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id="toc-Size_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Size and regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_and_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Age and expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Spacetime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Shape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Support of life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Composition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Composition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dark_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Dark energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dark_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Dark matter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinary_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinary_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Ordinary matter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinary_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Particles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hadrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Hadrons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leptons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leptons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Leptons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leptons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Photons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Habitability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmological_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmological_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cosmological models </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cosmological_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cosmological models subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cosmological_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Model_of_the_universe_based_on_general_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_of_the_universe_based_on_general_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Model of the universe based on general relativity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_of_the_universe_based_on_general_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiverse_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiverse_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Multiverse hypotheses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiverse_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_conceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_conceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Historical conceptions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_conceptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical conceptions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_conceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Mythologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Philosophical models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomical_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Astronomical concepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_space_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_space_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Deep space astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_space_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Universe</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 190 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" > 190 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heelal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A0%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AD" title="ጠፈር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጠፈር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="فضاء كوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فضاء كوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%A0" title="ܬܒܝܠ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܒܝܠ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84" title="Տիեզերք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տիեզերք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universu" title="Universu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapy" title="Arapy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arapy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainat" title="Kainat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kainat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ائورن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ائورن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_Semesta" title="Alam Semesta – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Alam Semesta" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="মহাবিশ্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাবিশ্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9A-ti%C5%AB" title="Ú-tiū – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ú-tiū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Ғаләм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғаләм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сусвет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сусвет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сусьвет – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сусьвет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="ब्रह्मांड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्रह्मांड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniberso" title="Uniberso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Uniberso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вселена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вселена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6dall" title="Wödall – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wödall" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="འཇིག་རྟེན་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇིག་རྟེན་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svemir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollved" title="Hollved – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hollved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Оршолон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Оршолон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers" title="Univers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Univers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Çут Тĕнче – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çут Тĕнче" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniberso" title="Uniberso – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Uniberso" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesm%C3%ADr" title="Vesmír – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vesmír" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denga_neNyika" title="Denga neNyika – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Denga neNyika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)" title="Bydysawd (seryddiaeth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bydysawd (seryddiaeth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Dunia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universet" title="Universet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Universet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="كون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A1gh%C3%A1hook%C3%A1%C3%A1n" title="Yágháhookáán – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Yágháhookáán" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersum" title="Uniwersum – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Uniwersum" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Σύμπαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύμπαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universu" title="Universu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Universu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibertsoa" title="Unibertsoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unibertsoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="گیتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansaar" title="Sansaar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sansaar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alheimurin" title="Alheimurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alheimurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers" title="Univers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Univers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hielal" title="Hielal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hielal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruinne" title="Cruinne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domhan" title="Domhan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Domhan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Айлам – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Айлам" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="બ્રહ્માંડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્રહ્માંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%E1%BA%B9k%E1%BA%B9" title="Wẹkẹ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Wẹkẹ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AE-chhiu" title="Yî-chhiu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yî-chhiu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC" title="우주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84" title="Տիեզերք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ब्रह्माण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रह्माण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svemir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluigwe_na_Ala" title="Eluigwe na Ala – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Eluigwe na Ala" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law-ang" title="Law-ang – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Law-ang" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Universe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihlabathi" title="Ihlabathi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ihlabathi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMkhathilibe" title="UMkhathilibe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMkhathilibe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alheimurinn" title="Alheimurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alheimurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9D" title="היקום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היקום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagat_rat" title="Jagat rat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jagat rat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ವಿಶ್ವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikluban" title="Sikluban – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sikluban" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Болум – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Болум" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="სამყარო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამყარო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سَمسار – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَمسار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wszechswiat" title="Wszechswiat – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wszechswiat" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Әлем – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлем" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braster" title="Braster – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Braster" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulimwengu" title="Ulimwengu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulimwengu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liniv%C3%A8" title="Linivè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Linivè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liniv%C3%A8r" title="Linivèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Linivèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd%C3%BBn" title="Gerdûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gerdûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аалам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аалам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers" title="Univers – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Univers" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A" title="ເອກະພົບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອກະພົບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visums" title="Visums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Visums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чилер-цавар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чилер-цавар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visata" title="Visata – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Visata" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cnivers" title="Ünivers – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ünivers" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A1gegyetem" title="Világegyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Világegyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вселена – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вселена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izao_rehetra_izao" title="Izao rehetra izao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Izao rehetra izao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രപഞ്ചം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രപഞ്ചം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="विश्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विश्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3" title="ოქიანუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოქიანუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="كون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="کهون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کهون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_samasta" title="Alam samasta – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Alam samasta" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%B2%CC%84-d%C3%AAu" title="Ṳ̄-dêu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ṳ̄-dêu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouniberso" title="Ouniberso – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouniberso" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Орчлон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орчлон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%A0%E1%80%AC" title="စကြဝဠာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စကြဝဠာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemanahuatl" title="Cemanahuatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cemanahuatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuravura_taucoko" title="Vuravura taucoko – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vuravura taucoko" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heelal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hielal" title="Hielal – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hielal" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ब्रह्माण्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्रह्माण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annevierzo" title="Annevierzo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Annevierzo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вселенни – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вселенни" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85%C3%A5l" title="Åål – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Åål" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universet" title="Universet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Universet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universet" title="Universet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Universet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunivers" title="Eunivers – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Eunivers" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Universe" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A8rs" title="Univèrs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Univèrs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaa" title="Hawaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hawaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olam" title="Olam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Olam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltall" title="Weltall – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Weltall" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کائنات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کائنات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاينات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاينات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunivoers" title="Yunivoers – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yunivoers" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers" title="Univers – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Univers" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wszech%C5%9Bwiat" title="Wszechświat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wszechświat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo" title="Universo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lem" title="Álem – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Álem" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers" title="Univers – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Univers" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegeya" title="Jegeya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jegeya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinantin_pacha" title="Hinantin pacha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinantin pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Весмір – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Весмір" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Вселенная – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вселенная" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱚᱣᱟᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱣᱟᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al" title="Al – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Al" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjith%C3%ABsia" title="Gjithësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjithësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universu" title="Universu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Universu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="විශ්වය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශ්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Universe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="سرشٽي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سرشٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesm%C3%ADr" title="Vesmír – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vesmír" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesolje" title="Vesolje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vesolje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wszech%C5%9Bwiat" title="Wszechświat – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wszechświat" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koon" title="Koon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Koon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="گەردوون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەردوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Свемир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свемир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svemir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagat" title="Jagat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jagat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmankaikkeus" title="Maailmankaikkeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailmankaikkeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum" title="Universum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Universum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniberso" title="Uniberso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Uniberso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அண்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அண்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ame%C9%A3rad" title="Ameɣrad – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ameɣrad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Галәм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Галәм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="విశ్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విశ్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E" title="เอกภพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอกภพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Олам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Олам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%97" title="ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᎦᎸᎾᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᎦᎸᎾᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evren" title="Evren – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evren" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amansan" title="Amansan – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Amansan" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Югыт дунне – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Югыт дунне" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%92" title="ᨕᨒ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨒ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Всесвіт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Всесвіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کائنات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کائنات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yijcou" title="Yijcou – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yijcou" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir" title="Mir – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mir" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Vũ trụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univiers" title="Univiers – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Univiers" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="宇宙" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkalibutan" title="Sangkalibutan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sangkalibutan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宇宙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilo" title="Matilo – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Matilo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="אוניווערס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוניווערס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Everything in space and time</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Universe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Universe (disambiguation)">Universe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Universe</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg/300px-Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg/450px-Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg/600px-Hubble_ultra_deep_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="3100" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Ultra-Deep_Field" title="Hubble Ultra-Deep Field">Hubble Ultra-Deep Field</a> image shows some of the most remote <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a> visible to present technology (diagonal is ~1/10 apparent <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> diameter)<a href="#cite_note-spacetelescope.org-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age</a> (within <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">ΛCDM model</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">13.787 ± 0.020 billion years<a href="#cite_note-Planck_2015-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown<a href="#cite_note-Brian_Greene_2011-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a>: 8.8×1026 m (28.5 G<a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a> or 93 G<a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass (ordinary matter)</th><td class="infobox-data">At least 1053 kg<a href="#cite_note-Paul_Davies_2006_43-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average density (with <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">9.9×10−27 kg/m3<a href="#cite_note-wmap_universe_made_of-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average temperature (cosmic microwave background)</th><td class="infobox-data">2.72548 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−270.4 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>, −454.8 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Fixsen-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main contents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baryon#Baryonic_matter" title="Baryon">Ordinary (baryonic)</a> <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> (4.9%) <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a> (26.8%) <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> (68.3%)<a href="#cite_note-planck2013parameters-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shape</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">Flat</a> with 0.4% error margin<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The universe is all of <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a><a href="#cite_note-spacetime-10">[a]</a> and their contents.<a href="#cite_note-Zeilik1998-11">[10]</a> It comprises all of <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>, any <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interaction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical process">physical process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_constant" title="Physical constant">physical constant</a>, and therefore all forms of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, and the structures they form, from <a href="/wiki/Sub-atomic_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-atomic particles">sub-atomic particles</a> to entire <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">galactic filaments</a>. Since the early 20th century, the field of <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> establishes that <a href="/wiki/Space_and_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and time">space and time</a> emerged together at the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> 13.787±0.020 billion years ago<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">universe has been expanding</a> since then. The <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">portion of the universe that can be seen by humans</a> is approximately 93 billion <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> in diameter at present, but the total size of the universe is not known.<a href="#cite_note-Brian_Greene_2011-3">[3]</a> Some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">cosmological models</a> of the universe were developed by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophers</a> and were <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric</a>, placing Earth at the center.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-14">[13]</a> Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> to develop the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric model</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. In developing the <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">law of universal gravitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> built upon Copernicus's work as well as <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">laws of planetary motion</a> and observations by <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>. Further observational improvements led to the realization that the Sun is one of a few hundred billion stars in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, which is one of a few hundred billion galaxies in the observable universe. Many of the stars in a galaxy <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">have planets</a>. <a href="/wiki/End_of_Greatness" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Greatness">At the largest scale</a>, galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions, meaning that the universe has neither an edge nor a center. At smaller scales, galaxies are distributed in <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">clusters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supercluster" title="Supercluster">superclusters</a> which form immense <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">filaments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Void_(astronomy)" title="Void (astronomy)">voids</a> in space, creating a vast foam-like structure.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Discoveries in the early 20th century have suggested that the universe had a beginning and has been expanding since then.