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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_formacion_dau_Califat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_formacion_dau_Califat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>La formacion dau Califat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_formacion_dau_Califat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_revòuta_còntra_lo_Califat_Omeia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_revòuta_còntra_lo_Califat_Omeia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>La revòuta còntra lo Califat Omeia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_revòuta_còntra_lo_Califat_Omeia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_consolidacion_dau_poder_abbassida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_consolidacion_dau_poder_abbassida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>La consolidacion dau poder abbassida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_consolidacion_dau_poder_abbassida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'apogèu_dau_Califat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'apogèu_dau_Califat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>L'apogèu dau Califat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'apogèu_dau_Califat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_declin_e_la_fin_dau_Califat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_declin_e_la_fin_dau_Califat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lo declin e la fin dau Califat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_declin_e_la_fin_dau_Califat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_desagregacion_dau_Califat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_desagregacion_dau_Califat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>La desagregacion dau Califat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_desagregacion_dau_Califat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'invasion_mongòla_e_la_destruccion_dau_Califat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'invasion_mongòla_e_la_destruccion_dau_Califat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>L'invasion mongòla e la destruccion dau Califat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'invasion_mongòla_e_la_destruccion_dau_Califat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_contuniacion_de_la_dinastia_en_Egipte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_contuniacion_de_la_dinastia_en_Egipte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>La contuniacion de la dinastia en Egipte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_contuniacion_de_la_dinastia_en_Egipte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizacion_politica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizacion_politica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organizacion politica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizacion_politica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Organizacion politica</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizacion_politica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lo_califa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_califa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lo califa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_califa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'administracion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'administracion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>L'administracion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'administracion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'armada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'armada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>L'armada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'armada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Economia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'agricultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'agricultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>L'agricultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'agricultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'indústria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'indústria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>L'indústria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'indústria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_cambis_comerciaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_cambis_comerciaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lei cambis comerciaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_cambis_comerciaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Cultura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Filosofia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sciéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sciéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sciéncias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sciéncias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Sciéncias</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sciéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sciéncias_fondamentalas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sciéncias_fondamentalas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sciéncias fondamentalas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sciéncias_fondamentalas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Medicina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tecnologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tecnologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tecnologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tecnologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annèxas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annèxas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Annèxas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Annèxas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Nòtas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Califat abbassida</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 115 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidiese_Kalifaat" title="Abbasidiese Kalifaat - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abbasidiese Kalifaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasiden" title="Abbasiden - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Abbasiden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A3%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%B6%E1%89%BD" title="አባሲዶች - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አባሲዶች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califato_abasida" title="Califato abasida - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Califato abasida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة العباسية - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة العباسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لخلافة لعباسية - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لخلافة لعباسية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="العباسيين - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العباسيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califatu_abas%C3%ADn" title="Califatu abasín - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Califatu abasín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasil%C9%99r_xilaf%C9%99ti" title="Abbasilər xilafəti - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abbasilər xilafəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="عباسی خیلافتی - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عباسی خیلافتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Ғәббәсиҙәр хәлифәлеге - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәббәсиҙәр хәлифәлеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasidu_kalifats" title="Abasidu kalifats - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Abasidu kalifats" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Халіфат Абасідаў - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Халіфат Абасідаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Халіфат Абасыдаў - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Халіфат Абасыдаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Абасидски халифат - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абасидски халифат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A4" title="আব্বাসীয় খিলাফত - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আব্বাসীয় খিলাফত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifad_Abbasid" title="Kalifad Abbasid - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kalifad Abbasid" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasidski_halifat" title="Abasidski halifat - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abasidski halifat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Аббасай улас - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Аббасай улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califat_Abb%C3%A0ssida" title="Califat Abbàssida - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Califat Abbàssida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ӏаббасийн халифат - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаббасийн халифат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="خەلافەتی عەباسی - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەلافەتی عەباسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasiy_halifeligi" title="Abbasiy halifeligi - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Abbasiy halifeligi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D3%91%D1%85%D3%97" title="Аббас халифлӑхӗ - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аббас халифлӑхӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abassiaid" title="Abassiaid - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abassiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaside-kalifatet" title="Abbaside-kalifatet - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abbaside-kalifatet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasiden-Kalifat" title="Abbasiden-Kalifat - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abbasiden-Kalifat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebasi" title="Ebasi - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ebasi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%B2%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Χαλιφάτο των Αββασιδών - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλιφάτο των Αββασιδών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Abbasid Caliphate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasida_Kaliflando" title="Abasida Kaliflando - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abasida Kaliflando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califato_abas%C3%AD" title="Califato abasí - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Califato abasí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbassiidide_kalifaat" title="Abbassiidide kalifaat - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abbassiidide kalifaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbastar_Kalifa-herria" title="Abbastar Kalifa-herria - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abbastar Kalifa-herria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="خلافت عباسی - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلافت عباسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidikalifaatti" title="Abbasidikalifaatti - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abbasidikalifaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califat_abbasside" title="Califat abbasside - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Califat abbasside" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailifeacht_Abasach" title="Cailifeacht Abasach - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cailifeacht Abasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califato_Abb%C3%A1sida" title="Califato Abbásida - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Califato Abbásida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalif%C3%A1to_Mbohapyha" title="Kalifáto Mbohapyha - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kalifáto Mbohapyha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Abbasiyyah" title="Daular Abbasiyyah - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Abbasiyyah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1" title="בית עבאס - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית עבאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4" title="अब्बासी ख़िलाफ़त - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अब्बासी ख़िलाफ़त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Samrajya" title="Abbasid Samrajya - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Abbasid Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasidski_Kalifat" title="Abasidski Kalifat - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abasidski Kalifat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A1szida_Kalif%C3%A1tus" title="Abbászida Kalifátus - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abbászida Kalifátus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աբբասյան խալիֆայություն - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբբասյան խալիֆայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphato_Abbaside" title="Caliphato Abbaside - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Caliphato Abbaside" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekhalifahan_Abbasiyah" title="Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate - igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Abbasid Caliphate" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasida_a_Kalipato" title="Abasida a Kalipato - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abasida a Kalipato" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas%C3%ADdaveldi%C3%B0" title="Abbasídaveldið - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Abbasídaveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califfato_abbaside" title="Califfato abbaside - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Califfato abbaside" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E6%9C%9D" title="アッバース朝 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッバース朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Abbasiyah" title="Bani Abbasiyah - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bani Abbasiyah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="აბასიანთა სახალიფო - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბასიანთა სახალიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Аббасилер халифаты - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аббасилер халифаты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B5%AD" title="아바스 칼리파국 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아바스 칼리파국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Ebasiyan" title="Xanedana Ebasiyan - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Ebasiyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifat_Abbasid" title="Kalifat Abbasid - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kalifat Abbasid" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Аббасий халифаты - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аббасий халифаты" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphatus_Abbasidarum" title="Caliphatus Abbasidarum - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caliphatus Abbasidarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califfaa_Abbasid" title="Califfaa Abbasid - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Califfaa Abbasid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasid%C5%B3_kalifatas" title="Abasidų kalifatas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abasidų kalifatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C4%81s%C4%ABdu_kalif%C4%81ts" title="Abāsīdu kalifāts - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abāsīdu kalifāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifata_Abasida" title="Kalifata Abasida - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kalifata Abasida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Абасидски Калифат - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Абасидски Калифат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="അബ്ബാസി ഖിലാഫത്ത് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അബ്ബാസി ഖിലാഫത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Аббасидын Халифат Улс - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аббасидын Халифат Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Bani_Abbasiyah" title="Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyah - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="عباسیون - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عباسیون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasiden-Kalifaat" title="Abbasiden-Kalifaat - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Abbasiden-Kalifaat" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifaat_van_de_Abbasiden" title="Kalifaat van de Abbasiden - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalifaat van de Abbasiden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidekalifatet" title="Abbasidekalifatet - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abbasidekalifatet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidene" title="Abbasidene - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abbasidene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4" title="ਅੱਬਾਸਿਦ ਖਿਲਾਫ਼ਤ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੱਬਾਸਿਦ ਖਿਲਾਫ਼ਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasydzi" title="Abbasydzi - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abbasydzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%81" title="خلافت عباسیہ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلافت عباسیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="عباسي خلافت - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عباسي خلافت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califado_Ab%C3%A1ssida" title="Califado Abássida - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Califado Abássida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califatul_Abbasid" title="Califatul Abbasid - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Califatul Abbasid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Аббасидский халифат - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аббасидский халифат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbassidi" title="Abbassidi - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Abbassidi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Abbasid Caliphate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="عباسي خلافت - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عباسي خلافت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasidski_Kalifat" title="Abasidski Kalifat - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abasidski Kalifat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C9%9Bbbasn" title="Iɛbbasn - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Iɛbbasn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abbasid Caliphate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A1sovsk%C3%BD_kalif%C3%A1t" title="Abbásovský kalifát - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abbásovský kalifát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasidski_kalifat" title="Abasidski kalifat - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abasidski kalifat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawladii_Cabaasiyiinta" title="Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abasit%C3%ABt" title="Abasitët - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abasitët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Абасидски калифат - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Абасидски калифат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidkalifatet" title="Abbasidkalifatet - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abbasidkalifatet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waabbasi" title="Waabbasi - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waabbasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அப்பாசியக் கலீபகம் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அப்பாசியக் கலீபகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Хилофати Аббосиён - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хилофати Аббосиён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์อับบาซียะฮ์ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์อับบาซียะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidler" title="Abbasidler - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Abbasidler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalipatong_Abasida" title="Kalipatong Abasida - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalipatong Abasida" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbason_xyl%C9%99f%C9%99t" title="Abbason xyləfət - talix" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Abbason xyləfət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A2s%C3%AEler" title="Abbâsîler - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abbâsîler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ئابباسىيلار - oigor" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئابباسىيلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oigor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Аббасидський халіфат - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аббасидський халіфат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%81" title="خلافت عباسیہ - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلافت عباسیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%CA%BBdod_xalifaligi" title="Bagʻdod xalifaligi - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bagʻdod xalifaligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%A0sii" title="Abàsii - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Abàsii" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Abbas" title="Nhà Abbas - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Abbas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalipa_Abasida" title="Kalipa Abasida - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalipa Abasida" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拔斯王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="აბასიანეფიშ სახალიფო - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აბასიანეფიშ სახალიფო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98" title="אבאסישער כאליפאט - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אבאסישער כאליפאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拔斯王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Khalifah-kok" title="Abbas Khalifah-kok - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Abbas Khalifah-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿巴斯王朝 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿巴斯王朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12536#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discutir:Califat_abbassida" rel="discussion" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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<tbody><tr> <td style="width: 25px; vertical-align: top"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Bons_articles" title="Wikipèdia:Bons articles"><img alt="Wikipèdia:Bons articles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/15px-Bon_article.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/23px-Bon_article.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bon_article.svg/30px-Bon_article.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-style: italic;font-size: 12px;"><i>Legissètz un «<a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Bons_articles" title="Wikipèdia:Bons articles">bon article</a>».</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="infobox_v2" cellspacing="7" width="30em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding: 0 0.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.25em; height: 45px !important; ; background-color: #E0DBB6; color: #000000;; line-height: 0.9em;" valign="middle" class="entesta map"> <div style="cursor:help" title="Tematica: geografia; Carta:"> Califat abbassida<br /><small>الخلافة العباسية(ar)<br /> Califat abbassida</small><div style="font-style:italic; font-size:85%;"> </div><div style="font-style:italic; font-size:85%;"></div><div style="font-style:italic; font-size:85%;"> </div></div> </th></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Descobridor o inventaire </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Data de descobèrta </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Contrari </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Color </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Simbòl de quantitat </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Simbòl d'unitat </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Proprietat de </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Fondador </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Compren </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Data de debuta </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Data de fin </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Precedit per </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Seguit per </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"></td></tr><tr valign="top" style="display: none;"> <th width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;">Coordenadas </th> <td width="50%" style="line-height: 1.2em !important;"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><span style="display:table-cell; border-collapse:collapse; border: solid 1px #f9f9f9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1880%E2%80%931901).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="bandièra"><img alt="bandièra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/210px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg/280px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281880%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td>[[Imatge:{{{imatge_blason}}}|80px|{{{ligam_blason}}}]] </td></tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td><small>(<a href="/wiki/Bandi%C3%A8ra" title="Bandièra">Detalhs</a>)</small> </td> <td><small>([[{{{ligam_blason}}}|Detalhs]])</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Devisa_(frasa)" title="Devisa (frasa)">Devisa nacionala</a> : <i>{{{devisa}}}</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Imne" title="Imne">Imne nacional</a> : <i>{{{imne}}}</i> </td></tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f9f9f9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Abbasids786-809.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Abbasids786-809.png/250px-Abbasids786-809.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Abbasids786-809.png/375px-Abbasids786-809.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Abbasids786-809.png/500px-Abbasids786-809.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="902" /></a></span> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Periòde d'existéncia</b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/750" class="mw-redirect" title="750">750</a> - <a href="/wiki/1258" class="mw-redirect" title="1258">1258</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">Capitala</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> e Samarra</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Forma de l'estat</b> </td> <td><b>Autocràcia de drech divin</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Cap de l'estat</b> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_dei_califas_abbassidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista dei califas abbassidas (la pagina existís pas)">Califa abbassida</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Religion oficiala</b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Eveniments principaus</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/750" class="mw-redirect" title="750">750</a> </td> <td>Victòria de la rebellion còntra leis Omeiadas e installacion dau Califat abbassida </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/762" class="mw-redirect" title="762">762</a> </td> <td>Fondacion de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> coma capitala novèla dau Califat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/813" class="mw-redirect" title="813">813</a>-<a href="/wiki/833" class="mw-redirect" title="833">833</a> </td> <td>Apogèu dau Califat durant lo rèine dau califa Al-Mamun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/836" class="mw-redirect" title="836">836</a> - <a href="/wiki/892" class="mw-redirect" title="892">892</a> </td> <td>Transferiment de la capitala a Samarra </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/868" class="mw-redirect" title="868">868</a> </td> <td>Indepéndencia d'<a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/945" class="mw-redirect" title="945">945</a> </td> <td>Creacion dau protectorat dei Buyides sus Bagdad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1055" class="mw-redirect" title="1055">1055</a> </td> <td>Formacion dau protectorat seldjokid sus Bagdad </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1194" class="mw-redirect" title="1194">1194</a> </td> <td>Lo califa venguèt tornarmai un sobeiran independent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1258" class="mw-redirect" title="1258">1258</a> </td> <td>Destruccion de Bagdad per lei Mongòls e fin dau Califat </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Aira" title="Aira">Superfícia</a></b> </td> <td><b>10 