati mangiatori di foglie esiste la tendenza a preferire le foglie giovani, più ricche in proteine e più povere in sostanze tossiche, alle foglie mature.<sup id="cite_ref-encylopediahumanevolution_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encylopediahumanevolution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il gusto per il dolce ha quindi un'antica origine evoluzionistica, poiché, nonostante l'elaborazione dei cibi abbia cambiato le abitudini di consumo,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiologia</a> umana è rimasta per lo più inalterata.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esempi_di_sostanze_dolci">Esempi di sostanze dolci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Esempi di sostanze dolci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Esempi di sostanze dolci"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sucrose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sucrose.svg/220px-Sucrose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sucrose.svg/330px-Sucrose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sucrose.svg/440px-Sucrose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>La <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">molecola</a> di <a href="/wiki/Saccarosio" title="Saccarosio">Saccarosio</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Disparate <a href="/wiki/Sostanza_pura" title="Sostanza pura">sostanze chimiche</a>, quali gli <a href="/wiki/Aldeidi" title="Aldeidi">aldeidi</a> e i <a href="/wiki/Chetoni" title="Chetoni">chetoni</a> sono dolci. Tra le più comuni sostanze di origine <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologica</a> tutti i <a href="/wiki/Carboidrato" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboidrato">carboidrati</a> semplici sono, almeno leggermente, dolci. Il <a href="/wiki/Saccarosio" title="Saccarosio">saccarosio</a>, ovvero il normale zucchero, viene utilizzato in soluzione come riferimento per valutare la dolcezza relativa delle altre sostanze; in questa scala empirica la sua dolcezza viene convenzionalmente fissata a 1.<sup id="cite_ref-Guyton91_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guyton91-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il <a href="/wiki/Fruttosio" title="Fruttosio">fruttosio</a> invece è più dolce, misurando 1,7 sulla stessa scala<sup id="cite_ref-Guyton91_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guyton91-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; la sua dolcezza dipende però dalla temperatura: già a 60 <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0C" class="mw-redirect" title="°C">°C</a> risulta meno dolce del saccarosio.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcuni amminoacidi sono moderatamente dolci: in particolare l'<a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">alanina</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Glicina" title="Glicina">glicina</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Serina_(chimica)" title="Serina (chimica)">serina</a> sono i più dolci; al contempo altri amminoacidi sono percepiti sia dolci che amari. </p><p>Alcune piante producono dei <a href="/wiki/Glicosidi" title="Glicosidi">glicosidi</a> che sono dolci a concentrazioni molto più basse dello zucchero. Il più comune è la <a href="/wiki/Glicirrizina" title="Glicirrizina">glicirrizina</a>, la componente dolce della <a href="/wiki/Glycyrrhiza_glabra" title="Glycyrrhiza glabra">liquirizia</a>, circa 30 volte più dolce del saccarosio. Un altro esempio importante è lo <a href="/wiki/Steviolo" title="Steviolo">steviolo</a>, prodotto dalla <a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">stevia</a>, una pianta <a href="/wiki/America_Meridionale" class="mw-redirect" title="America Meridionale">sudamericana</a>, circa 250 volte più dolce del saccarosio. Un altro potente dolcificante reperibile in natura è la <a href="/wiki/Taumatina" title="Taumatina">taumatina</a>, una proteina contenuta nel frutto del <a href="/wiki/Thaumatococcus_daniellii" title="Thaumatococcus daniellii">Thaumatococcus daniellii</a> (<i>katemfe</i>), una pianta <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">africana</a>, con azione dolcificante lenta ma persistente. La brazzeina, altra proteina estratta da una pianta <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">africana</a>, è 2000 volte più dolce del glucosio, mantenendo però le caratteristiche di pienezza del sapore e azione dolcificante più simili al saccarosio. Alcune sostanze artificiali possono arrivare ad essere perfino molte migliaia di volte più dolci dello zucchero, pur essendo non tossiche, come il <a href="/wiki/Neotamo" title="Neotamo">neotamo</a> che può arrivare ad essere fino a 13000 volte più dolce del glucosio. Anche l'<a href="/wiki/Uovo_(biologia)" title="Uovo (biologia)">uovo</a> di <a href="/wiki/Gallina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallina">gallina</a> contiene una proteina dolce: la <a href="/wiki/Lisozima" title="Lisozima">lisozima</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Dolcezza relativa</b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcmurry_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmurry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Svrivastava&Rastogi2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svrivastava&Rastogi2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin&Margolskee_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin&Margolskee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JoestenEal2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoestenEal2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guyton&Hall2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guyton&Hall2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="50">Nome </th> <th style="width:225px;">Tipo di sostanza </th> <th style="width:225px;">Dolcezza </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lattosio" title="Lattosio">Lattosio</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Disaccaride" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaccaride">Disaccaride</a></td> <td>0,16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maltosio" title="Maltosio">Maltosio</a></td> <td>Disaccaride</td> <td>0,33 ÷ 0,45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glucosio" title="Glucosio">Glucosio</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monosaccaride" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosaccaride">Monosaccaride</a></td> <td>0,74 ÷ 0,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saccarosio" title="Saccarosio">Saccarosio</a></td> <td>Disaccaride</td> <td>1,00 (riferimento) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fruttosio" title="Fruttosio">Fruttosio</a></td> <td>Monosaccaride</td> <td>1,17 ÷ 1,75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciclamato" title="Ciclamato">Ciclamato</a></td> <td>Sulfonate</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a></td> <td>Dipeptide methyl ester</td> <td>180 ÷ 250 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saccarina" title="Saccarina">Saccarina</a></td> <td>Sulfonyl compound</td> <td>300 ÷ 675 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Persino alcune molecole <a href="/wiki/Chimica_inorganica" title="Chimica inorganica">inorganiche</a> sono dolci, tra queste il <a href="/wiki/Cloruro_di_berillio" title="Cloruro di berillio">cloruro di berillio</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Diacetato_di_piombo" title="Diacetato di piombo">acetato di piombo</a>. Quest'ultimo potrebbe aver contribuito agli avvelenamenti da <a href="/wiki/Piombo" title="Piombo">piombo</a> nell'aristocrazia dell'<a href="/wiki/Antica_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Antica Roma">antica Roma</a>: all'epoca veniva preparata una bevanda, la <i>sapa</i>, bollendo il vino inacidito (contenente <a href="/wiki/Acido_acetico" title="Acido acetico">acido acetico</a>) in recipienti di piombo. Centinaia di sostanze di sintesi sono noti per essere dolci, tuttavia solo una piccola percentuale è accettata come dolcificante per uso alimentare. Ad esempio, il <a href="/wiki/Cloroformio" title="Cloroformio">cloroformio</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Nitrobenzene" title="Nitrobenzene">nitrobenzene</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Glicole_etilenico" title="Glicole etilenico">glicole etilenico</a> sono dolci ma <a href="/wiki/Tossico" class="mw-redirect" title="Tossico">tossici</a>. Nel <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> sono 7 i dolcificanti artificiali utilizzati frequentemente: <a href="/wiki/Saccarina" title="Saccarina">saccarina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciclamato" title="Ciclamato">ciclamato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">aspartame</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_K" title="Acesulfame K">acesulfame K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucralosio" title="Sucralosio">sucralosio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alitame" title="Alitame">alitame</a> e <a href="/wiki/Neotame" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotame">neotame</a>. Il ciclamato è tuttavia bandito negli <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">Stati Uniti d'America</a>, mentre la saccarina è fortemente regolamentata.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modificatori_di_dolcezza">Modificatori di dolcezza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Modificatori di dolcezza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Modificatori di dolcezza"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alcune sostanze possono modificare la percezione del dolce, aumentandolo in maniera sinergica o inibendolo. Tra gli inibitori, il più importante da un punto di vista commerciale è il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactisolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactisolo (la pagina non esiste)">Lactisolo</a> (acido 2-(4-metossifenossi)-proprionico),<sup id="cite_ref-Kinghorn-book3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinghorn-book3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prodotto dalla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domino_Sugar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domino Sugar (la pagina non esiste)">Domino Sugar</a>. Viene utilizzato in alcune <a href="/wiki/Confettura" title="Confettura">confetture</a> di frutta per mitigare il sapore dolce in modo da far risaltare il gusto della <a href="/wiki/Frutta" title="Frutta">frutta</a>. Due prodotti naturali hanno proprietà analoghe: l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_gimnemico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido gimnemico (la pagina non esiste)">acido gimnemico</a>, estratto dalle foglie di un <a href="/wiki/Rampicante" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampicante">rampicante</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">indiano</a>, la <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnema_sylvestre" title="Gymnema sylvestre">Gymnema sylvestre</a></i>, e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zizifina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zizifina (la pagina non esiste)">zizifina</a>, dalle foglie del giuggiolo <a href="/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">cinese</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ziziphus_jujuba" title="Ziziphus jujuba">Ziziphus jujuba</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-crfsn-32-231_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crfsn-32-231-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'acido gimnemico è stato pubblicizzato dalla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erboristica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erboristica (la pagina non esiste)">erboristica</a> come terapia per la bulimia di dolci e il <a href="/wiki/Diabete_mellito" title="Diabete mellito">diabete mellito</a> </p><p>All'inverso, alcune proteine vegetali, senza essere di per sé dolcificanti, inibiscono la percezione di sapori normalmente aspri o amari, rendendoli dolci al palato. È notevole il caso della <a href="/wiki/Miracolina" title="Miracolina">miracolina</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curculina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curculina (la pagina non esiste)">curculina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La <a href="/wiki/Miracolina" title="Miracolina">miracolina</a> è insapore, mentre la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curculina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curculina (la pagina non esiste)">curculina</a> è leggermente dolce; ma l'effetto sul sapore più importante delle due sostanze è di alterare la percezione dei sapori per circa un'ora. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I_recettori_del_dolce">I recettori del dolce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione I recettori del dolce" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: I recettori del dolce"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gray1018.png/220px-Gray1018.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Gray1018.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Il dolce è percepito nei bottoni gustativi, situati sulle <a href="/wiki/Papilla_linguale" title="Papilla linguale">papille</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>È noto da lungo tempo che il dolce viene percepito dai bottoni gustativi, situati sulle papille, e che tale percezione può essere stimolata da una grande varietà di sostanze chimiche. Tuttavia il meccanismo molecolare è rimasto a lungo oscuro, tanto che ancora negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1990" title="Anni 1990">anni 1990</a> non era chiaro se esistesse un unico tipo di recettore del dolce. </p><p>La principale svolta nella comprensione della percezione del dolce avvenne nel <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>, quando degli esperimenti sui <a href="/wiki/Mus_musculus" title="Mus musculus">topi</a> provarono come animali con diverse versioni del <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> T1R3 esibiscano diversi livelli di preferenza per i cibi dolci. Ricerche successive hanno dimostrato che la <a href="/w/index.php?title=TAS1R3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TAS1R3 (la pagina non esiste)">proteina T1R3</a> forma un complesso con la <a href="/w/index.php?title=TAS1R2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TAS1R2 (la pagina non esiste)">proteina T1R2</a> per formare un <a href="/wiki/Recettori_accoppiati_a_proteine_G" title="Recettori accoppiati a proteine G">recettore accoppiato a proteine G</a> responsabile della percezione del dolce nei mammiferi.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La percezione del dolce differisce fortemente tra specie animali diverse. Ad esempio, è molto variabile all'interno dell'<a href="/wiki/Ordine_(tassonomia)" title="Ordine (tassonomia)">ordine</a> dei primati: le <a href="/wiki/Platyrrhini" title="Platyrrhini">scimmie del nuovo mondo</a> non percepiscono l'<a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">aspartame</a> come dolce a differenza delle <a href="/wiki/Cercopithecidae" title="Cercopithecidae">scimmie dell'Africa e Asia</a>, delle <a href="/wiki/Hominoidea" title="Hominoidea">scimmie antropomorfe</a> e dell'<a href="/wiki/Uomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Uomo">uomo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <a href="/wiki/Felini" class="mw-redirect" title="Felini">felini</a>, e in particolare i <a href="/wiki/Gatto" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatto">gatti</a> non percepiscono affatto il dolce.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meccanismo_di_percezione_del_dolce">Meccanismo di percezione del dolce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Meccanismo di percezione del dolce" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Meccanismo di percezione del dolce"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per depolarizzare la cellula sensibile, al fine di provocare la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Risposta_sensoriale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Risposta sensoriale (la pagina non esiste)">risposta sensoriale</a>, la fisiologia umana utilizza diversi meccanismi di percezione per ogni <a href="/wiki/Gusto" title="Gusto">gusto fondamentale</a>. Le molecole dolci, in particolare, si legano ai recettori specifici causando un cambiamento della configurazione della molecola. Questo cambiamento attiva la <a href="/wiki/Proteina_G" title="Proteina G">proteina G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustducina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustducina">gustducina</a>, che a sua volta attiva l'<a href="/wiki/Adenilato_ciclasi" title="Adenilato ciclasi">adenilato ciclasi</a>. L'adenilato ciclasi agisce da catalizzatore per la conversione di <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfato" title="Adenosina trifosfato">ATP</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_monofosfato_ciclico" title="Adenosina monofosfato ciclico">adenosina monofosfato ciclico</a> (cAMP). Le molecole di cAMP attivano l'enzima <a href="/wiki/Chinasi" title="Chinasi">chinasi</a> che provoca la <a href="/wiki/Fosforilazione" title="Fosforilazione">fosforilazione</a> e la chiusura di un <a href="/wiki/Canale_ionico" title="Canale ionico">canale ionico</a> del <a href="/wiki/Potassio" title="Potassio">potassio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effetti_cognitivi">Effetti cognitivi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Effetti cognitivi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Effetti cognitivi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il colore del cibo può modificare la percezione della dolcezza di un cibo. Aggiungere del colorante rosso ad una bibita ne fa aumentare la dolcezza percepita fino al 2-10% in più rispetto ad una bibita di colore meno intenso ma contenente l'1% in più di zucchero.