<a href="#cite_note-Hawking-16">[15]</a> According to the Big Bang theory, the energy and matter initially present have become less dense as the universe expanded. After an initial accelerated expansion called the <a href="/wiki/Inflationary_epoch" title="Inflationary epoch">inflationary epoch</a> at around 10−32 seconds, and the separation of the four known <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental forces</a>, the universe gradually cooled and continued to expand, allowing the first <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a> and simple <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> to form. Giant clouds of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> were gradually drawn to the places where matter was most <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">dense</a>, forming the first galaxies, stars, and everything else seen today. From studying the effects of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> on both matter and light, it has been discovered that the universe contains much more <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> than is accounted for by visible objects; stars, galaxies, nebulas and interstellar gas. This unseen matter is known as <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> In the widely accepted <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">ΛCDM</a> cosmological model, dark matter accounts for about 25.8%±1.1% of the mass and energy in the universe while about 69.2%±1.2% is <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>, a mysterious form of energy responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerated expansion">acceleration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">expansion of the universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-planck_2015-18">[17]</a> Ordinary ('<a href="/wiki/Baryon#Baryonic_matter" title="Baryon">baryonic</a>') matter therefore composes only 4.84%±0.1% of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-planck_2015-18">[17]</a> Stars, planets, and visible gas clouds only form about 6% of this ordinary matter.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> There are many competing hypotheses about the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">ultimate fate of the universe</a> and about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang, while other physicists and philosophers refuse to speculate, doubting that information about prior states will ever be accessible. Some physicists have suggested various <a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">multiverse</a> hypotheses, in which the universe might be one among many.<a href="#cite_note-Brian_Greene_2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-EllisKS032-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-sky image derived from nine years' WMAP data" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/220px-WMAP_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/330px-WMAP_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/440px-WMAP_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:0;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early universe</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">Inflation</a> · <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Backgrounds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">Gravitational wave (GWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Microwave (CMB)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background" title="Cosmic neutrino background">Neutrino (CNB)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expansion · Future</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a> · <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">FLRW metric</a> · <a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Lambda-CDM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components · Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photons</a> · <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Structure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">Shape of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a> · <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe#Large-scale_structure" title="Observable universe">Large-scale structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">Structure formation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Observational_cosmology" title="Observational cosmology">Experiments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative (BHI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOOMERanG_experiment" title="BOOMERanG experiment">BOOMERanG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Survey" title="Dark Energy Survey">Dark Energy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck space observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey" title="2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey">2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Aaronson" title="Marc Aaronson">Aaronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Alpher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Dicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">Gamow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Guth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_B._Suntzeff" title="Nicholas B. Suntzeff">Suntzeff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Sunyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zeldovich</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmologists" title="List of cosmologists">List of cosmologists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology#Subject_history" title="Physical cosmology">Subject history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="History of the Big Bang theory">History of the Big Bang theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_cosmology" title="Category:Physical cosmology">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_cosmology" title="Template talk:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/590px--NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="590" height="332" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm/NASA-HubbleLegacyFieldZoomOut-20190502.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Ultra-Deep_Field" title="Hubble Ultra-Deep Field">Ultra-Deep Field galaxies</a> to Legacy field zoom out (video 00:50; May 2, 2019)</div></figcaption></figure> The physical universe is defined as all of <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a><a href="#cite_note-spacetime-10">[a]</a> (collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>) and their contents.<a href="#cite_note-Zeilik1998-11">[10]</a> Such contents comprise all of energy in its various forms, including <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, and therefore planets, <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a>, stars, galaxies, and the contents of <a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergalactic space">intergalactic space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The universe also includes the <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">physical laws</a> that influence energy and matter, such as <a href="/wiki/Conservation_law" title="Conservation law">conservation laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schreuder2014-25">[24]</a> The universe is often defined as "the totality of existence", or <a href="/wiki/Everything" title="Everything">everything</a> that exists, everything that has existed, and everything that will exist.<a href="#cite_note-Schreuder2014-25">[24]</a> In fact, some philosophers and scientists support the inclusion of ideas and abstract concepts—such as mathematics and logic—in the definition of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The word universe may also refer to concepts such as the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolonkin2011-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word universe derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> word univers, which in turn derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word universus, meaning 'combined into one'.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The Latin word 'universum' was used by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and later Latin authors in many of the same senses as the modern <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> word is used.<a href="#cite_note-lewis_short-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h3></div> A term for universe among the ancient Greek philosophers from <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> onwards was τὸ πᾶν (tò pân) 'the all', defined as all matter and all space, and τὸ ὅλον (tò hólon) 'all things', which did not necessarily include the void.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Another synonym was ὁ κόσμος (ho kósmos) meaning 'the <a href="/wiki/World_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="World (philosophy)">world</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Synonyms are also found in Latin authors (totum, mundus, natura)<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> and survive in modern languages, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> words Das All, Weltall, and Natur for universe. The same synonyms are found in English, such as everything (as in the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">theory of everything</a>), the cosmos (as in <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>), the world (as in the <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">many-worlds interpretation</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural laws</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_and_the_Big_Bang">Chronology and the Big Bang</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:30.560em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Nature timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">This box: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature_timeline" title="Template:Nature timeline">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature_timeline" title="Template talk:Nature timeline">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature timeline">edit</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:47.15em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−13 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.33em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:43.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−12 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:41.71em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:39.89em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−11 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:38.08em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−10 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.45em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−9 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.83em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−8 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.20em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−7 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.57em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.76em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−6 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.95em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.13em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−5 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−4 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.69em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−3 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.07em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.25em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−2 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.44em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−1 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.81em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)">0 —</div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#e5cc7f"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:49.503em;height:0.497em;left:0.000em;width:13.000em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.3em;left:0.6em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.248em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#Dark_Ages" title="Chronology of the universe">Dark Ages</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#555555;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:46.421em;height:3.083em;left:0.000em;width:13.000em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.5em;left:0.5em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.541em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#666666;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:16.465em;height:29.956em;left:0.000em;width:13.000em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.7em;left:0.5em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.978em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Scale_factor_(cosmology)#Matter-dominated_era" title="Scale factor (cosmology)">Matter-dominated era</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7aa3cc;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:15.957em;left:0.130em;width:12.870em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:10em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe">Accelerated expansion</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7aa3cc;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:15.957em;left:0.520em;width:12.480em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:7.25em;left:1.1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Water#On_Earth" title="Water">Water on Earth</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:14.506em;left:0.520em;width:12.480em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:6.4em;left:0.75em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.253em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Single-celled life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:12.693em;left:1.560em;width:11.440em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3.25em;left:0.2em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.347em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffdb;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:6.709em;left:2.210em;width:10.790em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.355em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#cc9900;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:1.886em;left:2.860em;width:10.140em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.943em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.660em;height:50em;pointer-events:none"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.5em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Earliest Universe</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:49.322em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.05em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population#Population_III_stars" title="Stellar population">Earliest stars</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.803em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/HD1_(galaxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="HD1 (galaxy)">Earliest galaxy</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:47.509em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.3em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial">Earliest <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">black hole</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:41.778em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Omega_Centauri" title="Omega Centauri">Omega Centauri</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:36.266em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.914em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Milky_Way#Formation" title="Milky Way">Milky Way spirals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:24.661em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/NGC_188" title="NGC 188">NGC 188 star cluster</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:23.573em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:16.566em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Early_Earth" title="Early Earth">Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Solar System</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.506em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:12.693em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Earliest oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.885em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Atmospheric oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.253em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:5.440em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Earliest fungi</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:2.901em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Caveasphaera" title="Caveasphaera">Earliest animals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants#Colonization_of_land" title="Evolutionary history of plants">plants</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.962em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.907em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Earliest mammals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.091em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Earliest apes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;margin-top:3.627em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;pointer-events:none;top:1.25em;left:-16.4em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">L i f e</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.800em"><div style="float: left;">(<a href="/wiki/Billion_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Billion years">billion years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The prevailing model for the evolution of the universe is the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The Big Bang model states that the earliest state of the universe was an extremely hot and dense one, and that the universe subsequently expanded and cooled. The model is based on <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> and on simplifying assumptions such as the <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_(physics)#Translation_invariance" title="Homogeneity (physics)">homogeneity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isotropy" title="Isotropy">isotropy</a> of space. A version of the model with a <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">cosmological constant</a> (Lambda) and <a href="/wiki/Cold_dark_matter" title="Cold dark matter">cold dark matter</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Lambda-CDM model</a>, is the simplest model that provides a reasonably good account of various observations about the universe. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/330px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/495px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/660px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>In this schematic diagram, time passes from left to right, with the universe represented by a disk-shaped "slice" at any given time. Time and size are not to scale. To make the early stages visible, the time to the afterglow stage (really the first 0.003%) is stretched and the subsequent expansion (really by 1,100 times to the present) is largely suppressed.</figcaption></figure> The initial hot, dense state is called the <a href="/wiki/Planck_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck epoch">Planck epoch</a>, a brief period extending from time zero to one <a href="/wiki/Planck_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck time">Planck time</a> unit of approximately 10−43 seconds. During the Planck epoch, all types of matter and all types of energy were concentrated into a dense state, and <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>—currently the weakest by far of the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental interactions">four known forces</a>—is believed to have been as strong as the other fundamental forces, and all the forces may have been <a href="/wiki/Grand_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand unification">unified</a>. The physics controlling this very early period (including <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a> in the Planck epoch) is not understood, so we cannot say what, if anything, happened <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang#Pre–Big_Bang_cosmology" title="Big Bang">before time zero</a>. Since the Planck epoch, <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">the universe has been expanding</a> to its present scale, with a very short but intense period of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">cosmic inflation</a> speculated to have occurred within the first <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Notation">10−32</a> seconds.<a href="#cite_note-Sivaram-41">[40]</a> This initial period of inflation would explain why space appears to be <a href="/wiki/Flatness_problem" title="Flatness problem">very flat</a>. Within the first fraction of a second of the universe's existence, the four fundamental forces had separated. As the universe continued to cool from its inconceivably hot state, various types of <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Subatomic particles">subatomic particles</a> were able to form in short periods of time known as the <a href="/wiki/Quark_epoch" title="Quark epoch">quark epoch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hadron_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadron epoch">hadron epoch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lepton_epoch" title="Lepton epoch">lepton epoch</a>. Together, these epochs encompassed less than 10 seconds of time following the Big Bang. These <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a> associated stably into ever larger combinations, including stable <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, which then formed more complex <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic nuclei">atomic nuclei</a> through <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_474–478-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-durrer-43">[42]</a> This process, known as <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang nucleosynthesis</a>, lasted for about 17 minutes and ended about 20 minutes after the Big Bang, so only the fastest and simplest reactions occurred. About 25% of the <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and all the <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> in the universe, by mass, were converted to <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, with small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">form</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>) and traces of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>. Any other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> was only formed in very tiny quantities. The other 75% of the protons remained unaffected, as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_474–478-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-durrer-43">[42]</a>: 27–42  After nucleosynthesis ended, the universe entered a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Photon_epoch" title="Photon epoch">photon epoch</a>. During this period, the universe was still far too hot for matter to form neutral <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, so it contained a hot, dense, foggy <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> of negatively charged <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, neutral <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a> and positive nuclei. After about 377,000 years, the universe had cooled enough that electrons and nuclei could form the first stable <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)" title="Recombination (cosmology)">recombination</a> for historical reasons; electrons and nuclei were combining for the first time. Unlike plasma, neutral atoms are <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">transparent</a> to many <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of light, so for the first time the universe also became transparent. The photons released ("<a href="/wiki/Photon_decoupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Photon decoupling">decoupled</a>") when these atoms formed can still be seen today; they form the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a> (CMB).<a href="#cite_note-durrer-43">[42]</a>: 15–27  As the universe expands, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> decreases more quickly than does that of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> because the energy of each photon decreases as it is <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_redshift" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological redshift">cosmologically redshifted</a>. At around 47,000 years, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of matter became larger than that of photons and <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a>, and began to dominate the large scale behavior of the universe. This marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Radiation-dominated_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-dominated era">radiation-dominated era</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Matter-dominated_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter-dominated era">matter-dominated era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-steane-44">[43]</a>: 390  In the earliest stages of the universe, tiny fluctuations within the universe's density led to <a href="/wiki/Filament_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filament (cosmology)">concentrations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> gradually forming. Ordinary matter, attracted to these by <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>, formed large gas clouds and eventually, stars and galaxies, where the dark matter was most dense, and <a href="/wiki/Void_(astronomy)" title="Void (astronomy)">voids</a> where it was least dense. After around 100–300 million years,<a href="#cite_note-steane-44">[43]</a>: 333  the first <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> formed, known as <a href="/wiki/Population_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III">Population III</a> stars. These were probably very massive, luminous, <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">non metallic</a> and short-lived. They were responsible for the gradual <a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">reionization</a> of the universe between about 200–500 million years and 1 billion years, and also for seeding the universe with elements heavier than helium, through <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The universe also contains a mysterious energy—possibly a <a href="/wiki/Scalar_field" title="Scalar field">scalar field</a>—called <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>, the density of which does not change over time. After about 9.8 billion years, the universe had expanded sufficiently so that the density of matter was less than the density of dark energy, marking the beginning of the present <a href="/wiki/Dark-energy-dominated_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark-energy-dominated era">dark-energy-dominated era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In this era, the expansion of the universe is <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe">accelerating</a> due to dark energy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a></div> Of the four <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">fundamental interactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a> is the dominant at astronomical length scales. Gravity's effects are cumulative; by contrast, the effects of positive and negative charges tend to cancel one another, making electromagnetism relatively insignificant on astronomical length scales. The remaining two interactions, the <a href="/wiki/Weak_nuclear_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak nuclear force">weak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strong_nuclear_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong nuclear force">strong nuclear forces</a>, decline very rapidly with distance; their effects are confined mainly to sub-atomic length scales.<a href="#cite_note-OpenStax-college-physics-47">[46]</a>: 1470  The universe appears to have much more <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> than <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a>, an asymmetry possibly related to the <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP violation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> This imbalance between matter and antimatter is partially responsible for the existence of all matter existing today, since matter and antimatter, if equally produced at the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, would have completely annihilated each other and left only <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> as a result of their interaction.<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20171020-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_regions">Size and regions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Observational_cosmology" title="Observational cosmology">Observational cosmology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extended_universe_logarithmic_illustration_(English_annotated).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Extended_universe_logarithmic_illustration_%28English_annotated%29.png/960px-Extended_universe_logarithmic_illustration_%28English_annotated%29.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="510" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Extended_universe_logarithmic_illustration_%28English_annotated%29.png/1020px-Extended_universe_logarithmic_illustration_%28English_annotated%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the observable universe, centered on the Sun. The distance scale is <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic</a>. Due to the finite speed of light, we see more distant parts of the universe at earlier times.