000 000 km² a son apogèu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Populacion" title="Populacion">Populacion</a></b> </td> <td><b>50 000 000 d'abitants aperaquí a son apogèu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda">Moneda</a></b> </td> <td><b>Diram abbassida</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Lo <b>Califat abbassida</b> foguèt lo tresen califat <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamic</a> qu'existiguèt entre <a href="/wiki/750" class="mw-redirect" title="750">750</a> e <a href="/wiki/1259" class="mw-redirect" title="1259">1259</a>. Capitèt de prendre lo poder après una revòuta còntra lo <a href="/wiki/Califat_Omeia" title="Califat Omeia">califat omeia</a> en crisi durant leis annadas 740 en causa de sa politica exclusent lei minoritats nombrosas de l'Empèri, especialament aquelei de Pèrsia. Venceires en <a href="/wiki/750" class="mw-redirect" title="750">750</a>, leis Abbassidas consolidèron rapidament lor poder, reorganizèron l'administracion en s'inspirant dei tradicions de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Sassanida" title="Empèri Sassanida">Empèri Sassanida</a> e creeèron una capitala novèla, <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>, a partir de <a href="/wiki/762" class="mw-redirect" title="762">762</a>. </p><p>La dinastia aquistèt un poder important gràcias a sa dominacion sus lo monde <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulman</a> e a sa posicion estrategica sus lei vias comercialas principalas de l'epòca. Sostenguda per una politica activa d'encoratjament deis autoritats, lei sciéncias e la cultura realizèron de progrès considerables e Bagdad venguèt lo centre culturau, comerciau e intellectuau de la planeta fins a sa destruccion per lei Mongòls en <a href="/wiki/1258" class="mw-redirect" title="1258">1258</a>. </p><p>D'efèct, maugrat son primat culturau e scientific, lo Califat poguèt pas tenir sei regions perifericas puei centralas que venguèron independentas tre lei sègles IX e X. A partir d'aqueu sègle, lo califa teniá solament una autoritat nominala sus lei territòris musulmans. Venguts dependents, e de còps vassaus, d'estats pus poderós, lei califas demorèron solament senhors de la region de Bagdad que foguèt conquista en <a href="/wiki/1258" class="mw-redirect" title="1258">1258</a> durant leis invasions mongòlas en Orient Pròche. Lei subrevivents de la familha Abbassida s'anèron alora installar au <a href="/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire">Caire</a> sota la proteccion dei sultans mamelucs. Conservèron un ròtle onorific fins au <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XVI" title="Sègle XVI">sègle XVI</a> quand lo darrier califa leguèt son poder au sultan otoman de Constantinòple. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_formacion_dau_Califat">La formacion dau Califat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : La formacion dau Califat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La formacion dau Califat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_revòuta_còntra_lo_Califat_Omeia"><span id="La_rev.C3.B2uta_c.C3.B2ntra_lo_Califat_Omeia"></span>La revòuta còntra lo <a href="/wiki/Califat_Omeia" title="Califat Omeia">Califat Omeia</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : La revòuta còntra lo Califat Omeia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La revòuta còntra lo Califat Omeia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Umayyad750ADloc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Umayyad750ADloc.png/220px-Umayyad750ADloc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Umayyad750ADloc.png/330px-Umayyad750ADloc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Umayyad750ADloc.png/440px-Umayyad750ADloc.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Extension dau Califat Omeia avans la revòuta deis Abbassidas.</figcaption></figure> <p>La formacion dau Califat abbassida acomencèt ambé la revòuta a partir de <a href="/wiki/747" class="mw-redirect" title="747">747</a> d'una familha de l'aristocràcia dau Califat Omeia dins lo Korasan. S'acabèt per la desfacha deis Omeias en <a href="/wiki/750" class="mw-redirect" title="750">750</a> e l'aveniment d'una dinastia novèla, leis Abbassidas a la tèsta dau Califat. </p><p>Lei rasons de la crisi dau Califat Omeia après la fin dau periòde dei grandei conquistas islamicas. D'efèct, leis Omeias favorizèron l'aristocràcia aràbia per assegurar son poder. Pasmens, aquela aristocràcia, guerriera e rurala, deguèt dirigir un empèri vast, compausant d'unei pòples e que son motor economic venguèt rapidament lei classas aisadas (marchands, artesans...) dei centres urbans. De mai, ambé l desalenament dei conquistas, lo ròtle de l'aristocràcia guerriera dins la direccion de l'estat venguèt pauc a pauc contestat. Una tièra de crisis de succession afebliquèt egalament la dinastia entre <a href="/wiki/730" class="mw-redirect" title="730">730</a> e <a href="/wiki/750" class="mw-redirect" title="750">750</a>. Enfin, l'exclusion dau poder dei pòples conquistats causèt una agitacion importanta dins lei regions perifericas. Ansin, lo maucontentament entraïnèt la revòuta deis Abbassidas en <a href="/wiki/747" class="mw-redirect" title="747">747</a>. </p><p>Inicialament contenguda per leis Omeias, la rebellion capitèt d'aumentar sa fòrça ambé la realizacion d'una aliança ambé lei Pèrsas e lei Chiites. Aquò permetèt ais Abbassidas d'anientar l'armada deis Omeiadas a la <a href="/wiki/Batalha_dau_Zab" title="Batalha dau Zab">batalha dau Zab</a> en <a href="/wiki/750" class="mw-redirect" title="750">750</a>. Après una perseguida fins en Egipte, lo darrier sobeiran omeiada foguèt eliminat e lo cap deis Abbassidas venguèt califa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_consolidacion_dau_poder_abbassida">La consolidacion dau poder abbassida</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : La consolidacion dau poder abbassida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La consolidacion dau poder abbassida"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après sa victòria e lor presa dau poder, leis Abbassidas lo consolidèron per una tièra de refòrmas, magerament ai nivèus politic e religiós. Ansin, lo centre dau Califat foguèt desplaçat de Siria vèrs Iraq. Una capitala novèla, Bagdad, i foguèt bastida en <a href="/wiki/762" class="mw-redirect" title="762">762</a> sus lo luòc d'una crosiera comerciala importanta. Enterin, l'administracion foguèt reorganizada e de pòstes dau govèrn prepausats ai non Arabis. Enfin, lei califats novèus anoncièron seis intencions de venir tornarmai a un islam sensa classa sociala e dirigit per un membre de la familha dau Profèta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'apogèu_dau_Califat"><span id="L.27apog.C3.A8u_dau_Califat"></span>L'apogèu dau Califat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : L'apogèu dau Califat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'apogèu dau Califat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Abbasids786-809.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Abbasids786-809.png/220px-Abbasids786-809.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Abbasids786-809.png/330px-Abbasids786-809.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Abbasids786-809.png/440px-Abbasids786-809.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Extension dau califat abbassida durant lo rèine de Harun ar-Rachid (<a href="/wiki/786" class="mw-redirect" title="786">786</a>-<a href="/wiki/809" class="mw-redirect" title="809">809</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Abasside-empire-vers-820.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Abasside-empire-vers-820.png/220px-Abasside-empire-vers-820.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Abasside-empire-vers-820.png/330px-Abasside-empire-vers-820.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Abasside-empire-vers-820.png/440px-Abasside-empire-vers-820.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Califat abbassida e país vesins vèrs <a href="/wiki/820" class="mw-redirect" title="820">820</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'apogèu dau Califat foguèt rapidament agantat en causa dei dificultats dau Califat per tenir sei regions perifericas e gràcias a un envans culturau e economic fòrça important. </p><p>Au nivèu militar, lei regions occidentalas escapèron rapidament a l'autoritat dei sobeirans abbassidas. Tre <a href="/wiki/756" class="mw-redirect" title="756">756</a>, Espanha venguèt independenta sota la direccion d'una dinastia omeiada. En <a href="/wiki/800" class="mw-redirect" title="800">800</a>, es lo torn deis estats de <a href="/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b" title="Magrèb">Magrèb</a> d'obtenir una autonomia en cambi de la reconeissença de l'autoritat nominala de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. A l'interior de l'empèri, lo govèrn deguèt faciar l'agitacion chiita, la revòuta d'unitats de soudats turcs, la rebellion de certanei regions orientalas e unei crisis de succession. Ainsi, a l'apogèu dau Califat, durant lo rèine d'al-Mamun (<a href="/wiki/813" class="mw-redirect" title="813">813</a>-<a href="/wiki/833" class="mw-redirect" title="833">833</a>), l'empèri a ja perdut la màger part de sei regions occidentalas e una partida importanta de sei territòris orientaus. </p><p>En revènge, lo raionament culturau e economic dau Califat, especialament aqueu de sa capitala Bagdad, foguèt fòrça important. Ansin, la vila èra lo centre politic e economic dau monde enterin qu'un luòc major d'art, de cultura e de reflexion. De monuments son lo simbòl d'aquela epòca coma lo centre de traduccion dich <i>« Dar al-Hikma »</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ostal_de_la_Sapien%C3%A7a" title="Ostal de la Sapiença">Ostau de la Saviesa</a></i>), construch durant lo rèine d'al-Mammun, que permetèt la conservacion d'un nombre important d'òbras grègas anticas. Aqueu raionament demorèt fins a la presa de Bagdad per lei Mongòls maugrat lo declin politic de la dinastia entre lei sègles X e XIII. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_declin_e_la_fin_dau_Califat">Lo declin e la fin dau Califat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo declin e la fin dau Califat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo declin e la fin dau Califat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo declin dau Califat acomencèt tre lo sègle IX ambé la pèrda d'autoritat dau califa sus leis afaires interiors e la formacion de dinastias regionalas fòrça poderosas que prenguèron lo poder. Ansin, lo califa venguèt pauc a pauc una mariòta dirigida per l'aristocràcia, l'armada o de membres influents de la burocràcia administrativa. Reduchs a un ròtle onorific, lei sobeirans abbassidas foguèron eliminats quasi entierament au sègle XIII per leis invasions mongòlas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_desagregacion_dau_Califat">La desagregacion dau Califat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : La desagregacion dau Califat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La desagregacion dau Califat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png/220px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png/330px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png/440px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Division dau Califat abbassida en Orient Mejan vèrs 970.</figcaption></figure> <p>Començada au sègle VIII, la desagregacion dau territòri de l'empèri s'accelerèt a partir dau sègle IX entraïnant rapidament la mesa sota tutèla dau califa. D'efèct, tre leis annadas 820, la familha pèrsa dei Samanides prenguèt lo contraròtle efectiu d'una partida dei regions orientalas de Korasan. En <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> dau Nòrd, una dinastia chiita, lei Hamdanides, capitèt tanben d'installar son poder sota la region. Enfin, en Iran, lei territòris dei Tahirides e dei Saffarides venguèron <i>de facto</i> independents. A partir dau sègle X, lo fenomèn toquèt tot l'empèri. <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> foguèt presa per lei Buyides en <a href="/wiki/945" class="mw-redirect" title="945">945</a> e <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> foguèt conquista per lei Fatimides en <a href="/wiki/969" class="mw-redirect" title="969">969</a>. Lo califa foguèt pas destituit mai un protectorat foguèt creat au profiech dei Buyides que prenguèron donc lo contraròtle dau centre dau Califat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L'invasion_mongòla_e_la_destruccion_dau_Califat"><span id="L.27invasion_mong.C3.B2la_e_la_destruccion_dau_Califat"></span>L'invasion mongòla e la destruccion dau Califat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : L'invasion mongòla e la destruccion dau Califat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'invasion mongòla e la destruccion dau Califat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad_a.jpg/220px-DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad_a.jpg/330px-DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad_a.jpg/440px-DiezAlbumsFallOfBaghdad_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="2791" /></a><figcaption>Representacion de la batalha de Bagdad en <a href="/wiki/1258" class="mw-redirect" title="1258">1258</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La contraròtle dei Buyides sota leis Abbassidas demorèt fins a <a href="/wiki/1055" class="mw-redirect" title="1055">1055</a> quand lei <a href="/wiki/Turcs_Seldjokidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Turcs Seldjokidas">Turcs Seldjokidas</a> prenguèron la vila. I creèron tanben un protectorat e lo califa demorèt en plaça e conservèt son autoritat nominala sus la màger part dau monde musulman. Au començament dau sègle XII, lo rèine dau califa An-Nasir (<a href="/wiki/1180" class="mw-redirect" title="1180">1180</a>-<a href="/wiki/1225" class="mw-redirect" title="1225">1225</a>) permetèt una restauracion parciala de la poissança abbassida en Iraq en participant a la destruccion dei territòris seldjokids puei en resistent ais ambicions dei sobeirans vesins. Pasmens, deguèron cridar a l'ajuda de tropas mongòlas que s'installèron fòrtament dins la region puei acomençar sa conquista metodica. En <a href="/wiki/1258" class="mw-redirect" title="1258">1258</a>, una invasion mongòla conquistèt Bagdad e destruguèt la vila e sa populacion. La màger part de la familha deis Abbassidas foguèt tuat dins o après la batalha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_contuniacion_de_la_dinastia_en_Egipte">La contuniacion de la dinastia en Egipte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : La contuniacion de la dinastia en Egipte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La contuniacion de la dinastia en Egipte"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après lo chaple de la familha Abbassida per lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mong%C3%B2ls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongòls (la pagina existís pas)">Mongòls</a>, lei subrevivents foguèron aculhits per lei sultans mamelocs installats au <a href="/wiki/Lo_Caire" title="Lo Caire">Caire</a> en <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>. La dinastia foguèt donc simbolicament perpetuada permetent ai sultans <a href="/wiki/Mamelocs" title="Mamelocs">mamelocs</a>, egalament gardians dei luòcs sants de l'islam, de revendicar un primat onorific dins lo monde musulman. Au sègle XVI, après la conquista d'Egipte per leis Otomans, lo darrier califa abbassida leguèt sei poders au sultan turc Selim I<sup>èr</sup> marcant la fin de la dinastia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizacion_politica">Organizacion politica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Organizacion politica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Organizacion politica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'estructura dau govèrn dau Califat abbassida evolucionèt d'un biais important a respèct dei dos califats precedents. D'efèct, lei tribús perdeguèron la màger part de sei poders e l'organizacion de l'empèri s'inspirèt puslèu dei tradicions sassanidas. Ansin, lo regim abbassida èra una autocràcia de drech divin que lo cap, lo califa, es lo representant de Dieu. Son poder es sostengut per lei fòrças armadas e per una administracion salariada que substituiguèt a l'aristocràcia aràbia. De mai, es enviroutat per una Cort e un ceremoniau fòrça organizats e ierarquizats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_califa">Lo califa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo califa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo califa"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>De veire : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_dei_califas_abbassidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista dei califas abbassidas (la pagina existís pas)">Lista dei califas abbassidas</a>.</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:John_the_Grammarian_as_ambassador_before_Theophilos_and_Mamun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_the_Grammarian_as_ambassador_before_Theophilos_and_Mamun.jpg/220px-John_the_Grammarian_as_ambassador_before_Theophilos_and_Mamun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_the_Grammarian_as_ambassador_before_Theophilos_and_Mamun.jpg/330px-John_the_Grammarian_as_ambassador_before_Theophilos_and_Mamun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_the_Grammarian_as_ambassador_before_Theophilos_and_Mamun.jpg/440px-John_the_Grammarian_as_ambassador_before_Theophilos_and_Mamun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Representacion bizantina dau califa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27mun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ma'mun (la pagina existís pas)">Al-Ma'mun</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Abbasids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Abbasids.png/220px-Abbasids.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="564" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Abbasids.png/330px-Abbasids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Abbasids.png/440px-Abbasids.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption>Representacion de l'aubre genealogic dei califas abbassidas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo califa èra lo centre dau govèrn de l'Estat e son poder, d'origina teocratica e fortament inspirat deis empèris bizantin e sassanidas, èra teoricament absolut. Sa succession èra realizada segon un mòde dinastic au sen de la familha Abbassida. Son poder èra doble tant politic, coma cap de l'Estat, que religiós, coma cap dei musulmans. </p><p>Pasmens, dins lei fachs, lo poder dau califa èra limitat per l'influéncia de l'administracion, de l'armada e de l'aristocràcia de l'empèri. Ansin, lo poder dau califa abbassida venguèt pauc a pauc nominau a mesura que lei províncias perifericas venguèron independentas. Lo movement foguèt renforçat per lei problèmas per contrarotlar l'armada que venguèt un actor politic major dau Califat. Après la presa de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> per lei Mongòls en <a href="/wiki/1258" class="mw-redirect" title="1258">1258</a>, la dinastia perdeguèt sei territòris e subrevisquèt sota la proteccion dei Mamelucs d'<a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>. Son ròtle venguèt adonc solament simbolic e ceremoniau fins a la fin de la dinastia au sègle XVI. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'administracion"><span id="L.27administracion"></span>L'administracion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : L'administracion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'administracion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/220px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/330px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png/440px-Baghdad_150_to_300_AH.png 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>Plan de Bagdad durant lo Califat Abbassida.