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Si ritiene che l'effetto del colore sia legato alla "aspettativa cognitiva".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gli odori dolci possono venire confusi con il sapore dolce dalla memoria, facendo ricordare un cibo più dolce di quanto non fosse.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Blass, E.M. <i>Opioids, sweets and a mechanism for positive affect: Broad motivational implications.</i> (Dobbing, 1987 pp.115–124)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> J.A. Desor, O. Maller e R.E. Turner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1037/h0034906"><span style="font-style:italic;">Taste acceptance of sugars by human infants</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology</span>, vol. 84, n. 3, 1973, pp. 496–501, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0034906">10.1037/h0034906</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4745817">4745817</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Susan S. Schiffman e Susan S. Schiffman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1056/NEJM198306023082207"><span style="font-style:italic;">Taste and smell in disease (Second of two parts)</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The New England Journal of Medicine</span>, vol. 308, n. 22, 2 giugno 1983, pp. 1337–43, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198306023082207">10.1056/NEJM198306023082207</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6341845">6341845</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> McAleer, N., <span style="font-style:italic;">The Body Almanac: Mind-boggling facts about today's human body and high-tech medicine</span>, New York, Doubleday, 1985.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> S. Altman, <span style="font-style:italic;">The monkey and the fig: A Socratic dialogue on evolutionary themes</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">American Scientist</span>, vol. 77, 1989, pp. 256–263.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Johns, T., <span style="font-style:italic;">With Bitter Herbs They Shall Eat It: Chemical ecology and the origins of human diet and medicine</span>, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 1990.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Logue, A.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychologyofeati0000logu"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Psychology of Eating and Drinking</span></a>, New York, W.H. Freeman, 1986.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encylopediahumanevolution-8"><a href="#cite_ref-encylopediahumanevolution_8-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Jones, S., Martin, R., Pilbeam, D., <span style="font-style:italic;">The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution</span>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> C. Fischler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1177/053901848001900603"><span style="font-style:italic;">Food habits, social change and the nature/culture dilemma</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Social Science Information</span>, vol. 19, 1980, pp. 937–953, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F053901848001900603">10.1177/053901848001900603</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Fischler, C. <i>Attitudes towards sugar and sweetness in historical and social perspective.</i> (Dobbing, 1987 pp. 83–98)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> K. Milton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1993-08_269_2/page/70"><span style="font-style:italic;">Diet and primate evolution</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Scientific American</span>, vol. 269, n. 2, 1993, pp. 70–77.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guyton91-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Guyton91_12-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Guyton91_12-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Guyton, Arthur C., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textbookofmedica0000guyt_k4b7"><span style="font-style:italic;">Textbook of Medical Physiology</span></a>, 8th, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1991.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bressanini-lescienze.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/2008/11/06/il-fruttosio-lo-zucchero-della-frutta/">Il Fruttosio, lo “zucchero della frutta” – Scienza in cucina - Blog - Le Scienze</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Un certo margine di variazione tra i diversi studi è normale. La variazione dipende da differenze metodologiche, tra cui il metodo di campionamento e di analisi e l'interpretazione dei dati. Inoltre, la scala di misura dell'intensità di un sapore assegnata a 1 per il <a href="/wiki/Saccarosio" title="Saccarosio">saccarosio</a> (dolce), l'<a href="/wiki/Acido_cloridrico" title="Acido cloridrico">acido cloridrico</a> (aspro), il <a href="/wiki/Chinino" title="Chinino">chinino</a> (amaro) e il <a href="/wiki/Sale" title="Sale">sale</a> (salato) è arbitraria e non permette un vero confronto dell'intensità di sapori diversi. Alcuni valori, come quelli del <a href="/wiki/Maltosio" title="Maltosio">maltosio</a> e <a href="/wiki/Glucosio" title="Glucosio">glucosio</a>, variano poco. Altri, come per l'<a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">aspartame</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Saccarina" title="Saccarina">saccarina</a>, presentano variazioni molto più ampie. Tuttavia, malgrado queste variazioni, l'intensità percepita per il sapore di sostanze della stessa classe rimane sostanzialmente costante. Ad esempio, le tabelle indicative di McLaughlin e Margolskee (1994) sono sostanzialmente equivalenti alle tabelle di Svrivastava e Rastogi (2003), Guyton e Hall (2006), e Joesten et. al. (2007). La classifica relativa, ove presente, è la stessa; variano, al contrario, i valori assoluti assegnati nel particolare studio da cui sono stati derivati.