</figcaption></figure> Due to the finite <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>, there is a limit (known as the <a href="/wiki/Particle_horizon" title="Particle horizon">particle horizon</a>) to how far light can travel over the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a>. The spatial region from which we can receive light is called the <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">observable universe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Comoving_distance" class="mw-redirect" title="Comoving distance">proper distance</a> (measured at a fixed time) between Earth and the edge of the observable universe is 46 billion light-years<a href="#cite_note-Extra_Dimensions_in_Space_and_Time-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> (14 billion <a href="/wiki/Parsecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsecs">parsecs</a>), making the <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe#Size" title="Observable universe">diameter of the observable universe</a> about 93 billion light-years (28 billion parsecs).<a href="#cite_note-Extra_Dimensions_in_Space_and_Time-50">[49]</a> Although the distance traveled by light from the edge of the observable universe is close to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a> times the speed of light, 13.8 billion light-years (4.2×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 pc), the proper distance is larger because the edge of the observable universe and the Earth have since moved further apart.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> For comparison, the diameter of a typical <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a> is 30,000 light-years (9,198 <a href="/wiki/Parsecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsecs">parsecs</a>), and the typical distance between two neighboring galaxies is 3 million <a href="/wiki/Light-years" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-years">light-years</a> (919.8 kiloparsecs).<a href="#cite_note-r196-53">[52]</a> As an example, the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> is roughly 100,000–180,000 light-years in diameter,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> and the nearest sister galaxy to the Milky Way, the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a>, is located roughly 2.5 million light-years away.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Because humans cannot observe space beyond the edge of the observable universe, it is unknown whether the size of the universe in its totality is finite or infinite.<a href="#cite_note-Brian_Greene_2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> An estimate from 2011 suggests that if the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_principle" title="Cosmological principle">cosmological principle</a> holds, the whole universe must be more than 250 times larger than a <a href="/wiki/Hubble_volume" title="Hubble volume">Hubble sphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Some disputed<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> estimates for the total size of the universe, if finite, reach as high as <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>122</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f0da4c6feb5287d705dc0f51c21317c5ddbce34b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.835ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}}" /> megaparsecs, as implied by a suggested resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Hartle%E2%80%93Hawking_state" title="Hartle–Hawking state">No-Boundary Proposal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-bignumber-62">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_and_expansion">Age and expansion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a></div> Assuming that the <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Lambda-CDM model</a> is correct, the measurements of the parameters using a variety of techniques by numerous experiments yield a best value of the age of the universe at 13.799 <a href="/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty" title="Measurement uncertainty">±</a> 0.021 billion years, as of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Planck_2015-2">[2]</a> Over time, the universe and its contents have evolved. For example, the relative population of <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a> and galaxies has changed<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">universe has expanded</a>. This expansion is inferred from the observation that the light from distant galaxies has been <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshifted</a>, which implies that the galaxies are receding from us. Analyses of <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernovae</a> indicate that the <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerating expansion of the Universe">expansion is accelerating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-riess-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-perlmutter-65">[63]</a> The more matter there is in the universe, the stronger the mutual <a href="/wiki/Gravitational" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational">gravitational</a> pull of the matter. If the universe were too dense then it would re-collapse into a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">gravitational singularity</a>. However, if the universe contained too little matter then the self-gravity would be too weak for astronomical structures, like galaxies or planets, to form. Since the Big Bang, the universe has expanded <a href="/wiki/Monotonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonic">monotonically</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle#Anthropic_'coincidences'" title="Anthropic principle">Perhaps unsurprisingly</a>, our universe has <a href="/wiki/Critical_Mass_Density_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Mass Density of the Universe">just the right mass–energy density</a>, equivalent to about 5 protons per cubic meter, which has allowed it to expand for the last 13.8 billion years, giving time to form the universe as observed today.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> There are dynamical forces acting on the particles in the universe which affect the expansion rate. Before 1998, it was expected that the expansion rate would be decreasing as time went on due to the influence of gravitational interactions in the universe; and thus there is an additional observable quantity in the universe called the <a href="/wiki/Deceleration_parameter" title="Deceleration parameter">deceleration parameter</a>, which most cosmologists expected to be positive and related to the matter density of the universe. In 1998, the deceleration parameter was measured by two different groups to be negative, approximately −0.55, which technically implies that the second derivative of the cosmic <a href="/wiki/Scale_factor_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale factor cosmology">scale factor</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>a</mi> <mo>¨</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6b4d8db669dea9bee5d348bbecf6434914a406ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}}" /> has been positive in the last 5–6 billion years.<a href="#cite_note-nobel_2011-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacetime">Spacetime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">World line</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a></div> Modern physics regards <a href="/wiki/Event_(relativity)" title="Event (relativity)">events</a> as being organized into <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> This idea originated with the <a href="/wiki/Special_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Special theory of relativity">special theory of relativity</a>, which predicts that if one observer sees two events happening in different places at the same time, a second observer who is moving relative to the first will see those events happening at different times.<a href="#cite_note-Mermin2005-71">[69]</a>: 45–52  The two observers will disagree on the time <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" /> between the events, and they will disagree about the distance <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" /> separating the events, but they will agree on the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}" />, and they will measure the same value for the combination <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c^{2}T^{2}-D^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c^{2}T^{2}-D^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1ed8e3195696a8241125fc70afb09b9ce15c3ae4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.654ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c^{2}T^{2}-D^{2}}" />.<a href="#cite_note-Mermin2005-71">[69]</a>: 80  The square root of the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_value" title="Absolute value">absolute value</a> of this quantity is called the interval between the two events. The interval expresses how widely separated events are, not just in space or in time, but in the combined setting of spacetime.<a href="#cite_note-Mermin2005-71">[69]</a>: 84, 136 <a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The special theory of relativity describes a flat spacetime. Its successor, the <a href="/wiki/General_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="General theory of relativity">general theory of relativity</a>, explains <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> as curvature of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> arising due to its energy content. A curved path like an orbit is not the result of a force deflecting a body from an ideal straight-line path, but rather the body's attempt to fall freely through a background that is itself curved by the presence of other masses. A remark by <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> that has become proverbial among physicists summarizes the theory: "Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve",<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> and therefore there is no point in considering one without the other.<a href="#cite_note-Hawking-16">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newtonian theory of gravity</a> is a good approximation to the predictions of general relativity when gravitational effects are weak and objects are moving slowly compared to the speed of light.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a>: 327 <a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The relation between matter distribution and spacetime curvature is given by the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a>, which require <a href="/wiki/Tensor_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor calculus">tensor calculus</a> to express.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The universe appears to be a smooth spacetime continuum consisting of three <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">spatial</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensions</a> and one temporal (<a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>) dimension. Therefore, an event in the spacetime of the physical universe can be identified by a set of four coordinates: (x, y, z, t). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape">Shape</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">Shape of the universe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:End_of_universe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/End_of_universe.jpg/250px-End_of_universe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/End_of_universe.jpg/330px-End_of_universe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/End_of_universe.jpg/500px-End_of_universe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The three possible options for the shape of the universe</figcaption></figure> Cosmologists often work with <a href="/wiki/Space-like" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-like">space-like</a> slices of spacetime that are surfaces of constant time in <a href="/wiki/Comoving_distance" class="mw-redirect" title="Comoving distance">comoving coordinates</a>. The geometry of these spatial slices is set by the <a href="/wiki/Density_parameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Density parameter">density parameter</a>, Omega (Ω), defined as the average matter density of the universe divided by a critical value. This selects one of three possible <a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">geometries</a> depending on whether Ω is equal to, less than, or greater than 1. These are called, respectively, the flat, open and closed universes.<a href="#cite_note-FateOfTheUniverse-79">[77]</a> Observations, including the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer</a> (COBE), <a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe</a> (WMAP), and <a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> maps of the CMB, suggest that the universe is infinite in extent with a finite age, as described by the <a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker</a> (FLRW) models.<a href="#cite_note-nasa_popular_uni_curv-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nat03-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-RBSG08-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aurich0403597-83">[81]</a> These FLRW models thus support inflationary models and the standard model of cosmology, describing a <a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">flat</a>, homogeneous universe presently dominated by <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-planck_cosmological_parameters-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_of_life">Support of life</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuned universe</a></div> The fine-tuned universe hypothesis is the proposition that the conditions that allow the existence of observable <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> in the universe can only occur when certain universal <a href="/wiki/Physical_constant" title="Physical constant">fundamental physical constants</a> lie within a very narrow range of values. According to this hypothesis, if any of several fundamental constants were only slightly different, the universe would have been unlikely to be conducive to the establishment and development of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, astronomical structures, elemental diversity, or life as it is understood. Whether this is true, and whether that question is even logically meaningful to ask, are subjects of much debate.<a href="#cite_note-stanford_encylopedia-86">[84]</a> The proposition is discussed among <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologians</a>, and proponents of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-toa-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation and evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">Galaxy cluster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">Nebula</a></div> The universe is composed almost completely of dark energy, dark matter, and <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">ordinary matter</a>. Other contents are <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> (estimated to constitute from 0.005% to close to 0.01% of the total <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy</a> of the universe) and <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The proportions of all types of matter and energy have changed over the history of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The total amount of electromagnetic radiation generated within the universe has decreased by 1/2 in the past 2 billion years.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Today, ordinary matter, which includes atoms, stars, galaxies, and <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>, accounts for only 4.9% of the contents of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-planck2013parameters-8">[8]</a> The present overall <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of this type of matter is very low, roughly 4.5 × 10−31 grams per cubic centimeter, corresponding to a density of the order of only one proton for every four cubic meters of volume.<a href="#cite_note-wmap_universe_made_of-6">[6]</a> The nature of both dark energy and dark matter is unknown. Dark matter, a mysterious form of matter that has not yet been identified, accounts for 26.8% of the cosmic contents. Dark energy, which is the energy of empty space and is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate, accounts for the remaining 68.3% of the contents.<a href="#cite_note-planck2013parameters-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-DarkMatter-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-peebles-95">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formation_of_galactic_clusters_and_filaments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Formation_of_galactic_clusters_and_filaments.jpg/960px-Formation_of_galactic_clusters_and_filaments.jpg" decoding="async" width="530" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Formation_of_galactic_clusters_and_filaments.jpg/1060px-Formation_of_galactic_clusters_and_filaments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>The formation of clusters and large-scale <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">filaments</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_dark_matter" title="Cold dark matter">cold dark matter</a> model with <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>. The frames show the evolution of structures in a 43 million parsecs (or 140 million light-years) box from redshift of 30 to the present epoch (upper left z=30 to lower right z=0).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nearsc.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nearsc.gif/530px-Nearsc.gif" decoding="async" width="530" height="497" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nearsc.gif/795px-Nearsc.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Nearsc.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A map of the superclusters and <a href="/wiki/Void_(astronomy)" title="Void (astronomy)">voids</a> nearest to Earth</figcaption></figure> Matter, dark matter, and dark energy are distributed homogeneously throughout the universe over length scales longer than 300 million light-years (ly) or so.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> However, over shorter length-scales, matter tends to clump hierarchically; many <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> are condensed into <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, most stars into galaxies, most galaxies into <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="Galaxy groups and clusters">clusters, superclusters</a> and, finally, large-scale <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">galactic filaments</a>. The observable universe contains as many as an estimated 2 trillion galaxies<a href="#cite_note-BBC-20231129-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> and, overall, as many as an estimated 1024 stars<a href="#cite_note-ESA-2019-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> – more stars (and earth-like planets) than all the <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">grains of beach sand</a> on planet <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>;<a href="#cite_note-SU-20020201-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNET-20150319-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-MNRAS-20150313-104">[102]</a> but less than the total number of atoms estimated in the universe as 1082;<a href="#cite_note-LS-20210711-105">[103]</a> and the estimated total number of stars in an <a href="/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation (cosmology)">inflationary universe</a> (observed and unobserved), as 10100.<a href="#cite_note-SR-20200203-106">[104]</a> Typical galaxies range from <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">dwarfs</a> with as few as ten million<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> (107) stars up to giants with one <a href="/wiki/10%5E12" class="mw-redirect" title="10^12">trillion</a><a href="#cite_note-M101-108">[106]</a> (1012) stars. Between the larger structures are <a href="/wiki/Void_(astronomy)" title="Void (astronomy)">voids</a>, which are typically 10–150 Mpc (33 million–490 million ly) in diameter. The <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> of galaxies, which in turn is in the <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[107]</a> This supercluster spans over 500 million light-years, while the Local Group spans over 10 million light-years.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> The universe also has vast regions of relative emptiness; the largest known void measures 1.8 billion ly (550 Mpc) across.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universe_content_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Universe_content_bar_chart.svg/330px-Universe_content_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Universe_content_bar_chart.svg/495px-Universe_content_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Universe_content_bar_chart.svg/660px-Universe_content_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the contents of the universe today to 380,000 years after the Big Bang, as measured with 5 year WMAP data (from 2008).<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Due to rounding, the sum of these numbers is not 100%.</figcaption></figure> The observable universe is <a href="/wiki/Isotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotropic">isotropic</a> on scales significantly larger than superclusters, meaning that the statistical properties of the universe are the same in all directions as observed from Earth. The universe is bathed in highly isotropic <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">radiation</a> that corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium" title="Thermal equilibrium">thermal equilibrium</a> <a href="/wiki/Blackbody_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody spectrum">blackbody spectrum</a> of roughly 2.72548 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fixsen-7">[7]</a> The hypothesis that the large-scale universe is homogeneous and isotropic is known as the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_principle" title="Cosmological principle">cosmological principle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> A universe that is both homogeneous and isotropic looks the same from all vantage points and has no center.<a href="#cite_note-Liddle-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-livio-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dark_energy">Dark energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></div> An explanation for why the expansion of the universe is accelerating remains elusive. It is often attributed to the gravitational influence of "dark energy", an unknown form of energy that is hypothesized to permeate space.<a href="#cite_note-peebles(a)-116">[114]</a> On a <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy equivalence</a> basis, the density of dark energy (~ 7 × 10−30 g/cm3) is much less than the density of ordinary matter or dark matter within galaxies. However, in the present dark-energy era, it dominates the mass–energy of the universe because it is uniform across space.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Two proposed forms for dark energy are the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">cosmological constant</a>, a constant energy density filling space homogeneously,<a href="#cite_note-carroll-119">[117]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scalar_field" title="Scalar field">scalar fields</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)" title="Quintessence (physics)">quintessence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moduli_(physics)" title="Moduli (physics)">moduli</a>, dynamic quantities whose energy density can vary in time and space while still permeating them enough to cause the observed rate of expansion. Contributions from scalar fields that are constant in space are usually also included in the cosmological constant. The cosmological constant can be formulated to be equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_energy" title="Vacuum energy">vacuum energy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dark_matter">Dark matter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></div> Dark matter is a hypothetical kind of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> that is invisible to the entire <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, but which accounts for most of the matter in the universe. The existence and properties of dark matter are inferred from its gravitational effects on visible matter, radiation, and the <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe#Large-scale_structure" title="Observable universe">large-scale structure</a> of the universe. Other than <a href="/wiki/Neutrinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrinos">neutrinos</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Hot_dark_matter" title="Hot dark matter">hot dark matter</a>, dark matter has not been detected directly, making it one of the greatest mysteries in modern <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>. Dark matter neither <a href="/wiki/Blackbody_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody spectrum">emits</a> nor absorbs light or any other <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> at any significant level. Dark matter is estimated to constitute 26.8% of the total mass–energy and 84.5% of the total matter in the universe.<a href="#cite_note-DarkMatter-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-planckcam-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordinary_matter">Ordinary matter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a></div> The remaining 4.9% of the mass–energy of the universe is ordinary matter, that is, <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and the objects they form. This matter includes <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, which produce nearly all of the light we see from galaxies, as well as interstellar gas in the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergalactic medium">intergalactic</a> media, <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>, and all the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze.<a href="#cite_note-Davies2-121">[119]</a> The great majority of ordinary matter in the universe is unseen, since visible stars and gas inside galaxies and clusters account for less than 10 percent of the ordinary matter contribution to the mass–energy density of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Ordinary matter commonly exists in four <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">states</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phases</a>): <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">fermionic condensates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Ordinary matter is composed of two types of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hooft-128">[126]</a> For example, the proton is formed of two <a href="/wiki/Up_quarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Up quarks">up quarks</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">down quark</a>; the neutron is formed of two down quarks and one up quark; and the electron is a kind of lepton. An atom consists of an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a>, made up of protons and neutrons (both of which are <a href="/wiki/Baryons" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryons">baryons</a>), and electrons that orbit the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-OpenStax-college-physics-47">[46]</a>: 1476  Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, primordial protons and neutrons formed from the <a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">quark–gluon plasma</a> of the early universe as it cooled below two trillion degrees. A few minutes later, in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang nucleosynthesis</a>, nuclei formed from the primordial protons and neutrons. This nucleosynthesis formed lighter elements, those with small atomic numbers up to <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, but the abundance of heavier elements dropped off sharply with increasing atomic number. Some <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> may have been formed at this time, but the next heavier element, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, was not formed in significant amounts. Big Bang nucleosynthesis shut down after about 20 minutes due to the rapid drop in temperature and density of the expanding universe. Subsequent formation of <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">heavier elements</a> resulted from <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">supernova nucleosynthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton1983-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A four-by-four table of particles. Columns are three generations of matter (fermions) and one of forces (bosons). In the first three columns, two rows contain quarks and two leptons. The top two rows' columns contain up (u) and down (d) quarks, charm (c) and strange (s) quarks, top (t) and bottom (b) quarks, and photon (γ) and gluon (g), respectively. The bottom two rows' columns contain electron neutrino (ν sub e) and electron (e), muon neutrino (ν sub μ) and muon (μ), and tau neutrino (ν sub τ) and tau (τ), and Z sup 0 and W sup ± weak force. Mass, charge, and spin are listed for each particle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/480px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="459" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/720px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/960px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Standard model of elementary particles: the 12 fundamental fermions and 4 fundamental bosons. Brown loops indicate which bosons (red) couple to which fermions (purple and green). Columns are three generations of matter (fermions) and one of forces (bosons). In the first three columns, two rows contain quarks and two leptons. The top two rows' columns contain up (u) and down (d) quarks, charm (c) and strange (s) quarks, top (t) and bottom (b) quarks, and photon (γ) and gluon (g), respectively. The bottom two rows' columns contain electron neutrino (νe) and electron (e), muon neutrino (νμ) and muon (μ), tau neutrino (ντ) and tau (τ), and the Z0 and W± carriers of the weak force. Mass, charge, and spin are listed for each particle.