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leis Abbassidas reprenguèron una partida importanta dei tradicions administrativas dei Sassanidas e s'apielèron pauc a pauc principalament sus lei regions orientalas de l'Empèri per conservar lor poder<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ansin, lo govèrn centrau es format per un ensems d'oficis dichs <i>« diwan »</i> que s'ocupan dei tematicas principalas dau poder. Aqueleis oficis son tenguts per un còrs de secretaris sonats <i>« kuttab »</i>. Lei principaus son l'ofici de l'impòst fonzier, l'ofici dei domenis, l'ofici dau Tesaur, l'ofici de la cancelariá e l'ofici de l'armada. La pòsta aviá tanben un ròtle primordiau per lei comunicacions e l'entresenha. Lo cap d'aquela administracion governamentala es lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vizir (la pagina existís pas)">vizir</a>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/762" class="mw-redirect" title="762">762</a>, la capitala dau Califat foguèt desplaçada a <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. La màger part dei foncionaris sirians foguèt remplaçada per de Pèrsas. De dinastias de foncionaris se formèron alora pauc a pauc dins aquela region enterin que l'organizacion dau govèrn veniá pus administrativa. Aquò entraïnèt una pèrda d'nfluéncia dau Califat sus sei regions occidentalas que venguèron rapidament independentas. </p><p>L'organizacion e l'administracion dei províncias èra fisada a de governadors dichs <i>« khatib »</i>, <i>« emir »</i> o <i>« wali »</i> e a unei foncionaris exercissent lei poders principaus. Ansin, lei finanças son sota la direccion d'un director deis impòsts dich <i>« amil »</i> e la justícia, que sa fònt principala èra la lèi islamica, es dirigida per un <i>« cadi »</i>. Puei, lo rèsta deis administracions majoras es organizat a l'entorn dei caps dei fòrças armadas, dau cap de la polícia, deis intendents dei domenis dau califa e dau cap de la pòsta. Enfin, un organisme es encargat de reculhir lei planhs còntra lei foncionaris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'armada"><span id="L.27armada"></span>L'armada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : L'armada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'armada"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei fòrças armadas foguèron un problèma regular de la dinastia abbassida qu'assaièt divèrsei mòdes d'organizacions per limitar son influéncia dins leis afaires dau govèrn. Pasmens, aquò mau capitèt e l'armada prenguèt pauc a pauc lo poder decisionau dau califa. </p><p>Ansin, lei tropas dau Califat èran inicialament d'origina siriana per la màger deis unitats. Aquò durèt fins a la guèrra civila entre Al-Amin e son fraire Al-Ma’mun entre <a href="/wiki/809" class="mw-redirect" title="809">809</a> e <a href="/wiki/813" class="mw-redirect" title="813">813</a>. Lo califa Al-Mu`tasim decidiguèt donc de formar una garda especiala que lei membres èran chausits entre d'esclaus militars generalament turcs. Aqueu sistèma foguèt tanben remplaçat vèrs <a href="/wiki/860" class="mw-redirect" title="860">860</a> après l'assassinat de quatre califas successius per una unita mameluca formada d'esclaus capturats joves e educats dins una ortodoxia simpla per assegurar lor leiautat. De lor caire, lei tropas dau rèsta de l'armada èran despartidas dins l'empèri. Leis oficiers recebián una partida deis impòsts fonciers per pagar la sòlda de seis òmes. Unei militars aprofichèron aquela situacion per s'enriquir au detriment dei païsans. </p><p>Aquela organizacion entraïnèt una auça progressiva dau poder de l'armada e magerament de son comandant en cap. D'efèct, lo recrutament d'esclaus copèt lo ligam entre la societat e l'armada enterin que la garda personala dau califa venguèt un element politic major de la Cort, especialament durant lei crisis de succession. Enfin, lei dificultats dau tesaur dau govèrn permetèron encara l'aumentacion dau ròtle de l'armada dins la direccion dau país que venguèt preponderanta a partir de la mitat dau sègle X. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economia">Economia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Economia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Economia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>De veire : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_dau_califat_abbassida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia dau califat abbassida (la pagina existís pas)">Economia dau califat abbassida</a>.</i> </p><p>Lo periòde dau Califat es caracterizat per un desvolopament economic important. D'efèct, lei caps novèus deguèron favorizar lo progrès economic de l'Empèri, magerament après la fin dei conquistas islamicas. Encoratjèron l'agricultura que demorèt la basa economica dau país, la formacion d'una indústria e lei cambis comerciaus gràcias a la posicion dau califat entre Euròpa e Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'agricultura"><span id="L.27agricultura"></span>L'agricultura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : L'agricultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'agricultura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'agricultura foguèt la basa de l'economia de l'Empèri Abbassida. Lo sector aprofichèt lei progrès tecnologics, lei trabalhs d'aigatge o d'eissartatge per se desvolopar. De mai, foguèt estimulat per la demanda dei grandei ciutats e de l'aristocràcia. La màger part dei païsans èran generalament de megiers. Divèrsei tipes de terrens existissián : </p> <ul><li>lei tèrras dei non musulmans que pòdon èsser gardadas, vendudas o legadas en cambi dau pagament d'un impòst.</li> <li>lei tèrras dei musulmans qu'èran tanben somesas a l'imposicion.</li> <li>lei domenis publics, confiscats après la conquista, èran cultivats sota la direccion d'intendents dau sobeiran o acordadas a de particulars per una esplecha dirècta.</li> <li>lei tèrras concedidas per de fidèus a d'organizacions piosas.</li></ul> <p>Lei culturas èran relativament variadas e principalament dominadas per de produchs vegetaus coma lei <a href="/wiki/Cereala" title="Cereala">cerealas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blat" title="Blat">blat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ris" title="Ris">ris</a>...), lei <a href="/wiki/Fruch" title="Fruch">fruchs</a>, lei lieumes, l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92li" title="Òli">òli</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Oliva" title="Oliva">oliva</a>, la viticultura, lei dàtils, lei <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> o la cana de <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">sucre</a>. Lei rendements èran auts per l'epòca. Pasmens, lo norrigatge conservèt un ròtle important per lo manjar (<a href="/wiki/Ovis_aries" title="Ovis aries">moton</a>), lo transpòrt (<a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%A8l" title="Camèl">camèus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equus_caballus" title="Equus caballus">chivaus</a>...) o la fornidura de matèrias premieras. Existissiá egalament de norrigatge de galinalhas o d'<a href="/wiki/Abelha" title="Abelha">abelhas</a> principalament destinats ai classas pus aisadas de la societat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'indústria"><span id="L.27ind.C3.BAstria"></span>L'indústria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : L'indústria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'indústria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG/220px-Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG/330px-Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG/440px-Abbasids_Baghdad_Iraq_1244.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>Pèças de moneda de l'epòca de la fin dau Califat.</figcaption></figure> <p>En fòra de l'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a>, lo califat capitèt tanben de desvolopar son indústria, especialament dins lei regions pèrsas e egiptianas. La principala foguèt aquela dau textil gràcias ai culturas dau <a href="/wiki/Coton" title="Coton">coton</a> e de la <a href="/wiki/Seda" title="Seda">seda</a>. L'existéncia de ressorsas minieras importantas permetèron egalament l'envans de la <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a>. Enfin, après l'introduccion dau <a href="/wiki/Papi%C3%A8r" title="Papièr">papèu</a>, son desvolopament entraïnèt l'aparicion d'una indústria florissenta. Aquela prosperitat industriala favorizèt lei cambis comerciaus au sen dau califat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_cambis_comerciaus">Lei cambis comerciaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei cambis comerciaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei cambis comerciaus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Silk_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/220px-Silk_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/330px-Silk_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/440px-Silk_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Vias principalas dau comèrci internacionau de l'èra medievala.