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcmurry-15"><a href="#cite_ref-mcmurry_15-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> John McMurry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry00john_1"><span style="font-style:italic;">Organic Chemistry</span></a>, 4th, Brooks/Cole, 1998, p. 468, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-13-286261-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-13-286261-1">0-13-286261-1</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svrivastava&Rastogi2003-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Svrivastava&Rastogi2003_16-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Svrivastava, R.C.; Rastogi, R.P, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hIyM_o4YFZ4C&pg=PA274&dq=%22same+concentration+(1M)%22&hl=en&ei=6yqRTIz4Ho-evQOM4dnBCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22same%20concentration%20(1M)%22&f=false"><span style="font-style:italic;">Relative taste indices of some substances</span></a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=hIyM_o4YFZ4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=transport+mediated+interfaces#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="font-style:italic;">Transport Mediated by Electrical Interfaces</span></a>, Studies in interface science, vol. 18, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Elsevier Science, 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-444-51453-8_B.V" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-444-51453-8 B.V">0-444-51453-8 B.V</a>. <small>URL consultato il 12 settembre 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLaughlin&Margolskee-17"><a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin&Margolskee_17-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> McLaughlin, Susan; Margolskee, Robert F, <span style="font-style:italic;">The Sense of Taste</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a></span>, vol. 82, n. 6, novembre–dicembre 1994, pp. 538–545.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JoestenEal2007-18"><a href="#cite_ref-JoestenEal2007_18-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Joesten, Melvin D; Hogg, John L; Castellion, Mary E, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8hIoN3Q_zOkC&pg=PA359&lpg=PA359&dq=%22relative+to+sucrose%22&source=bl&ots=E1txi4DsSX&sig=wAbLIzj7Y5cCu2PeWOdiXfzr8nc&hl=en&ei=17ePTIK0LoXmvQPglYDqCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=%22relative%20to%20sucrose%22&f=false"><span style="font-style:italic;">Sweeteness Relative to Sucrose (table)</span></a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=8hIoN3Q_zOkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=world+chemistry#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="font-style:italic;">The World of Chemistry: Essentials</span></a>, 4th, Belmont, California, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2007, p. 359, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-495-01213-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-495-01213-0">0-495-01213-0</a>. <small>URL consultato il 14 settembre 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guyton&Hall2006-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Guyton&Hall2006_19-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; 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Schiffman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/2/131"><span style="font-style:italic;">Synergism among Ternary Mixtures of Fourteen Sweeteners</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Chemical Senses</span>, Elizabeth A. Sattely-Miller, vol. 25, n. 2, 2000, pp. 131–140, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fchemse%2F25.2.131">10.1093/chemse/25.2.131</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10781019">10781019</a>. <small>URL consultato il 2 settembre 2007</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Shallenberger RS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1963.tb00247.x"><span style="font-style:italic;">Hydrogen bonding and the varying sweetness of the sugars</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of Food Science</span>, vol. 28, 1963, pp. 584–9, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.1963.tb00247.x">10.1111/j.1365-2621.1963.tb00247.x</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Tinti, Jean-Marie; Nofre, Claude, <span style="font-style:italic;">Why does a sweetener taste sweet? A new model</span>, in Walters, D.E.;Orthoefer, F.T ; DuBois, G.E. (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">Sweeteners: Discovery, Molecular Design, and Chemoreception</span>, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 450, Washington DC, American Chemical Society, 1991, pp. 209–213.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolci_carnevaleschi" title="Dolci carnevaleschi">Dolci carnevaleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolci_natalizi" title="Dolci natalizi">Dolci natalizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolci_pasquali" title="Dolci pasquali">Dolci pasquali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edulcorante" title="Edulcorante">Edulcorante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruttosio" title="Fruttosio">Fruttosio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucidi" title="Glucidi">Glucidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosio" title="Glucosio">Glucosio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusto" title="Gusto">Gusto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltosio" title="Maltosio">Maltosio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccarina" title="Saccarina">Saccarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccarosio" title="Saccarosio">Saccarosio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolce&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span 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