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a></div> Ordinary matter and the forces that act on matter can be described in terms of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> These particles are sometimes described as being fundamental, since they have an unknown substructure, and it is unknown whether or not they are composed of smaller and even more fundamental particles.<a href="#cite_note-PFIp1-3-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Close-132">[130]</a> In most contemporary models they are thought of as points in space.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> All elementary particles are currently best explained by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and exhibit <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">wave–particle duality</a>: their behavior has both particle-like and <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">wave</a>-like aspects, with different features dominating under different circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Of central importance is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a>, a theory that is concerned with <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic</a> interactions and the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong</a> nuclear interactions.<a href="#cite_note-Oerter2006-135">[133]</a> The Standard Model is supported by the experimental confirmation of the existence of particles that compose matter: <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a>, and their corresponding "<a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a>" duals, as well as the force particles that mediate <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental interactions">interactions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PFIp1-3-131">[129]</a> The Standard Model predicted the existence of the recently discovered <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a>, a particle that is a manifestation of a field within the universe that can endow particles with mass.<a href="#cite_note-OnyisiFAQ-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-strasslerFAQ2-137">[135]</a> Because of its success in explaining a wide variety of experimental results, the Standard Model is sometimes regarded as a "theory of almost everything".<a href="#cite_note-Oerter2006-135">[133]</a> The Standard Model does not, however, accommodate gravity. A true force–particle "theory of everything" has not been attained.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg2011-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hadrons">Hadrons</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadron</a></div> A hadron is a <a href="/wiki/Composite_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite particle">composite particle</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> <a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">held together</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Strong_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong force">strong force</a>. Hadrons are categorized into two families: <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryons</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>) made of three quarks, and <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">mesons</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pions</a>) made of one quark and one <a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">antiquark</a>. Of the hadrons, protons are stable, and neutrons bound within atomic nuclei are stable. Other hadrons are unstable under ordinary conditions and are thus insignificant constituents of the modern universe.<a href="#cite_note-Allday2002-139">[137]</a>: 118–123  From approximately 10−6 seconds after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, during a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Hadron_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadron epoch">hadron epoch</a>, the temperature of the universe had fallen sufficiently to allow quarks to bind together into hadrons, and the mass of the universe was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a>. Initially, the temperature was high enough to allow the formation of hadron–anti-hadron pairs, which kept matter and antimatter in <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium" title="Thermal equilibrium">thermal equilibrium</a>. However, as the temperature of the universe continued to fall, hadron–anti-hadron pairs were no longer produced. Most of the hadrons and anti-hadrons were then eliminated in particle–antiparticle <a href="/wiki/Annihilation" title="Annihilation">annihilation</a> reactions, leaving a small residual of hadrons by the time the universe was about one second old.<a href="#cite_note-Allday2002-139">[137]</a>: 244–266  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leptons">Leptons</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Lepton</a></div> A lepton is an <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half-integer_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-integer spin">half-integer spin</a> particle that does not undergo strong interactions but is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a>; no two leptons of the same species can be in exactly the same state at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Two main classes of leptons exist: <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">charged</a> leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a>). Electrons are stable and the most common charged lepton in the universe, whereas <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">taus</a> are unstable particles that quickly decay after being produced in <a href="/wiki/High_energy_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High energy physics">high energy</a> collisions, such as those involving <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> or carried out in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various <a href="/wiki/Composite_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite particle">composite particles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">positronium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> governs nearly all of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, as it is found in <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and is directly tied to all <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical properties</a>. Neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed. Neutrinos stream throughout the universe but rarely interact with normal matter.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lepton_epoch" title="Lepton epoch">lepton epoch</a> was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which the <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a> dominated the mass of the universe. It started roughly 1 second after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, after the majority of hadrons and anti-hadrons annihilated each other at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hadron_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadron epoch">hadron epoch</a>. During the lepton epoch the temperature of the universe was still high enough to create lepton–anti-lepton pairs, so leptons and anti-leptons were in thermal equilibrium. Approximately 10 seconds after the Big Bang, the temperature of the universe had fallen to the point where lepton–anti-lepton pairs were no longer created.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Most leptons and anti-leptons were then eliminated in <a href="/wiki/Annihilation" title="Annihilation">annihilation</a> reactions, leaving a small residue of leptons. The mass of the universe was then dominated by <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> as it entered the following <a href="/wiki/Photon_epoch" title="Photon epoch">photon epoch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photons">Photons</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photon_epoch" title="Photon epoch">Photon epoch</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a></div> A photon is the <a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quantum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> and all other forms of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Force_carrier" title="Force carrier">carrier</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic force">electromagnetic force</a>. The effects of this <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> are easily observable at the <a href="/wiki/Microscopic_scale" title="Microscopic scale">microscopic</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic_scale" title="Macroscopic scale">macroscopic</a> level because the photon has zero <a href="/wiki/Rest_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass">rest mass</a>; this allows long distance <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">interactions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OpenStax-college-physics-47">[46]</a>: 1470  The photon epoch started after most leptons and anti-leptons were <a href="/wiki/Annihilation" title="Annihilation">annihilated</a> at the end of the lepton epoch, about 10 seconds after the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei were created in the process of nucleosynthesis which occurred during the first few minutes of the photon epoch. For the remainder of the photon epoch the universe contained a hot dense <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> of nuclei, electrons and photons. About 380,000 years after the Big Bang, the temperature of the universe fell to the point where nuclei could combine with electrons to create neutral atoms. As a result, photons no longer interacted frequently with matter and the universe became transparent. The highly redshifted photons from this period form the cosmic microwave background. Tiny variations in the temperature of the CMB correspond to variations in the density of the universe that were the early "seeds" from which all subsequent <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">structure formation</a> took place.<a href="#cite_note-Allday2002-139">[137]</a>: 244–266  <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_the_Big_Bang139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Big_Bang_timeline" title="Template:Big Bang timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Big_Bang_timeline" title="Template talk:Big Bang timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Big_Bang_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Big Bang timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_the_Big_Bang139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Timeline of the Big Bang</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck epoch">Planck epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_unification_epoch" title="Grand unification epoch">Grand unification epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_epoch" title="Electroweak epoch">Electroweak epoch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inflationary_epoch" title="Inflationary epoch">Inflationary epoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)#Reheating" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation (cosmology)">Reheating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baryogenesis" title="Baryogenesis">Baryogenesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_epoch" title="Quark epoch">Quark epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadron_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadron epoch">Hadron epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepton_epoch" title="Lepton epoch">Lepton epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon_epoch" title="Photon epoch">Photon epoch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang nucleosynthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#Matter_domination" title="Chronology of the universe">Matter domination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)" title="Recombination (cosmology)">Recombination</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#Dark_Ages" title="Chronology of the universe">Dark ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#Habitable_epoch" title="Chronology of the universe">Habitable epoch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Fate of the universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bounce" title="Big Bounce">Big Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Slurp" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Slurp">Big Slurp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitability">Habitability</h2></div> The frequency of <a href="/wiki/Life_in_the_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Life in the universe">life in the universe</a> has been a frequent point of investigation in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>, being the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a> and the different views on it, from identifying the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a>, the situation of not having found any signs of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>, to arguments for a <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical cosmology">biophysical cosmology</a>, a view of life being inherent to the <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a> of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-v237-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cosmological_models">Cosmological models</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_of_the_universe_based_on_general_relativity">Model of the universe based on general relativity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solutions_of_the_Einstein_field_equations" title="Solutions of the Einstein field equations">Solutions of the Einstein field equations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></div> <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Differential_geometry" title="Differential geometry">geometric</a> <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in <a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">modern physics</a>. It is the basis of current <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmological</a> models of the universe. General relativity generalizes <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a>, providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">time</a>, or spacetime. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> of spacetime is directly related to the <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> of whatever <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> are present.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik_cosmology-148">[146]</a> The relation is specified by the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a>, a system of <a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equation" title="Partial differential equation">partial differential equations</a>. In general relativity, the distribution of matter and energy determines the geometry of spacetime, which in turn describes the <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> of matter. Therefore, solutions of the Einstein field equations describe the evolution of the universe. Combined with measurements of the amount, type, and distribution of matter in the universe, the equations of general relativity describe the evolution of the universe over time.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik_cosmology-148">[146]</a> With the assumption of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_principle" title="Cosmological principle">cosmological principle</a> that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic everywhere, a specific solution of the field equations that describes the universe is the <a href="/wiki/Metric_(general_relativity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric (general relativity)">metric tensor</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric</a>, <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ds^{2}=-c^{2}dt^{2}+R(t)^{2}\left({\frac {dr^{2}}{1-kr^{2}}}+r^{2}d\theta ^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta \,d\phi ^{2}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ds^{2}=-c^{2}dt^{2}+R(t)^{2}\left({\frac {dr^{2}}{1-kr^{2}}}+r^{2}d\theta ^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta \,d\phi ^{2}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/730bff626a2725a9013689e331efc42233930384" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:56.771ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ds^{2}=-c^{2}dt^{2}+R(t)^{2}\left({\frac {dr^{2}}{1-kr^{2}}}+r^{2}d\theta ^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta \,d\phi ^{2}\right)}" /></dd></dl> where (r, θ, φ) correspond to a <a href="/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system" title="Spherical coordinate system">spherical coordinate system</a>. This metric has only two undetermined parameters. An overall <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionless">dimensionless</a> length <a href="/wiki/Scale_factor_(cosmology)" title="Scale factor (cosmology)">scale factor</a> R describes the size scale of the universe as a function of time (an increase in R is the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">expansion of the universe</a>),<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> and a curvature index k describes the geometry. The index k is defined so that it can take only one of three values: 0, corresponding to flat <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a>; 1, corresponding to a space of positive <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a>; or −1, corresponding to a space of positive or negative curvature.<a href="#cite_note-RaineThomas66-150">[148]</a> The value of R as a function of time t depends upon k and the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">cosmological constant</a> Λ.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik_cosmology-148">[146]</a> The cosmological constant represents the energy density of the vacuum of space and could be related to dark energy.<a href="#cite_note-peebles-95">[93]</a> The equation describing how R varies with time is known as the <a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedmann equation">Friedmann equation</a> after its inventor, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Alexander Friedmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> The solutions for R(t) depend on k and Λ, but some qualitative features of such solutions are general. First and most importantly, the length scale R of the universe can remain constant only if the universe is perfectly isotropic with positive curvature (k = 1) and has one precise value of density everywhere, as first noted by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik_cosmology-148">[146]</a> Second, all solutions suggest that there was a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">gravitational singularity</a> in the past, when R went to zero and matter and energy were infinitely dense. It may seem that this conclusion is uncertain because it is based on the questionable assumptions of perfect homogeneity and isotropy (the cosmological principle) and that only the gravitational interaction is significant. However, the <a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Hawking_singularity_theorems" title="Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems">Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems</a> show that a singularity should exist for very general conditions. Hence, according to Einstein's field equations, R grew rapidly from an unimaginably hot, dense state that existed immediately following this singularity (when R had a small, finite value); this is the essence of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> model of the universe. Understanding the singularity of the Big Bang likely requires a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_theory_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum theory of gravity">quantum theory of gravity</a>, which has not yet been formulated.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Third, the curvature index k determines the sign of the curvature of constant-time spatial surfaces<a href="#cite_note-RaineThomas66-150">[148]</a> averaged over sufficiently large length scales (greater than about a billion <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a>). If k = 1, the curvature is positive and the universe has a finite volume.<a href="#cite_note-RaineThomas70-153">[151]</a> A universe with positive curvature is often visualized as a <a href="/wiki/3-sphere" title="3-sphere">three-dimensional sphere</a> embedded in a four-dimensional space. Conversely, if k is zero or negative, the universe has an infinite volume.<a href="#cite_note-RaineThomas70-153">[151]</a> It may seem counter-intuitive that an infinite and yet infinitely dense universe could be created in a single instant when R = 0, but exactly that is predicted mathematically when k is nonpositive and the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_principle" title="Cosmological principle">cosmological principle</a> is satisfied. By analogy, an infinite plane has zero curvature but infinite area, whereas an infinite cylinder is finite in one direction and a <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a> is finite in both. The <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">ultimate fate of the universe</a> is still unknown because it depends critically on the curvature index k and the cosmological constant Λ. If the universe were sufficiently dense, k would equal +1, meaning that its average curvature throughout is positive and the universe will eventually recollapse in a <a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> possibly starting a new universe in a <a href="/wiki/Big_Bounce" title="Big Bounce">Big Bounce</a>. Conversely, if the universe were insufficiently dense, k would equal 0 or −1 and the universe would expand forever, cooling off and eventually reaching the <a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Big Freeze</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">heat death of the universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zeilik_cosmology-148">[146]</a> Modern data suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerated expansion">expansion of the universe is accelerating</a>; if this acceleration is sufficiently rapid, the universe may eventually reach a <a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a>. Observationally, the universe appears to be flat (k = 0), with an overall density that is very close to the critical value between recollapse and eternal expansion.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiverse_hypotheses">Multiverse hypotheses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bubble_universe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubble universe theory">Bubble universe theory</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eternal_inflation" title="Eternal inflation">Eternal inflation</a></div> Some speculative theories have proposed that our universe is but one of a <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">set</a> of disconnected universes, collectively denoted as the <a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">multiverse</a>, challenging or enhancing more limited definitions of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-EllisKS032-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a> developed a four-part <a href="/wiki/Multiverse#Max_Tegmark's_four_levels" title="Multiverse">classification scheme</a> for the different types of multiverses that scientists have suggested in response to various problems in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. An example of such multiverses is the one resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Bubble_universe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubble universe theory">chaotic inflation</a> model of the early universe.<a href="#cite_note-chaotic_inflation-157">[155]</a> Another is the multiverse resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">many-worlds interpretation</a> of quantum mechanics. In this interpretation, parallel worlds are generated in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">quantum superposition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decoherence" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoherence">decoherence</a>, with all states of the <a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">wave functions</a> being realized in separate worlds. Effectively, in the many-worlds interpretation the multiverse evolves as a <a href="/wiki/Universal_wavefunction" title="Universal wavefunction">universal wavefunction</a>. If the Big Bang that created our multiverse created an ensemble of multiverses, the wave function of the ensemble would be entangled in this sense.<a href="#cite_note-everett1957-158">[156]</a> Whether scientifically meaningful probabilities can be extracted from this picture has been and continues to be a topic of much debate, and multiple versions of the many-worlds interpretation exist.<a href="#cite_note-ball-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> The subject of the <a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">interpretation of quantum mechanics</a> is in general marked by disagreement.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-164">[162]</a> The least controversial, but still highly disputed, category of multiverse in Tegmark's scheme is <a href="/wiki/Multiverse#Level_I:_An_extension_of_our_universe" title="Multiverse">Level I</a>. The multiverses of this level are composed by distant spacetime events "in our own universe". Tegmark and others<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> have argued that, if space is infinite, or sufficiently large and uniform, identical instances of the history of Earth's entire <a href="/wiki/Hubble_volume" title="Hubble volume">Hubble volume</a> occur every so often, simply by chance. Tegmark calculated that our nearest so-called <a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">doppelgänger</a> is 1010115 metres away from us (a <a href="/wiki/Double_exponential_function" title="Double exponential function">double exponential function</a> larger than a <a href="/wiki/Googolplex" title="Googolplex">googolplex</a>).<a href="#cite_note-TegmarkPUstaple-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> However, the arguments used are of speculative nature.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> It is possible to conceive of disconnected spacetimes, each existing but unable to interact with one another.<a href="#cite_note-TegmarkPUstaple-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-EllisScA-169">[167]</a> An easily visualized metaphor of this concept is a group of separate <a href="/wiki/Soap_bubble" title="Soap bubble">soap bubbles</a>, in which observers living on one soap bubble cannot interact with those on other soap bubbles, even in principle.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> According to one common terminology, each "soap bubble" of spacetime is denoted as a universe, whereas humans' particular spacetime is denoted as the universe,<a href="#cite_note-EllisKS032-20">[19]</a> just as humans call Earth's moon the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. The entire collection of these separate spacetimes is denoted as the multiverse.<a href="#cite_note-EllisKS032-20">[19]</a> With this terminology, different universes are not <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causally connected</a> to each other.<a href="#cite_note-EllisKS032-20">[19]</a> In principle, the other unconnected universes may have different <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensionalities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topologies</a> of spacetime, different forms of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, and different <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">physical laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_constant" title="Physical constant">physical constants</a>, although such possibilities are purely speculative.<a href="#cite_note-EllisKS032-20">[19]</a> Others consider each of several bubbles created as part of <a href="/wiki/Chaotic_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaotic inflation">chaotic inflation</a> to be separate universes, though in this model these universes all share a causal origin.<a href="#cite_note-EllisKS032-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_conceptions">Historical conceptions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus#Copernican_system" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus § Copernican system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica#Beginnings_of_the_Scientific_Revolution" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica § Beginnings of the Scientific Revolution</a></div> Historically, there have been many ideas of the cosmos (cosmologies) and its origin (cosmogonies). Theories of an impersonal universe governed by physical laws were first proposed by the Greeks and Indians.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-14">[13]</a> Ancient Chinese philosophy encompassed the notion of the universe including both all of space and all of time.