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gràcias a son envans economic e sa posicion privilegiada, lo califat foguèt un luòc actiu de cambis comerciaus. Ansin, lei pòrts dau Golf persic e de la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roja" title="Mar Roja">Mar Roja</a> participèron au comèrci amb India e China. L'empèri importava d'espècias, de la fusta preciosa e d'autreis articles de luxe destinats a la consomacion interiora e a l'exportacion vèrs Euròpa, principalament l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Bizantin" title="Empèri Bizantin">Empèri Bizantin</a>. Aqueu darrier eportava vèrs lo califat de metaus preciós (<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argent_(metal)" title="Argent (metal)">argent</a>...), de drògas e tanben d'engenhaires. Au nòrd, lei marchands abbassidas èran en relacion ambé lei regions de la Mar Baltica per lo comèrci dei pelissas o de l'<a href="/wiki/Ambre" title="Ambre">ambre</a>. Enfin, au sud, existissiá un comèrci amb Africa que regardava lei metaus e leis esclaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Religion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religion</a> principala dau Califat, e de segur aquela dau sobeiran, èra l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> que diferentei formas existissián dins l'empèri segon lo luòc, lo periòde e la classa sociala. Lei principalas foguèron lo sunnisme, lo <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiisme</a>, lo kharigisme e lo mutazilisme. La coexisténcia entre aquelei corrents foguèt generalament malaisada. D'efèct, lei califas èran generalament partisans dau sunnisme o dau mutazilisme e l'agitacion causada per leis autrei brancas venguèt pauc a pauc un problèma per l'integritat dau Califat. D'autra part, lo mutazilisme, inicialament encoratjat per lei califas au sègle IX venguèt pauc a pauc fòrça impopular dins lei classas socialas pus bassas. Ansin, dispareguèt totalament entre lei sègles XI e XIII. </p><p>En fòra de l'islam, leis autoritats dau Califat èran relativament tolerantas a regard d'autrei religions. Sei fidèus avián un estatut especiau que permetiá un libertat relativa de culte mai o mens importanta e una proteccion còntra lei persecucions. Ansin, existissiá de minoritats importantas dins l'Empèri coma de <a href="/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme">crestians</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Judaïsme">jusieus</a> o de zoroastrians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cultura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo califat abbassida conoguèt una produccion cultura remarcabla que certaneis òbras son totjorn conegudas a l'ora d'ara. La literatura e la filosofia foguèron lei domenis pus productius gràcias au contacte ambé lei civilizacions grèga e pèrsa o ambé leis estats indians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Literatura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Arabian_nights_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arabian_nights_manuscript.jpg/220px-Arabian_nights_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arabian_nights_manuscript.jpg/330px-Arabian_nights_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arabian_nights_manuscript.jpg/440px-Arabian_nights_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Manuscrit sirian dei <a href="/wiki/Las_mila_e_una_nu%C3%A8its" title="Las mila e una nuèits">mila e una nuechs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La literatura foguèt un art florissent sota leis Abassidas en drecha linha de la literatura pèrsa. Au sègle IX, aprofichèt l'apogèu de la dinastia e de sa capitala Bagdad per agantar un nivèu qu'es demorat legendari dins l'imaginari istoric. Ansin, lo periòde es caracterizat per una tièra d'òbras que son vengudas d'elements majors de la literatura mondiala, especialament dins lo genre epic e dins la poesia. La pus coneguda foguèt lo recuelh d'istòria dei <a href="/wiki/Las_mila_e_una_nu%C3%A8its" title="Las mila e una nuèits">mila e una nuechs</a>. Probablament d'origina pèrsa o indiana, aqueu recuelh foguèt enriquit d'istòrias arregardant lei país e lei societats d'<a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Orient Mejan</a> e d'Africa dau Nòrd<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Son influéncia es totjorn fòrça importanta a l'ora d'ara ambé lei personatges d'Aladdin o d'Ali Baba e lei Quaranta raubaires. Una autra òbra capitala de la literatura abbassida foguèt l'ensems poetic de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laila_e_Majnun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laila e Majnun (la pagina existís pas)">Laila e Majnun</a> que cònta la romança impossibla e tragica entre dos amants<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filosofia">Filosofia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Filosofia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Filosofia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durant lo califat, la filosofia gropèt dos ensems de trabalhs que pòdon de còps èsser liats. Lo premier regarda la recèrca filosofica menada sus l'islam a partir de sei tèxts sacrats. Aqueu domeni s'interessèt a la concepcion de l'islam e a sa vision a prepaus de l'Univèrs, de la Creacion, de la Vida e de Dieu. De son caire, la segonda partida de la filosofia desvolopada dins l'Empèri Abbassida consistiguèt en la contuniacion de la filosofia grèga antica, especialament aquelei d'<a href="/wiki/Arist%C3%B2tel" title="Aristòtel">Aristòtel</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a>. Regarda donc generalament pas de tematicas islamicas e de non musulmans poguèron i participar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sciéncias"><span id="Sci.C3.A9ncias"></span>Sciéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Sciéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Sciéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coma per lo domeni culturau, lo periòde dau califat abbassida foguèt una èra fasta per lei sciéncias e lo progrès medicau o tecnologic dins lo monde musulman<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. D'efèct, l'Empèri Abbassida assostava un nombre grand de sabents que realizèron un trabalh fòrça important e permetèron sa difusion au rèsta dau monde, especialament en Euròpa a partir dei sègles XI e XII<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lei scientifics dau califat descubriguèron e creèron tanben de domenis novèus dei sciéncias coma la quimia o l'optica. Enfin, capitèron d'assimilar lei conoissenças e la tecnologia dei regions conquistas per comprendre e perfeccionar divèrsei tecnicas (armament, <a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maquina" title="Maquina">maquinas</a>...). </p><p>Aquelei progrès foguèron permés per la conjoncion d'elements e de politicas favorables. Ansin, l'empèri deis Abbassidas èra en contacte ambé la màger part deis estats pus avançats de l'epòca coma Índia e China. Lo califat aprofichèt egalament lo fach d'èsser situats sus lei territòris de civilizacions ancianas e prestigiosas, coma lei Sassinadas o lei Grècs ancians, que tenián de conoissenças scientificas importantas. Enfin, la lenga aràbia, unica dins tot l'empèri, foguèt un factor que favorizèt la propagacion deis òbras scientificas e lei cambis intellectuaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sciéncias_fondamentalas"><span id="Sci.C3.A9ncias_fondamentalas"></span>Sciéncias fondamentalas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Sciéncias fondamentalas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Sciéncias fondamentalas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg/220px-Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Image-Al-Kit%C4%81b_al-mu%E1%B8%ABta%E1%B9%A3ar_f%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5is%C4%81b_al-%C4%9Fabr_wa-l-muq%C4%81bala.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Premiera pagina de l'<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abreujat_de_calcul_per_restauracion_e_comparason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abreujat de calcul per restauracion e comparason (la pagina existís pas)">Abreujat de calcul per restauracion e comparason</a></i> (813-833), òbra fondatritz de l'<a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A8bra" title="Algèbra">algèbra</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo califat abbassida capitèt de realizar de progrès e de descubèrtas importantas dins lo domeni dei sciéncias fondamentalas. Dos axes principaus, e pas necessarament separats, permetèron aqueu desvolopament. Lo premier foguèt la represa e la contuniacion dei trabalhs dei sabents de civilizacions pus ancianas o conquistas per lo califat coma lei Grècs en Alexàndria o lei Sassanids pèrsas. Lo segond foguèt la participacion a l'aparicion e a la formacion de domenis scientifics novèus. </p><p>Lo periòde abassida veguèt donc la redescubèrta e l'aprefondament dei sciéncias grèga antica e sassanida. Lei domenis principaus qu'aprofichèron aquela situacion foguèron lei matematicas, la fisica e la medecina. Ansin, la geometria euclidiana foguèt represa e desvolopada per lei Pèrsas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Biruni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Biruni (la pagina existís pas)">Al-Biruni</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Nasr_Mansur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Nasr Mansur (la pagina existís pas)">Abu Nasr Mansur</a>. Lo premier publiquèt divèrsei calculs de latituds, una teoria d'un <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_Solar" title="Sistèma Solar">sistèma solar</a> eliocentric e s'interessèt a la fòrça de gravitacion terrèstra. Lo segond realizèt una òbra importanta en <a href="/wiki/Trigonometria" title="Trigonometria">trigonometria</a>. Un autre sabent pèrsa, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi" title="Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi">Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi</a>, es considerat coma lo fondador de l'<a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A8bra" title="Algèbra">algèbra</a> que son nom vèn de sa publicacion principala, l'<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abreujat_de_calcul_per_restauracion_e_comparason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abreujat de calcul per restauracion e comparason (la pagina existís pas)">Abreujat de calcul per restauracion e comparason</a></i> (<i>« Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala »</i>). </p><p>En fòra dei matematicas, la fisica aprofichèt l'aparicion de l'empirisme e dau metòde scientic modèrne descricha per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Haytham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Haytham (la pagina existís pas)">Ibn al-Haytham</a> dins son Tractat d'Opticas de <a href="/wiki/1021" class="mw-redirect" title="1021">1021</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueu darrier es considerat de còps coma lo premier scientific per son utilizacion d'experéncias per demostrar una ipotèsi<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a>, uneis astronòms inventèron de sistèmas geocentrics, utilizats puei per Copernic per crear sa teoric d'un sistèma solar eliocentric, melhorèron lei calculs de precession de la Tèrra e participèron a l'invencion de l'astrolabi. Enfin, l'aparicion de la quimia modèrna foguèt prefigurada per leis òbras deis alquimistas de l'empèri qu'inventèron un nombre important de reaccions, de tecnicas coma la <a href="/wiki/Destillacion" title="Destillacion">destillacion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicina">Medicina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Medicina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Medicina"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury.JPG/220px-ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury.JPG/330px-ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury.JPG/440px-ChirurgicalOperation15thCentury.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Representacion d'una scena de cirurgia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coma lei sciéncias fondamentalas, leis arts medicaus realizèron de progrès fòrça importants durant lo periòde dau califat abbassida. De mai, la medecina èra relativament escampada dins certanei ciutats. Per exemple, au sègle IX, Bagdad assostava 800 mètges. Seis òbras, coma lo Qanun dau Pèrsa <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a>, venguèron la referéncia mondiala e influencièron fòrtament la recèrca europèa de la <a href="/wiki/Renaissen%C3%A7a" title="Renaissença">Renaissença</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tecnologia">Tecnologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Tecnologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Tecnologia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La tecnologia abbassida progressèt dins de domenis variats per assimilacion de tecnologias de país conquists o per contacte ambé d'autreis estats. Leis evolucions pus impressionantas foguèron realizadas dins la produccion agricòla e lo tractament dei produchs agricòlas. </p><p>D'avançadas aguèron luòc ambé l'aparicion de culturas novèlas e per l'utilizacion de maquinas per ajudar lo trabalh agricòla. Ansin, tre lo sègle VII, existissiá de molins d'aiga. Per la seguida, leis engenhaires abbassidas aprenguèron tanben de bastir de restancas o de pompas per canalizar lei quantitats d'aiga utilizadas per l'agricultura. Gràcias a aquelei realizacions, divèrsei sectors industriaus se poguèron desvolopar dins lo textil, lo <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">sucre</a> o lo papièr<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Enfin, a costat de l'agricultura, lei contactes ambé China permetèron egalament lo passatge de tecnologias chinesas, especialament la <a href="/wiki/Polvera" title="Polvera">polvera</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=26" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Annèxas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=27" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califa_Omeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Califa Omeia (la pagina existís pas)">Omeia (califat)</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=28" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>(ar)</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hukam.net/family.php?fam=78"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">العباسيون/بنو العباس في بغداد</span></a> <i>Abbassidas de Bagdad (749-1261)</i>.</li> <li><b>(ar)</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hukam.net/family.php?fam=79"><span class="lang-ar" lang="ar" dir="rtl">العباسيون/بنو العباس في القاهرة</span></a> <i>Abbassidas dau Cairo (1261-1517)</i>.</li> <li><b>(ca)</b> Antoni Segura i Mas, Aproximació al món islàmic. Des dels orígens fins els nostres dies. Editorial Pòrtic. 2000.</li> <li><b>(de)</b> Claude Cahen: <i>Der Islam. Band 1: Vom Ursprung bis zu den Anfängen des Osmanenreiches. Fischer Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1968</i> (Fischer Weltgeschichte Band 14).</li> <li><b>(de)</b> André Clot, Harun al Raschid. Kalif von Bagdad. Artemis, München u. a. 1988.</li> <li><b>(de)</b> Wolfram Drews, <i>Die Karolinger und die Abbasiden von Bagdad. Legitimationsstrategien frühmittelalterlicher Herrscherdynastien im transkulturellen Vergleich</i>. Akademie Verlag, Berlin (2009).</li> <li><b>(de)</b> Florian Illerhaus, <i>Haschimitische Propaganda. Bedingungen für den Erfolg der abbasidischen Revolution</i>. München, 2011.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> John Joseph Saunders, <i>The history of the Mongol conquests</i>, ed. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Cyril Glassé e Huston Smith, <i>The new encyclopedia of Islam</i>, ed. AltaMira Press, 2003.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Ira Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge University Press, 2002.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Bertold Spuler. <i>The Muslim World. Vol.I The Age of the Caliphs</i>. Leiden. E.J. Brill. 1960 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/0685233286" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-685-23328-6</a> p. 29.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> William Muir, <i>The caliphate its rise, decline, and fall from original sources</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.answering-islam.de/Main/Books/Muir/Caliphate/index.htm">[2]</a>.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> L. Venegoni (2003). <i>Hülägü's Campaign in the West - (1256-1260)</i>, Transoxiana Webfestschrift Series I, Webfestschrift Marshak 2003.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Ahmad Y Hassan, <i>History of Science and Technology in Islam</i>, <i>TRANSFER OF ISLAMIC TECHNOLOGY TO THE WEST (PART II) : TRANSMISSION OF ISLAMIC ENGINEERING</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm">[3]</a>.</li> <li><b>(es)</b> Pijoan, Jose. <i>Història del Mundo</i>, tom V, 7a ed.. Editorial Salvat, 1962, p. 127-141.</li> <li><b>(fr)</b> Dominique Sourdel, <i>L'État impérial des califes abbassides: VIIIe-Xe siècle</i>, 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nòtas"><span id="N.C3.B2tas"></span>Nòtas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=29" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referéncias"><span id="Refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Referéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modificar la seccion : Referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&action=edit&section=30" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Applied History Research Group , University of Calgary, <i>"The Islamic World to 1600"</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton Gibb, <i>Studies on the civilization of Islam</i>, Princeton University Press, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/0691053545" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-05354-5</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, <i>"Arabian fantasy"</i>, p 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Talattof, Kamran and Jerome W. Clinton, K. Allin Luther, <i>"The poetry of Nizami Ganjavi: knowledge, love, and rhetoric"</i>, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huff, Toby E., The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West, (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vartan Gregorian, <i>"Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith"</i>, Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pp. 26–38, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/081573283X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8157-3283-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorini, Rosanna (October 2003). <i>"Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision"</i>. Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2 (4): 53–55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley Steffens (2006), Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Morgan Reynolds Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), <i>"Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe"</i>, Technology and Culture <b>46</b> (1), p. 1–30 [10].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad Y Hassan, <i>Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources</i>, <i>History of Science and Technology in Islam</i>.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&oldid=2455449">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Califat_abbassida&oldid=2455449</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals (la pagina existís pas)">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Califat_abbassida" title="Categoria:Califat abbassida">Califat abbassida</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorias amagadas : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Paginas_amb_de_proprietats_pas_resolgudas" title="Categoria:Paginas amb de proprietats pas resolgudas">Paginas amb de proprietats pas resolgudas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Paginas_utilizant_de_ligams_magics_ISBN" title="Categoria:Paginas utilizant de ligams magics ISBN">Paginas utilizant de ligams magics ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 23 novembre de 2024 a 13.50.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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