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Over the centuries, improvements in astronomical observations and theories of motion and gravitation led to ever more accurate descriptions of the universe. The modern era of cosmology began with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s 1915 <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general theory of relativity</a>, which made it possible to quantitatively predict the origin, evolution, and conclusion of the universe as a whole. Most modern, accepted theories of cosmology are based on general relativity and, more specifically, the predicted <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blandford-172">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythologies">Mythologies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">Religious cosmology</a></div> Many cultures have <a href="/wiki/List_of_creation_myths" title="List of creation myths">stories describing the origin of the world and universe</a>. Cultures generally regard these stories as having some <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>. There are however many differing beliefs in how these stories apply amongst those believing in a supernatural origin, ranging from a god directly creating the universe as it is now to a god just setting the "wheels in motion" (for example via mechanisms such as the big bang and evolution).<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Ethnologists and anthropologists who study myths have developed various classification schemes for the various themes that appear in creation stories.<a href="#cite_note-Eliade1964-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2004-175">[173]</a> For example, in one type of story, the world is born from a <a href="/wiki/World_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="World egg">world egg</a>; such stories include the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish people">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>, the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> story of <a href="/wiki/Pangu" title="Pangu">Pangu</a> or the <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a>. In related stories, the universe is created by a single entity emanating or producing something by him- or herself, as in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> concept of <a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> story of <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> (Mother Earth), the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Coatlicue" class="mw-redirect" title="Coatlicue">Coatlicue</a> myth, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">god</a> <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a> story, and the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic God</a> created the universe. In another type of story, the universe is created from the union of male and female deities, as in the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori story</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa" title="Rangi and Papa">Rangi and Papa</a>. In other stories, the universe is created by crafting it from pre-existing materials, such as the corpse of a dead god—as from <a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> epic <a href="/wiki/Enuma_Elish" class="mw-redirect" title="Enuma Elish">Enuma Elish</a> or from the giant <a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>—or from chaotic materials, as in <a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izanami" title="Izanami">Izanami</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a>. In other stories, the universe emanates from fundamental principles, such as <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakrti">Prakrti</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">creation myth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_models">Philosophical models</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics (Aristotle)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic cosmology">Islamic cosmology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">pre-Socratic Greek philosophers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophers</a> developed some of the earliest philosophical concepts of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> The earliest Greek philosophers noted that appearances can be deceiving, and sought to understand the underlying reality behind the appearances. In particular, they noted the ability of matter to change forms (e.g., ice to water to steam) and several philosophers proposed that all the physical materials in the world are different forms of a single primordial material, or <a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">arche</a>. The first to do so was <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, who proposed this material to be <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a>. Thales' student, <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a>, proposed that everything came from the limitless <a href="/wiki/Apeiron_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apeiron (cosmology)">apeiron</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a> proposed the primordial material to be <a href="/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a> on account of its perceived attractive and repulsive qualities that cause the arche to condense or dissociate into different forms. <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> proposed the principle of <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a> (Mind), while <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire</a> (and spoke of <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>). <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> proposed the elements to be earth, water, air and fire. His four-element model became very popular. Like <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> believed that all things were composed of <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">number</a>, with Empedocles' elements taking the form of the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic solids">Platonic solids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>, and later philosophers—most notably <a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a>—proposed that the universe is composed of indivisible <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> moving through a <a href="/wiki/Void_(astronomy)" title="Void (astronomy)">void</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>), although <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> did not believe that to be feasible because air, like water, offers <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">resistance to motion</a>. Air will immediately rush in to fill a void, and moreover, without resistance, it would do so indefinitely fast.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-14">[13]</a> Although Heraclitus argued for eternal change,<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> emphasized changelessness. Parmenides' poem On Nature has been read as saying that all change is an illusion, that the true underlying reality is eternally unchanging and of a single nature, or at least that the essential feature of each thing that exists must exist eternally, without origin, change, or end.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> His student <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a> challenged everyday ideas about motion with several famous <a href="/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes" title="Zeno's paradoxes">paradoxes</a>. Aristotle responded to these paradoxes by developing the notion of a potential countable infinity, as well as the infinitely divisible continuum.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> school, developed a notion of <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomism</a> and proposed that <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> were varieties of the same substance.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> In the 5th century AD, the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Buddhist atomist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy. They denied the existence of substantial matter and proposed that movement consisted of momentary flashes of a stream of energy.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> The notion of <a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">temporal finitism</a> was inspired by the doctrine of creation shared by the three <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a>, presented the philosophical arguments against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite past and future. Philoponus' arguments against an infinite past were used by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">early Muslim philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a> (Alkindus); the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> (Saadia ben Joseph); and the <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Muslim theologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> (Algazel).<a href="#cite_note-Viney1985-184">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> belief that the universe itself is identical to <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">supreme being</a> or entity.<a href="#cite_note-Pearsall-185">[183]</a> The physical universe is thus understood as an all-encompassing, <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a> deity.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-186">[184]</a> The term 'pantheist' designates one who holds both that everything constitutes a unity and that this unity is divine, consisting of an all-encompassing, manifested <a href="/wiki/God_(male_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God (male deity)">god</a> or <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomical_concepts">Astronomical concepts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">History of astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomy" title="Timeline of astronomy">Timeline of astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristarchus_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/250px-Aristarchus_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/330px-Aristarchus_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/500px-Aristarchus_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>3rd century BCE calculations by <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a> on the relative sizes of, from left to right, the Sun, Earth, and Moon, from a 10th-century AD Greek copy</figcaption></figure> The earliest written records of identifiable <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">predecessors to modern astronomy</a> come from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> from around 3000 to 1200 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lindberg2007a-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grant2007a-190">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomers</a> of the 7th century BCE viewed the world as a <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">flat disk</a> surrounded by the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> philosophers, observing the motions of the heavenly bodies, were concerned with developing models of the universe based more profoundly on <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a>. The first coherent model was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidos" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudoxus of Cnidos">Eudoxus of Cnidos</a>, a student of Plato who followed Plato's idea that heavenly motions had to be circular. In order to account for the known complications of the planets' motions, particularly <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">retrograde movement</a>, Eudoxus' model included 27 different <a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">celestial spheres</a>: four for each of the planets visible to the naked eye, three each for the Sun and the Moon, and one for the stars. All of these spheres were centered on the Earth, which remained motionless while they rotated eternally. Aristotle elaborated upon this model, increasing the number of spheres to 55 in order to account for further details of planetary motion. For Aristotle, normal <a href="/wiki/Classical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical elements">matter</a> was entirely contained within the terrestrial sphere, and it obeyed fundamentally different rules from <a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">heavenly material</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> The post-Aristotle treatise <a href="/wiki/De_Mundo" class="mw-redirect" title="De Mundo">De Mundo</a> (of uncertain authorship and date) stated, "Five elements, situated in spheres in five regions, the less being in each case surrounded by the greater—namely, earth surrounded by water, water by air, air by fire, and fire by ether—make up the whole universe".<a href="#cite_note-1908DeMundo-195">[193]</a> This model was also refined by <a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a> and after concentric spheres were abandoned, it was brought into nearly perfect agreement with astronomical observations by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-almagest-196">[194]</a> The success of such a model is largely due to the mathematical fact that any function (such as the position of a planet) can be decomposed into a set of circular functions (the <a href="/wiki/Fourier_series" title="Fourier series">Fourier modes</a>). Other Greek scientists, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagorean</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a>, postulated (according to <a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a>' account) that at the center of the universe was a "central fire" around which the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> revolved in uniform circular motion.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek astronomy">Greek astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a> was the first known individual to propose a <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> model of the universe. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>' book <a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a> describes Aristarchus's heliocentric model. Archimedes wrote: <blockquote>You, King Gelon, are aware the universe is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the center of which is the center of the Earth, while its radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the Sun and the center of the Earth. This is the common account as you have heard from astronomers. But Aristarchus has brought out a book consisting of certain hypotheses, wherein it appears, as a consequence of the assumptions made, that the universe is many times greater than the universe just mentioned. His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved, that the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle, the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit, and that the sphere of fixed stars, situated about the same center as the Sun, is so great that the circle in which he supposes the Earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></blockquote> Aristarchus thus believed the stars to be very far away, and saw this as the reason why <a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">stellar parallax</a> had not been observed, that is, the stars had not been observed to move relative each other as the Earth moved around the Sun. The stars are in fact much farther away than the distance that was generally assumed in ancient times, which is why stellar parallax is only detectable with precision instruments. The geocentric model, consistent with planetary parallax, was assumed to be the explanation for the unobservability of stellar parallax.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flammarion.jpg/220px-Flammarion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flammarion.jpg/330px-Flammarion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flammarion.jpg/440px-Flammarion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3614" data-file-height="3027" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flammarion_engraving" title="Flammarion engraving">Flammarion engraving</a>, Paris 1888</figcaption></figure> The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who supported Aristarchus's heliocentric model was <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus of Seleucia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_astronomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic astronomer">Hellenistic astronomer</a> who lived a century after Aristarchus.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> According to Plutarch, Seleucus was the first to prove the heliocentric system through <a href="/wiki/Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a>, but it is not known what arguments he used. Seleucus' arguments for a heliocentric cosmology were probably related to the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Alternatively, he may have proved heliocentricity by determining the constants of a <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometric</a> model for it, and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model, similar to <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> models were also proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">Persian astronomers</a> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Muhammad_Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Albumasar</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Sijzi" title="Al-Sijzi">Al-Sijzi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nasr-207">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThomasDiggesmap.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ThomasDiggesmap.JPG/330px-ThomasDiggesmap.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ThomasDiggesmap.JPG/500px-ThomasDiggesmap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ThomasDiggesmap.JPG/620px-ThomasDiggesmap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism" title="Copernican heliocentrism">Model of the Copernican Universe</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Digges" title="Thomas Digges">Thomas Digges</a> in 1576, with the amendment that the stars are no longer confined to a sphere, but spread uniformly throughout the space surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a></figcaption></figure> The Aristotelian model was accepted in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> for roughly two millennia, until Copernicus revived Aristarchus's perspective that the astronomical data could be explained more plausibly if the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> rotated on its axis and if the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> were placed at the center of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-TMU-208">[206]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In the center rests the Sun. For who would place this lamp of a very beautiful temple in another or better place than this wherefrom it can illuminate everything at the same time?<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nicolaus Copernicus, in Chapter 10, Book 1 of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestrum (1543)</cite></div></blockquote> As noted by Copernicus, the notion that the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth rotates</a> is very old, dating at least to <a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 450 BC), <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Ecphantus_the_Pythagorean" title="Ecphantus the Pythagorean">Ecphantus the Pythagorean</a>. Roughly a century before Copernicus, the Christian scholar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a> also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis in his book, On Learned Ignorance (1440).<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Al-Sijzi<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis. <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">Empirical evidence</a> for the Earth's rotation on its axis, using the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, was given by <a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Tusi</a> (1201–1274) and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a> (1403–1474).<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> This cosmology was accepted by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> and later scientists.<a href="#cite_note-Misner-p755-212">[210]</a> Newton demonstrated that the same <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">laws of motion</a> and gravity apply to earthly and to celestial matter, making Aristotle's division between the two obsolete. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Halley">Edmund Halley</a> (1720)<a href="#cite_note-m756-213">[211]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_de_Ch%C3%A9seaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Philippe de Chéseaux">Jean-Philippe de Chéseaux</a> (1744)<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> noted independently that the assumption of an infinite space filled uniformly with stars would lead to the prediction that the nighttime sky would be as bright as the Sun itself; this became known as <a href="/wiki/Olbers%27_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbers' paradox">Olbers' paradox</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> Newton believed that an infinite space uniformly filled with matter would cause infinite forces and instabilities causing the matter to be crushed inwards under its own gravity.<a href="#cite_note-Misner-p755-212">[210]</a> This instability was clarified in 1902 by the <a href="/wiki/Jeans_instability" title="Jeans instability">Jeans instability</a> criterion.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> One solution to these paradoxes is the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Charlier" title="Carl Charlier">Charlier</a> universe, in which the matter is arranged hierarchically (systems of orbiting bodies that are themselves orbiting in a larger system, ad infinitum) in a <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> way such that the universe has a negligibly small overall density; such a cosmological model had also been proposed earlier in 1761 by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r196-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_space_astronomy">Deep space astronomy</h3></div> During the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> speculated that <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebulae</a> could be entire galaxies separate from the Milky Way,<a href="#cite_note-m756-213">[211]</a> and in 1850, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> called these separate galaxies Weltinseln, or "world islands", a term that later developed into "island universes".<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> In 1919, when the <a href="/wiki/Hooker_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooker Telescope">Hooker Telescope</a> was completed, the prevailing view was that the universe consisted entirely of the Milky Way Galaxy. Using the Hooker Telescope, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> identified <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheid variables</a> in several spiral nebulae and in 1922–1923 proved conclusively that <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Nebula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangulum Nebula">Triangulum</a> among others, were entire galaxies outside our own, thus proving that the universe consists of a multitude of galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-SharovNovikov1993-220">[218]</a> With this Hubble formulated the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble constant">Hubble constant</a>, which allowed for the first time a calculation of the age of the Universe and size of the Observable Universe, which became increasingly precise with better meassurements, starting at 2 billion years and 280 million light-years, until 2006 when data of the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> allowed a very accurate calculation of the age of the Universe and size of the Observable Universe.<a href="#cite_note-p537-221">[219]</a> The modern era of <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a> began in 1917, when <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> first applied his <a href="/wiki/General_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="General theory of relativity">general theory of relativity</a> to model the structure and dynamics of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-einstein_1917-222">[220]</a> The discoveries of this era, and the questions that remain unanswered, are outlined in the sections above. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2260px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Observable_Universe_Logarithmic_Map_(horizontal_layout_english_annotations).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the observable universe with some of the notable astronomical objects known as of 2018. The scale of length increases exponentially toward the right. Celestial bodies are shown enlarged in size to be able to understand their shapes."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Observable_Universe_Logarithmic_Map_%28horizontal_layout_english_annotations%29.png/2250px-Observable_Universe_Logarithmic_Map_%28horizontal_layout_english_annotations%29.png" decoding="async" width="2250" height="552" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Observable_Universe_Logarithmic_Map_%28horizontal_layout_english_annotations%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3262" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Observable_Universe_Logarithmic_Map_(horizontal_layout_english_annotations).png" title="File:Observable Universe Logarithmic Map (horizontal layout english annotations).png"> </a></div>Map of the observable universe with some of the notable astronomical objects known as of 2018. The scale of length increases exponentially toward the right. Celestial bodies are shown enlarged in size to be able to understand their shapes.</div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:765px;max-width:765px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Location of the Earth in the universe</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/81px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/122px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/162px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_System_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Solar_System_true_color.jpg/81px-Solar_System_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Solar_System_true_color.jpg/122px-Solar_System_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Solar_System_true_color.jpg/162px-Solar_System_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RadcliffeWave1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/RadcliffeWave1.png/120px-RadcliffeWave1.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/RadcliffeWave1.png/250px-RadcliffeWave1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="539" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcliffe Wave">Radcliffe Wave</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg/81px-Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg/122px-Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg/162px-Milky_Way_Arms_ssc2008-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="461" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_(updated_-_annotated).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg/81px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg/122px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg/162px-Artist%27s_impression_of_the_Milky_Way_%28updated_-_annotated%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="5600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg/120px-Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg/250px-Local_Group_and_nearest_galaxies.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4249" data-file-height="3169" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Local_supercluster-ly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Local_supercluster-ly.jpg/120px-Local_supercluster-ly.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Local_supercluster-ly.jpg/250px-Local_supercluster-ly.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="413" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo SCl</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Observable_universe_r2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Observable_universe_r2.jpg/120px-Observable_universe_r2.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Observable_universe_r2.jpg/250px-Observable_universe_r2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea SCl</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Observable_Universe_with_Measurements_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Observable_Universe_with_Measurements_01.png/120px-Observable_Universe_with_Measurements_01.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Observable_Universe_with_Measurements_01.png/250px-Observable_Universe_with_Measurements_01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a> (scaled down timeline)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_latte" title="Cosmic latte">Cosmic latte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_location_in_the_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's location in the universe">Earth's location in the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum" title="False vacuum">False vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_And_Mass_Assembly_survey" title="Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey">Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_center_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the center of the Universe">History of the center of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustris_project" title="Illustris project">Illustris project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-standard_cosmology" title="Non-standard cosmology">Non-standard cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleocosmochronology" title="Nucleocosmochronology">Nucleocosmochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel universe (fiction)">Parallel universe (fiction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis" title="Rare Earth hypothesis">Rare Earth hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terasecond_and_longer" class="mw-redirect" title="Terasecond and longer">Terasecond and longer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_early_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the early universe">Timeline of the early universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future" title="Timeline of the far future">Timeline of the far future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_near_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the near future">Timeline of the near future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_universe" title="Zero-energy universe">Zero-energy universe</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> Footnotes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-spacetime-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spacetime_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spacetime_10-1">b</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">modern physics</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>, space and time are intrinsically linked as <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-bignumber-62"><a href="#cite_ref-bignumber_62-0">^</a> Although listed in <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">megaparsecs</a> by the cited source, this number is so vast that its digits would remain virtually unchanged for all intents and purposes regardless of which conventional units it is listed in, whether it to be <a href="/wiki/Nanometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometers">nanometers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">gigaparsecs</a>, as the differences would disappear into the error. </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-spacetelescope.org-1"><a href="#cite_ref-spacetelescope.org_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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href="http://spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/">"Hubble sees galaxies galore"</a>. spacetelescope.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504043058/http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2017. 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Archway Publishing. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4808-1294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4808-1294-9"><bdi>978-1-4808-1294-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422045606/https://books.google.com/books?id=I7a7BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision+and+Visual+Perception&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Archway+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4808-1294-9&rft.aulast=Schreuder&rft.aufirst=Duco+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7a7BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMermin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mermin, N. David (2004). "Could Feynman Have Said This?". Physics Today. 57 (5): 10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhT....57e..10M">2004PhT....57e..10M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1768652">10.1063/1.1768652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Could+Feynman+Have+Said+This%3F&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1768652&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhT....57e..10M&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTegmark2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tegmark, Max (2008). "The Mathematical Universe". Foundations of Physics. 38 (2): 101–150. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0646">0704.0646</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008FoPh...38..101T">2008FoPh...38..101T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9186-9">10.1007/s10701-007-9186-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9890455">9890455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+Mathematical+Universe&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0704.0646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9890455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9186-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008FoPh...38..101T&rft.aulast=Tegmark&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> A short version of which is available at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFixsen2007" class="citation arxiv cs1">Fixsen, D. J. (2007). "Shut up and calculate". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0709.4024">0709.4024</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/physics.pop-ph">physics.pop-ph</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Shut+up+and+calculate&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0709.4024&rft.aulast=Fixsen&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> in reference to David Mermin's famous quote "shut up and calculate!"<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolt2012" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Jim (2012). Why Does the World Exist?. Liveright Publishing. p. 308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Does+the+World+Exist%3F&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerris1997" class="citation book cs1">Ferris, Timothy (1997). The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report. Simon & Schuster. p. 400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whole+Shebang%3A+A+State-of-the-Universe%28s%29+Report&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCopanWilliam_Lane_Craig2004" class="citation book cs1">Copan, Paul; William Lane Craig (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationoutofnot0000copa/page/220">Creation Out of Nothing: A Biblical, Philosophical, and Scientific Exploration</a>. Baker Academic. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationoutofnot0000copa/page/220">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2733-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2733-8"><bdi>978-0-8010-2733-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+Out+of+Nothing%3A+A+Biblical%2C+Philosophical%2C+and+Scientific+Exploration&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2733-8&rft.aulast=Copan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=William+Lane+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationoutofnot0000copa%2Fpage%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolonkin2011-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Bolonkin2011_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBolonkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Bolonkin, Alexander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuWQx58ZnPsC&pg=PA3">Universe, Human Immortality and Future Human Evaluation</a>. Elsevier. pp. 3–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415801-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415801-6"><bdi>978-0-12-415801-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208114300/https://books.google.com/books?id=TuWQx58ZnPsC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universe%2C+Human+Immortality+and+Future+Human+Evaluation&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-12-415801-6&rft.aulast=Bolonkin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTuWQx58ZnPsC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, volume II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 3518. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198611172" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198611172">978-0198611172</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis_short-33"><a href="#cite_ref-lewis_short_33-0">^</a> Lewis, C.T. and Short, S (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-864201-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-864201-6">0-19-864201-6</a>, pp. 1933, 1977–1978. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation web cs1">Liddell; Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsj.gr/wiki/πᾶς">"A Greek-English Lexicon"</a>. lsj.gr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106193619/https://lsj.translatum.gr/wiki/%CF%80%E1%BE%B6%CF%82">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2022. <q>πᾶς</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lsj.gr&rft.atitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.au=Liddell&rft.au=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsj.gr%2Fwiki%2F%CF%80%E1%BE%B6%CF%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation web cs1">Liddell; Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsj.gr/wiki/ὅλος">"A Greek-English Lexicon"</a>. lsj.gr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106185336/https://lsj.translatum.gr/wiki/%E1%BD%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2022. <q>ὅλος</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lsj.gr&rft.atitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.au=Liddell&rft.au=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsj.gr%2Fwiki%2F%E1%BD%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation web cs1">Liddell; Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsj.gr/wiki/κόσμος">"A Greek–English Lexicon"</a>. lsj.gr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106193457/https://lsj.translatum.gr/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2022. <q>κόσμος</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lsj.gr&rft.atitle=A+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon&rft.au=Liddell&rft.au=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsj.gr%2Fwiki%2F%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_C.T.Short,_S1879" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C.T.; Short, S (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latindictionaryf00lewi">A Latin Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latindictionaryf00lewi/page/n1188">1175</a>, 1189–1190, 1881–1882. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864201-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864201-5"><bdi>978-0-19-864201-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.pages=1175%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1189-%3C%2Fspan%3E1190%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1881-%3C%2Fspan%3E1882&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.isbn=978-0-19-864201-5&rft.au=Lewis%2C+C.T.&rft.au=Short%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatindictionaryf00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compacteditionof03robe/page/569">The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1971. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compacteditionof03robe/page/569">569, 909, 1900, 3821–3822</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861117-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861117-2"><bdi>978-0-19-861117-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Compact+Edition+of+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=569%2C+909%2C+1900%2C+3821-3822&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861117-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompacteditionof03robe%2Fpage%2F569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilk2009" class="citation book cs1">Silk, Joseph (2009). Horizons of Cosmology. Templeton Pressr. p. 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horizons+of+Cosmology&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Templeton+Pressr&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Silk&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Simon (2005). Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe. Harper Perennial. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004biba.book.....S">2004biba.book.....S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Bang%3A+The+Origin+of+the+Universe&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004biba.book.....S&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sivaram-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Sivaram_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSivaram1986" class="citation journal cs1">Sivaram, C. (1986). "Evolution of the Universe through the Planck epoch". Astrophysics and Space Science. 125 (1): 189–199. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Ap&SS.125..189S">1986Ap&SS.125..189S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00643984">10.1007/BF00643984</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123344693">123344693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Universe+through+the+Planck+epoch&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123344693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00643984&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Ap%26SS.125..189S&rft.aulast=Sivaram&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_474–478-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_474–478_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_474–478_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Jennifer A. (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aau9540">"Populating the periodic table: Nucleosynthesis of the elements"</a>. 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Retrieved February 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+2e&rft.pages=1017&rft.pub=OpenStax&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-951-69350-3&rft.aulast=Fraknoi&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenstax.org%2Fbooks%2Fastronomy-2e%2Fpages%2F29-7-the-anthropic-principle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel_2011-68"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel_2011_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417023358/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOverbye2003" class="citation news cs1">Overbye, Dennis (October 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/11/us/a-cosmic-jerk-that-reversed-the-universe.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"A 'Cosmic Jerk' That Reversed the Universe"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701114952/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/11/us/a-cosmic-jerk-that-reversed-the-universe.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+%27Cosmic+Jerk%27+That+Reversed+the+Universe&rft.date=2003-10-11&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F10%2F11%2Fus%2Fa-cosmic-jerk-that-reversed-the-universe.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchutz,_Bernard2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Schutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Schutz">Schutz, Bernard</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstcourseingen00bern_0/page/142">A First Course in General Relativity</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstcourseingen00bern_0/page/142">142, 171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88705-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88705-2"><bdi>978-0-521-88705-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+First+Course+in+General+Relativity&rft.pages=142%2C+171&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88705-2&rft.au=Schutz%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstcourseingen00bern_0%2Fpage%2F142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mermin2005-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mermin2005_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mermin2005_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mermin2005_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMermin2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._David_Mermin" title="N. David Mermin">Mermin, N. David</a> (2021) [2005]. It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativity (Princeton Science Library paperback ed.). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12201-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12201-4"><bdi>978-0-691-12201-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1193067111">1193067111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%27s+About+Time%3A+Understanding+Einstein%27s+Relativity&rft.edition=Princeton+Science+Library+paperback&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1193067111&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12201-4&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrillJacobsen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brill, Dieter; Jacobsen, Ted (2006). "Spacetime and Euclidean geometry". General Relativity and Gravitation. 38 (4): 643–651. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0407022">gr-qc/0407022</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GReGr..38..643B">2006GReGr..38..643B</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.338.7953">10.1.1.338.7953</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10714-006-0254-9">10.1007/s10714-006-0254-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119067072">119067072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+Relativity+and+Gravitation&rft.atitle=Spacetime+and+Euclidean+geometry&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E643-%3C%2Fspan%3E651&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119067072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GReGr..38..643B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.338.7953%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10714-006-0254-9&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F0407022&rft.aulast=Brill&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler, John Archibald</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGFkK2tTXPsC&pg=PA235">Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07948-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07948-7"><bdi>978-0-393-07948-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217135729/https://books.google.com/books?id=zGFkK2tTXPsC&pg=PA235">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. 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San Francisco: Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-31611-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-31611-0"><bdi>0-201-31611-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47056311">47056311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Mechanics&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47056311&rft.isbn=0-201-31611-0&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Poole%2C+Charles+P.&rft.au=Safko%2C+John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodstein2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_R._Goodstein" title="Judith R. Goodstein">Goodstein, Judith R.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1020305599">Einstein's Italian Mathematicians: Ricci, Levi-Civita, and the Birth of General Relativity</a>. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4704-2846-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4704-2846-4"><bdi>978-1-4704-2846-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1020305599">1020305599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Italian+Mathematicians%3A+Ricci%2C+Levi-Civita%2C+and+the+Birth+of+General+Relativity&rft.place=Providence%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1020305599&rft.isbn=978-1-4704-2846-4&rft.aulast=Goodstein&rft.aufirst=Judith+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1020305599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoquet-Bruhat2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317496332">General Relativity and the Einstein Equations</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155226-7"><bdi>978-0-19-155226-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/317496332">317496332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Relativity+and+the+Einstein+Equations&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F317496332&rft.isbn=978-0-19-155226-7&rft.aulast=Choquet-Bruhat&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F317496332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrescod-Weinstein2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chanda_Prescod-Weinstein" title="Chanda Prescod-Weinstein">Prescod-Weinstein, Chanda</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1164503847">The Disordered Cosmos: A Journey into Dark Matter, Spacetime, and Dreams Deferred</a>. New York, New York: Bold Type Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-2470-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-2470-9"><bdi>978-1-5417-2470-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1164503847">1164503847</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221214240/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1164503847">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2022. 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(1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofultima0000hoof">In search of the ultimate building blocks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofultima0000hoof/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57883-7"><bdi>978-0-521-57883-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+the+ultimate+building+blocks&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57883-7&rft.aulast=%27t+Hooft&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofultima0000hoof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton1983-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Clayton1983_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClayton1983" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Donald D. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofstel0000clay">Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis</a>. The University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofstel0000clay/page/362">362–435</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10953-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10953-4"><bdi>978-0-226-10953-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Stellar+Evolution+and+Nucleosynthesis&rft.pages=362-435&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-226-10953-4&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Donald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofstel0000clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeltman,_Martinus2003" class="citation book cs1">Veltman, Martinus (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factsmysteriesin0000velt">Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics</a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-238-149-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-238-149-1"><bdi>978-981-238-149-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+and+Mysteries+in+Elementary+Particle+Physics&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-981-238-149-1&rft.au=Veltman%2C+Martinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffactsmysteriesin0000velt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PFIp1-3-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PFIp1-3_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFIp1-3_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraibantGiacomelliSpurio2012" class="citation book cs1">Braibant, Sylvie; Giacomelli, Giorgio; Spurio, Maurizio (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8YUUG2pGeIC&pg=PA1">Particles and Fundamental Interactions: An Introduction to Particle Physics</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer (publisher)">Springer</a>. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2463-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2463-1"><bdi>978-94-007-2463-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826133823/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8YUUG2pGeIC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2016. 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MIT Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04613-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04613-8"><bdi>978-0-262-04613-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+Quantum+Mechanics%3A+Essentials%2C+Theory%2C+and+Applications&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04613-8&rft.aulast=Zwiebach&rft.aufirst=Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oerter2006-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oerter2006_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oerter2006_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOerter2006" class="citation book cs1">Oerter, R. 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(October 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikis.utexas.edu/display/utatlas/Higgs+boson+FAQ">"Higgs boson FAQ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a> ATLAS group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012130340/https://wikis.utexas.edu/display/utatlas/Higgs+boson+FAQ">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2013. 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ProfMattStrassler.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012042637/http://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/the-higgs-particle/the-higgs-faq-2-0/">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013. <q>[Q] Why do particle physicists care so much about the Higgs particle? [A] Well, actually, they don't. What they really care about is the Higgs field, because it is so important. [emphasis in original]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProfMattStrassler.com&rft.atitle=The+Higgs+FAQ+2.0&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.aulast=Strassler&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprofmattstrassler.com%2Farticles-and-posts%2Fthe-higgs-particle%2Fthe-higgs-faq-2-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg2011-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg2011_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Steven (2011). Dreams of a Final Theory: The Scientist's Search for the Ultimate Laws of Nature. 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April 18, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705100832/http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/neutrino.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experiment+confirms+famous+physics+model&rft.pub=MIT+News+Office&rft.date=2007-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2007%2Fneutrino.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~gamk/TUM_Lectures/Lecture4.pdf">"Thermal history of the universe and early growth of density fluctuations"</a> (PDF). Guinevere Kauffmann. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astrophysics" title="Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics">Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821041542/http://wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~gamk/TUM_Lectures/Lecture4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinevere+Kauffmann&rft.atitle=Thermal+history+of+the+universe+and+early+growth+of+density+fluctuations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de%2F~gamk%2FTUM_Lectures%2FLecture4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~ejchaisson/cosmic_evolution/docs/fr_1/fr_1_part3.html">"First few minutes"</a>. Eric Chaisson. Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204050252/https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~ejchaisson/cosmic_evolution/docs/fr_1/fr_1_part3.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eric+Chaisson&rft.atitle=First+few+minutes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2F~ejchaisson%2Fcosmic_evolution%2Fdocs%2Ffr_1%2Ffr_1_part3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_bigbang_timeline.html">"Timeline of the Big Bang"</a>. The physics of the Universe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200330140345/https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_bigbang_timeline.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+physics+of+the+Universe&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+the+Big+Bang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicsoftheuniverse.com%2Ftopics_bigbang_timeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-v237-147"><a href="#cite_ref-v237_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDick2020" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Steven J. (2020). "The Biophysical Cosmology: The Place of Bioastronomy in the History of Science". Space, Time, and Aliens. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 53–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-41614-0_4">10.1007/978-3-030-41614-0_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41613-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41613-3"><bdi>978-3-030-41613-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Biophysical+Cosmology%3A+The+Place+of+Bioastronomy+in+the+History+of+Science&rft.btitle=Space%2C+Time%2C+and+Aliens&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-41614-0_4&rft.isbn=978-3-030-41613-3&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeilik_cosmology-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zeilik_cosmology_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zeilik_cosmology_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zeilik_cosmology_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zeilik_cosmology_148-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zeilik_cosmology_148-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeilikGregory1998" class="citation book cs1">Zeilik, Michael; Gregory, Stephen A. 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Zeitschrift für Physik. 10 (1): 377–386. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922ZPhy...10..377F">1922ZPhy...10..377F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01332580">10.1007/BF01332580</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125190902">125190902</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515100312/http%3A//publikationen.ub.uni%2Dfrankfurt.de/files/16735/E001554876.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Kr%C3%BCmmung+des+Raumes&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E386&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125190902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01332580&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1922ZPhy...10..377F&rft.aulast=Friedmann&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de%2Ffiles%2F16735%2FE001554876.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaineThomas2001">Raine & Thomas (2001</a>, pp. 122–123) </li> <li id="cite_note-RaineThomas70-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RaineThomas70_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RaineThomas70_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaineThomas2001">Raine & Thomas (2001</a>, p. 70) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaineThomas2001">Raine & Thomas (2001</a>, p. 84) </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaineThomas2001">Raine & Thomas (2001</a>, pp. 88, 110–113) </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunitz1959" class="citation journal cs1">Munitz, M. 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Mod. Phys. Lett. A. 1 (2): 81–85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986MPLA....1...81L">1986MPLA....1...81L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0217732386000129">10.1142/S0217732386000129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123472763">123472763</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417211031/https://cds.cern.ch/record/167897/">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mod.+Phys.+Lett.+A&rft.atitle=Eternal+chaotic+inflation&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123472763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0217732386000129&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986MPLA....1...81L&rft.aulast=Linde&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F167897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinde1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Linde, A.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/~alinde/Eternal86.pdf">"Eternally existing self-reproducing chaotic inflationary Universe"</a> (PDF). Phys. Lett. B. 175 (4): 395–400. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhLB..175..395L">1986PhLB..175..395L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2886%2990611-8">10.1016/0370-2693(86)90611-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127164909/http://www.stanford.edu/~alinde/Eternal86.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2013. 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"Space and time: Science and religion in the encounter between China and Europe". Chinese Science. Vol. 11. pp. 93–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Science&rft.atitle=Space+and+time%3A+Science+and+religion+in+the+encounter+between+China+and+Europe&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1993%2F1994&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blandford-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Blandford_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlandford_R._D.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Blandford R. D. (2015). "A century of general relativity: Astrophysics and cosmology". Science. 347 (6226): 1103–1108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Sci...347.1103B">2015Sci...347.1103B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa4033">10.1126/science.aaa4033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25745165">25745165</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30364122">30364122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+century+of+general+relativity%3A+Astrophysics+and+cosmology&rft.volume=347&rft.issue=6226&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1103-%3C%2Fspan%3E1108&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaa4033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30364122%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25745165&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Sci...347.1103B&rft.au=Blandford+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2010" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David A. (2010). Creation Myths of the World. ABC-CLIO. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-174-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-174-9</bdi></a>. <q>In common usage the word 'myth' refers to narratives or beliefs that are untrue or merely fanciful; the stories that make up national or ethnic mythologies describe characters and events that common sense and experience tell us are impossible. Nevertheless, all cultures celebrate such myths and attribute to them various degrees of literal or symbolic truth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+Myths+of+the+World&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-174-9&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliade1964-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Eliade1964_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEliade1964" class="citation book cs1">Eliade, Mircea (1964). Myth and Reality (Religious Traditions of the World). Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-291001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-291001-7"><bdi>978-0-04-291001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Reality+%28Religious+Traditions+of+the+World%29&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-04-291001-7&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard2004-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2004_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonardMcClure2004" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Scott A.; McClure, Michael (2004). Myth and Knowing: An Introduction to World Mythology. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7674-1957-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7674-1957-4"><bdi>978-0-7674-1957-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth+and+Knowing%3A+An+Introduction+to+World+Mythology&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7674-1957-4&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft.au=McClure%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Henry Gravrand</a>, "La civilisation Sereer -Pangool") [in] <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Frankfurt am Main">Universität Frankfurt am Main</a>, Frobenius-Institut, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kulturmorphologie, Frobenius Gesellschaft, "Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Volumes 43–44", F. Steiner (1997), pp. 144–145, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-02842-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-02842-0">3-515-02842-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1993" class="citation book cs1">Young, Louise B. (1993). The Unfinished Universe. Oxford University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-08039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-08039-1"><bdi>978-0-195-08039-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26399171">26399171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfinished+Universe&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26399171&rft.isbn=978-0-195-08039-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Louise+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Graham, Daniel W. (September 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heraclitus/">"Heraclitus"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heraclitus&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fheraclitus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Palmer, John (October 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/parmenides/">"Parmenides"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parmenides&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2020-10-19&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fparmenides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Palmer, John (April 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zeno-elea/">"Zeno of Elea"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zeno+of+Elea&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fzeno-elea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowden" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dowden, Bradley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/zenos-paradoxes">"Zeno's Paradoxes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zeno%27s+Paradoxes&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Dowden&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fzenos-paradoxes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a>, Our Oriental Heritage: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"Two systems of Hindu thought propound physical theories suggestively similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>. Kanada, founder of the Vaisheshika philosophy, held that the world is composed of atoms as many in kind as the various elements. The <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a> more nearly approximated to <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> by teaching that all atoms were of the same kind, producing different effects by diverse modes of combinations. Kanada believed light and heat to be varieties of the same substance; <a href="/wiki/Udayana" title="Udayana">Udayana</a> taught that all heat comes from the Sun; and <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vachaspati</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>, interpreted light as composed of minute particles emitted by substances and striking the eye."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Stcherbatsky, F. Th. (1930, 1962), Buddhist Logic, Volume 1, p. 19, Dover, New York: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Buddhists denied the existence of substantial matter altogether. Movement consists for them of moments, it is a staccato movement, momentary flashes of a stream of energy... "Everything is evanescent",... says the Buddhist, because there is no stuff... Both systems [<a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Sānkhya</a>, and later Indian Buddhism] share in common a tendency to push the analysis of existence up to its minutest, last elements which are imagined as absolute qualities, or things possessing only one unique quality. They are called "qualities" (guna-dharma) in both systems in the sense of absolute qualities, a kind of atomic, or intra-atomic, energies of which the empirical things are composed. Both systems, therefore, agree in denying the objective reality of the categories of Substance and Quality,... and of the relation of Inference uniting them. There is in Sānkhya philosophy no separate existence of qualities. What we call quality is but a particular manifestation of a subtle entity. To every new unit of quality corresponds a subtle quantum of matter which is called guna, "quality", but represents a subtle substantive entity. The same applies to early Buddhism where all qualities are substantive... or, more precisely, dynamic entities, although they are also called dharmas ('qualities')."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viney1985-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Viney1985_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFViney1985" class="citation book cs1">Viney, Donald Wayne (1985). "The Cosmological Argument". Charles Hartshorne and the Existence of God. SUNY Press. pp. 65–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-907-0"><bdi>978-0-87395-907-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cosmological+Argument&rft.btitle=Charles+Hartshorne+and+the+Existence+of+God&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-907-0&rft.aulast=Viney&rft.aufirst=Donald+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearsall-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Pearsall_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearsall1998" class="citation book cs1">Pearsall, Judy (1998). The New Oxford Dictionary Of English (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861263-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861263-6"><bdi>978-0-19-861263-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Dictionary+Of+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1341&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861263-6&rft.aulast=Pearsall&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1967" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Paul (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph08edwa">Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. New York: Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofph08edwa/page/34">34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofph08edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards2-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan and Free Press. 1967. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+ed.+Paul+Edwards&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Free+Press&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReid-Bowen2016" class="citation book cs1">Reid-Bowen, Paul (April 15, 2016). Goddess as Nature: Towards a Philosophical Thealogy. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317126348" title="Special:BookSources/9781317126348"><bdi>9781317126348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+as+Nature%3A+Towards+a+Philosophical+Thealogy&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft.isbn=9781317126348&rft.aulast=Reid-Bowen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindberg2007a-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg2007a_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, David C. (2007). The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226482057" title="Special:BookSources/9780226482057"><bdi>9780226482057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+beginnings+of+Western+science%3A+the+European+Scientific+tradition+in+philosophical%2C+religious%2C+and+institutional+context&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780226482057&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant2007a-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Grant2007a_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant2007" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Edward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran/page/n16">"Ancient Egypt to Plato"</a>. A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68957-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68957-1"><bdi>978-0-521-68957-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egypt+to+Plato&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Natural+Philosophy%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68957-1&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorynaturalph00gran%2Fpage%2Fn16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz1988" class="citation journal cs1">Horowitz, Wayne (1988). "The Babylonian Map of the World". Iraq. 50: 147–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200289">10.2307/4200289</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200289">4200289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190703581">190703581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=The+Babylonian+Map+of+the+World&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190703581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4200289&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeel1997" class="citation book cs1">Keel, Othmar (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fy4B1iMg33YC">The Symbolism of the Biblical World</a>. Eisenbrauns. pp. 20–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-575-06014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-575-06014-9"><bdi>978-1-575-06014-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313184352/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fy4B1iMg33YC">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolism+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-575-06014-9&rft.aulast=Keel&rft.aufirst=Othmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFy4B1iMg33YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1973" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Larry (August 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0039368173900022">"The astronomy of Eudoxus: Geometry or physics?"</a>. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 4 (2): 165–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973SHPSA...4..165W">1973SHPSA...4..165W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-3681%2873%2990002-2">10.1016/0039-3681(73)90002-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315164807/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0039368173900022">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+astronomy+of+Eudoxus%3A+Geometry+or+physics%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=1973-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-3681%2873%2990002-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973SHPSA...4..165W&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0039368173900022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDicati2013" class="citation cs1">Dicati, Renato (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-88-470-2829-6_2">"The Ancients' Astronomy"</a>. Stamping Through Astronomy. Milano: Springer Milan. pp. 19–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-88-470-2829-6_2">10.1007/978-88-470-2829-6_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-470-2828-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-470-2828-9"><bdi>978-88-470-2828-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313184405/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-88-470-2829-6_2">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2024. 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Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/demundoarisrich/page/2">2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Mundo&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Aristotle&rft.au=Forster%2C+E.+S.&rft.au=Dobson%2C+J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemundoarisrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-almagest-196"><a href="#cite_ref-almagest_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1997" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bernard R. (1997). "Saving the phenomena: the background to Ptolemy's planetary theory". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 28 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JHA....28....1G">1997JHA....28....1G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182869702800101">10.1177/002182869702800101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118875902">118875902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Saving+the+phenomena%3A+the+background+to+Ptolemy%27s+planetary+theory&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118875902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182869702800101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JHA....28....1G&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Boyer, C. (1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMathematics">A History of Mathematics</a>. Wiley, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeath2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heath_(classicist)" title="Thomas Heath (classicist)">Heath, Thomas</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZmHAAAAQBAJ">Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus: A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus, Together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06233-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06233-6"><bdi>978-1-108-06233-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313184546/https://books.google.com/books?id=rZmHAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristarchus+of+Samos%2C+the+Ancient+Copernicus%3A+A+History+of+Greek+Astronomy+to+Aristarchus%2C+Together+with+Aristarchus%27s+Treatise+on+the+Sizes+and+Distances+of+the+Sun+and+Moon&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-108-06233-6&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZmHAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKolkata2015" class="citation book cs1">Kolkata, James J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-1-6817-4100-0">Elementary Cosmology: From Aristotle's Universe to the Big Bang and Beyond</a>. IOP Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F978-1-6817-4100-0ch4">10.1088/978-1-6817-4100-0ch4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68174-100-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68174-100-0"><bdi>978-1-68174-100-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180605142714/http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-1-6817-4100-0">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elementary+Cosmology%3A+From+Aristotle%27s+Universe+to+the+Big+Bang+and+Beyond&rft.pub=IOP+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F978-1-6817-4100-0ch4&rft.isbn=978-1-68174-100-0&rft.aulast=Kolkata&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Fbook%2F978-1-6817-4100-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer,_Otto_E.1945" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_E._Neugebauer" title="Otto E. Neugebauer">Neugebauer, Otto E.</a> (1945). "The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 4 (1): 166–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370729">10.1086/370729</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/595168">595168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162347339">162347339</a>. <q>the <a href="/wiki/Chaldaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldaea">Chaldaean</a> Seleucus from Seleucia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Astronomy+Problems+and+Methods&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162347339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F595168%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F370729&rft.au=Neugebauer%2C+Otto+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarton1955" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Sarton" title="George Sarton">Sarton, George</a> (1955). "Chaldaean Astronomy of the Last Three Centuries B. C.". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 75 (3): 166–173 [169]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F595168">10.2307/595168</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/595168">595168</a>. <q>the heliocentrical astronomy invented by Aristarchos of Samos and still defended a century later by Seleucos the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Chaldaean+Astronomy+of+the+Last+Three+Centuries+B.+C.&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=166-173+169&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F595168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F595168%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sarton&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> William P. D. Wightman (1951, 1953), The Growth of Scientific Ideas, Yale University Press. p. 38, where Wightman calls him <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleukos</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Russo" title="Lucio Russo">Lucio Russo</a>, Flussi e riflussi, Feltrinelli, Milano, Italy, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-07-10349-4" title="Special:BookSources/88-07-10349-4">88-07-10349-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Der_Waerden1987">Van Der Waerden (1987</a>, p. 527) </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Der_Waerden1987">Van Der Waerden (1987</a>, pp. 527–529) </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Der_Waerden1987">Van Der Waerden (1987</a>, pp. 534–537) </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasr1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed H.</a> (1993) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00nasr/page/135">An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines</a> (2nd ed.). 1st edition by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2nd edition by <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00nasr/page/135">135–136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1515-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1515-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-1515-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Islamic+Cosmological+Doctrines&rft.pages=135-136&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=1st+edition+by+Harvard+University+Press%2C+2nd+edition+by+State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1515-3&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontois00nasr%2Fpage%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMU-208"><a href="#cite_ref-TMU_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrautschiOlenickApostolGoodstein2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Frautschi" title="Steven Frautschi">Frautschi, Steven C.</a>; Olenick, Richard P.; <a href="/wiki/Tom_M._Apostol" title="Tom M. Apostol">Apostol, Tom M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_L._Goodstein" class="mw-redirect" title="David L. Goodstein">Goodstein, David L.</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Mechanical_Universe" title="The Mechanical Universe">The Mechanical Universe: Mechanics and Heat</a> (Advanced ed.). Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71590-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71590-4"><bdi>978-0-521-71590-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227002144">227002144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mechanical+Universe%3A+Mechanics+and+Heat&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BCambridgeshire%5D&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=Advanced&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F227002144&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71590-4&rft.aulast=Frautschi&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rft.au=Olenick%2C+Richard+P.&rft.au=Apostol%2C+Tom+M.&rft.au=Goodstein%2C+David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#Misner">Misner, Thorne and Wheeler</a>, p. 754. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFĀlī" class="citation book cs1">Ālī, Ema Ākabara. Science in the Quran. Vol. 1. Malik Library. p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Quran&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Malik+Library&rft.aulast=%C4%80l%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ema+%C4%80kabara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRagep2001" class="citation cs1">Ragep, F. Jamil (2001). "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context". Science in Context. 14 (1–2): 145–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0269889701000060">10.1017/s0269889701000060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145372613">145372613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+in+Context&rft.atitle=Tusi+and+Copernicus%3A+The+Earth%27s+Motion+in+Context&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0269889701000060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145372613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ragep&rft.aufirst=F.+Jamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misner-p755-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Misner-p755_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Misner-p755_212-1">b</a> <a href="#Misner">Misner, Thorne and Wheeler</a>, pp. 755–756. </li> <li id="cite_note-m756-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m756_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m756_213-1">b</a> <a href="#Misner">Misner, Thorne and Wheeler</a>, p. 756. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Cheseaux_JPL1744" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_de_Cheseaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Philippe de Cheseaux">de Cheseaux JPL</a> (1744). Traité de la Comète. Lausanne. pp. 223ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+de+la+Com%C3%A8te&rft.pages=223ff&rft.pub=Lausanne&rft.date=1744&rft.au=de+Cheseaux+JPL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988">. Reprinted as Appendix II in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickson1969" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, F. P. (1969). The Bowl of Night: The Physical Universe and Scientific Thought. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54003-2"><bdi>978-0-262-54003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bowl+of+Night%3A+The+Physical+Universe+and+Scientific+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=M.I.T.+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-262-54003-2&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=F.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlbers_HWM1826" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Matth%C3%A4us_Olbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers">Olbers HWM</a> (1826). "Unknown title". Bode's Jahrbuch. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bode%27s+Jahrbuch&rft.atitle=Unknown+title&rft.volume=111&rft.date=1826&rft.au=Olbers+HWM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988">. Reprinted as Appendix I in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickson1969" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, F. P. (1969). The Bowl of Night: The Physical Universe and Scientific Thought. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54003-2"><bdi>978-0-262-54003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bowl+of+Night%3A+The+Physical+Universe+and+Scientific+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=M.I.T.+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-262-54003-2&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=F.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeans1902" class="citation journal cs1">Jeans, J. H. (1902). "The Stability of a Spherical Nebula". <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_A" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</a>. 199 (312–320): 1–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1902RSPTA.199....1J">1902RSPTA.199....1J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1902.0012">10.1098/rsta.1902.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/90845">90845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=The+Stability+of+a+Spherical+Nebula&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90845%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1902.0012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1902RSPTA.199....1J&rft.aulast=Jeans&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#Misner">Misner, Thorne and Wheeler</a>, p. 757. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1971" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Kenneth Glyn (February 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002182867100200104">"The Observational Basis for Kant's Cosmogony: A Critical Analysis"</a>. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 2 (1): 29–34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971JHA.....2...29J">1971JHA.....2...29J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182867100200104">10.1177/002182867100200104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8286">0021-8286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126269712">126269712</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227183635/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002182867100200104">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+Observational+Basis+for+Kant%27s+Cosmogony%3A+A+Critical+Analysis&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1971-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182867100200104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126269712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8286&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971JHA.....2...29J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Glyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F002182867100200104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Robert W. (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002182860803900106">"Beyond the Galaxy: The Development of Extragalactic Astronomy 1885–1965, Part 1"</a>. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 39 (1): 91–119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JHA....39...91S">2008JHA....39...91S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182860803900106">10.1177/002182860803900106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8286">0021-8286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117430789">117430789</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227183635/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002182860803900106">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Galaxy%3A+The+Development+of+Extragalactic+Astronomy+1885%E2%80%931965%2C+Part+1&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182860803900106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117430789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8286&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JHA....39...91S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F002182860803900106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharovNovikov1993-220"><a href="#cite_ref-SharovNovikov1993_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharovNovikov1993" class="citation book cs1">Sharov, Aleksandr Sergeevich; Novikov, Igor Dmitrievich (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttEwkEdPc70C&pg=PA34">Edwin Hubble, the discoverer of the big bang universe</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41617-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41617-7"><bdi>978-0-521-41617-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623075250/http://books.google.com/books?id=ttEwkEdPc70C&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edwin+Hubble%2C+the+discoverer+of+the+big+bang+universe&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41617-7&rft.aulast=Sharov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Sergeevich&rft.au=Novikov%2C+Igor+Dmitrievich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttEwkEdPc70C%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p537-221"><a href="#cite_ref-p537_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/programs/cosmictimes/educators/guide/age_size.html">"Cosmic Times"</a>. Imagine the Universe!. December 8, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imagine+the+Universe%21&rft.atitle=Cosmic+Times&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Feducators%2Fprograms%2Fcosmictimes%2Feducators%2Fguide%2Fage_size.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-einstein_1917-222"><a href="#cite_ref-einstein_1917_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1917" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein, Albert</a> (1917). "Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie". Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte. 1917. (part 1): 142–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preussische+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften%2C+Sitzungsberichte&rft.atitle=Kosmologische+Betrachtungen+zur+allgemeinen+Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie&rft.volume=%28part+1%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Waerden1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">Van Der Waerden, B. L.</a> (June 1987). "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 500 (1): 525–545. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987NYASA.500..525V">1987NYASA.500..525V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37224.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37224.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0077-8923">0077-8923</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222087224">222087224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Heliocentric+System+in+Greek%2C+Persian+and+Hindu+Astronomy&rft.volume=500&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E525-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=1987-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37224.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222087224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0077-8923&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987NYASA.500..525V&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Waerden&rft.aufirst=B.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandauLifshitz1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau LD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lifshitz" title="Evgeny Lifshitz">Lifshitz EM</a> (1975). <a href="/wiki/Course_of_Theoretical_Physics" title="Course of Theoretical Physics">The classical theory of fields</a>. Course of theoretical physics (in engrus). Vol. 2 (4th rev. English ed.). Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 358–397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-018176-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-018176-9"><bdi>978-0-08-018176-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+classical+theory+of+fields&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.series=Course+of+theoretical+physics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E397&rft.edition=4th+rev.+English&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-08-018176-9&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rft.au=Lifshitz%2C+E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1994" class="citation book cs1">Liddell, Henry George & Scott, Robert (1994). A Greek-English lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864214-5"><bdi>978-0-19-864214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Pr&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-864214-5&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMisnerThorneWheelerKip2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Misner" title="Charles W. Misner">Misner, Charles W.</a>; Thorne, Kip S.; <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Wheeler, John Archibald</a>; Kip; <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a>; J.A. (2008). <a href="/wiki/Gravitation_(book)" title="Gravitation (book)">Gravitation</a> (27. printing ed.). New York, NY: Freeman. pp. 703–816. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0344-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0344-0"><bdi>978-0-7167-0344-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravitation&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E703-%3C%2Fspan%3E816&rft.edition=27.+printing&rft.pub=Freeman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0344-0&rft.aulast=Misner&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft.au=Thorne%2C+Kip+S.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John+Archibald&rft.au=Kip&rft.au=Wheeler&rft.au=J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaineThomas2001" class="citation book cs1">Raine, Derek; Thomas, Edwin G. (2001). An introduction to the science of cosmology. Series in astronomy and astrophysics. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0405-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0405-4"><bdi>978-0-7503-0405-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+science+of+cosmology&rft.place=Bristol&rft.series=Series+in+astronomy+and+astrophysics&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Publ&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0405-4&rft.aulast=Raine&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRindler1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rindler" title="Wolfgang Rindler">Rindler, Wolfgang</a> (1986). Essential relativity: special, general, and cosmological. Texts and monographs in physics. New York Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 193–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-10090-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-10090-6"><bdi>978-0-387-10090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+relativity%3A+special%2C+general%2C+and+cosmological&rft.place=New+York+Heidelberg&rft.series=Texts+and+monographs+in+physics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-387-10090-6&rft.aulast=Rindler&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReesDK_Publishing,_IncSmithsonian_Institution2012" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Martin J.; DK Publishing, Inc; Smithsonian Institution, eds. (2012). Universe (Rev. ed.). New York: DK Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9841-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9841-6"><bdi>978-0-7566-9841-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809932784">809932784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universe&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=DK+Pub&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809932784&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-9841-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniverse" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (4 parts, 1 hour and 13 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"> <ol><li><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="813" data-mwtitle="WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_-_Universe_(Part_1).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_-_Universe_%28Part_1%29.oga/WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_-_Universe_%28Part_1%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_-_Universe_%28Part_1%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></li> <li><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="1309" data-mwtitle="WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_-_Universe_(Part_2).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_-_Universe_%28Part_3%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></li> <li><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="693" data-mwtitle="WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_-_Universe_(Part_4).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_-_Universe_%28Part_4%29.oga/WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_-_Universe_%28Part_4%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/WIKIPEDIA_SPOKEN_ARTICLE_-_Universe_%28Part_4%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></li></ol> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer">These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 13 June 2012 (2012-6-13), and do not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/">NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED)</a> / (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/Library/Distances/">NED-Distances</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/how-many-atoms-in-universe.html">There are about 1082 atoms in the observable universe</a> – <a href="/wiki/LiveScience" class="mw-redirect" title="LiveScience">LiveScience</a>, July 2021.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/05/21/this-is-why-we-will-never-know-everything-about-our-universe/">This is why we will never know everything about our universe</a> – <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>, May 2019.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Universe at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Universe" class="extiw" title="wikt:Universe">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Universe" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Universe">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Universe" class="extiw" title="q:Universe">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cosmology278" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cosmology_topics" title="Template:Cosmology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cosmology_topics" title="Template talk:Cosmology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cosmology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cosmology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cosmology278" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History of cosmological theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Discovery of cosmic microwave background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="History of the Big Bang theory">History of the Big Bang theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_interpretations_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory">Religious interpretations of the Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Past universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Cosmic microwave background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background" title="Cosmic neutrino background">Cosmic neutrino background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">Gravitational wave background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation (cosmology)">Inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Present universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">FLRW metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe">Accelerating expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Future universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fluid" title="Dark fluid">Dark fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)" title="Quintessence (physics)">Quintessence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Lambda-CDM model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Structure formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_structure_of_the_cosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-scale structure of the cosmos">Large-scale structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">Shape of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">Structure formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey" title="2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey">2dF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6dF_Galaxy_Survey" title="6dF Galaxy Survey">6dF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOOMERanG_experiment" title="BOOMERanG experiment">BOOMERanG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustris_project" title="Illustris project">Illustris project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_cosmology" title="Observational cosmology">Observational cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">SDSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">astronomy portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Location_of_Earth255" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth%27s_location" title="Template:Earth's location"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth%27s_location" title="Template talk:Earth's location"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth%27s_location" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth's location"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Location_of_Earth255" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Included</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> → <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_View" title="Cosmic View">Cosmic View (1957 book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Moon_and_Beyond" title="To the Moon and Beyond">To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Zoom" title="Cosmic Zoom">Cosmic Zoom (1968 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_Ten_(film)" title="Powers of Ten (film)">Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Voyage_(1996_film)" title="Cosmic Voyage (1996 film)">Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Eye" title="Cosmic Eye">Cosmic Eye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_center_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the center of the Universe">History of the center of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">Order of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces%E2%80%93Cetus_Supercluster_Complex" title="Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex">Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Space">Space portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fundamental_interactions_of_physics180" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fundamental_interactions" title="Template:Fundamental interactions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fundamental_interactions" title="Template talk:Fundamental interactions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fundamental_interactions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fundamental interactions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fundamental_interactions_of_physics180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Fundamental interactions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">Physical forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a> <ul><li>fundamental</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">residual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypothetical forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_force" title="Fifth force">Fifth force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)" title="Quintessence (physics)">Quintessence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_physics" title="Glossary of physics">Glossary of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elements_of_nature202" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere (Earth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td 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href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 190 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-9tmvc","wgBackendResponseTime":334,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.999","walltime":"3.452","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21496,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":648347,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11760,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":56,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":895119,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2914.280 1 -total"," 50.71% 1477.950 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.69% 486.346 60 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.85% 432.796 78 Template:Cite_book"," 7.20% 209.909 46 Template:Cite_web"," 5.18% 150.823 1 Template:Cosmology"," 4.88% 142.312 11 Template:Lang"," 4.49% 130.984 2 Template:Harvnb"," 3.75% 109.356 1 Template:Refn"," 3.28% 95.489 15 Template:Rp"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.903","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22354689,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026#039;t_Hooft1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllday2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAristotleForster,_E._S.Dobson,_J._F.1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAurichLustig,_S.Steiner,_F.Then,_H.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarsTerning2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarsTerning2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerardelli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlandford_R._D.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolonkin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraibantGiacomelliSpurio2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrillJacobsen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabello2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll,_Sean2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrollOstlie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoquet-Bruhat2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristianSamar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayton1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClose2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen-TannoudjiGuery-Odelin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopanWilliam_Lane_Craig2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrane2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrockett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevlin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDicati2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDick2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickson1969\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDold-Samplonius2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDon_N._Page2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowden\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurrer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliade1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllisKirchnerStoeger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverett1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerris1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFixsen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFixsen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlowers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraknoi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrautschiOlenickApostolGoodstein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriederich2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmann1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzsche\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrigaVilenkin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGernet1993–1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibney2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilAlfonseca2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlickLiveseyWallis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsteinPooleSafko2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodstein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunn2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarari1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarari_H.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawking1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaak2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeans1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeel1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKersting2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolkata2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandauLifshitz1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsonBromm2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeming2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonardMcClure2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis,_C.T.Short,_S1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddle2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindberg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinde1986\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLivio2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuminetWeeksRiazueloLehoucq2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackie2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacquartProchaskaMcQuinnBannister2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandolesiCalzolariCortiglioniDelpino1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarov2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnachie,_A.W.Irwin,_M.J.Ferguson,_A.M.N.Ibata,_R.A.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMermin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMermin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMermin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMisnerThorneWheelerKip2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoskowitz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunitz1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNASA/WMAP_Science_Team2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNasr1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeugebauer,_Otto_E.1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOerter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlbers_HWM1826\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnyisi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParr\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearsall1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeebles,_P.J.E.Ratra,_Bharat2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeeblesRatra2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeres1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlmutter,_S.AlderingGoldhaberKnop1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPersicSalucci1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPlanck_Collaboration2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanck_Collaboration2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanck_CollaborationAghanimAkramiAshdown2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrescod-Weinstein2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRagep2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaineThomas2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedd,_SPACE.com\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReesDK_Publishing,_IncSmithsonian_Institution2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid-Bowen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRibasJordiVilardellFitzpatrick2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiess,_Adam_G.FilippenkoChallisClocchiatti1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRindler1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoukemaBulińskiSzaniewskaGaudin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarton1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlosshauerKoflerZeilinger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiber2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreuder2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchutz,_Bernard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerwayMosesMoyer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharovNovikov1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShullSmithDanforth2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilk2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivaram1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmorra_C.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteane2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinhardtTurok2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrassler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._BovairdLineweaverJacobsen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTegmark,_Max2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTegmark2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTegmark2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotani2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrone2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_Waerden1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVardanyanTrottaSilk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeltman,_Martinus2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViney1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeilikGregory1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZwiebach2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Cheseaux_JPL1744\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĀlī\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Big Bang timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite IEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite SEP\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 46,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Cosmology\"] = 1,\n [\"Cosmology topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Earth's location\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Fundamental interactions\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 9,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 11,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nature nav\"] = 1,\n [\"Nature timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap end\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 15,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 10,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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